VAWT Chapters 1 3

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Ayala Blvd., Ermita Manila, 1000, Philippines

College of Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering 1
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION AND COST

ANALYSIS OF SAVONIUS WIND
TURBINE FOR ROAD LIGHTINGS
ALONG AYALA BOULEVARD
IN TUP-MANILA
Baybayon, Nowell
Cortez, Armand Corsie
Guarino, Darius
Li, Martin Oliver
Supe, Kenneth John
A Research Proposal Submitted to
Engr. Carlos Zapanta
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
Methods of Research for M.E.
BSME-3F
June 2022
CHAPTER I
I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
Energy is a necessity for human activities. It is vital in usage of modern technology. Most of the products
of technology nowadays requires electricity or electrical energy to function, like household appliances, light bulbs,
computers, cameras and even cellphone. Usage of electrical energy is part of human lives every day. Factories and
companies of food and material goods use machineries for production which requires use of certain amount of
electrical energy. Development of modern day devices became possible through the application of this energy [1].
The increase in world population means the increase in energy demand. More people and industries would
be needing a constant supply of electrical energy. Use of Fossil fuels, coals and natural gas had been the
conventional way to produce energy to supply the increasing demand. This conventional way would inflict damage
and harmful effect to the environment in the long run. In effort to reduce the damage being already done on the
environment, government and industries became interested on Renewable energy resources [2].
Renewable energy resources are energy resources that are not dependent on the substances or minerals
coming from the environment. These resources only need human intervention to operate and produce energy. One of
the examples of this renewable energy resource is the Wind energy. This is the generation of electrical energy which
utilize air flow in a given location. This air flow allows a turbine to rotate and produce electrical energy. Unlike the
conventional way, wind energy do not pollute or damage the environment. [2]
The use of Renewable energy will continue its expansion in the future energy production of the year 2050
as the predictions indicate its highest growth rate among the others. Solar power energy resource is one of the
examples of Renewable energy but wind energy is considered the most promising to meet the future electricity
demand. [3]
The wind energy means using wind turbine to generate electricity. The wind is generated from uneven
heating inside the Earth. This uneven heating creates pressure changes in the atmosphere, thus generating wind. The
wind pushes the blades of turbine which is attached to the axis of the shaft of the generator and creates electricity.
[4]
Wind Turbine is classified into two categories: Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) and Vertical Axis
Wind Turbine (VAWT). The difference of the two classification is the position of the rotor relative to direction or
velocity of the wind [5]. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines are used in many countries for medium to large scale
energy production. These Turbines (HAWT) are not recognize as viable option to be installed in urban areas where
the wind is less intense and turbulent. Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) are suggested in urban installation than
the Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine. VAWT are suitable for areas under weak and unstable wind. [6]
The two main types of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine are: Savonius VAWT and Darrieus VAWT. The
Savonius wind turbine is easy to build and simple in shape. The speed is limited for energy generation and intended
for small scale projects. On the other hand, the Darrieus wind turbine is not simple to construct and used for large
scale energy production [7]. The main issue in Vertical Axis Wind Turbine is the fluctuation of wind condition
which is proportional to the performance of the turbine. A near constant air flow must act upon the blades of turbine
in order to rotate the shaft and produce a significant amount of mechanical power in shaft of generator to produce
electrical energy. Despite of low speed of wind in urban areas, Vertical Axis Wind Turbine could still produce
electrical energy but in limited amount [8].
Wind Turbine powered by artificial wind such as the wind produced along the highways with high vehicle
traffic, has a lot of applications [11. Theoretically, any moving vehicle can produce wind to power the turbine and
supply electricity in the nearby area [9]. A study is conducted along the Southern Tagalog Arterial Road in the
Philippines to determine the viability of installation of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine along the said highway. This
concluded that using the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine to supply highway lightings is not possible and not
economically viable. The main issue is the capital and maintenance cost of energy storage. The use of Vertical
Axis Wind Turbine would be feasible only if the turbine size or the design of VAWT is optimized. The energy
cost storage must be minimized and output load of turbine must be maximized in order to successfully operate
VAWT on roads or highways [10].
For Urban application, Savonius Wind Turbines are preferred than the Darriues Turbines even though its
efficiency is lower. Savonius turbines are based on drag of air and could generate energy through a turbulent and
low speed wind condition of the area [12]. Unlike the Darriues turbine which needs a starting mechanism to operate
at high speed, the Savonius turbine rotors are self-starting and may accept wind from any direction [5] .
Savonius Turbines are much better for micro power generation and could be deployed in large numbers. In
line with the issue of low efficiency, several recent designs of Savonius rotors are suggested and studied for urban
applications to increase the power output [13]. Geometrical parameters and blade shapes highly affected the rotors
used in power generation units. Materials for rotor are also suggested, such as Poly Vinyl Chloride [14][15]. Wind
Deflectors are used in recent designs which are cost effective and enhanced the performance of turbine [16]. The
angular speed of the rotor increases with increasing aspect ratio. Aspect Ratio is the ratio of rotors’ height to its
diameter [5]. Plastic gears and bearings are used in Vertical Axis Wind Turbine to increase the power input to
generator. More research are suggested for the gear arrangement of turbine to ease the operation and aid the low
speed wind input on the turbine [17] . Models are used for simulation of turbine for testing in a computer, The
Computational Fluid Dynamics Model and the Finite Element Method are mostly preferred and favorable [18].
Background of the Study
The recent studies proposed several modifications on the parts of Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine.
The designs are implemented based on each part. The other parts of turbine are not modified to test the modification
on one part to provide an accurate result whether the modification is helpful or not. This means that the modification
in overall design is not yet tested. Thus, the effect on performance of Savonius rotor is limited. These recent studies
prove that the Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine is feasible in urban setting if the size or designs of parts are
optimized.
Overall approach must be done to optimize the design of the Savonius Turbine. Each part must be
considered on the overall design based on existing studies and suggestions. The design of turbine must be able to
supply the required energy for road lightings during the night hours as part of testing. The turbine will charge the
energy storage which will supply the lightings at night.
The main problem is the power output of rotor of turbine. In order to improve power output of rotor,
optimization on the blades and other additional mechanisms such as wind deflector must be conducted. The rotor
power output depends on the blades and wind flow. The power output of rotor could also improve through the use of
gears to increase speed and torque transmitted to generator. Design Optimization will focus on power output of rotor
being connected to gears and shaft of the generator.
The recent designs proposed by many different research papers about Savonius wind turbine are focusing
on the design optimization only and use simulation software for testing and evaluation. The cost must be considered
on the design in order to produce a prototype. The prototype will be tested on actual testing area where there is a
potential for induced wake and favorable wind condition. The cost and design of part of turbine must be scrutinized
in order to make the turbine technically and economically viable that will help conserve energy in the future.
The performance of the rotor and blade depends on the kinetic energy of the moving vehicles on a road
where vertical axis turbine is to be installed. This means that faster and heavier vehicles affect the induced wake of
wind turbine positively [19]. The moving heavier vehicles such as trucks and buses might increase the induced wake
on the Turbine. The preferred location for testing of Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine is along the highways or
roads with high vehicle traffic, especially with moving trucks and buses.
The location of testing of project will be conducted along sidewalks in Finance road in front of TUP
Manila. This location seems favorable to increase the performance of wind turbine rotor.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Based on a Study in Aurangabad, India, a Savonius wind turbine can generate 13.91 W at a rated wind
speed of 6.5 m /s with given design parameters of blade and materials used [20]. In Manila, the windier period is
from October to March which is 6 months long, given a recorded average wind speed of 8.0 miles per hour or 3.58
meters per second, according to the website weather.com of Cedar Lake Ventures, Inc. [21]. The researchers aim to
develop a Savonius wind turbine incorporating the most recent designs for blade, rotor, gearbox and other additional
mechanisms such as wind deflector, to optimize the performance of turbine rotor and increase the power output of
the generator.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. Does the Savonius turbine capable to generate more than typical power output with a relative low
speed wind in Manila through overall design approach in optimization of rotor, blade, gearbox and
additional mechanisms such as wind deflector?
2. Can optimized Savonius turbine, supply enough electricity to charge batteries that will power up road
lightings during night hours?
3. Does the Savonius turbine perform well on a high vehicle traffic road with moving trucks and buses?
4. Will the proposed design optimization of Savonius turbine be able to minimized the capital and
maintenance cost for installation in roads of urban setting?
OBJECTIVES
A. General Objectives:
To develop a Savonius turbine with increased rotor performance and power output of generator through
overall design optimization of parts such as rotor, blade, gearbox and additional mechanisms that could supply
power for road lightings at night.
B. Specific Objective:
1. To design a turbine rotor and blade that will rotate faster to increase torque and power transmitted to
the gears attached to generator shaft.
2. To design a gearbox with bevel gears and spurs gears this will increase the transmitted power to the
generator shaft.
3. To integrate additional mechanisms on turbine that will allow better air flow on blades, such
mechanism is the wind deflector.
4. To test the performance of optimized Savonius turbine along high vehicle traffic road in urban setting
5. To test if proposed design optimization of Savonius turbine be able to minimized the capital and
maintenance cost for installation in roads of urban setting
HYPOTHESIS
The Savonius turbine is suitable for urban application that can generate small scale energy. The energy
harnessed from the turbine would charge batteries which will supply power to road lightings for students and
pedestrians. The performance of wind turbine depends on the rotor and blade designs which will increase the power
produced in generator and make the charging of batteries for lightings more efficient. The use of gearbox and other
mechanisms will be used to aid the low speed wind and relative low speed of rotor to increase the torque or power in
the shaft of generator. The turbine will perform actively on the roads with high vehicle traffic and will be able to
provide necessary amount of electricity for road lightings at night. Each components of turbine will be designed
according to the recent development and studies about Savonius wind Turbine.
Based on the gathered related literature and studies, Researchers deduced the suggested or experimental
designs for use and testing, for each part of the Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine to increase the performance of
the turbine in terms of its power output.
The main considerations for proposed design are:
1. Rotor Shaft and Blades - 16 blades are recommended for the turbine in a high vehicle traffic road
and made up of Poly- Vinyl Chloride material which is lightweight to aid the low wind speed
acting upon the blades.
2. Gearbox and Gears – Gearbox is the space where bevel gears and spur gears will be located. The
gears would increase the power output of rotor so the power output in generator will increase. The
favorable material to be used is either aluminum or plastic like Poly Vinyl Chloride.
3. Base support / End-plates –made up of mild steel to support and cover the inside components
such as gearbox, and generator shaft. The support must be fixed on the ground for stability.
4. Wind Deflector -deflector will be located on both side of turbine perpendicular to the direction of
wind. Its shape will be similar to an airfoil with curved design. The shape of deflector is expected
to ease the turbulent wind passing by and concentrate the wind velocity into the blades of turbine.
5. Bearing - suggested type of a bearing is tapered –rolling bearing for radial and axial loads of a
Savonius wind turbine.
6. Area of Installation – the VAWT will be installed alongside the road where trucks or vehicles
pass, TUP-Manila Ayala Blvd. sidewalk.
7. VAWT Elevation to the ground – The turbine will be installed at a height of 1.5 meters because
studies have shown that this height produces the best wind speed when installed on highways or
other areas where vehicles pass.
Title/Autho Methodology Findings Similarities/Differenc Originality of
rs es the Study
Design and The power of the wind It was discovered that Similarities: The overall
Fabrication can be calculated using wind speed and rotor area design of the
of a kinetics concepts. The are important factors that The use of plastic VAWT’s gear
Vertical wind turbine works by influence both wind and gear to minimize has a different
Axis Wind converting the kinetic mechanical power. weight and maximize setup and
Turbine energy (K.E.) of the wind rpm. installation of
with into mechanical energy. Also, the plastic spur gears.
gear in the base amplifies Differences:
Introductio Any particle's kinetic
n of Plastic energy is equal to half its the wind speed. The spur
The researches uses
Gear mass times the square of gear assists in multiplying
different setup of
its velocity, or ½ mv^2. rotational speed caused by
gears and adds
The amount of air passing wind.
another type if gear
in unit time through an which is bevel.
area A, with velocity u, is
Av, and its mass ‘m’ is
equal to its volume
multiplied by its density
U of air m = p AV
Recent A search strategy was Adding flow Similarities: The installation

Developme used in this review augmentation devices to of airfoil wind
nt in the process to find research the turbine rotor can The use of airfoil deflector on
Design of papers that were relevant improve the efficiency of wind deflector to both sides of the
Wind to the study's scope. The VAWTs. Wind deflectors improve power VAWT. Also,
Deflectors Scopus database was used significantly improve the coefficient of the the different
for Vertical to conduct a literature power coefficient and turbine. number of
Axis Wind search. torque coefficient of blades that the
Differences:
Turbine: A VAWTs, according to this wind deflectors
Review As a result, a total of 24 review. The upstream will support.
The difference in the
studies were included in wind was diverted by number deflectors
the data extraction stage. deflectors, which blocked and blades.
the wind from the VAWT
rotor's returning blade and
directed it to the
forwarding blade. With an
airfoil-shaped deflector,
the power of the same
Savonius turbine
increased by up to 50%.
Experiment This study focuses on The number of blades has Similarities: The location of
al blade number variation as an impact on wind flow. the VAWT
Investigatio a means of determining The output power of a The use of 16 blades installation and
n on the best performance. The crossflow wind turbine as the research states other wind
Performanc crossflow wind turbine is with 16 blades is the that it has the sources, as the
e of a small scale wind turbine highest of any variation of maximum power researchers will
Crossflow with a 0.4 x 0.4 m2 blade number. The 16 coefficient produced be using
footprint. The number of blades produce a amongst the 8, 16, vehicles passing
Wind blades used in this study maximum of 2.01 watt of and 20-blade VAWT. by on the
Turbine as was 8, 16, and 20. The arc power with the size of 0.4 campus
Effect of profile was used for the x 0.4 m2. Differences: sidewalk.
Blades blades.
Number Wind deflectors and
gear setup were
added to the overall
design of the VAWT
by the researchers.
Feasibility The wind turbine was A maximum wind speed Similarities: The use of wind
of Highway installed on Kuwait's of 5 m/s can be achieved deflectors to
Energy King Fahad Bin Abdul at an anemometer height The height at which increase energy
Harvesting Aziz highway, which sees of 1.5 m. The VAWT the VAWT will be harvesting on
Using a a lot of fast traffic. The prototype has produced positioned (1.5m) and the highway and
Vertical generated electricity was up to 48 Watts of power the area where it will the number of
Axis Wind tallied and stored in a from vehicles moving on be installed (beside blades of the
Turbine battery. Since the the highway at an average the highway). VAWT.
electricity generated is wind speed of 4.4 m/s,
Differences:
direct current (DC), it according to the results.
must be connected to a The wind turbine power The type and number
direct current light- curve is generated from of blades of the
emitting diode (LED) that the measured data, and VAWT.
can be used to illuminate based on the best fit to the
the highway. power curve, 34.6 %
efficiency is obtained.
Numerical The wind turbine used in The rotor's performance Similarities: The VAWT's
Simulation this study was a Bánki. decreased as the car's optimized
s of a When the wind direction speed decreased, because The researchers will height or
VAWT in and velocity change, the a slower car produces a also use the velocity elevation, as
the Wake turbine's 20 blades keep it weaker wake, which generated by moving well as the
of a more stable. reduces the kinetic energy cars to boost the number of
Moving in the wake. rotor's performance. blades
Car The purpose of this study The VAWT is also harvesting wind
was to evaluate the rotor's As the distance between less than 2 meters from moving
performance in the wake the turbine and the car away from moving cars.
of a moving car using two grew wider, the rotor's vehicles.
key factors: the car's performance degraded.
velocity, v, and the gap Differences:
between the car and the
The number of blades
rotor, d.
and the use of wind
deflectors.
Numerical The commercial CFD The length and width of Similarities: The prototype
Simulation code FLUENT v15.0 was the car wake increased as will be tested in
s of a used to solve the the speed increased, The consideration of a real-world
VAWT in incompressible indicating that the car has the wake of the environment
the Wake a larger area where the moving car. with the
of a A second-order-accurate rotor torque is influenced. possibility of
Moving finite-volume The speed of the car wake Differences: induced wake
Car discretization scheme is increased in tandem with and favorable
used to solve Reynolds- The use of
the speed of the car. The wind
averaged Navier-Stokes commercial CFD
rotor is driven by more conditions.
(RANS) equations. The code FLUENT v15 or
kinetic energy in a Parts of the
Shear Stress Transport any other simulation
stronger wake. This turbine's cost
SST k-turbulence model softwares.
explains why the torque and design must
was chosen to model the curve was steeper at be scrutinized in
turbulence terms in the higher speeds. order for the
RANS equations. turbine to be
technically and
The validation
economically
simulations were run with
viable and
the two-dimensional CFD
contribute to
model, with the left
future energy
boundary replaced with a
conservation.
velocity inlet and the car
removed.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study is intended to improve and test the recent development of each part of Savonius wind turbine.
The overall design is expected to increase the rotor performance and the power produced on the generator that will
help the charging process of batteries for road lightings along the road. This study will help to reduce the cost of
electricity for road lightings, help conserve energy and minimized the cost for construction of the turbine. The study
also contributes to pedestrian safety and vision at night.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) - a wind power generation design that puts the main rotor shaft
transverse to the wind. The main components of the system are located at the base of the tower on which
the vertical blades sit.
2. Savonius VAWT - wind turbine was invented by the Finnish engineer Sigurd Johannes Savonius in 1922
and patented in 1926.
3. Rotor -require existing motion to function, so only once the engine or turbine is already running will a
Rotor work with a Stator to provide a charge.
4. Blade - are shaped so that it will generate drag forces and take advantage of the wind kinetic energy to
produce torque at the shaft of the turbine
5. Gears / Gearbox - A gearbox is typically used in a wind turbine to increase rotational speed from a low-
speed rotor to a higher speed electrical generator.
6. Generator - device that converts mechanical energy obtained from an external source into electrical energy
as the output.
7. Power - the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. In the International System of Units,
the unit of power is the watt.
8. Energy - the ability to do work, can never be created nor destroyed and only converted from one form to
another.
9. Torque - is a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis.
10. Wind - is moving air and is caused by differences in air pressure within our atmosphere.
11. Air flow - amount of moving air around a given space or area.
12. Construction - In terms of engineering, construction is the activity of putting together different elements,
using a detailed design and plan.
13. Efficiency - the peak level of performance that uses the least amount of inputs to achieve the highest
amount of output.
14. Product Design - , developing a proper solution for that problem, and validating the solution with real
users.
15. Mechanisms - device that transforms input forces and movement into a desired set of output forces and
movement.
16. Airfoil-shaped - is the cross-sectional shape of an object whose motion through a gas is capable of
generating significant lift, such as a wing, a sail, or the blades of propeller, rotor, or turbine.
17. Wind Deflector – deflects, redirect wind and greatly reduced wind noise while travelling at speed
18. CFD - is a tool available today for performing a thorough analysis of wind flow around buildings. It can
help you consider certain types of wind mitigation options.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study will focus on the parameters affecting the performance of the turbine and the transmitted power
on the generator. The researchers aim to integrate, use and test the recent existing designs and development for each
component. The overall design approach will be used, thus each component and additional mechanisms will be
designed accordingly and will not focus on one component alone. Researchers aim to integrate all of the recent
development of each part of Savonius wind turbine. The charging elements which are the battery and generator, will
be based on available design and will neither be discussed nor developed by the researchers. Basic principles of
electrical circuits only will be used in accordance of turbine design. The application of the turbine will be intended
for road lightings only along the selected high vehicle traffic road.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The installation of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine will be technically and economically viable if the design
aspect of turbine is optimized in which installation and maintenance cost will be minimized and power output or
turbine load will be maximized [10]. The Wind Energy is harnessed through the use of wind turbine, thus turbines
must provide enough power in order to shift from nonrenewable to renewable energy setup [2].
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INPUT PROCESS
Knowledge Requirements 1. Planning
1. Mechanics - analysis on the turbine - Brainstorming
blades and power output of rotor
- Selection of design for
2. Machine Design / Machine Elements rotor, blades and gears, with
- design requirements for shaft rotor, potential increase in Output power
bearings, gears and generator shaft.
- Formulating steps and
3. Principles of Basic Electrical methodology
Engineering - circuit and load analysis
of power produced by generator. 2. Project Design
4. Materials Science and Engineering - - Integrating all of the design of

selection of suitable material(s) for parts into one working prototype.
turbine parts. - Sizing of each part and assembly.
5. Recent Development and studies - CAD drawing
about Savonius Wind Turbine -
selection of recent design for rotor, 3. Project Development
blades and gears for the turbine.
- Stress Analysis on Solidworks
6. Computer Aided Design and simulation (or any software)
Simulation Software - Use of
Solidworks for initial design and - Computational Fluid Dynamics
testing. simulation.
-Prototyping
4. Project Testing
- actual fabrication of parts
- installation of prototype
- evaluation and testing
5. Project Implementation
- Final polish of design and

prototype
OUTPUT
Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine with optimized design on parts of rotor, blade, gears and
wind deflector.
CHAPTER II
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)
The Savonius and Darrieus both experienced significant technological advancements. Numerous studies on
these rotors provide in-depth knowledge of flow physics around them, structural behavior, application-specific
configurations, and unsolved challenges. Despite the fact that Savonius turbines have not yet been scaled to medium
or large-scale power generation due to the high wind load requiring large support structures, they have niche
applications such as powering sensors and security devices in a rugged environment. These turbines can be deployed
in large numbers due to their low cost and simple construction. As a result, Savonius turbines have much better
micro power generation prospects. The development of aesthetic shapes for urban applications has resulted from
Savonius rotors' fascinating discoveries. [22]
HAWT and VAWT are the two types of wind turbines available. The position of the rotor axis in relation to
the wind direction is classified in this way. As with the other Darrieus rotors, the Savonius rotor is used as a vertical
axis wind turbine. S-Rotors, also known as Savonius rotors, have been widely used as VAWT in previous decades.
S-rotors are commonly used in residential areas because they are self-starting, produce little noise, and can accept
wind energy from any direction. S-Rotors are also used in places where HAWTs cannot operate due to low wind
potential. Because an S-Cp Rotor's (Power Coefficient) is low in large wind turbines, design parameters are changed
to improve the power coefficient by reducing the rotor's size.
In 1925, Finnish engineer S.J Savonius invented the S-rotor. S-rotors are preferred over D-rotors due to
their low cut-in speeds and high torque, but their Cp is low when compared to other wind turbines. Albert Betz, a
German physicist, proposed the Betz theory in 1919. He claims that a wind turbine's theoretical maximum efficiency
is 59.3 percent. For wind turbines, this is known as the Betz limit (Al-Kayiem et al., 2016). S-Rotors have been used
to harness energy for various purposes, primarily power generation, to meet electricity demands, due to their
superiority over other wind turbines. [23]
In one revolution, a single rotor blade generates a mean positive torque but there are also short sections
with negative torque. The calculated variation of the total torque also shows the reduction in positive torque on the
downwind side. The alternation of the torque with the revolution can be balanced with three rotor blades, to such an
extent that the alternating variation becomes an increasing and decreasing torque which is positive throughout.
However, torque can only develop in a vertical axis rotor if there is circumferential speed: the vertical axis rotor is
usually not self-starting.
From an aerodynamic point of view, the different VAWT, have a number of aspects in common that
distinguish them from the HAWT. The blades of a VAWT rotate on a rotational surface whose axis is at right angle
to the wind direction. The aerodynamic angle of attack of the blades varies constantly during the rotation. Moreover,
one blade moves on the downwind side of the other blade in the range of 180° to 360° of rotational angle so that the
wind speed in this area is already reduced due to the energy extracted by the upwind blades. Hence, power
generation is less in the downwind sector of rotation. Consideration of the flow velocities and aerodynamic forces
shows that, nevertheless, a torque is produced in this way which is caused by the lift forces. The breaking torque of
the drag forces in much lower, by comparison. [24]
Type of Gears, Setup, and Materials
Spur and Bevel Gears to increase rotor power transmission to the generator shaft
Spur gear is a type of cylindrical gear with shaft parallel to it and its teeth are oriented to the shaft. It is the
most common type of gear which is easy to manufacture and has a wide range of application. These gears are
typically used for low speed applications. Alongside with the use spur gears, a conical shaped gear called bevel gear
will transmit motion and power from the shaft rotor, commonly placed 90 degrees. The variation of size and number
of teeth of spur gear is perceived to beneficial on increasing the power transmitted to generator shaft [41]
A gearbox which takes the low rotational speed of the rotor shaft and increase it to the desired level, in
order to get the generator to produce required power. The optimum gear ratio can be achieved by a combination of
gears like planetary, helical, spur or worm gears A gearbox is coupled between the rotor shaft and the generator
shaft in order to turn the generator shaft at much higher speed than the rotor shaft for efficient production of
electricity. [36].
According to the Danish Wind Industry Association, the power generated by the rotor rotation is
transferred to the generator via the power train. A gearbox is a practical solution that is used in the opposite direction
in a lot of industrial machinery and in conjunction with car engines. A gearbox converts power from the wind
turbine rotor - which rotates slowly and produces a lot of torque - to high-speed, low-torque power for the generator.
A wind turbine's gearbox does not "change gears." The rotations of the rotor and the generator usually have a single
gear ratio. The gear ratio for a 600 or 750 kW machine is usually around 1 to 50. [25]
The results show that in some areas with low wind speeds, wind energy can be harnessed using a small
scale wind turbine and gear mechanism to generate a useful voltage and power. This design generates an average
direct voltage of 38 volts and a power output of 65 watts. It demonstrates that this can be improved in order to
achieve desired electric power output. It was discovered that wind speed and rotor area are important factors that
influence both wind and mechanical power. The blade shape (aerodynamics of the blade) also determines the blade's
ability to harness wind speed. The introduction of plastic spur gear in the base increases the wind speed. The spur
gear assists in multiplying rotational speed. This demonstrates that in areas or regions where there is no strong wind,
this method can be used to harness and convert the available wind speed into electrical power.
The fabrication of this design demonstrates that light materials such as fiber plastic, which add little weight
to the shaft's weight, are extremely useful in multiplying the alternator's revolution and, as a result, producing
electrical energy. Lightweight gear has been discovered to increase the amount of wind energy that a blade can
capture. [26]
Wind Deflectors and its Uses
The power enhancement of VAWTs is heavily influenced by the deflector geometry. When compared to
flat plate deflector geometry, an airfoil-shaped deflector geometry deflects the wind streams from the concave
(returning blade) more effectively. The effects of a deflector with an airfoil geometry, as well as changes in wind
deflector angle and position, on the performance parameters of a Savonius turbine were evaluated using a CFD
simulation by Layeghmand et al., 2020. The geometry of the deflector was determined using the NACA 001 airfoil
for this purpose. Using the k−ω turbulence model and the Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (URANS)
equation, the simulation was run in a commercial CFD software application. The CFD setup and the geometric
concept of this approach are shown in Figure 1, in which “d” is the diameter of the blade, and “D” is the diameter of
the turbine.
Figure 1. An airfoil-shaped wind deflector in the upstream of a Savonius rotor
The cube of wind stream is distributed evenly towards the forward blade of the Savonius turbine by an
airfoil deflector. When compared to a flat-plate deflector with the same angle of attack, there is less separation at the
tailing edge (AOA). The AOA, on the other hand, has a significant impact on the position of the separation point on
the airfoil, which has an impact on performance. With a tip speed ratio (TSR) of 1.3, the maximum coefficient of
performance for the design shown in Figure 1 can be increased by up to 50%.
Adding flow augmentation devices to the turbine rotor can improve the efficiency of VAWTs. Wind
deflectors are commonly used for this because of their simple design and significant power improvement potential.
Wind deflectors significantly improve the power coefficient and torque coefficient of VAWTs, according to this
review. The upstream wind was diverted by deflectors, which blocked the wind from the VAWT rotor's returning
blade and directed it to the forwarding blade. The negative torque generated by the returning blade was reduced,
while the positive torque generated by the forwarding blade was increased, resulting in an increase in the net torque
coefficient. Wind deflectors come in a variety of shapes and sizes, ranging from a simple flat plate to an airfoil-
shaped design. The power coefficient of the Savonius turbine can be increased by 27% by using a flat-plate
deflector. However, changing the aerodynamic shape of the deflector can improve the power coefficient, with an
airfoil-shaped deflector increasing the power of the same Savonius turbine by up to 50%. Furthermore, deflectors in
twin turbines perform even better, increasing the power coefficient to 38.6%. Nevertheless, large wind deflector
structures also have applications in reducing aerosol accumulations near building blocks. Wind deflectors installed
on the Alconetar Bridge in Spain reduced bridge vibrations caused by high winds. They can also be used in cooling
towers to reduce buffeting noise from sunroofs and to reduce drag forces on truck containers. [27]
Blade Numbers of VAWT
Crossflow wind turbines are one type of wind turbine that is currently being researched. Crossflow wind
turbines are vertical axis wind turbines that are capable of self-starting in low wind speeds. As a result, knowing the
turbine design parameter is essential for improving turbine performance. The number of blades is one of the
performance parameters for wind turbines. The main goal of this study was to see how the number of blades affects
crossflow wind turbine performance. The turbine design was 0.4 x 0.4 m2 and was tested using an experimental
method with three types of blades: 8, 16, and 20. Low wind speeds of 2–5 m/s were used to test the turbine. The best
performance was found on the 16 blade number.
Power Coefficient can be increased by increasing the number of blades on a crossflow wind turbine until a
certain number of blades are reached. The number of blades has an impact on wind flow and the wind turbine with
16 blades is the best. At TSR 0.59, the highest Cp is 0.21, and the highest CT is 0.38. The output power of a
crossflow wind turbine with 16 blades is the highest of any variation of blade number. The 16 blades produce a
maximum of 2.01 watt of power with the size of 0.4 x 0.4 m2. [28]
VAWT in the Wake of a Moving Car and Wind Speed Height Recommendation
In countries where wind energy is less feasible, energy harvesting devices like highway wind turbines can
still be used for applications that require less power. Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) can be installed on the
sides of highways to harvest energy from vehicles moving in both directions. This paper is specifically designed and
manufactured to generate electrical energy from moving cars on highways for lighting applications such as highway
lights, traffic signals, and light guide lines. At a number of anemometer heights on the highway sides, the wind
speeds of passing vehicles and wind power from the VAWT are measured. The VAWT prototype has produced up
to 48 Watts of power from vehicles moving on the highway at an average wind speed of 4.4 m/s, according to the
results. The wind turbine power curve is generated from the measured data, and based on the best fit to the power
curve, 34.6 % efficiency is obtained, which is promising for future commercialization of the work.
In a study by Ahmad Sedaghat et al., a new three-bladed helical VAWT has been developed to provide
lighting from wind generated by moving vehicles on highways. On the King Fahad Bin Abdul Aziz highway in
Kuwait, wind speed measurements were taken at three different anemometer heights of 1 m, 1.5 m, and 2 m. The
cup anemometer was used at 10 different times to measure wind generated by cars on both sides of the highway.
According to the findings, a maximum wind speed of 5 m/s can be achieved at an anemometer height of 1.5 m. The
prototype three-bladed helical vertical axes wind turbine was installed alongside the highway to measure power
output for the purpose of lighting from moving vehicles. [29]
Wind energy generated by moving cars has a significant energy potential that has yet to be realized. To
recover energy from moving cars' wakes, a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) was used. The turbine was designed
to be placed along the side of the road and powered by the car's wake. The VAWT's performance was assessed using
transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The effect of two major factors on the VAWT's
performance, the car's velocity and the gap between the car and the rotor, was investigated. To prove the plan's
viability, an energy balance study was conducted. However, these tests are quite simplistic, and no additional
information about the wake field was provided, nor was the mechanism of the interactions between the car wake and
the rotor.
The commercial CFD code FLUENT v15.0 was used to solve the incompressible A second-order-accurate
finite-volume discretization scheme is used to solve Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The
Shear Stress Transport SST k-turbulence model was chosen to model the turbulence terms in the RANS equations.
The length and width of the car wake increased as the speed increased, indicating that the car has a larger area
where the rotor torque is influenced. The speed of the car wake increased in tandem with the speed of the car. The
rotor is driven by more kinetic energy in a stronger wake. This explains why the torque curve was steeper at higher
speeds.
The validation simulations were run with the two-dimensional CFD model, with the left boundary replaced
with a velocity inlet and the car removed.
The VAWT is designed to be placed on the medians of the highway; therefore the wind on both sides of the
median will contribute to the output of the turbine. This study only considers the situation for a single car passing by
the turbine; more complex situations, such as multi-cars from one side and cars from both sides, will be studied
later. Considering the complexity of the geometries and mesh, and the resultantly long computation time, a
simplified two-dimensional model was chosen for the simulations. In the model, the side flow in the vertical
direction was ignored. Studies have proved that the two-dimensional model can predict the performance of VAWTs
with good accuracy. Although this simplification may cause some inaccuracy, it is a good start for this study, and
future research may consider the three-dimensional models for study. The performance of the rotor will determine
the overall performance of the highway energy recovery system. Optimization studies on common VAWTs, like
Savonius and Darrieus, have been done comprehensively. However, the bi-directional flow condition on the
highway is different from common uniformed wind field, therefore a common Savonius or Darrieus rotor may not
be the best choice for use. Common Savonius and Darrieus rotors have only two or three blades, and the
aerodynamic forces of the rotor are very sensitive to the azimuth angle. In this paper, the 20-bladed design makes
this turbine more stable when wind and velocity change. The car model considered in this paper was simplified as a
two-dimensional shape composed of a rectangle and a semicircle, with a general size of 1.8 m ×4.5 m.
The following are some of the study's key findings: (1) The rotor generated a maximum of 100.49 J energy
from the wake of a car with d = 0.5 m, v = 30 m/s, and ω = 5 rad/s in the tests. (2) The car's wake resembled the
Kármán vortex street in appearance. The rotor's torque fluctuated significantly due to the repeating swirling vortices.
As a result, the structure, strength, and design of the blades should all be taken into consideration. (3) The rotor's
performance decreased as the car's speed decreased, because a slower car produces a weaker wake, which reduces
the kinetic energy in the wake. (4) As the distance between the turbine and the car grew wider, the rotor's
performance degraded. The reason for this is that the car's wake is biased due to the gap, and as the gap widens, the
velocity upstream of the rotor decreases. [30]
A wind turbine powered by artificial wind also has a wide range of applications. An amusement park ride,
for example, could theoretically power the turbine. The highway wind turbine can generate electricity in any city
with heavy vehicle traffic around the world. [31]
Rotor Shaft and Blade Material
Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) was chosen as the best material available for the design of blades and material
selection for the wind turbine. It was chosen primarily for its low cost and durability. PVC was also used for the
rotor shaft. Polyvinyl Chloride was chosen for its high strength to withstand the bending forces exerted by the
rotating blades. The shaft had to be strong enough to withstand strong gushes of wind and considering the work of
Menet (2004) [32]
PVC is a cost-effective and very versatile material. Its main properties and benefits include: (1) Electrical
Properties: PVC is an excellent insulator due to its high dielectric strength. (2) Durability: Weathering, chemical
rotting, corrosion, shock, and abrasion are all resistant to PVC. As a result, it is the preferred material for many long-
lasting and outdoor products. (3) Flame Retardancy: PVC products are self-extinguishing due to their high
chlorine content. It has a ≥45 oxidation index. Antimony trioxide has been widely used, typically in conjunction
with phosphate ester plasticizers, to provide excellent fire and mechanical properties. (4) Cost/Performance Ratio:
PVC has good physical as well as mechanical properties and provides excellent cost-performance advantages. It has
long life span and need low maintenance. (5) Mechanical Properties: PVC is abrasion-resistant, lightweight and
tough. (6) Chemical Resistance: PVC is resistant to all inorganic chemicals. It has very good resistance against
diluted acids, diluted alkalis and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Attacked by ketones; some grades swollen or attacked by
chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, some aromatic ethers and amines, and nitro- compounds. [33]
Type of Bearing and the Materials used together with the End-Plate, Bearing Housing, And Motor Housing
Mild steel was used for the end-plate, bearing and motor housing. Low carbon steel is made up of a variety
of materials that give it unique properties that make it suitable for a wide range of industrial projects. Mild steel has
the following physical properties: Ductile, Machinable and Weldable, Affordable, and Magnetic. [34]
The bearing that will be used is tapered roller bearing. The bearing's purpose was to support the shaft and
reduce friction as the shaft rotated. The bearing housing protects the bearing from damage while also restricting
shaft movement. [11] An inner ring, an outer ring, and a number of tapered rollers make up a tapered roller bearing.
The inner and outer bearing rings are both tapered, resembling a cone segment when viewed separately. Tapered
roller bearings can withstand heavy axial and radial loads because of the large surface area contact. [35]
According to the Timken Company which specializes on bearing parts, on its website, stated that tapered
roller bearing assemblies are precisely designed to manage both radial and axial loads, which is present on the rotor
of Savonius Turbine thus making it suitable for the turbine [37].
The purpose of the end-plate was to keep the rotor in place and to raise the blades above the ground so they
could face the wind. The PMDC motor was also connected to the base. Mild steel bars were welded in an L-shaped
pattern to provide maximum strength. [32]
The motor housing is made up of two horizontal Mild Steel plates with the motor sandwiched between
them. Screws were used to secure the motor's top end to the assembly. [32]
Choice of Electrical Generator
The rotational mechanical energy of the turbine rotor is converted to electrical energy by the generator. The
generator work on the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, according to which a conductor moving in a
magnetic field produces an induced Electro Motive Force. Generators can be used to generate AC or DC current as
the application requires. The two types of generator are: AC Generator and DC generator. [36]
Permanent magnet synchronous generators do not require a geartrain and therefore are called direct driven
generators (Sankar and Seyezhai, 2013) [38]
These generators are more efficient and reliable than the induction type generators (Badoni and Prakash,
2014) [39]. This is the main reason that these generators are used for small scale applications. The permanent
magnet generators have multiple poles and therefore can directly be connected to the rotor shaft. These type of
generators have become really popular recently because of the reduced price of the magnets, improved magnetic
material properties, and reduced mass of the system (Yin et al., 2007) [40]
Factors Affecting the Performance of Savonius Wind Turbine
Based on the study of Yogendra Kumar Yadav in Clemson University, there are a number of reasons for
the low electrical power generation of Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. First, the thickness of the aluminum
sheet used for the rotor buckets is large and results in high system inertia. Also, the wooden end plates further add to
the inertia of the system. Second, the misalignment of the rotor buckets attached to the shaft leads to instability of
the turbine rotor. Third, the protective wire mesh around the frame of the turbine reduces the effective wind force
acting on the wind turbine rotor. Fourth, the wheels added to the frame for the purpose of mobility of the wind
turbine, reduce the stability of the system. All of the above reasons reduce the rotor speed, therefore reducing the
power generated by the wind turbine. [36]
CHAPTER III
III. METHODOLOGY
PROJECT DESIGN
Design Process
System Flowchart
The researchers will start with data gathering of knowledge requirements mentioned on the conceptual
framework such as recent design developments done with the Savonius Wind Turbine and deduce which designs are
viable and cost effective to operate the turbines in urban setting along the high vehicle traffic roads. The design will
be finalized with supporting equations of motion analysis from Dynamics of Rigid Bodies, load or stress analysis of
Machine Design and fluid flow of Fluid Mechanics. The cost will be estimated and availability of materials will be
checked. Otherwise, design process will continue until final design is done. The design will be rendered and
simulated on certain computer CAD and simulation software.
The final design will be polished and checked. Fabrication of parts and assemblies will be conducted.
Researchers will get approval from authorities to work on the testing location. After installation, testing procedures
and evaluation will be done and redesign the parameters if necessary. Researchers will polish the design again and
perform the final fabrication of redesigned parts
Operation, Evaluation and Testing Procedure
The prototype Savonius wind turbine will operate 24 hrs. Charging the batteries. Researchers perceived a
two battery system in which one battery will be used for day time and another one for night time. One battery will be
used to supply road lightings at night while the other battery will be charged as the turbine rotor continue to operate.
The turbine and electrical systems will be monitored accordingly. A control system will be used for battery charging
to reduce the human intervention.
The researchers will notify and get approval from concerned authorities regarding the Installation and
assembly of parts on the area for testing of prototype. Signs of warning will be posted within the proximity of testing
area to inform pedestrians for safety purposes. One unit of prototype will be fabricated, installed and tested for
evaluation.
Testing procedure involves the use of an anemometer to measure wind speed in the area and use multitester
or any electrical equipment to measure the power output of the generator. The turbine and electrical system will be
monitored and evaluated if the design works as intended to supply electricity for road lightings at night. The data
gathered from evaluation will be tabulated accordingly. The behavior of turbine rotor will be monitored from time to
time. Researchers will observe the conditions of the area and parameters affecting the performance of both turbine
and generator.
Block Diagram for Operation and Evaluation

Testing Area
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
The developed prototype of Savonius Wind Turbine is expected to charge certain amount of load on the
battery which would supply electricity to light bulbs on the road at night. The focuses of the researchers are the
turbine blade, rotor shaft, bearings support of rotor and gears on the gearbox. The researchers aim to optimize the
design of each part to increase the rotor performance and power output of generator. Recent design suggestions of
different research / studies are scrutinized and integrated so these suggestions will be validated or tested using a
physical prototype. The study aims to integrate all of the design recommendations from different research papers
published online, given with design constraint of cost and developed a prototype that will validate all of those
recommendations. Experimental research design is used to achieve the research objectives, one of which is to
develop a Savonius wind turbine for road lightings on the road.
Conversion of Energy Based on Wind Turbine Operation

Blade and Rotor Shaft
𝟏𝟔 𝑻
𝝉 = 𝑻𝑶𝑹𝑺𝑰𝑶𝑵𝑨𝑳 𝑺𝑯𝑬𝑨𝑹 𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺 𝑭𝑶𝑹 𝑺𝑯𝑨𝑭𝑻
𝝅 𝑫𝟑
Wind Deflector
Bearing Support
Gears
Bevel Gears
Spur Gear
Generator Shaft
OVERALL PRESENTATION OF PARTS AND ASSEMBLY OF SAVONIUS VERTICAL AXIS WIND
TURBINE USING FREEHAND DRAWING
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TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Ayala Blvd., Ermita Manila, 1000, Philippines

DESIGN OPTIMIZATION AND COST

Cortez, Armand Corsie

Li, Martin Oliver

Supe, Kenneth John

A Research Proposal Submitted to

Engr. Carlos Zapanta

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Methods of Research for M.E.

I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

The main considerations for proposed design are:

Recent A search strategy was Adding flow Similarities: The installation

4. Materials Science and Engineering - - Integrating all of the design of

- actual fabrication of parts

- evaluation and testing

- Final polish of design and

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)

Figure 1. An airfoil-shaped wind deﬂector in the upstream of a Savonius rotor

Rotor Shaft and Blade Material

Choice of Electrical Generator

Operation, Evaluation and Testing Procedure

Block Diagram for Operation and Evaluation

Conversion of Energy Based on Wind Turbine Operation

[4] Available: www.windies.gov

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