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Chapter 12
12.1
X  P L ∂P 
δH =
EA ∂Q Q=0
Add the horizontal dummy load Q at A.
(0.8966W ) (5 × 1000)
ΣFx = 0 (PAB + PBC ) cos 30◦ + Q = 0 = (−0.5176)
(200 × 103 ) (40)
ΣFy = 0 (PAB − PBC ) sin 30◦ − W = 0 (−0.7321W ) (3 × 1000)
+ (−0.7321)
PAB = W − 0.57735Q PBC = −W − 0.57735Q (70 × 103 ) (40)
2.842 × 10−4 W = 2.842 × 10−4 (8500)



=
X  P L ∂P  1 X

∂P

δV = = PL = 2.42 mm → ◭
EA ∂W Q=0 EA ∂W Q=0
W (5 × 1000) (1) + (−W ) (3 × 1000) (−1)
=
(70 × 103 ) (50)
= 2.2857 × 10 −3


W = 2.2857 × 10−3 (8000)

12.3
= 18.3 mm ↓ ◭

X  P L ∂P  Add the horizontal dummy load Q at A.

 
1 X ∂P
δH = = PL
EA ∂Q Q=0 EA ∂Q Q=0
W (5 × 1000)(−0.57735) + (−W )(3 × 1000)(−0.57735) 4
= ΣFz = 0 PAB + PBC + Q = 0
(70 × 103 )(50) 5
−4 3
W = −3.299 × 10−4 (8000)



= −3.299 × 10 ΣFy = 0 PAB − F = 0
5
= −2.6 mm = 2.6 mm ←− ◭ 5F 4F
PAB = PBC = − −Q
3 3

12.2 X  P L ∂P   
1 X P L ∂P
δv = =
EA ∂F Q=0 E A ∂F Q=0
 
1 (5F/3)(5)(5/3) (−4F/3)(4)(−4/3)
= +
200 × 109 300 × 10−6 500 × 10−6
Add the horizontal dummy load Q at A.
= (302.6 × 10−9 )F = (302.6 × 10−9 )(30 × 103 )
ΣFx = 0 PAB cos 45◦ + PBC cos 30◦ + Q = 0
= 9.08 × 10−3 m = 9.08 mm ↓ ◭
ΣFy = 0 PAB sin 45◦ − PBC sin 30◦ − W = 0

PAB = −0.5176Q + 0.8966W PBC = −0.7321(Q + W ) X  P L ∂P  

1 X P L ∂P

δH = =
EA ∂Q Q=0 E A ∂Q Q=0
X  P L ∂P 
δV = 1

(5F/3)(5)(0) (−4F/3)(4)(−1)

EA ∂W Q=0 = +
200 × 109 300 × 10−6 500 × 10−6
(0.8966W ) (5 × 1000)
= (0.8966) = (53.3 × 10−9 )F = (53.3 × 10−9 )(30 × 103 )
(200 × 103 ) (40)
= 1.60 × 10−3 m = 1.60 mm → ◭
(−0.7321W ) (3 × 1000)
+ (−0.7321)
(70 × 103 ) (40)
= 1.07668 × 10−3 W = 1.07668 × 10−3 (8500)

= 9.15 mm ↓ ◭

269
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we get
12.4
(8000)(3000)3
 
1 7
δ = +
200 × 103 3(52.9 × 106 ) 3(113 × 106 )
= 29.1 mm ◭
From FBD of joint A:
1
ΣFx = 0 PAB + √ PAC = 0
2
ΣFy = 0
1
√ PAC − W = 0
12.6
2
√
PAB = −W PAC = 2W

From FBD of joint C:

1 √  1
ΣFx = 0 −√ 2W + PCD + √ PBC = 0
2 2
1 √  1 Add the dummy couple MA at A. Using the x-coordinates
ΣFy = 0 −√ 2W − √ PBC = 0
2 2 shown on the FBDs:
√
PBC = − 2W PCD = 2W

 −Px − MA  in AB
X P L dP M= P MA
1 X dP − + x in BC
δA = = PL 2 L
EA dW EA dW
Member P L dP/dW P L(dP/dW ) Z  
AB −W L√ −1 1 ∂M
√ √ √W L θA = M dx
AC EI ∂MA MA =0
√2W L/√2 √2 √2W L
BC − 2W L/ 2 − 2 2W L
"Z #
L/2 Z L 
1 P x
CD 2W L/2 2 2W = (−P x)(−1)dx + − x − dx
√ L
EI 0 0 2 L
Sum 3 + 2 2 WL
P L2 P L2 7P L2
 
√  WL 1
 WL = + = ◭
δA = 3 + 2 2 = 5.83 ↓ ◭ EI 8 6 24 EI
EA EA

12.5 12.7

dM
M = Px =x
dP

2L Z L Z 2L
M dM Px Px
Z
δ = dx = x dx + x dx
0 EI dP 0 EI2 L EI1
L 2L Choose the reaction at B as the redundant reaction. Use
P x3 P x3
 
= + the local x-coordinates shown.
E 3I2 0 E 3I1 L   
3 w0 L Q
P 8L − L3
 3
P L3
  
P L 1 7 
 − x in AB
= + = + 4 2

E 3I2 E 3I1 E 3I2 3I1 M =
w0 x2

3w0 L Q
− x− in BC


4 2 2

Substituting
∂M x
P = 8 kN I1 = 113 × 106 mm4 I2 = 52.9 × 106 mm4 = − in both AB and BC
∂Q 2
L = 3000 mm E = 200 GPa

270
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∂M
Z
δB = 0 M dx = 0
LAC ∂Q 12.10
L   2
w0 L Q x
Z
0 = − − dx
0 4 2 2
Z L   2
w0 x3

3w0 L Q x
+ − − + dx
0 4 2 2 4 M = T0 sin θ T = T0 cos θ
2QL3 − w0 L4 4QL3 − 3w0 L4
0 = + =
24 48 Z π
M dM
Z π
T dT
L3 5 θB = R dθ + R dθ
0 = (8Q − 5w0 L) Q = wL 0 EI dT0 0 GJ dT0
48 8 Z π
T0 sin θ
Z π
T0 cos θ
= (sin θ)R dθ + (cos θ) R dθ
w0 L 5 7 0 EI GJ
RA = − ◭ RB = w0 L ◭ RC = w0 L ◭ 0
16 8 16

πT0 R πT0 R πT0 R 1 1
= + = + ◭
2EI 2GJ 2 EI GJ

12.8
12.11
Only segment BC has to be considered.
MC
M =− x where MC = P b
3b

3b 3b   
M dM −MC 1
Z Z
θC = dx = x − x dx Add the downward vertical dummy load Q at B (Q is
0 EI dMC 0 3bEI 3b
perpendicular to the paper in the FBD).
MC b P b2
= = ◭
EI EI M = T0 sin θ + QR sin θ
T = T0 cos θ + QR(1 − cos θ)

12.9
Z   Z  
1 dM 1 dT
δB = M R dθ + T R dθ
EI dQ Q=0 GJ dQ Q=0
Z π
1
= (T0 sin θ)(R sin θ)R dθ
EI 0
Using the x-coordinates shown on the FBDs (P is Z π
perpendicular to the paper): 1
+ −(T0 cos θ)R (1 − cos θ) R dθ
GJ 0
M = P x T = P L in AB πT0 R2 πT0 R2 πT0 R2
 
1 1
= + = + ↓◭
M = P x T = 0 in BC 2EI 2GJ 2 EI GJ
1 dM 1 dT
Z Z
δC = M dx + T dx
EI Z dP GJ Z dP
L L
1 1
= (P x)(x)dx + (P L)(L)dx
EI 0Z GJ 0
L
1
+ (P x)(x)dx
EI 0
3
P L3 P L3
 
PL 3 2 1 1
= + + = PL + ↓◭
3EI GJ 3EI 3 EI GJ

271
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Z  
1 dM
δC = M R dθ
12.12 EI dP Q=0
π/2
1
Z
= (P R cos θ)(R cos θ)R dθ
EI 0
Z π/2
1
+ (P R sin θ)(R sin θ)R dθ
EI 0
π P R3
= → ◭
Add the horizontal dummy load Q at C. From the FBDs 2 EI
 
using the x-coordinates shown: 1 dM
Z
δB = M R dθ
 EI dQ Q=0
−P b − Qx in AB
M= 1
Z π/2
P R3
−P x in BC
= (P R cos θ)(−R sin θ)R dθ = −
EI 0 2EI
Z   P R3
1 ∂M = ↑ ◭
δH = M dx 2EI
EI ∂Q Q=0
"Z #
a Z b
1
=
EI 0
(−P b)(−x)dx + (−P x)(0)dx 12.14
0

P ba2
= →◭
2EI

Z  
1 ∂M
δV = M dx
EI ∂P Q=0
"Z #
a Z b
1
= (−P b)(−b)dx + (−P x)(−x)dx
EI 0 0 Add the dummy loads QB and QC . From the FBDs using
1

P b3

P b2 (3a + b) the θ-coordinates shown:
2
= Pb a + = ↓ ◭ 
EI 3 3EI P R (1 + sin θ) + QC R cos θ + QB R sin θ in AB
M=
P R(1 − cos θ) + QC R sin θ in BC
Z  
1 ∂M
(δ C )H = M R dθ
12.13 EI ∂QC QB =QC =0
π/2
1
Z
= P R (1 + sin θ) (R cos θ) R dθ
EI 0
Z π/2
1
+ P R(1 − cos θ) (R sin θ) R dθ
EI 0
3P R3 P R3 2P R3
= + = ← ◭
2EI 2EI EI
Z  
Apply the dummy load Q at C. From the FBDs using the 1 ∂M
(δ B )V = M dx
θ-coordinates shown: EI ∂QB QB =QC =0
 Z π/2
P R cos θ − QR sin θ in AB 1
M= = P R (1 + sin θ) (R sin θ) R dθ
P R sin θ in BC EI 0
Z π/2
1
∂M ∂M + P R(1 − cos θ) (0) R dθ
Segment [M ]Q=0 EI 0
∂P ∂Q
AB P R cos θ R cos θ −R sin θ P R3  π  P R3  π 
= +1 +0= +1 ↓ ◭
BC P R sin θ R sin θ 0 EI 4 EI 4

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From FBD of joint B:

12.15  
1 1 1
ΣFy = 0 −√ −√ W − √ PBC = 0
2 2 2
 
1 1 1
ΣFx = 0 −√ −√ W + √ PBC + PBD = 0
2 2 2
1
PBC = √ W PBD = −W
2
Forces in other members are determined by symmetry.

Member P√ L√ dP/dW
√ P L(dP/dW
√ )
AB, DE −W/ 2 2(b/ 2) −1/ 2 W b/ 2
AC, CE W/2
√ 2b√ 1/2
√ W b/2
√
Add the dummy load Q at D. Using the x-coordinates BC, CD W/ 2 2(b/ 2) 1/ 2 W b/ 2
shown on FBDs: BD −W b −1 W b
√

3
Sum Wb 2+
dM 2
Segment M [M ]Q=0
dQ
Wb √
X P L dP  
AB 3
 (600 +  Q)x 600x x δC = = 2+ ↓ ◭
2Q 2 EA dW EA 2
BC 800 + x + 6Q 800x x+6
3 3
CD Qx 0 x
12.17
Z  
dM
EIδ D = M dx
dQ Q=0
Z 12 m 9 ft  
2
Z
= (600x) (x) dx + (800x) x + 6 dx
0 0 3
= 346 × 103 + 324 × 103 = 670 × 103 N · m3
= 670 kN · m3 → ◭
p
LAD = LCD = 12 + 22 + 32 = 3.742 m
p
LBD = 32 + 32 = 4.243 m
12.16
Unit vectors in direction members:
i − 2j − 3k
λAD = = 0.2672i − 0.5345j − 0.8017k
3.742
3i − 3k
λBD = = 0.7070i − 0.7070k
4.243
i + 2j − 3k
From FBD of joint A: λCD = = 0.2672i − 0.5345j − 0.8017k
3.742
1 ΣF = 0 PAD λAD + PBD λBD + PCD λCD − Fj = 0
ΣFx = 0 √ PAB + PAC = 0
2
1 1
ΣFy = 0 √ PAB + W = 0 0.2672PAD + 0.7070PBD + 0.2672PCD = F
2 2
−0.5345PAD + 0.5345PCD = 0
1 1
PAC = W PAB = − √ W −0.8017PAD − 0.7070PBD − 0.8017PCD = 0
2 2

PAD = PCD = −0.9355F PBD = 2.122F

273
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 2 12.19
1 X dP F X dP
δD = PL = L
EA dF EA dF
F
= [2(3.742)(−0.9355)2 + 4.243(2.122)2]
EA
F 25 × 103
= 25.66 = 25.66
EA (70 × 109 )(500 × 10−6 )
= 0.01833 m = 18.33 mm (in −x-direction) ◭

Consider PAD = Q as the redundant force.

12.18 ΣFx = 0 PAB cos 60o + PAC cos 30o + Q = 0

ΣFy = 0 PAB sin 60o + PAC sin 30o − 3.2 = 0
PAB = 5.543 + Q kN PAC = −3.20 − 1.7321Q kN
1 X ∂P X ∂P
δD = PL =0 0= PL
EA ∂Q ∂Q
For the beam:
0 = (5.543 + Q) (1200) (1)
I = 23.9 × 10−6 m4

T

∂M x + (−3.20 − 1.7321Q) (692.8) (−1.7321) + Q (600) (1)
M = √ −W x = √ 0 = 10492 + 3879Q Q = −2.70 kN
2 ∂T 2
For the cable: PAD = Q = −2.70 kN ◭

A = 50 × 10−6 m2
∂P 12.20
P = T =1
∂T

Z L
P ∂P M ∂M
Z
δC = + dx = 0
LBC EA ∂T 0 EI ∂T
√
Z L Let Q = PAC be the redundant force.
T 2L
 
1 T 1
0 = + √ −W √ x2 dx 2 2
EA EI 2 2 0 ΣFx = 0 − √ PAB + √ PAD = 0
√
13 13
T 2L 1 L3
 
1 T
0 = + √ −W √ 3 3
A I 2 2 3 ΣFy = 0 √ PAB + Q + √ PAD − 3000 = 0
13 13
√
√ 13
2AL2 PAB = PAD = (3000 − Q) = 1802.8 − 0.6009Q N
T = √ W 6
AL2 + 6 2I
√
2(50 × 10−6 )(42 ) 1 X P L ∂P X P L ∂P
= √ W δC = =0 0=
(50 × 10−6 ) (42 ) + 6 2(23.9 × 10−6 ) E A ∂Q A ∂Q
= 1.128W ◭ (1802.8 − 0.6009Q) (649) Q(540)
0 = (−0.6009) + (1)
(10) (10)
(1802.8 − 0.6009Q) (649)
+ (−0.6009)
(15)
0 = −11.718 × 106 + 9306Q Q = 1259.2 N

PAC = 1259 N ◭
PAB = PAD = 1802.8 − 0.6009(1259.2) = 1046 N ◭

274
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12.21 Z
M ∂M
Z
T ∂T
δA = dx + dx = 0
EI ∂R GJ ∂R
Z 3 Z 4 
1 2


0 = Rx − 40x x dx + (Rx − 240x)x dx
EI 0 0
Z 4
1
+ (3R − 360) (3) dx
GJ 0
1
Let the horizontal support reaction at E be Q (a = [(9R − 810) + (21.333R − 5120)]
EI
redundant force). Use the local x-coordinates shown for 1
the four segments of the frame. + (36R − 4320)
GJ 
1 EI
Segment M (kN·M) ∂M/∂Q (M) = (30.333R − 5930) + (36R − 4320)
AB Qx x EI GJ
BC 6Q − 2x 6
30 πd4 /64


EI
CD 6Q − 4x 6 = = 1.25
DE Qx x GJ 12 (πd4 /32)

0 = (30.333R − 5930) + 1.25 (36R − 4320)

1 ∂M ∂M
Z Z
δE = M dx = 0 0= M dx 0 = 75.33R − 11 330 R = 150.4 N ◭
EI ∂Q ∂Q
Z 6m Z 6m
0 = (Qx) x dx + (6Q − 2x) (6) dx
0 0
Z 3m Z 6m
+ (6Q − 4x) (6) dx + (Qx) x dx 12.23
0 0
0 = 72Q + (216Q − 216) + (108Q − 108) + 72Q
0 = 468Q − 324 Q = 0.692 kN ◭

Let the horizontal reaction at A be Q (a redundant force).

12.22 In segment AB:
P
M= R(1 − cos θ) − QR sin θ
2
Due to symmetry, the strain energies in segments AB and
BC are equal.
π Z π/2
1 dM 2 dM
Z
δA = Rdθ =
M M Rdθ = 0
EI0 dQ EI 0 dQ
From FBDs using the local x-coordinates shown: Z π/2  
2 PR
∂M ∂T 0 = (1 − cos θ) − QR sin θ (−R sin θ)Rdθ
Segment M (N·m) (m) T (N·m) (m) EI 0 2
∂R‘ ∂R
P π/2
Z Z π/2
AB Rx − 40x2 x 0 0 0 = (− sin θ + sin θ cos θ)dθ + Q sin2 θdθ
BC Rx − 240x x 3R − 360 3 2 0 0
P πQ P
0 = − + Q= ◭
4 4 π

275
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12.24 12.26

The energy that the bar must absorb is

Let the horizontal support reactions at D be Q (a U1 = W h = 100 [720(1 − cos 60◦ )] = 36000 N · mm
redundant force). Use the local x-coordinates shown for
Maximum energy that the bar can absorb without
the three segments of the frame.
permanent deformation is
Segment M (N·m) ∂M/∂Q (m)
πd2 πd2
AB (800 − Q) x -x U2 = Ur L = 0.94 (180) = 42.3πd2 N · mm
BC 5Q − 1000x 5 4 4
CD Qx x U1 = U2 36000 = 42.3πd2 d = 16.5 mm ◭

M dM
Z
δD = dx = 0
EI dQ
Z 5 12.27
1
0 = (800 − Q) x (−x) dx
EI 0
Z 4 Z 5
1 1
+ (5Q − 1000x) (5) dx + (Qx)x dx
EI 0 2EI 0
ΣFy = 0
 
1 125
0 = Q − 33 330
EI 3 2T sin 30o = 400 (9.81) T = 3924 N
 
1 1 125
+ (100Q − 40 000) + Q We have h = 0, so that the impact factor is n = 2. Thus
EI 2EI 3
 
1 325 Tmax = 2T = 2 (3924) = 7850 N ◭
0 = Q − 73 330 Q = 451 N
EI 2

Dx = Q = 451 N ← ◭
Ax = 800 − 451 = 349 N ← ◭ 12.28
WL 400(30 × 1000)
δs = = = 0.571 mm
EA (105 × 103 ) (200)
r r
12.25 2h 2(2 × 1000)
n=1+ 1+ =1+ 1+ = 84.7
δs 0.571
σ 2yp N · mm
   
E(GPa) σ yp (MPa) Ur = W 400
2E mm3 σ max = n = 84.7 = 169.4 MPa ◭
A 200
(a) Steel 200 350 0.306 ◭
(b) Brass 105 210 0.21 ◭
(c) Alum. 70 280 0.56 ◭
Aluminum is best at absorbing impact. 12.29

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Let δ be the total elongation of the rope. The static

elongation is δ s = mg/k. r r
2h 2(1.0)
n= = = 483.9
1 1 δs 8.540 × 10−6
∆T = − mv 2 U = − k(δ max − δ s )2
2 2
∆T = U (W − kδ s )L
σs =
mv 2 = k(δ max − δ s )2 S
3.6 × 9.81 − 180 × 103 8.540 × 10−6 2.5



s s
2 =
r
mv 2 mg mv 2 kv 2

k 805 × 10−6
δ max − δ s = = = δs
k k k mg mg 2 3
= 104.9 × 10 Pa
 s 
kv 2 
δ max = δ s 1 + σ max = nσ s = 483.9(104.9 × 103 )
mg 2
= 50.8 × 106 Pa = 50.8 MPa ◭
Recalling that δ max = nδ s , we conclude that
s
kv 2
n=1+ Q.E.D.
mg 2 12.32
For S250 × 37.8 section:
12.30 I = 51.2 × 106 mm4 S = 403 × 103 mm3
WL 60(1200)
δs = = = 7.33 × 10−4 mm M WL 500(3 × 1000)
EA (200 × 103 ) (π(25)2 /4) σs = = = = 3.72 MPa
r r S S 403 × 103
2h 2(750)
n=1+ 1+ =1+ 1+ = 1431.5 W L3 500(3 × 1000)3
δs 7.33 × 10−4 δs = = = 0.44 mm
3EI 3(200 × 103 )(51.2 × 106 )
W W 60 1093.6
τ max = n =n = 1431.5 = MPa r
2h
r
2(180)
Ashear πdt π(25)t t n=1+ 1+ =1+ 1+ = 29.6
1093.6 δs 0.44
τ max = τ w = 84 t = 13 mm ◭
t
σ max = nσ s = 29.6(3.72) = 110.1 MPa ◭
δ max = nδ s = 29.6 (0.44) = 13 mm ◭
12.31
For W250 × 67:

I = 103 × 106 mm4 = 103 × 10−6 m4 12.33

S = 805 × 103 mm3 = 805 × 10−6 m3

3
bh3 30 (60)
I = = = 0.540 × 106 mm4
12 12
= 0.540 × 10−6 m4

From Table 6.3:

(W − kδ s )L3
δs = (mg) ba 2
3EI L − a2 − b 2


δs =
W L3 6LEI
δs = (800 × 9.81) (3) (1)
3EI + kL3 42 − 12 − 32


= 9 −6
(3.6 × 9.81) (2.5)3 6 (4) (200 × 10 ) (0.540 × 10 )
= = 54.50 × 10−3 m
3(200 × 109 )(103 × 10−6 ) + (180 × 103 )(2.5)3 r r
= 8.540 × 10−6 m 2h 2(1.2)
n = 1+ 1+ =1+ 1+ = 7.71 ◭
δs 54.50 × 10−3

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12.34 12.36
The Mohr’s circle for the given state of stress (dashed line)
intersects the failure envelope. Hence the given state of
P (L/2) P (L/2) 3P L P 4EA
δ= + = k= = stress is unsafe ◭
E(2A) EA 4EA δ 3L τ (MPa)

1 1
∆T = U 0 − mv 2 = − kδ 2max
r 2 2
r r
2
mv 2
3L v 3mL 10 10
δ max = = mv = –40 σ (MPa)
k 4EA 2 EA –25 10 30
r ! r
Pmax kδ max 4E v 3mL mE
σ max = = = = 2v ◭
A A 3L 2 EA 3AL

12.35 12.37
π 2
AAB = (12) = 113.1 mm2 32M 16M
4 σ= τ=
π 2 πd3 πd3
ABC = (6) = 28.3 mm2
4 (a) Maximum tensile and compressive stresses are equal.
  Therefore, tension governs.
W LAB LBC
δs = + r 
E AAB ABC √ 

σ1 σ σ 2 16M 
= ± + τ2 = 1 ± 2
σ2
 
10 150 120 2 2 πd3
= +
200 × 103 113.1 28.3 16M √
σ 1 = (σ ult )T (1 + 2) = 20
= 2.78 × 10−4 mm π(60)3
W 10 M = 351348.4 N · mm
(σ BC )s = = = 0.35 MPa
ABC 28.3
(b)
n (σ BC )s = σ w n (0.35) = 280 n = 800
16(351348.4) √
σ1 = (1 + 2) = 20 MPa
r
2h π(60)3
n =
δs 16(351348.4) √
r
2h σ2 = 3
(1 + 2) = −3.43 MPa
800 = h = 89 mm ◭ π(60)
2.78 × 10−4
The Mohr’s circle for this state of stress (dashed line)
intersects the failure envelope. Hence the the value of M in
Part (a) is unsafe ◭

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12.38 12.41
The Mohr’s circle for for pure shear (dashed line) touches Using the coordinate system ↑y −→x , the given stresses are
the failure envelope if τ = τ ult . From similar triangles:
σ x = 60 MPa σ y = 20 MPa τ xy = −30 MPa
τ ult − 9 15 − 9
= τ ult = 11.25 MPa ◭ s
9 15 + 9 σ1

σ x + σy σx − σy
2
= ± + τ 2xy
τ (MPa) σ2 2 2
s 2
60 + 20 60 − 20
= ± + (−30)2
2 2
15

9
τult = 40 ± 36.06 MPa
–30 σ (MPa)
–15 9 18 σ 1 = 76.06 MPa σ 2 = 3.94 MPa

(a) Since σ 1 and σ 2 have the same sign, the yield

criterion is
σ 1 = σ yp σ yp = 76.1 MPa ◭

12.39 (b) The yield criterion is

q
σ 1 = σ0 σ 2 = 0.75σ0 σ3 = 0 σ yp = σ 21 + σ 22 − σ 1 σ 2
(a) Since σ 1 and σ 2 have the same sign, the maximum
p
= 76.062 + 3.942 − 76.06(3.94) = 74.2 MPa ◭
shear stress is τ abs = σ 1 /2.
σ yp σ0 200
τ abs = = σ 0 = 100 MPa ◭
2 2 2
12.42
(b)
Using the coordinate system ↑y −→x , the given stresses are
σ 21 + σ 22 − σ 1 σ2 = σ 2yp
σ x = 30 MPa σ y = −30 MPa τ xy = −30 MPa
σ 20 2
+ (0.75σ0 ) − σ 0 (0.75σ0 ) = 200 σ 0 = 222 MPa ◭ 2

 s 2
σ1 σx + σ y σx − σy
= ± + τ 2xy
σ2 2 2
s
12.40 30 + (−30) 30 − (−30)
2
= ± + (−30)2
2 2
σ1 = σ 0 σ 2 = −0.75σ0 σ3 = 0
= ±42.43 MPa
(a) Note that σ 1 and σ 2 have opposite signs. Therefore, σ 1 = 42.43 MPa σ 2 = −42.43 MPa
the maximum shear stress is τ abs = (σ 1 − σ 2 )/2.

σ yp σ 0 − (−0.75σ0 ) 200 (a) Since σ 1 and σ 2 have the opposite sign, the yield
τ abs = = criterion is
2 2 2
σ 0 = 114.3 MPa ◮ σ yp = σ 1 − σ 2 = 42.43 − (−42.43) = 84.9 MPa ◭

(b) (b) The yield criterion is

σ 21 σ 22 σ 2yp
q
+ − σ1 σ2 = σ yp = σ 21 + σ 22 − σ 1 σ 2
σ 20 + (−0.75σ0 ) − σ 0 (−0.75σ0 ) = 2002
2 p
= 42.432 + 42.432 − 42.43(−42.43)
σ 0 = 131.5 MPa ◭ = 73.5 MPa ◭

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12.43 (b) Max. distortion energy theory:

σ 21 + σ 22 − σ 1 σ 2 = σ 2yp
3
P 80 × 10 h
2
i
T = = = 212.2 N · m 4.642 + (−1.0177) − (4.64) (−1.0177) P 2 = 362
2πf 2π(60)
16T 16(212.2) 1080.7 P = 6.89 N ◭
τ = = = Pa
πd3 πd3 d3

 σ 2  σ 2 12.45
yp yp
σ 21 + σ 22 − σ 1 σ 2 = 3σ 2 =
N N
2 2
250 × 106
 
1080.7
3 =
d3 3

√ pr P 24(0.160) P
3 3(1080.7) σℓ = + = +
d3 = = 22.46 × 10−6 m3 2t 2πrt 2(0.018) 2π (0.160) (0.018)
250 × 106
= 106.67 + 55.26P MPa
d = 28.2 × 10−3 m = 28.2 mm
pr 24(0.160)
σc = = = 213.3 MPa
t 0.018
Because σ ℓ and σ c have the same sign, Tresca’s yield
criterion is τ abs = σ ℓ /2.
12.44
σℓ 106.67 + 55.26P 300
τ abs = =
2 2 2
P = 3.50 MN ◭

12.46
From solution of Prob. 12.45:
The critical state of stress occurs at A. σ ℓ = 106.67 + 55.26P MPa σ c = 213.3 MPa
32M 32(150P ) σ 2ℓ + σ 2c − σ ℓ σ c = σ 2yp
σ = = = 3.622P
πd3 π(7.5)3
16T 16(180P ) (106.67 + 55.26P )2 + 213.32 − (106.67 + 55.26P )(213.3)
τ = = = 2.173P
πd3 π(7.5)3 = 3002
r  34 122 + 3054P 2 = 90 000
σ σ
σ1 = + + τ2 P = 4.28 MN ◭
2 2
 s 
2
3.622 3.622
= 
2
+
2
+ 2.1732 P = 4.64 P 12.47
pr 10.5(352.5/2)
r 
σ σ
σ2 = − + τ2 σℓ = = = 123.4 MPa
2 2 2t 2(7.5)
pr 10.5(352.5/2)
 s 
2
3.622 3.622 σc = = = 246.8 MPa
=  − + 2.1732 P = −1.0177P t 7.5
2 2
q
σ yp = σ 2ℓ + σ 2c − σ ℓ σ c
(a) Max. shear stress theory: p
= 123.42 + 246.82 − (123.4)(246.8)
σ 1 − σ 2 = ±σ yp 4.64 P − (−1.0177)P = 36
= 213.7 MPa
P = 6.36 N ◭

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12.48 12.50
See figure in Prob. 12.49.

P 200 × 103
σ = = = 25.46 × 106 Pa = 25.46 MPa
A π(0.1)2 /4
J = Ar2 = (2πrt)r2 = 2πr3 t r 
σ σ 2
= 2π(176.25)3 (7.5) = 258 × 106 mm4 |σ|max = + + τ2
2 2

pr 4.5(176.25)
σℓ = = = 52.9 MPa
s 2
2t 2(7.5) 25.46 25.46
40 = + + τ2 τ = 24.12 MPa
σc = 2σ ℓ = 2(52.9) = 105.8 MPa 2 2
Tr (19500 × 103 )(176.25) 16T 16T
τ ℓc = = = 13.3 MPa τ = 24.12 =
J 258 × 106 πd3 π(0.1)3

s T = 4.74 × 10−3 MN · m = 4.74 kN · m ◭

 2
σ1 σℓ + σ c σ ℓ − σc
= ± + τ 2ℓc
σ2 2 2
52.9 + 105.8
= 12.51
s2 2
52.9 − 105.8
± + 13.32
2
= 79.35 ± 29.6

σ 1 = 108.95 MPa σ 2 = 49.75 MPa 32M 32(4000 × 1000)

σ = = = 188.6 MPa
πd3 π(60)3
σ 2 16T 16T
yp
σ 21 + σ 22 − σ 1 σ 2 = τ = 3
= = 23.58 × 10−6 T
N πd π(60)3
 2
216
108.952 + 49.752 − (108.95)(49.75) = r 
N

σ1 σ σ 2
= ± + τ2
σ2 2 2
N = 2.29 ◭ q
2
= 94.3 ± 94.32 + (23.58 × 10−6 T )
= 94.3 ± R

12.49 where
2
R2 = 94.32 + 23.58 × 10−6 T (a)
 σ 2
yp
16T 16(35 × 103 ) σ 21 + σ 22 − σ 1 σ 2 =
τ= = = 178.25 × 106 Pa = 178.25 MPa N
πd3 π(0.1)3
2 2
Because τ > σ yp /2, the shaft would yield due to the (94.3 + R) + (94.3 − R) − (94.3 + R) (94.3 − R)
2
torque acting alone. Thus there is no safe value of P ◭

420
=
2
2
94.32 + 3R2 = (210) R = 108.3 MPa
From Eq. (a):
√
108.32 − 94.32
T = = 2.26 × 106 N · mm = 2.26 kN · m ◭
23.58 × 10−6

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pr 8.4(240)
12.52 σc = = = 89.6 MPa
t 22.5
From solution of Prob. 12.51: Tr (150 × 106 )(240)
τ ℓc = = = 36.8 MPa
 J 977.2 × 106
σ1
= 94.3 ± R
σ2  s 2
σ1 σℓ + σ c σ ℓ − σc
= ± + τ 2ℓc
Where p σ2 2 2
R= 94.32 + (23.58 × 10−6 T )2 s 2
57.1 + 89.6 57.1 − 89.6
Because σ 1 and σ 2 have opposite signs, = ± + 36.82
2 2
τ abs = (σ 1 − σ 2 )/2 = R.
= 73.35 ± 40.23
σ yp p 420
τ abs = 94.32 + (23.58 × 10−6 τ )2 = Because σ 1 and σ 2 have the same sign, τ abs = σ 1 /2.
2N 2(2)
σ yp 73.35 + 40.23 280
τ abs = = N = 2.47 ◭
T = 1.96 × 106 N · mm = 1.96 kN · m ◭ 2N 2 2N

12.55
12.53

The critical point is B, where

M = 4000(1.2) = 4800 N · m T = 4000 N · m J = (2πrt)r2 = 2πr3 t = 2π(150)3 (7.5) = 159 × 106 mm4
pr 2.8 (150)
σℓ = = = 28 MPa
2t 2 (7.5)
32M 16T
σ = 3
τ= Tr 150T
πd πd3 σ c = 2σ ℓ = 56 MPa τ ℓc = = MPa
r  J 159 × 106
σ 2 16 p 2 s
τ abs = + τ2 = M + T2 σ1

σ ℓ + σc

σ ℓ − σc
2
2 πd3 = ± + τ 2ℓc
16 p 31820 σ2 2 2
= 48002 + 40002 = Pa
πd3 d3
s 2  2
28 + 56 28 − 56 150T
σ yp 31820 240 × 106 = ± + = 42 ± R
τ abs = = 2 2 159 × 106
2N d3 2(2)
d = 80.9 × 10−3 m = 80.9 mm ◭ where s  2
150T
R= 196 + (a)
159 × 106
12.54 σ
yp
2
σ 21 + σ 22 − σ 1 σ 2 =
N
 2
2 2 220
(42 + R) + (42 − R) − (42 + R) (42 − R) =
2
1764 + 3R2 = 1102
J = (2πrt)r2 = 2πr3 t = 2π(240)3 (22.5) = 1954.3 × 106 mm4 R = 8.58.7 MPa
J 1954.3 × 106 Equation (a) becomes:
I = = = 977.2 × 106 mm4
2 2 s  2
6 150T


pr M r 8.4(240) 50 × 10 (240) 58.7 = 196 + T = 60.4 × 106 N · mm
σℓ = + = + 159 × 106
2t I 2(22.5) 977.2 × 106
= 57.1 MPa = 60.4 kN · m ◭

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12.56 σ max = k
P
= 1.8616
36 × 103
= 111.7 × 106 Pa
P P A (0.04 × 0.015)
σ max = k =k
A (D − 2r)b = 111.7 MPa ◭
   2  3
2r 2r 2r
k = 3.00 − 3.13 + 3.66 − 1.53 12.59
D D D
2r
(a) D = 100 mm r = 10 mm = 0.2
D
2r 3
r = 0.05D = 0.1 30 (80)
D I = = 1280 × 103 mm4 = 1280 × 10−9 m4
2 3 12
k = 3.00 − 3.13 (0.1) + 3.66 (0.1) − 1.53 (0.1) = 2.722    2  3
2r 2r 2r
P P k = 1.976 − 1.925 + 0.906 + 0.0430
σ max = 2.722 = 3.02 ◭ D D D
(D − 0.1D) b Db 2 3
= 1.976 − 1.925 (0.2) + 0.906 (0.2) + 0.0430 (0.2)
(b)
2r = 1.6276
r = 0.1D = 0.2
D Mc 480 (0.04)
2 3
k = 3.00 − 3.13 (0.2) + 3.66 (0.2) − 1.53 (0.2) = 2. 508 σ max = k = 1.6276
I 1280 × 10−9
P P = 22.4 × 106 Pa = 22.4 MPa ◭
σ max = 2.508 = 3.14 ◭
(D − 0.2D) b Db
(c) 12.60
2r 2r
r = 0.2D = 0.4 D = 48 mm r = 6 mm = 0.25
D D
2 3
k = 3.00 − 3.13 (0.4) + 3.66 (0.4) − 1.53 (0.4) = 2.236  
2r
 2
2r
 3
2r
kt = 3.065 − 3.370 + 0.647 + 0.658
P P D D D
σ max = 2.236 = 3.73 ◭ 2 3
(D − 0.4D) b Db = 3.065 − 3.370 (0.25) + 0.647 (0.25) + 0.658 (0.25)
= 2.273
12.57    2  3
2r 2r 2r
kb = 3.065 − 6.269 + 7.015 − 2.812
D D D
= 3.065 − 6.269 (0.25) + 7.015 (0.25)2 − 2.812 (0.25)3
b[D3 − (2r)3 ] 30(1203 − (2 × 30)3 ) = 1.8923
I= = = 3.78×106 mm4
12 12
Assume that stress at B governs (k = 2): A = (48 − 12) (10) = 360 mm2
2
(48 − 12) (10)
Mr M (30) S = = 2160 mm3
k = σw 2 = 140 6
I 3.78 × 106
P M
M = 8.82 × 106 N · mm ◭ σ max = kt + kb
A S
Check stress at C: 25 × 103 25 × 103 × 7.5
= 2.273 + 1.8923
M (D/2) (8.82 × 106 )(120/2) 360 2160
σ= = = 140 MPa OK = 322.1 MPa ◭
I 3.78 × 106

12.58 12.61
2r 2r
D = 50 mm r = 5 mm
= 0.2 D = 100 mm r = 15 mm = 0.3
D D
At the notch:
   2  3 2 3
2r 2r 2r
   
k = 1.976 − 0.385 − 1.022 + 0.431 2r 2r 2r
D D D k = 3.065 − 3.370 + 0.647 + 0.658
D D D
2 3
= 1.976 − 0.385 (0.2) − 1.022 (0.2) + 0.431 (0.2) = 3.065 − 3.370(0.3) + 0.647(0.3)2 + 0.658(0.3)3
= 1.8616 = 2.130

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At the fillet:
   2  3 12.64
2r 2r 2r
k = 1.976 − 0.385 − 1.022 + 0.431
D D D
= 1.976 − 0.385(0.3) − 1.022(0.3)2 + 0.431(0.3)3
= 1.780 (smaller than at the notch)

P 120 × 103
σ max = k = 2.130 = 182.6 × 106 Pa ◭
A (0.02 × 0.07) D = 7.5 mm r = 1.5 mm
M = 10(150) = 1500 N · mm (at the groove)
12.62
2 3
20 − 15 2r
   
2r 2r 2r
D = 20 mm r= = 2.5 mm = 0.25 k = 3.04 − 7.236 + 9.375 − 4.179
2 D D D D
 2  3 2 3
 
2r 2r 2r = 3.04 − 7.236 (0.4) + 9.375 (0.4) − 4.179 (0.4)
k = 1.580 − 1.796 + 2.000 − 0.784
D D D = 1.3781
= 1.580 − 1.796 (0.25) + 2.000 (0.25)2 − 0.784 (0.25)3
= 1.2438 M M
σ max = k =k
S π(D − 2r)3 /32
16T 16(375)
τ max = k = 1.2438 = 0.7 MPa ◭ 1500
πd3 π(15)3 = 1.3781 = 231 MPa ◭
π(7.5 − 2 × 1.5)3 /32

12.63
At the groove: 12.65
2r 8
D = 50 mm r = 4 mm = = 0.16 Let x = 2r/D
D 50
 

2r
 
2r
2 
2r
3 2r
k = 3.04 − 5.42 + 6.27 − 2.89 d = D − 2r = D 1 − = D(1 − x)
D D D D
= 3.04 − 5.42 (0.16) + 6.27 (0.16) − 2.89 (0.16)
2 3 k = 1.580 − 1.796x + 2.000x2 − 0.784x3
16T 16T 16(500)
= 2.322 τ max = k 3 = k = f (x)
πd πD3 (1 − x)3 π(0.04)3
P P
k = σw 2.322 2 = 220 × 106 where
A π (0.021)
P = 131.3 × 103 N = 131.3 kN ◭ k 1.580 − 1.796x + 2.000x2 − 0.784x3
f (x) = =
(1 − x)3 (1 − x)3
At the shoulder:
16(500)
2r τ max = τ w f (x) = 100 × 106 f (x) = 2.513
D = 50 mm r = 7.5 mm = 0.3 π(0.04)3
D
   2  3
2r 2r 2r
k = 1.990 − 2.070 + 1.938 − 0.857
D D D
= 1.990 − 2.070 (0.3) + 1.938 (0.3)2 − 0.857 (0.3)3
= 1.5203
P P
k = σw 1.5203 2 = 220 × 106
A π (0.0175)
P = 139.2 × 103 N = 139.2 kN (groove governs)

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3.5
C12.1 MatCad worksheet for
(1–x)3
k(x)
3
truss (b)
2.5 Given:
2 W := 120 × 103 N E := 200 GPa
1.5
A1 := 4500 mm2 A2 := 3600 mm2
1    
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 2160 1200
x x := · mm y := · mm
2160 3600
From the plot of f (x) we find that x ≈ 0.2. Using a root
finding algorithm (such as the secant method) to refine the Computations:
value of the root, we get x = 0.1979.
i := 1, 2..2
d = D(1 − x) = 40(1 − 0.1979) = 32.1 mm ◭ Angle between x-axis and
θ i := atan2(xi , yi )
member i
p
Li := (xi )2 + (yi )2 Length of member i
 
C12.1 cos(θ 1 ) cos(θ2 ) Coefficient matrix of
B :=
sin(θ 1 ) sin(θ 2 ) equilibrium equations
 
−1 0
P := B · Member forces due to load W
W
 
0
p := B −1 · pi = dPi /dW at Q = 0
1
 
Add the horizontal dummy load Q to joint O. Equilibrium −1 −1
q := B · qi = dPi /dQ at Q = 0
equations of joint O are: 0

ΣFx = 0 P1 cos θ1 + P2 cos θ 2 + Q = 0 1 X Pi · Li

δ y := · pi δ y = 1.63 mm
E i Ai
ΣFy = 0 P1 sin θ1 + P2 sin θ2 − W = 0
1 X Pi · Li
or δ x := · qi δ x = 1.77 mm
      E i Ai
cos θ 1 cos θ2 P1 −Q
=
sin θ 1 sin θ2 P2 W
The solution is
   −1  
P1 cos θ1 cos θ2 −Q
=
P2 sin θ 1 sin θ2 W
Therefore,
   −1  
∂P1 /∂Q cos θ1 cos θ2 −1
=
∂P2 /∂Q Q=0
sin θ1 sin θ 2 0
   −1  
∂P1 /∂W cos θ1 cos θ2 0
=
∂P2 /∂W Q=0
sin θ 1 sin θ2 1
The displacement components of O can be computed from
X  Pi Li ∂Pi  X  Pi Li ∂Pi 
δx = δy =
EAi ∂Q Q=0 EAi ∂W Q=0

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C12.1 MatCad worksheet for C12.2

truss (c) The bending moment is (note the bracket function)
Given: 2
w0 x2 X
M =− + Ri hx − xi i
W := 120 kN E := 200 GPa 2 i=1

A1 := 4500 mm2 A2 := 3600 mm2 The compatibility equations are

   
−1800 3600 1
Z L
∂M
x := · mm y := · mm
3600 −1800 σk = 0 M dx = 0 k = 1, 2 · · · , n
EI 0 ∂R k
Z L" n
#
w0 x2 X
Computations: − + Ri hx − xi i hx − xk idx = 0
0 2 i=1
n Z L
w0 L 2
X Z
Ri hx − xi ihx − xk idx = x hx − xk idx
i := 1, 2..2 0 2 0
i=1
Angle between x-axis and
θi := atan2(xi , yi )
member i This has the form
p n
Li := (xi )2 + (yi )2 Length of member i X
Aki Ri = bk or AR = b
 
cos(θ 1 ) cos(θ 2 ) Coefficient matrix of i=1
B :=
sin(θ1 ) sin(θ 2 ) equilibrium equations where
L L
w0
  Z Z
0
P := B −1 · Member forces due to load W Aki = hx − xi ihx − xk idx bk = xh2 x − xk idx
W 0 2 0
 
0 The solution is
p := B −1 · pi = dPi /dW at Q = 0
1 R = A−1 b
 
−1
q := B −1 · qi = dPi /dQ at Q = 0
0

δ y :=
1 X Pi · Li
· · pi δ y = 1.79 mm
C12.2 MathCad worksheet for
E i Ai
beam (b)
1 X Pi · Li
δ x := · · qi δ x = 1.3416 mm Given
E i Ai  
2
n := 2 X := ·m
6
N
L := 10 · m w0 := 100 · 103 ·
m
Computations:

i := 1, 2..n k := 1, 2..n
Z L
Ak,i := (x − Xi ) · (x − Xk ) · Φ(x − Xi ) · Φ(x − Xk )dx
0
L
w0
Z
bi := · x2 · (x − Xi ) · Φ(x − Xi )dx
2 0

4.214 × 105
 
−1
R := A ·b R= N
3.714 × 105

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C12.2 MathCad worksheet for

beam (c)
Given  
0
n := 3 X :=  6  · m
12
N
L := 18 · m w0 := 100 · 103 ·
m
Computations:

i := 1, 2..n k := 1, 2..n
Z L
Ak,i := (x − Xi ) · (x − Xk ) · Φ(x − Xi ) · Φ(x − Xk )dx
0
L
w0
Z
bi := · x2 · (x − Xi ) · Φ(x − Xi )dx
2 0

2.365 × 105
 

R := A−1 · b R =  6.808 × 105  N

5.769 × 105

C12.3 MathCad worksheet

Given

T := 4 · 103 · N · m D := 75 · m
6
σ yp := 480 · 10 · Pa

Computations: Let β = 2r/D, where r is the radius of

the fillet
d(β) := D · (1 − β)
From Fig. 12.16:

k(β) := 1.580 − 1.796 · β + 2.000 · β 2 − 0.784 · β 3

16 · T
τ max (β) := k(β) ·
π · d(β)3
Solve distortion energy criterion for β:

β := 0 initial value used in the solution

√
Given 3 · τ max (β) = σ yp β := Find(β)
d(β) = 43.51 mm

287
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