ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION

MAGNETIC FLUX
The magnetic flux ‘B’ through a surface of area A is the total number of magnetic lines of induction passing through
that area normally.
 
Mathematically, magnetic flux, B =  B. A
 
^
B =  B.dA = BA n
s
Consider a uniform magnetic field passing through a surface S, as shown in Figure below:

Figure : Magnetic flux through a surface


Let the area vector be A  An̂ , where A is the area of the surface n̂ and its unit normal. The magnetic flux through
the surface is given by
  
 B B . A  BA cos 

where  is the angle between B and n̂ . If the field is non-uniform,  B then becomes
  
 B   B .dA
S
The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb):
1Wb = 1 T.m2

GAUSS’S LAW FOR MAGNETISM

In Gauss’s law the total electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to the total electric charge enclosed by
the surface. For example if a closed surface encloses an electric dipole, the total electric flux is zero because the total
charge is zero.
By analogy, if there were such as thing as a single magnetic charge (magnetic monopole), the total magnetic flux
through a closed surface would be proportional to the total magnetic charge enclosed. But as no magnetic monopole
has ever been observed, we conclude that the total magnetic flux through a closed surface is zero.
 
 . ds  0
B
Unlike electric filed lines that begin and end on electric charges, magnetic field lines never have end points. Such a

point would otherwise indicate the existence of a monopole. For a closed surface the vector area element ds always
points out of the surface. However, for an open surface we choose one of the possible sides of the surface to be the
positive and use that choice consistently.

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 1 

 FARADAY’S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
First law :
“Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an emf is always induced in it.”
“Whenever a conductor cuts across magnetic lines of flux, an emf is induced in that conductor.”
Second law:
“The magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of flux linkages”.
The direction of induced emf (or induced current) is such that it opposes the cause which is produced by it. This
statement is known as Lenz’s law.
The electric fields and magnetic fields considered up to now have been produced by stationary charges and moving
charges (currents), respectively. Imposing an electric field on a conductor gives rise to a current which in turn generates
a magnetic field. One could then inquire whether or not an electric field could be produced by a magnetic field. In
1831, Michael Faraday discovered that, by varying magnetic field with time, an electric field could be generated. The
phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction. Figure illustrates one of Faraday’s experiments.

Figure : Electromagnetic induction

Faraday showed that no current is registered in the galvanometer when bar magnet is stationary with respect to the
loop. However, a current is induced in the loop when a relative motion exists between the bar magnet and the loop.
In particular, the galvanometer deflects in one direction as the magnet approaches the loop, and the opposite
direction as it moves away.
Faraday’s experiment demonstrates that an electric current is induced in the loop by changing the magnetic field. The
coil behaves as if it were connected to an emf source. Experimentally it is found that the induced emf depends on the
rate of change of magnetic flux through the coil.
Nd 
Mathematically,  = –
dt
where, N is the number of conductors or number of turns in coil.
If R is the resistance of the circuit, then

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 2 

  Nd 
i= =–
R Rdt
The charge induced in time dt is given by
Nd  Nd  N
dq = idt = – dt = – q =
Rdt R R
net change in flux
 q =
resistance
Obviously charge induced is independent of time.

LENZ’S LAW

The Lenz’s law is based on conservation of energy and it gives the direction of induced emf or current in the coil.

N N

N S

When north pole of a magnet is moved towards the coil, the induced current flows in a direction so, as to oppose the
motion of the magnet towards the coil. This is possible only when nearer face of the coil acts as a magnetic north pole
which necessitates an anticlockwise current in the coil. Then the repulsion between two similar poles opposes the
motion of the magnet towards the coils.
Similarly, when the magnet is moved away from the coil, the direction of induced current is such as to make the
nearer face of the coil a south-pole which necessitates a clockwise induced current in the coil. Then the attraction
between two opposite poles opposes the motion of the magnet away from the coil. In either case, therefore work has
to be done in moving the magnet. Thus, it is mechanical work which appears as electrical energy in the coil. Thus, the
production of the induced emf or induced current in the coil is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy.

Motional EMF :
Consider a conducting bar of length l moving through a uniform magnetic field which points into the page, as shown
  
in Figure. Particles with charge q > 0 inside experience a magnetic force FB  qv  B which tends to push them
upward, leaving negative charges on the lower end.

Figure : A conducting bar moving through a uniform magnetic field

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 3 

 
The separation of charge gives rise to an electric field E inside the bar, which in turn produces a downward electric
 
force Fe  qE . At equilibrium where the two forces cancel,
we have qvB = qE or E = vB. Between the two ends of the conductor, there exists a potential difference given by
Vab = Va – Vb =  = E = Bv
Since  arises from the motion of the conductor, this potential difference is called the motional emf. In general,
motional emf around a closed conducting loop can be written as
  
=   B) . d s
( v

where ds is a differential length element.

Now suppose the conducting bar moves through a region of uniform magnetic field B   Bk̂ (pointing into the
page) by sliding along two frictionless conducting rails that are at a distance l apart and connected together by a
resistor with resistance R, as shown in Figure.

Figure : A conducting bar sliding along two conducting rails


Let an external force Fext be applied so that the conductor moves to the right with a constant velocity. The magnetic
flux through the closed loop formed by the bar and the rails is given by
B = BA = Bx
Thus, according to Faraday’s law, the induced emf is
d B d dx
=– =– (Bx) = –B = –Bv
dt dt dt
where dx / dt = v is simply the speed of the bar. The corresponding induced current i

|  | Bv
I= =
R R
and its direction is counterclockwise, according to Lenz’s law. The equivalent circuit diagram is shown in Figure.

Figure : Equivalent circuit diagram for the moving bar

The magnetic force experienced by the bar as it moves to the right is

  B2  2 v 
FB  I(ĵ)  (  Bk̂ )   IB î    î

 R 
BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 4 
 
which is in the opposite direction of v . For the bar to move at a constant velocity, the net force acting on it must be
zero. This means that the external agent must supply a force

   B 2 2 v 
Fext   FB     î

 R 

The power delivered by Fext is equal to the power dissipated in the resistor :

   B2  2 v  ( Bv ) 2  2 2
P= F .v  F v    v   I R
ext ext  R  R R
 
as required by energy conservation.
From the analysis above, in order for the bar to move at a constant speed, an external agent must constantly supply

a force Fext . What happens if at t = 0, the speed of the rod is v0, and the external agent stops pushing? In this case,
the bar will slow down because of the magnetic force directed to the left. From Newton’s second law, we have

B2 2 v dv
FB = – = ma = m
R dt

dv B2  2 dt
or =– dt = –
v mR 
where  = mR/B22. Upon integration, we obtain
v(t) = v0e–t/
Thus, we see that the speed decreases exponentially in the absence of an external agent doing work. In principle, the
bar never stops moving. However, one may verify that the total distance traveled is finite.

MOTIONAL EMF INDUCED IN A ROTATING BAR

A conducting rod of length  rotates with a constant angular speed  about a pivot at one end. A uniform magnetic

field B is directed perpendicular to the plane of rotation as shown in figure. Consider a segment of rod of length dr
at a distance r from O. This segment has a velocity,
v = r
The induced emf in this segment is,
d = Bvdr = B(r)dr
 X X X X
Because every segment of the rod is moving perpendicular to B , an emf d of dr B
the same form is generated across each. Summing the emfs induced across all 
v
segments, which are in series, gives the total emf across the rod. X X X X

  O
B 2
  =  d =  Brdr = X X X X X
0 0
2

B 2
 =
2
From right hand rule we can see that P is at higher potential than O. Thus,

B 2
VP – V0 =
2

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 5 

Self -Induced emf :
When the electric current flowing through a circuit changes, the magnetic flux linked with circuit also changes. As a
result an induced emf is set-up in the circuit. The phenomenon is called self-induction and the induced emf is called
the back emf or self-induced emf.
If i is the current flowing in the circuit, the flux linked with circuit,
 i or  = Li
where, L is called the self-inductance of the coil and its unit is henry (H).
 d
We know that, =
dt
d(Li)  L di
 = =
dt dt
For N turns of the coil, we know that
Nd
=
dt
For the same coil, we can write

Ldi
=–
dt
Nd Ldi Nd
 – = or L =
dt dt dt
N
Simply we can write, L =
i

NOTE : The role of self-inductance in an electrical circuit is the same as that of inertia in mechanical motion. Thus, the self-
inductance of a coil is a measure of its ability to oppose the change in current through it.

COMBINATION OF INDUCTANCES
In series
If several inductances are in series such that there are no interaction through mutual inductance, then according to
figure (a).
di i L1 L2 L3
c d b
Va – Vc = L1
dt (a)
di di
Vc – Vd = L2 and Vd – Vb = L3
dt dt b
Adding all these equations, we have a
i L
(b)
di
Va – Vb = (L1 + L2 + L3) .....(i)
dt
According to figure (b),
di
Va – Vb = L .....(ii)
dt
Here, L is equivalent resistance.
From equations (i) and (ii), we have
L = L1 + L2 + L3

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 6 

In Parallel :
From figure (a), i1 L1
i = i1 + i2 + i3
i2 L2
di di1 di 2 di3 a b
or = + +
dt dt dt dt i3 L3
di Va  Vb Va  Vb Va  Vb
or = + + .....(i) (a)
dt L1 L2 L3
From figure (b) i b
a
di Va  Vb (b)
L
=
dt L
1 1 1 1
From equations (i) and (ii), we get = + +
L L1 L2 L3

NOTE : If the flux from one inductance links another, mutual inductance term becomes important. The equivalent
inductance of the pair of coils in series is, L = L1 + L2 ± 2M

ENERGY DENSITY IN MAGNETIC FIELD :

Consider a long solenoid of radius r, length  and having n turns per unit length. If it carries a current i, the
magnetic field within it is given by
B = 0ni
we have L = 0n2A
The magnetic energy is therefore,
1 2
U = Li [Proved later]
2
1
U =  n2Ali2
2 0
1
2
U =
20 (0ni) V
U B2
(where, V = volume enclosed by the solenoid)  Energy density = = (For air cored solenoid)
V 20
(Assuming that magnetic field is zero outside the solenoid).

ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR :

When an inductor carries a current, a magnetic field builds up in it and magnetic energy is stored in it.
Let i = instantaneous value of current
di
 = induced emf at the instant = L
dt
Then, work done in time dt in overcoming this opposition is
dW = idt
Ldi Ldi
dW = × i × dt [  = ]
dt dt
dW = Lidi
Total work done in establishing the maximum steady current i is,
i W
1 2 1 2
 LidI =  dW =
0 2
Li  W =
2
Li
0

1 2
Hence, energy stored in inductor U = Li
2
BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 7 
 RISE AND DECAY OF CURRENT IN AN INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT
(i) When the switch is connected to position a, rise of current in the R-L circuit take place.
The growth of current, i through the circuit is given by

a iR = Ldi/dt
S
b

i = i0(1 – e–t/)

V L
where, i0 = and  = = time constant of the circuit.
R R
(ii) When the switch S is connected to position b, decay of current in R-L circuit takes place. In this case current i is given by

–t/
i0 i = i 0e

i Growth of current

Decay of current

In the case of rise of current, when t = 

i = 0.632 i0 and in the case of decay of current, when t = , i = 0.368i0.

NOTE : The expression of current may be obtained on the basis of charging and discharging of a capacitor.

MUTUALLY INDUCED EMF

Consider coils C1 and C2 placed near each other such that if a current passes in G
coil C1, the coil C2 is in the magnetic field of coil C1 and vice-versa.

Whenever the current flowing through a coil (C1) changes, the magnetic flux linked 2
with the neighbouring coil (C2) also changes. This causes an induced emf and
hence, an induced current in the coil C2. This phenomenon is called mutual C2
induction. The induced emf in the second coil is known as mutually induced emf.
The circuit in which the current changes is called the primary circuit, while the
neighbouring circuit in which emf is induced, is called the secondary circuit. i1 C1

If i1 is current flowing through primary coil at any instant, the flux linked with
secondary coil is given by
2  i1 or 2 = Mi1
where M is called the mutual inductance of the coil. Also, the induced emf in the secondary coil
 d 2 d Mdi1
= = (Mi1) = –
dt dt dt
Mdi1 2
In general, =– or M =
i1
dt
Like self-inductance, the unit of mutual inductance is henry (H). The direction of induced emf or induced current
arising due to a change in a magnetic flux in all cases is given by Lenz’s law.

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 8 

 COEFFICIENT OF MAGNETIC COUPLING

Two coils are said to be magnetically coupled if full or a part of the flux produced by one links with the other. Let L1
and L2 be the self-inductances of the coils and M be their mutual inductance, then

M
k=
L1L 2
When all the flux produced by one coil links with the other, then mutual inductance between the two is maximum and
is given by

M= L1L 2
In that case, k=1
When there is no common flux between the two coils, they are said to be magnetically isolated. In this case
k = 0 and M = 0.
In practice k lies 0 and 1.

INDUCED ELECTRIC FIELDS :

When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, a motional emf arises due to the magnetic force on the mobile charges.
Since the charges move along with the conductor, they have a non zero average velocity. The magnetic force on these
charges pushes them around the circuit if a complete circuit exists.
What causes the induced emf in a stationary conductor in a changing magnetic field ? Now the conductor is at rest
and the mobile charges have an average velocity of zero. The average magnetic force on them is then zero, so it
cannot be the magnetic force that pushes the charges around the circuit. An induced electric field. Created by the
changing magnetic field, acts on the mobile charge in the conductor, pushing it around the circuit. The same force
 
law ( F  qE ) applies to induced electric fields as to any other electric field.
The induced emf around a loop is the work done per unit charge on a charged particle that moves around the loop.
Thus, an induced electric field does non zero work on a charge that moves around a closed path, starting and ending

at the same point. In other words, the induced electric field is non conservative. The work done by the induced E
field cannot be described as the charge time the potential difference. The concept of potential depends on the electric
field doing zero work on a charge moving around a closed path- only then can the potential have a unique value at

each point in space. Table summarizes the differences between conservative and nonconservative E fields

OSCILLATIONS IN L-C CIRCUIT

R
As we know that capacitor stores energy in the electric field but
inductor stores energy in magnetic field, an L-C circuit consists
of a resistance less inductor of inductance L connected to a C E
capacitance C, this circuit is also known by the name of the S
tank circuit. b

Let us consider a circuit consisting of a capacitor of capacitance

C, a resistor of resistance R, an inductor of inductance L and a L
battery of emf E. When switch S is thrown over to a, the capacitor begins to charge. When capacitor is fully charged,
then switch S is thrown over to b and a is disconnected from S. In the beginning when the capacitor is fully charged
and the charge stored in the capacitor is q0, the electric field is set-up between the plates. The energy stored in

q 02
capacitor is UC = .
2C
BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 9 
 The capacitor starts to discharge through the inductor at the instant connection is made as shown in figure(a)
This is the cause of flowing current. As the current rises from zero, it builds up a magnetic field in the inductor as
shown in figure (b). When capacitor is completely discharged and the potential difference between plates of capacitor
is decreased to zero, the current becomes maximum I0. At this instant energy stored in the capacitor is zero so, at this
time, total electrical energy is converted into magnetic field-energy linked with the inductor. The magnetic field now
decreases as emf in the inductor in the same direction as the current. The current therefore, persists although with
diminishing magnitude, until the magnetic field has disappeared and the capacitor has been charged in the opposite
sense of its initial polarity as shown in figure (c).

+ – – +
+ – – +
+ – – +
S + – –
I0 I0 +
B
L
L (b) L
(a) (c)
The process now repeats itself in the reversed direction. If there is no loss of energy in the circuit (only ideal concept),
electric rich charges on the capacitor swell back, and forth indefinitely. This process is known as electrical oscillation.
From energy point of view, the oscillations of an electrical circuit consists of a transfer of energy back and forth from
electric field of capacitor to the magnetic field of inductor remembering total energy remains constant.
Frequency of Oscillations:
Frequency of oscillation in L-C circuit depends on capacitance C of capacitor and inductance L. If resistance of
circuit is negligible, then frequency of electrical oscillations in the circuit

1 1
f=
2 LC
General Expression for I, UE and UB
Now, we know that q = q0 cost,
1 dq
where  =  I = = –q0 sint
LC dt
 I = –q0 sint

q2 q 02 cos 2 t 1 2 1
Now UE = = and UB = LI = (–q0 sint)2
2C 2C 2 2
1 1 2 1
UB = Lq 0 × sin2t
2 2 LC
q 02 2 q 02
UB = sin t  UB + UE =
2C 2C

ENERGY - TIME GRAPH IN L-C OSCILLATIONS

Energy-time graph in L-C oscillations is shown in figure.

Energy UB
UE
Time

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 10 
 SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. A uniform but time varying magnetic field B = Kt – C; (0  t  C/K), where K and C are constants and t is time,
is applied perpendicular to the plane of the circular loop of radius a and resistance R. Find the total charge that will
pass around the loop.

|  | | f  i |
Sol. q   Here f = Ba2
R R

f = (Kt – C)a2

 C 
f   K  C a 2  0
 K 

i = (K × 0 – C)a2

2
Ca 2
i = – Ca  q 
R

2. The flux in a closed circuit of resistance 10 varies with time according to the equation.

 = 6t2 – 5t + 1
where f is in weber and t is in sec. Calculate the value of the induced current at t = 0.25 sec.
Sol. 0.2 amp.
d
   12t  5
dt
   (12  .25  5)  2Volt
3. The two identical rectangular loops (1) and (2), placed on a table I
b
along with a straight long current carrying conductor between them.
 (1) a 
b (2)
(i) What will be the directions of the induced currents in the loops when
they are pulled away from the conductor with same velocity  ? x x
a
(ii) Will the emf induced in the two loops be equal ? Justify your answer.
Sol. (i) The direction of induced current will be such that it tends to maintain the original flux. So induced current flows
anticlockwise in loop 1 and clockwise in loop 2.
(ii) No, the emfs induced in the two loops will not be equal.

4. A circular loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field induction B directed upward.

What will be the direction of the current in the loop if B
(a) B increases, (b) B decreases,
(c) the loop contracts and (d) the loop is stretched.

Sol. (a) clockwise (b) anticlockwise (c) anticlockwise (d) clockwise

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 11 
5. An electron is moving in a circular orbit of radius R with an angular acceleration . At the centre of the orbit
is kept a conducting loop of radius r, (r <<R). The e.m.f. induced in the smaller loop due to the motion of the
electron is

µ0er 2
(A) zero, since charge on electron in constant (B) 
4R
µ0er 2
(C)  (D) none of these
4R

µ0ev
Sol. B (due to motion of electron)
4R 2

µ0 e(r) µ0 e
B 
4R 2 4 R

But  = 0 + t = t ( 0 = 0)

µ0 et
 B
4R

  = B  r2
µ0 e t r 2

4R
d µ0 e  r 2
  
dt 4R

6. A rectangular coil of sngle turn, having area A, rotates in a uniform magnetic field B an angular velocity  about
an axis perpendicular to the field. If initially the plane of coil is perpendicular to the field, then the average induced
e.m.f. when it has rotated through 90º is

BA BA BA 2BA

(A) (B) (C) (D)
 2 4 

Sol. i = BA
f = BA cos 90º = 0

|  | BA 
     =  t or   t
t t 2

BA 2BA
  
 t    
2 2

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 12 
7. The magnetic flux through a stationary loop with resistance R varies during interval of time T as  = at (T – t). the
heat generated during this time neglecting the inductance of loop will be
a 2T 3 a 2T 2 a 2T a 2T 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3R 3R 3R R
d
Sol. 
dt
d

dt

aTt  at 2 
 = –aT + 2at
T 2 a 2 T3
 H   dt 
0 R 3R

8. Two concentric and coplanar circular coils have radii a and b(>>a) as shown in figure.
Resistance of the inner coil is R. Current in the outer coil is increased a b
from 0 to i, then find the total charge circulating the inner coil.
Sol. Bi = 0

µ0i
Bf 
2b
 i = Bi a2 = 0
µ0i 2 |  | µ0ia 2
and f  Bf b 2  a  q  
2b R 2bR

9. A ring of resistance 10 , radius 10 cm and 100 turns is rotated at a rate 100 revolutions per second about its
diameter is perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of induction 10 mT. The amplitude of the current in the loop
will be nearly (Take : 2 = 10)
(A) 200 A (B) 2 A (C) 0.002 A (D) none of these
Sol.  = NBA cos t

d
  NBA  sin t
dt

 NBA NBA
 I  smt  I max 
R R R
Here N = 100, w = 2 × 100 rad/s

A =  r 2, r = 10 × 10–2 m
Putting the value,
Imax = 2A

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 13 
10. A cube of side 1 metre is placed in a uniform magnetic field induction 0.4 w/m2 which is directed along x-axis. The
wire M, N and P move in the direction as shown each with a velocity 50 cm/sec. Calculate the induced emf in each
wire.
M
Sol. 14.14 × 10–2 V. zero, 0.2 V V
V P B
For rod M, e = LVB sin, here  = 45º  e = 14.14 × 10–2 V
For rod N, e = LVB sin, here  = 0º  e=0 N
V
For rod P, e = LVB sin, here  = 90º  e = LVB = 0.2 V

11. A rectangular loop with a sliding connector of length 10 cm is situated in uniform

magnetic field perpendicular to plane of loop. The magnetic induction is 0.1
tesla and resistance of connector (R) is 1 ohm. The sides AB and CD have A D
resistances 2 ohm and 3 ohm respectively. Find the current in the 2 3
B R C
connector during its motion with constant velocity one metre/ sec.

1 1 1 1
(A) A (B) A (C) A (D) A
110 220 55 440
Sol.  = Blv = 0.1 × 0.1 × 1 = 0.01

1 6
2 3
= 0.01 1 5

 0.01 0.05
I  
 6 11 11
1
5 5

5 1
I  A
1100 220

12. A horizontal wire is free to slide on the vertical rails of a conducting frame as
l
shown in figure. The wire has a mass m and length l and the resistance of the × × × × ×
circuit is R. If a uniform magnetic field B is directed perpendicular to the frame, × × × × m×
then find the terminal speed of the wire as it falls under the force of × × × × ×
× × B× × ×
gravity. × × × × ×
× × × ×
Sol. For terminal velocity (constant velocity), acceleration of wire should be zero. × × ×R × ×
 I l B = mg

But  = B l v0

 B l v0  B l v0  mgR
 I    R  l B  mg  v0 
R R B2l 2

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 14 
13. Two infinitely long conducting parallel rails are connected through a capacitor as × × B×
shown in the figure. A conductor of length l is moved with constant speed v0. × ×
l v0
Which of the following graph truly depicts the variation of current through × ×
the conductor with time ? × ×

Current Current Current Current

(A) I (t) (B) I (t) (C) I (t) (D) I (t)

I=0
t (time) t (time) t (time) t (time)

Sol.  = B l v0
q = c
dq d(c)
 I  0  I=0
dt dt
14. There is a uniform magnetic field B normal to the xy plane. A conductor ABC
has length AB = l, parallel to the x-axis, and length BC = l2, parallel to the C
j A
B
y-axis. ABC moves in the xy plane with velocity v x ˆi  v y ˆj . The potential
difference between A and C is pro - portional to i
(A) vxl1 + vyl2 (B) vxl2 + vyl1 (C) vxl2 – vyl1 (D) vxl1 – vyl2

Sol. l  l1 ˆi  l2 ˆj

B  B kˆ

v  v x ˆi  v y ˆj
  
 
  B. l  v 
 = vxl2 – vyl1


15. 
A thin wire of length 2m is perpendicular to the xy plane. It is moving with velocity v  2 iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ m / s through 

 
a region of magnetic induction B  ˆi  2 ˆj Wb/m2. Then potential difference induced between the ends of the

wire :
(A) 2 volts (B) 4 volts (C) 0 volts (D) none of these
  
Sol. 
  B. l  v 
Here l  2 kˆ

 
  (iˆ  2 ˆj) . 2 kˆ  2 ˆi  3 ˆj  kˆ 

  (iˆ  2 ˆj) . 4 ˆj  6 iˆ 
 = –6 + 8 = 2 v

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 15 
16. The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at a place is 3 × 10–4 T and the dip is tan–1(4/3). A metal
rod of length 0.25 m placed in the north-south position is moved at a constant speed of 10 cm/s towards the east.
Find the e.m.f. induced in the rod.

Sol.  = Bv l v
= (BH tan ) l v
4
  3  104   0.25  10  10 2
3
= 10 × 10–6 v = 10 µV

17. A rectangular loop with a sliding connector of length l = 1.0 m is situated in a

uniform magnetic field B = 2T perpendicular to the plane of loop. Resistance of
connector is r = 2 . Two resistances of 6 and 3 are connected as shown in + B
figure. Find the external force required to keep the connector moving with a 6 3
constant velocity

v = 2 m/s.

Sol. =Blv=2×1×2=4v
The equivalent circuit is shown in figure.
In loop (1),

 – 2 I – 6 I1 = 0 (I – I1)
I1 I
or 4 – 2I – 6 I1 = 0 6 2 3
(1)
R (2)

or 2 – I – 3 I1 = 0 ...(1)

In loop (2)

 – 2 I – 3 (I – I1) = 0
or 4 – 2 I – 3 I + 3 I1 = 0

or 4 – 5 I + 3 I1 = 0 ...(ii)

From equation (1) and (2)

I=1A
From constant velocity of connector, resultant force should be zero.
It means magnetic force is balanced by external force.

 F=IlB=1×2×2=2N

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 16 
   x ˆ
18. The magnetic field in a region is given by B  B0  1   k . A square loop of edge-length d is placed with its edge
 a

along x & y axis. The loop is moved with constant velocity v  v0 iˆ . The emf induced in the loop is

v 0 B0 d 2 v 0 B0 d 2 v 0 B0 d 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
a 2a d

B1 B2
v0 v0
1 2
Sol.
O x
x
x+d

  1   2

1  B1v 0d  B2 v0 d

 x  x  d
1  B0 1   v0 d  B0  1  v d
 a  a  0

 d
1   B0 v0 d  
 a

B0 v 0 d 2
1 
a
19. A solenoid 30 cm long is made by winding 2000 loops of wire on an iron rod whose cross section is 1.5 cm2. If the
relative permeability of the iron is 600, what is the self-inductance of the solenoid ? What average emf is induced in
the solenoid as the current in it is decreased from 0.6 to 0.1 A in a time of 0.03 s ?

From previous concept, with km = µ/µ0,

k m 0 N 2 A (600)(4107 H / m)(2000) 2 (1.5 10 4 m 2 )

Sol. L = = = 1.51 H
d 0.30 m

i 0.5A
Then | | = L = 1.51 H
t 0.03s = 25 V

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 17 
20. Two long parallel wires whose centres are a distance d apart carry equal currents in opposite directions. If the flux
within wires is neglected, the inductance of such arrangement of wire of length l and radius a will be

µ0l da µ0l d µ0l

(A) L loge (B) L  loge (C) L loge a (D) none
 a  a  d
Sol. The magnetic field at point ‘O’ is

µ0 I µ0 I I I
B  ...(1)
2x 2 (d  x)

 d = B . dA l

 dA = ldx O

d a
   d   B ldx ...(2) d
a

From eqn. (1) and (2)

da µ0 I  1 1 
  ldx
0 2  x d  x 


µ0 I l  d  a 1 d a 1 

2   0 x
dx  0
dx 
dx 

µ0 I l  d a d a
  ln . x  a   ln(d  x) a 
2  

µ0 I l  d  a dda µ0 I l  da a 
  ln  ln  ln a  ln d  a 
2  a d  a  2

µ0 I l  da da µ0 I l  da

 ln a  ln a    2 ln
2 2  a 

µ0 I l d  a
 ln ...(3)
 a

 =LI


 L ...(4)
I
From equan (3) and (4)

µ0 l d  a
L ln
 a

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 18 
21. A current of 2 A is increasing at a rate of 4 A/s through a coil of inductance 2H. The energy stored in the inductor
per unit time is
(A) 2 J/s (B) 1 J/s (C) 16 J/s (D) 4 J/s
1 2
Sol. U LI
2
dU 1 dI dI
 P  L 2I  P  LI  2  2  4  16 J / s
dt 2 dt dt
22. A coil of resistance 20 and inductance 0.5 H is switched to DC 200 V supply. Calculate the rate of increase of current:
(a) at the instant of closing the switch and (b) after one time constant.
(c) Find the steady state current in the circuit.
Sol: (a) This is the case of growth of current in an L-R circuit. Hence, current at time t is given by
i = i0(1 – e–t/)
Rate of increase of current,
di i 0 –t/
= e
dt 
di i0 E/R E
At t = 0, = = =
dt  L/R L
Substituting the values, we have
di 200
= = 400 A/s
dt 0.5
di
(b) At t = , = (400)e–1 = (0.37)(400) = 148 A/s
dt
E 200
(c) The steady state current in the circuit, i0 = = = 10 A
R 20
23. An inductor coil stores U energy when i current is passed through it and dissipates energy at the rate of P. The time
constant of the circuit, when this coil is connected across a battery of zero internal resistance is
4U U 2U 2P
(A) (B) (C) (D)
P P P U
Sol. The stored energy in inductor coil is
1 2
U LI ...(1)
2
The dissiputes energy in inductor coil is
P = I 2R ...(2)  The time constant of the circuit is
L
 ...(3)
R
From eq. (1) and (2)
U L

P 2R
L 2U
  Time constant
R P
2U

P
BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 19 
24. In the circuit shown in figure switch S is closed at time t = 0.
Find the charge which passes through the battery in one time L R
constant.

E S
E
Sol. Here I
R

1  e t /  
 L
 q   Idt (Here  )
0 R

EL
q
R2
25. The network shown in the figure is part of a complete circuit. If at a certain instant, the current I is 5A and it is
decreasing at a rate of 1 + 5 mH
I B
103 As–1 then VB – VA equals A 15V

(A) 20 V (B) 15 V (C) 10 V (D) 5 V

Ld I
Sol. v A  IR  15   vB
dt
Ld I 1 5 mH
v B  v A   IR  15 
dt A 15V B
vB – vA = –5 × 1 + 15 – 5 × 10–3 × 103
= –5 + 15 – 5 = 15 volt
L
26. In the circuit shown, the cell is ideal. The coil has an inductance of 4H and zero fuse
resistance. F is a fuse of zero resistance and will blow when the current through Sw
it reaches 5A. The switch is closed at t = 0. The fuse will blow :
2v
(A) just after t = 0 (B) after 2 s (C) after 5 s (D) after 10 s
Sol. When switch is closed
For loop ABCDA

Ld I
 0
dt
L=4H
Ld I A B
 I fuse
dt
Sw
dI  D C
 I 2v I
dt L
 t  
dI 
L
dt dI   0 L
dt I
L
t

IL 5 4
t t t  10 sec.
 2

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 20 
 R1
27. The figure shows an LR circuit. If the switch S isclosed at t = 0, then

(i) determine the initial current coming out of the battery. E R2 L

(ii) determine the current coming out of the battery in the steady state condition.
S
Sol: (i) Initially, at t = 0 the current through the inductor is zero because its

E
opposition is infinite. The effective resistance of the circuit is R1 + R2. The current out the battery is I =
R1  R 2 .

(ii) In the steady state condition, at t = , the opposition of the inductor becomes zero and the effective

E
resistance of the circuit is R1. Therefore, the current coming out the battery is I =
R1 .

28. In the adjoining circuit, initially the switch S is open. The switch ‘S’ is closed at t = 0. 10v s
The difference between the maximum and minimum current that can flow in the current is (–)
0.1 H 10
(A) 2 Amp (B) 3 Amp
10
(C) 1 Amp (D) nothing can be concluded
Sol. Just after closing the switch, inductor behaves as infinite resistance.

10
 I min  1A
10

10
Imax  2A
After long time, inducter behaves as zero resistance. 10  10
10  10

29. The figure shows an LCR circuit. When the switch S is closed the current through resistor R, inductor L and capacitor
C are I1, I2 and I3 respectively. Determine the values of I1, I2 and I3.
2r
(i) at t = 0
I1 I2 I3
L
(ii) at t = 
E R
Sol: (i) At t = 0, inductor behaves as infinite circuit.
r
E E
I1 = ; I2 = 0; I3 = S
R 2r
(ii) At t = , inductor behaves as zero resistance.

E E
I1 = ; I2 = ; I3 = 0
R r

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 21 
30. During the decay of current in an LR circuit, if the current falls to  times the initial value in a time T, then determine
the value of time constant.
Sol: We know that
i = Imax e–t/

At t = T, I = Imax  I max = Imaxe–T/

T
or e–t/ =   =
1
In


E = 4V
31. The current in the given circuit is increasing with a rate a = 4 amp/s. The charge
on the capacitor at an instant when the current in the circuit is 2 amp will be :
R=1
(A) 4 µC (B) 5 µC
L=1H C=3µF
(C) 6 µC (D) none of these
Ld I q
Sol. E  IR   0
dt C
E = 4V
q B A
4  2 11 4  0
3  10 6
1
q = –2 × 3 × 10–6
C D
q = – 6 µC 1H C=3µF
Hence charge on capacitor is
q = 6 µC
L, r
32. A solenoid of inductance L and resistance r is connected in parallel to a resistance
R. A battery of emf E and of negligble internal resistance is connected across this R

parallel combination as shown in fig. At time t = 0, switch S is opened. Calculated

+ –
E S
(i) current I(t) through the solenoid after the switch is opened and
(ii) amount of heat generated in the solenoid.
Sol. Just before the instant t = 0, the circuit was in steady state. It means that a constant current was flowing through
the solenoid was constant. Hence, induced emf in it was euqal to zero.
First, analyse the circuit in steady state as shown in fig. L r I0
A B
Applying Kirchoff’s voltage law on outer mesh ABCDA. I0 R
E I
I 0r – E = 0 or I0 
r D + – C
E (I + I0)
 Initially energy stored in the solenoid was

1 2 E2L
U0  LI or U0 
2 0 2r 2
Now at t = 0, the switch is opened. It means that the battery is disconnected. L r
Therefore, current through the solenoid starts to decrease. hence, flux linked with – + i
i |e| i
solenoid also decreases, due to which an emf is induced in the solenoid. Induced
emf opposes decrease of current. hence, polarity of induced emf is as shown in R
Fig. + –
E S

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 22 
 Let at some instant t, current through solenoid be i.

Since, current i is decreasing, therefore, di/dt is negative.

di
Hence, magnitude of induced emf in the solenoid, | e |   L
dt
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law on the circuit shown in fig.

–|e| + ir + iR = 0

di di  R  r
i(R  r)   L   dt
or
dt
or
i  L 
Integrating above equation, knowing the condition,

i di (R  r) t
At t = 0, i = I0. i  I0 i

L 0
dt

i (R  r)t  R r  Rr

log 

 L 
t E  t
I0 L or i  I0 e  e L 
Ans. (i)
r

During decay of current whole of the initial energy U0 stored in the solenoid is lost in the form of heat generated in
resistances r and R. Since, the same current (though it varies with time) flows through these resistances and thermal
power in them is i2r & i2R respectively, therefore, heat generated in each resistor is directly proportional to its
resistance.

 r 
 Heat generated in solenoid = Heat generated in resistance r   r  R  U 0

2
 r E L E 2L
  Ans. (ii)
 r  R  2r 2 2r(r  R)

33. A capacitor of capacitance 25 F is charged to 300 V. It is then connected across a 10 mH inductor.The resistance
in the circuit is negligible. Find the frequency of oscillation of the circuit.

Sol: The frequency of oscillation of the circuit is,

1
f=
2 LC
Substituting the given values we have,

1
f = = 318.3 Hz
2 (10  103 )(25  10 6 )

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 23 
34. In an L-C circuit L = 3.3 H and C = 840 pF. At t = 0 charge on the capacitor is 105 C and
maximum. Compute the following quantities at t = 2.0 ms.
(a) The energy stored in the capacitor.
(b) The energy stored in the inductor.
(c) The total energy in the circuit.
Sol: Given, L = 3.3 H, C = 840 × 10–12 F
and q0 = 105 × 10–6C
The angular frequency of L-C oscillation is,

1 1
= =
12
= 1.9 × 104 rad.s
LC 3.3  840  10
Charge stored in the capacitor at time t, would be,
q = q0 cost
(a) At t = 2 × 10–3 s
q = (105 × 10–6) cos[(1.9 × 104)] (2 × 10–3)
= 100.3 × 10–6 C
 Energy stored in the capacitor

1 q2 (100.3  106 )2
UC = = = 6.0 J
2C 2  840 1012
(b) Energy stored in inductor in the given time
= total energy in circuit – energy stored in capacitor
= (6.56 – 6.0) J
= 0.56 J
(c) Total energy in the circuit

1 q 20 (105  106 ) 2
U = = = 6.56 J
2C 2  840 1012
35. A coil of inductance 1 H and resistance 10 is connected to a resistance less battery of emf 50 V. Calculate the
magnetic energy stored in the coil.
Sol: Steady current in the circuit

 50
i= = = 5A
R 10
Magnetic energy stored in the coil of self-inductance L is

1 1
U= Li2 = × 1 × (5)2 = 12.5 J
2 2

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 24 
36. The figure shows the concentric coplanar circular loops A and B of radii r and R, respectively. B

Current I flows in the loop A. Find the magnetic flux through the loop B, assuming r < < A
R r
R. Also, determine the coefficient of mutual induction.

Sol: Since the magnetic field is not uniform over the big loop B, therefore the direct calculation of the flux through this
loop is not possible. The reciprocity theorem greatly simplifies the problem. According to this theorem, if the same
current I passes through the loop B, then the flux through the loop A may be easily obtained. Now, magnetic field at
the centre of the loop A is
0 I
B =
2R
and, the magnetic flux through the loop A is
0 r 2 I
A = B(r2) = [ r < < R]
2R
According to reciprocity theorem,
0 r 2 I
B = A =
2R
The coefficient of mutual induction is given by

B  0 r 2
M = =
I 2R
According to reciprocity theorem,
0 r 2 I
B = A =
2R
The coefficient of mutual induction is given by

B  0 r 2
M = =
I 2R
37. A long straight wire is placed along the axis of a circular ring of radius R. The mutual inductance of this system is

µ0 R µ0 R µ0
(A) (B) (C) (D) zero
2 2 2
Sol. =MI

M ...(1)
I
 
  B.A
R
 = BA cos 
 The magnetic field and area are mutually perpendicular to each other.
  = 90º
=0
From eq. (1)

0
M M0
I

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 25