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    Neutron FLux Measurement - Training Slide

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    Neutron FLux Measurement - Training Slide

    Uploaded by

    suyono cakep
    5 views30 pages

    Original Title

    5. Neutron FLux Measurement - Training Slide

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views30 pages

    Neutron FLux Measurement - Training Slide

    Uploaded by

    suyono cakep

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 30

    Neutron Flux

    Measurement
    1.5 3x10 14
    1 2x10 14
    Power
    Range
    10 -1 2x10 13
    In Core Detectors
    Controls at about 15% F.P.
    -2 12
    10 2x10

    10 -3 2x10 11
    Low
    Power
    10 -4 2x10 10
    Range

    10 -5 2x10 9

    10 -6 2x10 8

    10 -7 2x10 7
    Ion Chambers of RRS
    Controls above 5x10 -7 F.P.
    10 -8 2x10 6

    10 -9 2x10 5
    Initial
    4
    Startup
    10 -10 2x10
    Range

    10 -11 2x10 3

    10 -12 2x10 2

    10 -13 2x10

    10 -14 2

    Reactor Power Thermal Neutron


    (Fraction of F.P.) Flux (n/cm 2 /sec)
    Log vs. Linear Meters
    0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
    Linear
    Scale
    0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9

    .0000001
    .000000001 .00001 .0001 .01 1.0
    Log
    Scale
    .0000001 .0001 .001 .1
    .000001
    Four Power Scales
    10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 FP

    .0000001 .00001 .001 .01 .1 1 FP


    .000001 .0001

    -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 Decades

    .00001 .001 .01 .1 1 10 100 %FP


    .0001
    Startup
    Instrumentation
    Reactor Power After Shutdown
    1.00E-03

    1.00E-04
    Fraction of FP

    1.00E-05

    1.00E-06

    1.00E-07

    1.00E-08
    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

    Days
    Boron Tri-fluoride Detectors
    n

    BF3 GAS

    n + B10 → Li 7 + α
    More about Start-up
    Instrumentation
    ! He-3 detectors can also be used
    – More sensitive to neutrons
    – Smaller current pulse
    ! Detector come in a number of sizes
    ! Normally detectors are external to the
    core
    ! Installed only when needed
    Even More About Start-up
    Instrumentation
    ! Typically installed in spare ion chamber
    holes
    ! Provisions for installing right into the
    core
    – New cores
    – Extremely long shutdowns
    ! Detector
    Burnout
    ! Damped response
    Fission Chambers

    ! Enriched Uranium lines the walls of a


    chamber
    ! Inert fill gas
    ! Neutrons cause fissions in the U235
    ! Ionizations from the fission products are
    detected
    ! Can incorporate U-238 to breed more
    active
    Run up
    Instrumentation
    Ion Chambers
    Typical Ion Chamber Locations
    Ion Chamber Circuits
    Gamma Discrimination

    ! Minimizing the effect of gamma


    ! Small detectors
    – Minimize gamma energy deposited
    ! Lead Shielding
    – Lead absorbs gamma but is relatively
    transparent to neutrons
    Ion Chamber Accuracy.

    ! Moderator Level
    – Changes in moderator level affect the
    spectrum
    ! Loss of high voltage
    ! Low reactor power levels
    ! High Voltage Drift
    Relative Pulse Size

    1
    108

    102
    106

    104
    1010
    1012
    1014

    Unsaturated Region

    (1)
    (Recombination)

    Saturated Region
    (Ion Chambers)

    (2)

    Beta
    Alpha

    Gamma
    Proportional Region
    (3)
    (4)

    Limited Proportional
    Region
    Gas Detector Curves

    Geiger-Mueller
    Detector Bias Voltage
    (5)

    Region

    Continuous
    (6)

    Discharge Region
    Under Load
    Instrumentation
    In-Core Detectors
    n

    Platinum Emitter Inconel Sheath

    Current Insulator
    Meter MgO Powder
    Major Reactions

    ! Neutron capture and later beta decay


    ! Neutron capture followed by a gamma
    and the gamma releases a Compton or
    photo electron
    ! Gamma from external source releases
    an a Compton or photo electron
    Neutron Beta reaction
    Neutron Gamma Reaction
    Response of Detectors

    ! (n, Β) response is delayed after a


    change in neutron population
    ! (n, γ) response is prompt following a
    change in neutron population
    ! External γ is prompt for fission gammas
    ! External γ is delayed for fission products
    Platinum Detectors

    ! Beta gives 3% of signal


    ! Neutron capture gammas 60%
    ! External gammas 40%
    Inconel Detectors

    ! Negligible (n,Β)
    ! Almost all signal from (n,γ) followed by
    photo or Compton electron
    ! Over prompt response
    Vanadium

    ! Almostall response is (n,Β)


    ! Response is delayed
    Detector Location
    Overlapping Ranges
    Running Instrumentation
    1014 (Linear In-Core Flux Detection)
    Neutron 0.15 - 1.5 FP
    Flux 13
    (n/cm2 s) 10 C
    Reactor Power
    1012
    0 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
    1011

    1010
    B Runup Instrumentation
    (Log Rate External Ion Chambers)
    109 10-7 - 1.5 FP

    108

    107
    Startup Instrumentation
    106 (scintillation)
    A 0 - 10-6 FP
    In-Core Detector Accuracy

    ! Fuelling or reactivity device movement


    ! Start-up of the reactor
    ! Long term exposure
    ! Moderator poison load
    For You To Do

    ! Readpp. 60-80
    ! Answer Questions pp. 86-88, #28-38

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