Elasticity 1
Elasticity 1
Elasticity 1
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Courtesy: Google images
Alloys/Intermetallics
Metallic Ionic or covalent Covalent bond
Secondary bonds
𝜕𝑅
𝑅 = 𝑅0 + ቤ 𝐹 (Linear response theory)
𝜕𝐹 𝐹=0
𝜕𝑅
𝑅 = 𝑅0 + (𝑃) 𝐹 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑃 = ቤ
𝜕𝐹 𝐹=0
𝜕𝑅
𝑅 = 𝑅0 + (𝑃) 𝐹 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑃 = ቤ
𝜕𝐹 𝐹=0
Stress Temperature
-Static, Dynamic, time varying Stress
-Temperature
Time
Characterization
Processing
Structure
L L L
A1 A2 A3
ΔL1 ΔL2 ΔL3
P P P P
A1 < A2 < A3 ΔL1 > ΔL2 > ΔL3
Dimensionality
Normalization
A3 A2 A1 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑃
P 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑆 = =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
Stress
Load
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒 =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
∆𝐿
𝑒= Strain
Displacement 𝐿
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
e = Engineering Strain = 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
• Load or force : N
• Displacement: m
• Area: m2
• Stress = Force/Area = N/m2
• Strain = ΔL/L = m/m = Dimensionless
Cylindrical sample
A0 = πr2
Courtesy: Google Image
P
ASTM
𝐿0
Sheet = 4.5
𝐴0
𝐿0
Round = 4.0
𝐷0
American Society for Testing and Materials
Extensometer
(measure displacement on sample)
∆𝐿
Engineering Strain = 𝐿 (-)
0
Yield stress/strength:
Yielding of material i.e. a permanent
∆𝐿 measurable deformation on sample
0.002 Engineering Strain = (-)
𝐿0
𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿0
Elongation (ef) =
𝐿0
Lf L0 𝐴0 − 𝐴𝑓
A0 Reduction in area (q) =
𝐴0
Af ΔL
During plastic deformation (before necking)
P “constancy of volume”
𝑞
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝐴𝐿 = 𝐴0 𝐿0 𝑒0 =
1−𝑞
Toughness:
Energy absorbed per unit volume of material till fracture = area under stress strain curve
Toughness = stress × strain = N/m2 = N m/ m3 = J/ m3
Gauge marks
UTS
S
Cross section
After void formation
𝐴𝐿 ≠ 𝐴0 𝐿0
Initial necking
e
Void formation
Neck: region of instability
D: Ceramics
Strain to fracture: ef
ef ≤ 0.1% ∶ 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 ef ≈ 10 % ∶ 𝐷𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠
ef > 1000 % ∶ 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠
𝑑𝐿
𝑑𝜀 =
𝐿
𝐿
𝑑𝐿 𝐿 𝐿0 + ∆𝐿 Flow curve
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝜀 = න = 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛
𝐿0 𝐿 𝐿0 𝐿0 σ vs ε
𝜀 = ln 1 + 𝑒
𝑃 S-e
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝜎 =
𝐴
Stress
𝑃 𝐴0
𝜎= ∵ 𝐴𝐿 = 𝐴0 𝐿0
𝐴0 𝐴
𝐿
𝜎=𝑆
𝐿0
𝜎 = 𝑆 1+𝑒 Strain
𝐹 = 𝜎𝐴 𝑑𝜎
=𝜎
𝑑𝐹 = 𝐴 𝑑𝜎 + 𝜎 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝜀
𝜀𝑢
At necking, 𝑑𝐹 = 𝐴 𝑑𝜎 + 𝜎 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝑑𝜎 𝑑𝐴 ε
=− 𝑑𝜎 𝜎
𝜎 𝐴 Constancy of volume =𝑛
𝑑𝜀 𝜀𝑢
𝑑𝜎 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐿
=𝜎 ∵− = = 𝑑𝜀 𝜀𝑢 = 𝑛
𝑑𝜀 𝐴 𝐿
True uniform strain
• Necking begins at a point where rate of strain hardening is equal to the stress.
𝑑𝑆
• In terms of engineering values, 𝑑𝑒 = 0, at max. value of S!!
Repulsive Energy ER
ro
Energy E
ro
Net Energy EN
dU
F=
Attractive Energy EA dr
ro
r0
σ
σ
r0
r0
r
Stretching 𝑟 − 𝑟0
strain (𝜀) = Stress per bond/atom (σ) = F/ro2
𝑟0
σ ro2 = So (r-ro)
σ ro2 = So ro ε
σ/ε = So/ ro
Important Note:
• There is a change in lattice parameter(s), thus change in lattice volume
• However small, there is a change in volume during elastic deformation
• What about the volume change in the plastic deformation?
MSE302: Mechanical Behavior of Materials_Niraj Chawake 23
State of stress at a point
Very generic usage, stress = Force/area
A more difficult concept is the idea of forces and stresses acting inside a material,
“within the interior where neither eye nor experiment can reach” as Euler put it.
many great minds working for centuries at the concept of stress we use today,
Augustin Cauchy, who presented a paper on the subject to the Academy of
Sciences in Paris, in 1822.
What is 𝜀𝑝 throughout σ vs ε
Plot, σ 𝑉𝑠 𝜀𝑝 ???
E x
z
𝜀𝑝 𝜀𝑒
y
𝜀𝑡 Strain 𝜀𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝜀𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒
x z
Young’s modulus, E: σ = 𝐸𝜀
𝜀𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 is related to 𝜀𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
by an elastic constant y
𝜀𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝜀𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒
Poisson’s ratio, ν 𝜈 = −
𝜀𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 Lateral strain
Negative sign??? Isotropic
ν ~ 0 – 0.5 for most materials Poisson pronounced as Posson and not Poyson
O y
FTraction2 x
F2
Stress defined on perpendicular to the cut surface and parallel to the cut surface
∆𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ΔA 𝜎⊥ = lim
ΔFcosθ ∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴
θ
ΔF ∆𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑
O 𝜎∥𝑦 = lim
∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴
ΔFsinθsinΦ
Φ ∆𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑
ΔFsinθcosΦ 𝜎∥𝑥 = lim
∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴
⇀
ΔFsinθ
↽
𝜎⊥ is called as a Normal Stress 𝜎∥ is called as Shear Stresses
y z 𝜎𝑧𝑧
Z plane
y 𝜏𝑧𝑥
x
x ⇀𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜎𝑦𝑦 ↿ 𝜏𝑥𝑧 ↿ 𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝑦𝑦
σ denotes normal stress
𝜏𝑦𝑧 ↿⇁𝜏 𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝑥𝑦
Along this direction 𝜎𝑥𝑥
Plane on which it acts
𝜏𝑦𝑥 τ denotes shear stress
Infinitesimal Elemental cube: area of faces are small
enough so that change in stress over the face is negligible
X3
X2
9 Components of a stress X1
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝜎11 𝜎12 𝜎13
𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜎𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑧 𝜎21 𝜎22 𝜎23
𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜎𝑧𝑥 𝜎𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜎31 𝜎32 𝜎33
𝜏𝑥𝑦 Fx
θ P 𝐹𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦𝑦 ∙ 𝑚𝐴 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ∙ 𝑙𝐴
O x
↿
𝜎𝑥 ′ 𝑥 ′ = (𝜎𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) + (𝜎𝑦𝑦 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
↼
𝜏𝑥𝑦 Fx
θ P
𝐹𝑦′ −𝐹𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝐹𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 O x
↿
𝐹𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑙𝐴 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 ∙ 𝑚𝐴
𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ = = 𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝐴 𝐴 𝐹𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦𝑦 ∙ 𝑚𝐴 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ∙ 𝑙𝐴
𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥𝑥
𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2θ
2
Rearrange the equation (1), then square the equation (1) and (3), and then add them
2 2
𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 2 𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦 2
𝜎𝑥 ′ 𝑥 ′ − + 𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ = + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2
𝜎 h 𝜏 r2
2
𝜎−ℎ + 𝜏 2 = 𝑟2 Equation of a circle
𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦 2
Shear Stress 𝑟= + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
2
τ
𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦
ℎ=
2
↼
↼
τ Stress corresponding
to a particular plane
CCW
⇀ 𝐵(𝜎𝑦𝑦 , 𝜏𝑦𝑥 )
(𝜎𝛼 , 𝜏𝛼 )
CW 𝜏𝑥𝑦
+ ve 𝜎𝑦𝑦 2α
⇀ C 𝜎𝑥𝑥 Abscissa
-σ O
𝜏𝑥𝑦
σ
𝜎𝑦𝑦 -ve values +ve values
B
⇀ α
𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜏𝑥𝑦
Compressive
2θ
Tensile
𝐴(𝜎𝑥𝑥 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 )
𝜎𝑥𝑥
↼
↼
𝜎𝑥𝑥 (𝜎𝜃 , 𝜏𝜃 ) θ= 0
𝜏𝑥𝑦 θ
⇀ A
𝜏𝑦𝑥 -τ CCW: -ve
𝜎𝑦𝑦
Prove that the angle between Principal planes and the plane of maximum shear is 45° ?
θ = 0°
A(-80, 25)
θ = 0°
A(-80, 25) 2θs = 69°
B(50, -25)
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜎1
Uniaxial Stress State
𝜎1 σ
When,
𝜎2
𝜎1 = 𝜎2 τ
State of
𝜎1 Point Hydrostatic pressure
𝜎1 = 𝜎2 = −𝑝 σ
∵𝑣≠0 h r
Centre Mohr’s circle Radius
Thus, 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 = 0
150+75 150−75 2
𝜆= ± + 432
2 2
𝜆 = 112.5 ± 57.055
𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 𝑣=0
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒, 𝜆 = 𝜆1
𝜎11 𝜎12 150 −43 𝑣1
𝐴= 𝜎 𝜎22 = 150 − 169.55 −43
21 −43 75 −43 75 − 169.55 𝑣2 = 0
𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 = 0
−19.55𝑣1 − 43𝑣2 = 0 (1)
−80 − 𝜆 25
=0 −43𝑣1 − 94.55𝑣2 = 0
25 50 − 𝜆 (2)
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒, 𝜆 = 𝜆2 𝑋2
150 − 55.45 −43 𝑣1
𝑣2 = 0
−43 75 − 55.45 𝑋2′
94.55𝑣1 − 43𝑣2 = 0 (3)
−43𝑣1 + 19.55𝑣2 = 0 (4)
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑛 3, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑣1 = 1 ⇒ 𝑣2 = 2.19 𝑣2 = 2.19
𝑣1 = 1
𝑣1 = 5 𝑋1
𝑣2 = −2.27
𝑋1′
𝜆3 − 𝐽1 𝜆2 + 𝐽2 𝜆 − 𝐽3 = 0
• The solution to this equation will yield three Eigen values: 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 and 𝜆3
• The Eigen values are unique for a given state of stress
• Therefore, any coordinate transformation keeps the state of stress the same
• Eigen values: 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 and 𝜆3 don’t change, implies we will get the same Cubic equation
𝐽1 = 𝜎11 + 𝜎22 + 𝜎33 Sum of the diagonal elements or the Trace of a stress matrix
𝐽3 = 𝜎11 𝜎22 𝜎33 + 2𝜎12 𝜎23 𝜎13 − 𝜎11 𝜎23 2 − 𝜎22 𝜎13 2 − 𝜎33 𝜎12 2 Det (A)
𝜆3 − 𝐽1 𝜆2 + 𝐽2 𝜆 − 𝐽3 = 0
If we know one of the roots, say 𝜆1 , then the above equation reduces to
𝜆 − 𝜆1 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0
𝑡 3 + 𝑝𝑡 + 𝑞 = 0
−𝑝 1 3𝑞 −3 2𝜋𝑘
Roots: 𝑡𝑘 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 − 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2
3 3 2𝑝 𝑝 3
80 80 80
50 50 50
𝐴′ = 𝐷𝐴𝐷𝑇
′ =𝜎 ′ ′ =𝑎 𝑎 𝜎
𝜎𝑚𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚𝑖 𝑛𝑗 𝑖𝑗
′
Say, i = 1, 2 𝜎𝑚𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑛1 𝜎11 + 𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑛2 𝜎12 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑛1 𝜎21 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑛2 𝜎22
i & j are called dummy index
• Not already in the expression
I can replace it with any index I want
• That it is over the same range (here 1,2)
′
e.g. I can replace, i by l and j by k 𝜎𝑚𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑗 𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑚𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝜎𝑙𝑘
′
𝜎𝑚𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑗 𝜎𝑖𝑗 Here, m and n are appearing once, they are called as Free index
They can’t be replaced with another indices
𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑗 𝜎𝑖𝑗
Rule 2: No indices occur three or more times in a given term
𝑎𝑚𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑗 𝜎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑚𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑗 𝜎𝑖𝑗 ✓
Rule 3: In an equation involving Einstein notation, the free indices should match on both sides
𝑥𝑖 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑘 +𝑢𝑘 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑎𝑖𝑘 +𝑢𝑘 ✓
Say, i, j = 1, 2
′ =𝑎
𝑎11 𝑎12
𝜎𝑚𝑛 𝑚1 𝑎𝑛1 𝜎11 + 𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑛2 𝜎12 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑛1 𝜎21 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑛2 𝜎22 𝐷= 𝑎 𝑎22
21
𝐴′ = 𝐷𝐴𝐷𝑇 𝑋3
Tensor notation
′ =𝑎 𝑎 𝜎
𝜎𝑚𝑛 𝑚𝑖 𝑛𝑗 𝑖𝑗 where i , j = 1, 2, 3
𝑋1
O’ 𝑢1 A’ B’ C’
𝜕𝑢1 𝐴′
𝑢1 + ∆𝑥1 𝑢1
𝜕𝑥1
Strain along X1
𝜕𝑢1 O A ∆𝑥1 X1
𝐴′ 𝐵′ − 𝐴𝐵 𝑢1 + ∆𝑥1 − 𝑢1 B
𝜕𝑥1
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝜀11 =
𝐴𝐵 ∆𝑥1 𝜕𝑢1
𝐴′ 𝐵′ = ∆𝑥1 − 𝑢1 + 𝑢1 + ∆𝑥1
𝜕𝑥1
𝑑𝑢1
𝜀11 = 𝐴′ 𝐵′ = ∆𝑥1 +
𝜕𝑢1
∆𝑥1
𝑑𝑥1 𝜕𝑥1
𝐴𝐵 = ∆𝑥1
Shear strain
⇀ ↼
𝛼 𝛼
⇀ ↼
Decrease in angle Increase in angle
𝜕𝑢1
𝑢1 + ∆𝑥1 Extend to 3D
𝜕𝑥1
𝜕𝑢1
𝑂′ 𝐴′ − 𝑂𝐴 𝑢1 + ∆𝑥1 − 𝑢1 𝜕𝑢 𝜀11 , 𝜀22 , 𝜀33 , 𝛾12 , 𝛾23 , 𝛾31
𝜕𝑥1 1
𝜀11 = = =
𝑂𝐴 ∆𝑥1 𝜕𝑥1 6 components of strain
𝜕𝑢2 Tensor???
Similarly, we can show 𝜀22 =
𝜕𝑥2 𝛾12 change in angle
MSE302: Mechanical Behavior of Materials_Niraj Chawake 65
Strain tensor
𝜕𝑢
Displacement tensor = 𝑒𝑖𝑗 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑖
𝑗
X2 X2 X2
𝜕𝑢1
𝑒12 =
𝜕𝑥2
𝛽
𝛼 X1 X1 X1
𝜕𝑢2
𝑒21 =
𝜕𝑥1 𝑒12 ≠ 𝑒21 𝑒12 = 𝑒21
𝑒12 = −𝑒21
No shear strain Shear Pure shear
+
Rigid body rotation rigid body rotation No rigid body rotation
How much is the rigid body rotation, that if removed, remains shear strain???
1
Rigid body rotation 𝜔12 = 𝑒12 − 𝑒21
2
𝜔12 = 𝑒 𝜀12 = 𝑒12 − 𝜔12 𝜔12 = 0
1
𝜀12 = 𝑒12 − 𝑒12 − 𝑒21
2
One of the component 1
of the strain tensor 𝜀 12 = 𝑒 + 𝑒21
2 12
MSE302: Mechanical Behavior of Materials_Niraj Chawake 66
Strain Tensor
1 1 1
𝜀12 = 𝑒12 + 𝑒21 𝑒𝑖𝑗 = 𝑒𝑖𝑗 + 𝑒𝑗𝑖 + 𝑒𝑖𝑗 − 𝑒𝑗𝑖
2 2 2
In general, we can write 𝑒𝑖𝑗 = 𝜀𝑖𝑗 + 𝜔𝑖𝑗
1
𝜀𝑖𝑗 = 𝑒 + 𝑒𝑗𝑖 Symmetric strain tensor of Rank 2
2 𝑖𝑗
𝜀11 𝜀12 𝜀13
1 𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝑗 𝜀𝑖𝑗 = 𝜀21 𝜀22 𝜀23
𝜀𝑖𝑗 = + Strain Tensor
2 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜀31 𝜀32 𝜀33
1
𝜔12 = 𝑒12 − 𝑒21 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤
2 + +
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
1
𝜔𝑖𝑗 = 𝑒𝑖𝑗 − 𝑒𝑗𝑖 Rotation Tensor 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
2 𝜀𝑖𝑗 = +
2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
+
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝑗 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝛾𝑖𝑗 = + + +
𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑖 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝛾𝑖𝑗 = 2𝜀𝑖𝑗
Similarly, write rotation tensor 𝜔𝑖𝑗
𝜀𝑖𝑗 = 𝜀𝑗𝑖 Is 𝜔𝑖𝑗 symmetric?
Hydrostatic Deviatoric
Stress state Stress state
𝜎𝑚 , 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑜𝑟 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝜎11 + 𝜎22 + 𝜎33 𝜎1 + 𝜎2 + 𝜎3
𝜎𝑚 = =
3 3
𝜎𝑚
Pure tension or
compression Elastic Volume change Shape change
No shape change No volume change
No plastic deformation Causes plastic deformation
y
𝜀22
Lateral strain
Isotropic
1 1 1
𝛾12 = 𝜎12 𝛾23 = 𝜎23 𝛾13 = 𝜎13
𝐺 𝐺 𝐺
where, G is the shear modulus
Another Elastic constant
1 1 1 1
𝜀𝑖𝑗 = 𝛾𝑖𝑗 𝑖≠𝑗 𝜀12 = 𝜎 𝜀23 = 𝜎 𝜀13 = 𝜎
2 2𝐺 12 2𝐺 23 2𝐺 13
𝜎 1
1+𝜈 = 𝜎
𝐸 2𝐺 Four Elastic constants:
𝐸 E, 𝜈, G and K
𝐺=
2 1+𝜈 Only two are independent:
E, 𝜈
𝜎11 𝐶1111 𝐶1122 𝐶1133 𝐶1123 𝐶1113 𝐶1112 𝜀11 𝜀11 𝜀11
𝜎22 𝐶2211 𝐶2222 𝐶2233 𝐶2223 𝐶2213 𝐶2212 𝜀22 𝜀22 𝜀22
𝜎33 𝐶3311 𝐶3322 𝐶3333 𝐶3323 𝐶3313 𝐶3312 𝜀33 𝜀33 𝜀33
= =
𝜎23 𝐶2311 𝐶2322 𝐶2333 𝐶2323 𝐶2313 𝐶2312 𝛾23 𝛾23 2𝜀23
𝜎13 𝐶1311 𝐶1322 𝐶1333 𝐶1323 𝐶1313 𝐶1312 𝛾13 𝛾13 2𝜀13
𝜎12 𝐶1211 𝐶1222 𝐶1233 𝐶1223 𝐶1213 𝐶1212 𝛾12 𝛾12 2𝜀12
Voigt Shear stress to Normal strain Shear stress to Shear strain
(Contracted) Notation 11 → 1 22 → 2 33 → 3 23 → 4 13 → 5 12 → 6
𝜎1 𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 𝐶14 𝐶15 𝐶16
𝜀1
𝜎2 𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 𝐶24 𝐶25 𝐶26 𝜀2
𝜎3 𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 𝐶34 𝐶35 𝐶36 𝜀3
𝜎4 = 2𝜀4
𝐶41 𝐶42 𝐶43 𝐶44 𝐶45 𝐶46
𝜎5 𝐶51 𝐶52 𝐶53 𝐶54 𝐶55 𝐶56 2𝜀5
𝜎6 𝐶61 𝐶62 𝐶63 𝐶64 𝐶65 𝐶66 2𝜀6
MSE302: Mechanical Behavior of Materials_Niraj Chawake 78
Anisotropy of elastic behavior
𝜕𝑈
Elastic strain energy 𝑈 = 𝜎𝜀 =𝜎
𝜕𝜀
𝜎11 = 𝐶11 𝜀11 + 𝐶12 𝜀22 + 𝐶13 𝜀33 + 𝐶14 2𝜀23 + 𝐶15 2𝜀13 + 𝐶16 2𝜀12
𝜎22 = 𝐶21 𝜀11 + 𝐶22 𝜀22 + 𝐶23 𝜀33 + 𝐶24 2𝜀23 + 𝐶25 2𝜀13 + 𝐶26 2𝜀12
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈
= 𝜎11 = 𝜎22
𝜕𝜀11 𝜕𝜀22
𝜕2𝑈 𝜕2𝑈
= 𝐶12 = 𝐶21
𝜕𝜀11 𝜕𝜀22 𝜕𝜀22 𝜕𝜀11
𝐶12 = 𝐶21
𝜎1 𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 𝐶14 𝐶15 𝐶16 𝜀1
𝐶𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 = 𝐶𝑖𝑗𝑙𝑘
𝜎2 𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 𝐶24 𝐶25 𝐶26 𝜀2
𝜎3 𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 𝐶34 𝐶35 𝐶36 𝜀3 𝐶𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 = 𝐶𝑗𝑖𝑙𝑘
𝜎4 = 2𝜀4
𝐶41 𝐶42 𝐶43 𝐶44 𝐶45 𝐶46 𝐶𝑖𝑗 = 𝐶𝑗𝑖
𝜎5 𝐶51 𝐶52 𝐶53 𝐶54 𝐶55 𝐶56 2𝜀5
𝜎6 𝐶61 𝐶62 𝐶63 𝐶64 𝐶65 𝐶66 2𝜀6
𝑆𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 → 𝑆𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑗 → 𝑚 𝑘𝑙 → 𝑛
𝑆𝑚𝑛 ↛ 𝑆𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙
Scaling factors
𝑆𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 → 𝑆𝑚𝑛
1 𝜈 𝜈 1
0 0 𝜀11 = 𝜎 − 𝜈 𝜎22 + 𝜎33
𝐸
−
𝐸
−
𝐸 0 𝐸 11
𝜈 1 𝜈
− − 0 0 0 𝜎11 1
𝜀11 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
𝜈 𝜈 𝜎22 𝛾= 𝜎
𝜀22 1
0 𝐺
− − 0 0 𝜎33
𝜀33 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
= 1 𝜎23
𝛾23 0 0 0 𝐺 0 0 𝜎13
𝛾13 𝜎12
𝛾12 1
0 0 0 0 𝐺 0
1
0 0 0 0 0 𝐺
L
O 𝑥 𝜀
𝑑𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑(𝑥)
𝑥 Very small displacements and
𝑈 = 𝑤 = ∫ 𝑑𝑤 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑(𝑥) for a linear elastic materials
0
1 1 1 No appreciable change
𝑈 = 𝐹𝑥 = (𝜎𝐴)(𝐿𝜀) = (𝜎𝜀)(𝐴𝐿) in Area or volume
2 2 2
Elastic stored energy 1 1 𝜎 1 𝜎2 1 2
per unit volume 𝑈0 = 𝜎𝜀 = 𝜎 = = 𝐸𝜀 ∵ σ = Eε
2 2 𝐸 2𝐸 2
Generalization
We can write this equation in terms
3D stress state Principle of superposition of ONLY stress or ONLY strains
1
𝑈0 = 𝜎 𝜀 + 𝜎22 𝜀22 + 𝜎33 𝜀33 + 𝜎12 𝛾12 + 𝜎13 𝛾13 + 𝜎23 𝛾23
2 11 11
Tensor notation
1 Only difference is that we get the
𝑈0 = 𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝜀𝑖𝑗 tensor component of the shear strain
2