Conc Notes S05

ARCH 3126 Steel, Timber & Concrete Spring 2005
Monday, March 28
th

Homework #23 is due Today (Chapter 3 Steel). Homework #24 is
due Wednesday, March 30
th
(Chapter 12 - Steel).
The text is written for the ACI 318-95 code. The current edition, ACI
318-02, contains some major revisions and we will cover most of the
difference in the two codes that pertain to homework solutions. The
newest version of the code 318-05 has not been published yet.
Chapter 1 -- Introduction, Materials, and Properties
1.1 -- Reinforced Concrete Structures
The three most common building materials used today from which
structures are built are wood, steel, and concrete (including
prestressed). The three most common structural systems are better
termed timber, structural steel, and reinforced concrete.
The primary reason that reinforced concrete is a logical union of plain
concrete and steel in regards to there strength is due to the high
compressive (but low tensile) strength of concrete and the high tensile
strength of steel reinforcing (Draw a beam showing the location of the
reinforcement in the tension zone). Also they have similar rates of
thermal expansion.
1.2 -- Historical Background
Very interesting, but this is not a history class.
1.3 --Concrete
Plain concrete is made by mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate, water, and frequently admixtures.
1
1.4 -- Cement
The cement has adhesive and cohesive properties, which bond mineral
fragments. Cements used in reinforced concrete construction are called
hydraulic cements, which set and harden in the presence of water (Type
I Portland cement). Strength is normally attained in 28 day (varies with
strength). Table 1.4.1 pp. 6 shows the types of Portland cement as
follows:
Type Properties
I Ordinary construction
II Moderate sulfate resistance
III High early strength
IV Low heat of hydration
V High sulfate resistance
K Expansive
In addition an A indicates that the concrete be air-entrained which
provides durability.
1.5 -- Aggregates
Aggregate occupies about 75% of the total volume of concrete (least
expensive part). Fine aggregate (sand) is material less than 3/16 in. and
coarse aggregate (gravel) large than that. The nominal maximum size
of coarse aggregate from ACI - 3.3.2 is governed by the clearance
between the sides of a form and the adjacent bars as follows:
1. 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms
2. 1/3 the depth of slabs
3. 3/4 the minimum clear spacing between reinforcing bars
2
Structural lightweight concrete is usually made from kiln dried
aggregates of expanded shale or clay (some are natural). Typical
weights are from 70 to 115 pcf (145 for normal weight). All-
lightweight concrete contains both lightweight fine and coarse
aggregate. Sand-lightweight concrete contains only lightweight coarse
aggregate. Sand replacement is a term used to define concrete with all
or part of the lightweight fine aggregate replaced with natural sand.
See Figure 1.5.1 pp. 7 for some approximate unit weights of
lightweight aggregate concrete.
1.6 -- Admixtures
1. The most widely used admixture in concrete is air-entraining
which provides an increase in durability.
2. Accelerating admixtures will decrease the time required for curing
(best for cold weather placement).
3. Water-reducing and Set-controlling admixtures may be used for
higher strength (less water) and durability (also for hot weather
placement).
4. Admixtures for flowing concrete are used to produce slump rates
of 7 inches or greater and increase workability (commonly
termed plasticizers).
Other admixtures can produce gas, expansion, color, fungus-germ-
insect protection or provide dampproofing, reduced permeability and
aggregate expansion or inhibit corrosion.
1.7 -- Compressive Strength
The strength of concrete is controlled by proportioning of cement,
coarse and fine aggregate, water and admixture. The most important
variable in determining strength is the water to cement (w/c) ratio.
The slump test is the measure of the workability of concrete where a
truncated cone-shaped 12 inch metal mold is filled with fresh concrete
and the lifted off. The distance the top of the wet mass is the slump (3
to 4 inched is normally desired).
3
The strength of concrete is denoted by f'
c
which is the standard 28 day
compressive strength in psi of test cylinder 6 in. in diameter and 12 in.
high. (200-mm cube test in other parts of the world). The maximum
ultimate strain of concrete is 0.003 per ACI - 10.2.3. Strengths of
concrete range from 3000 psi up the 18000 psi (3 to 10 normal for slabs
to high strength columns).
1.8 -- Tensile Strength
The strength of concrete in tension greatly effects the extent and size of
cracking in structures and is measured by the split-cylinder test.
Tensile strength in flexure is known as the modulus of rupture and
is governed by ACI - 11.2 as follows:
f f normal
ct c
6 7 . ' ( )
f f sand lightweight
ct c
5 7 . ' ( )
f f all lightweight
ct c
5 ' ( )
1.9 -- Modulus of Elasticity
The modulus of elasticity of concrete varies primarily with strength, but
also with weight, age and size. The modulus of elasticity per ACI -
8.5.1 is as follows (also in Table 1.9.1 pp. 16 for normal weight):
E w f all
c c c
33
1 5 .
' ( )
E f normal
c c
57000 ' ( )
1.10 -- Creep and Shrinkage
Creep is the property of concrete by which it continues to deform with
time under sustained loads at unit stresses within the elastic range.
Shrinkage is the property of concrete by which it continues to change in
volume with time that is unrelated to load application (both rates will
decrease with time).
4
1.11 -- Concrete Quality Control
The specified compressive strength is deemed adequate when both
of the following are occur (ACI 5.6.3.3):
1. Average of all sets of three consecutive strength test equal or exceed f'
c
2. No individual strength test falls below f'
c
by more than 500 psi when
f'
c
<5000 psi or by more than 0.1 f'
c
when f'
c
>5000 psi.
If these are not met in-place testing may indicate the concrete is
adequate. If not re-analysis may indicate acceptance. If not load
testing may be used for acceptance. If not then it must be strengthened
or removed.
1.12 -- Steel Reinforcement
Steel reinforcement may consist of bars, welded wire fabric, or wires
(usually deformed bars). Sizes are given in Table 1.12.1 pp. 21 (also in
back of your ACI code or ACI 340 SP-7(97) REINFORCEMENT 1,
(make a big copy of this) and types and strengths of steel in Table
1.12.4 pp. 23. Billet steel (ASTM A615/A615M) is newly made and is
sufficiently ductile. Grade 60 is the primary material used (75 is
become more popular), but grade 40 is used for smaller bars to be bent.
The modulus of elasticity of steel is 29,000,000 psi (ACI 8.5.2) and
prestress steel is lower (27,000,000 psi) and more variable, thus it
should be obtained from the manufacturer or by test (ACI 8.5.3).
1.13 -- SI Units
You are the torch bearers for this, Federal government now and others
later. We will do very little in terms of SI units.
5
Tuesday, March 29
th

Chapter 2 -- Design Methods and Requirements
2.1 -- ACI Building Code
The ACI Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete is
based partly on empirical and mostly rational data.
2.2 -- Strength Design and Working Stress Design Methods
The working stress method focuses on conditions at service load and
the strength design method focuses on loads when failure may be
imminent.
2.3 -- Working Stress Method
The working stress method (now referred to as alternate design method,
but not in ACI 318-02) has set limits on the stresses allowed under
service loads (working loads).
allowable
f f
Alternate Design Method ACI App A of old code, not in ACI 318-02.
Some of the obstacles to the working stress method are as follows:
1. No account for different types of loads.
2. Creep and shrinkage are not easily accounted for in elastic
stresses.
3. Stress is not proportional to strain at concrete crushing therefore
the inherent factor of safety is unknown.
2.4 -- Strength Design Method
The strength design method (formerly called ultimate strength method)
has the service loads increased by sufficient factors to obtain the load at
which failure is considered to be imminent. The strength provided
must be greater than the required strength to carry these factored loads.
6
2.5 -- Comments on Design Methods
Although strength design is currently the philosophy employed most
widely, serviceability must be maintained. Working stress is stilled
required to calculate deflections and cracking of structure in service
load conditions.
2.6 -- Safety Provisions--General
The two primary factors used to provide safety in the ultimate strength
method of design are U the overload factors (load factors) in ACI 9.2
(new factors) or ACI C.2 (old factors) and the understrength factors
(strength reduction factors) in ACI 9.3 (new factors) or ACI C.3 (old
factors).
u n
M M
Design Strength<Required Strength
2.7 -- Safety ProvisionsTraditional ACI Code skip details
The structure must be designed for the most severe of any load
combination. The load factors for some basic combinations are as
follows per ACI C.2 (the text pp. 38 is old code):
(C-1)U = 1.4D + 1.7L Dead D & Live - L
(C-2)U = 0.75(1.4D + 1.7L) + (1.6W or 1.0E) Wind W Seismic - E
1.3W w/o direction factor
1.4E if service loads
(C-3)U = 0.9D + (1.3W or 1.0E) Overturning
(C-4)U = 1.4D + 1.7L +1.7H Earth pressure - H
(C-5)U = 0.75(1.4D + 1.7T + 1.7L) Temperature - T
(C-6)U = 1.4D + 1.4T
No account for D+L+(2 others), but old codes use 2/3 of basic factors.
In addition, for intermediate moment frames shear must be check with
seismic load doubled per ACI 21.12(b). Applies to members resisting
seismic loading (frame).
7
The strength reduction factors accounting for adverse variations in
material strength, workmanship, dimensions, control & degree of
supervision, and importance of the member to the building structure are
as follows per ACI C.3 (the text pp. 39 is old code):
= 0.90 Tension controlled sections (
t
> 0.005)
= 0.75 Compression members, spirally reinforced
Compression controlled sections (
t
< 0.002 i.e. balance)
= 0.70 Compression members, others
Compression controlled sections (
t
< 0.002 i.e. balance)
= 0.85 Shear and torsion
= 0.70 Bearing on concrete
= 0.65 Bending in plain concrete
2.8 -- Safety ProvisionsACI Appendix C Load and Strength Reduction
Factors
The structure must be designed for the most severe of any load
combination. These are the factors in the ACI 318-02 code. The load
factors for some basic combinations are as follows per ACI 9.2 (the text
pp. 40 is old appendix (typo 1.5 vs. 15)):
(9-1) U = 1.4(D+F)
Dead D & Fluid - F
(9-2) U = 1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.5(L
r
or S or R)
Live - L
Temperature T
Earth pressure H
Roof Live - L
r
Snow S
Rain - R
(9-3) U = 1.2D + 1.6(L
r
or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
Wind W
Can use 0.5L (not garages or L>100psf)
(9-4) U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(L
r
or S or R)
1.3W w/o directionality
(9-5) U = 1.2D + 1.0E + (1.0L or 0.2S)
8
Seismic E
1.4E if service
Can use 0.5L (not garages or L>100psf)
(9-6) U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
1.3W w/o directionality
(9-7) U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
1.4E if service
The strength reduction factors accounting for adverse variations in
material strength, workmanship, dimensions, control & degree of
supervision, and importance of the member to the building structure are
as follows per the text pp. 41 pr C.3 (ASCE 7-88):
= 0.90 Tension controlled sections
= 0.70 Compression members, spirally reinforced
Compression controlled sections
= 0.65 Compression members, others
Compression controlled sections
= 0.75 Shear and torsion
= 0.65 Bearing on concrete
= 0.55 Bending in plain concrete
2.9 -- Handbooks and Computer Software
Some of the useful books include the following:
1. Strength Design Handbook - ACI 340R-97 SP-17(97)
2. CRSI Handbook
3. PCI Design Handbook
4. ACI Detailing Manual
5. PCA Design Handbook
2.10 -- Dimensions and Tolerances
These are covered in ACI 7.5 called placing reinforcing and the
strength reduction factors are intended to account for this.
9
2.11 -- Accuracy of Computations
Every book has this section (Carry 4 digits in calculations and round
answer to 3 digits).
Chapter 3 -- Strength of Rectangular Sections in Bending
3.1 -- General Introduction
Working stress methods will be covered in Chapter 4 and for now we
will concentrate on the strength design method.
3.2 -- Basis of Nominal Flexural Strength
The modern analytical approach to reinforced concrete beam design
should include a linear strain distribution and a nonlinear stress
distribution as shown in Figure 3.2.1 pp. 48 (shown below). The
following equations can be derived statically assuming a ductile failure
of steel at yield stress:
k
1
- fraction of stress area to rectangular block
k
2
- fraction of x to centroid
k
3
- fraction of f
c
at maximum stress
C k k f xb
c
1 3
'
10
T A f
s y
F T C
x
0
x
A f
k k f b
s y
c
1 3
'
M M T d k x
c n
( )
2
M A f d
k
k k
A f
f b
n s y
s y
c

_
,
2
1 3
'
It should be noted that only the ratio of k
2
/(k
1
k
3
) need be know and
not the individual constants. Tests indicate that the variation is
between 0.55 and 0.63 as shown in Figure 3.2.3 pp. 50.
3.3 -- Whitney Rectangular Stress Distribution
The computation of flexural strength based on the approximately
parabolic stress may be done, but the designer needs a simpler method
based on static equilibrium. The Whitney rectangular stress block as
shown in Figure 3.3.1 pp. 51 (shown below) is the basis for standard
design. The average stress of 0.85f
c
' is used over a rectangular depth
a=
1
x (ACI 10.2.7.1). The value for
1
should be taken as 0.85 for f
c
'
< 4000 psi, and 0.05 less for each 1000 psi of f
c
' in excess of 4000 psi
(10.2.7.3). The value of
1
need not be less than 0.65 (See ACI SP-
17(97) FLEXURE 1 for this and more). This can be written as follows:
1
085 0 05
4000
1000
0 65

_
,
. .
'
.
f
c
11
The static derivation is as follows:
C f ba
c
0 85 . '
T A f
s y
F T C
x
0
a
A f
f b
s y
c
0 85 . '
M M A f d
a
c n s y
( )
2
M A f d
A f
f b
n s y
s y
c

_
,
059 .
'
It should be noted that the ratio of k
2
/(k
1
k
3
) turn out to be 0.59 which
is right in the middle between 0.55 and 0.63.
12
3.4 Nominal Moment Strength M
n
- Rectangular Sections Having
Tension Reinforcement Only
The above definitions are for sections that are singly reinforced.
Minimum concrete cover around the reinforcing per ACI 7.7 provides a
minimum, but protection from fire may require more. Typical values
for cast-in-place concrete include the following:
3 Cast against and permanently exposed to earth (All)
2 Exposed to weather or earth (#6 & Larger)
1-1/2 Beam & columns not exposed to weather or earth (All)
3/4 Slab walls & joists not exposed to weather or earth
(#11 & smaller)
It should be obvious that all the concrete in tension was ignored and the
effective depth d (distance from tensile steel to compressive face of
concrete) was used in computation.
The ACI Strength Design Method includes the provision for basic load
factors and a strength reduction factor of 0.9 (tension controls) down to
0.65 (tied members). The basic equations for the ultimate moment
caused by the load M
u
and the nominal moment strength of the beam
M
n
is as follows:
M M
n u
The following assumptions apply (ACI 10.2)

1. The strength of members shall satisfy equilibrium and compatibility.
2. Strain in the steel and concrete shall be directly proportional to the
distance from the neutral axis.
3. The maximum usable strain
cu
at the extreme compression fiber shall
be 0.003.
4. The tensile strength of the concrete is neglected
5. The modulus of elasticity of steel is 29000 ksi.
6. Whitney stress block applies as previously defined.
13
The following example is from Fall 1999 and is actually a homework
problem for Fall 1997 and 2001 and Spring 2004 (work either the next
or this example). This example is revised for Unified Design.
Problem 3.3 case 2 - Compute the nominal flexural strength M
n
and the
service moment capacity (M
D
+ M
L
) assuming the total service moment
is 60% live load. Use d=19.5 in, b
w
=12 in, 3-#10 bars, f
c
=3500psi and
f
y
=60,000psi.
Since f
c
=3500psi < 4000 psi
85 . 0
1

Else
65 . 0
1000
4000 '
05 . 0 85 . 0
1

,
_

c
f
OR FLEXURE 1
( ) a a ba f C
c
35700 12 3500 85 . 0 ' 85 . 0
( ) 228600 60000 27 . 1 3
y f
f A T
228600 35700 0
a T C C T F
x
( )
( )
403 . 6
12 3500 85 . 0
60000 27 . 1 3
' 85 . 0

b f
f A
a
c
y s
OR
403 . 6
35700
228600
a
( ) ft k in lb
a
d f A M M
y s n c

,
_
5 . 310 3726000
2
403 . 6
5 . 19 60000 27 . 1 3 )
2
(
OR
ft k in lb
a
d C
a
d T M M
n c

,
_
5 . 310 3726000
2
403 . 6
5 . 19 228600 )
2
( )
2
(
OR
( )
( )
( )
ft k in lb
b f
f A
d f A M
c
y s
y s n

,
_
,
_
5 . 310 3726000
12 3500
60000 27 . 1 3
5882 . 0 5 . 19 60000 27 . 1 3
'
5882 . 0
ft k M
n
5 . 310
14
Find what value to use from
t
Since a = 6.403 =
1
x , x = a/
1
x = 6.403/0.85 = 7.533
Find
t
from the strain diagram by geometry as follows:
004766 . 0 003 . 0
533 . 7
533 . 7 5 . 19
533 . 7 5 . 19 533 . 7
003 . 0

cu t
t t cu
x
x d
x d x

Since
t
> 0.004, meets code, but
t
< 0.005, transition zone
t
= 0.005 = 0.9 tension controls
t
= 0.004766 = 0.8805 Our case
t
= 0.002 = 0.65 compression controls (tied)
Since M
L
=0.6M
s
, M
D
=0.4M
s
and M
u
=1.2M
D
+1.6M
L
then:
) 6 . 0 ( 6 . 1 ) 4 . 0 ( 2 . 1 ) 5 . 310 ( 8805 . 0
s s n
M M M +
635 . 1
5 . 310
635 . 1 8805 . 0
44 . 1
5 . 310
n
s
s
n
M
M
M
M
ft k M
s
9 . 189
The following example is from Fall 1997 and 2001 and is actually a
homework problem for Fall 1999 and 2003 and Spring 2005 (work
either the previous or the this example). This example is revised for
Unified Design.
Problem 3.3 case 5 - Compute the nominal flexural strength M
n
and the
service moment capacity (M
D
+ M
L
) assuming the total service moment
is 60% live load. Use d=36.25 in, b
w
=18 in, 8-#11 bars, f
c
=4000psi
and f
y
=60,000psi.
1
0 85 0 05
4000
1000
0 85 0 05
4000 4000
1000
0 85 0 65

_
,

_
,
. .
'
. . . .
f
c
FLEXURE 1
( ) C f ba a a
c
0 85 0 85 4000 18 61200 . ' .
15
( ) T A f
f y
8 156 60000 748800 .
F T C C T a
x
0 6 1 2 0 0 6 4 8 8 0 0
( )
( )
a
A f
f b
s y
c

0 85
8 156 60000
0 85 4000 18
12 24
. '
.
.
.
OR
a
748800
61200
12 24 .
( ) M M A f d
a
ib in k ft
c n s y

_
,
( ) . .
.
2
8 156 60000 36 25
12 24
2
22560000 1880
OR
M M T d
a
C d
a
ib in k ft
c n

_
,
( ) ( ) .
.
2 2
648800 36 25
12 24
2
22560000 1880
OR
( )
( )
( )
M A f d
A f
f b
in lb k ft
n s y
s y
c

_
,

_
,
0 59 8 156 60000 36 25 0 59
8 156 60000
4000 18
22560000 1880 .
'
. . .
.
M k ft
n
1880
Find what value to use from
t
Since a = 12.24 =
1
x , x = a/
1
x = 12.24/0.85 = 14.40
Find
t
from the strain diagram by geometry as follows:
004552 . 0 003 . 0
40 . 14
40 . 14 25 . 36
40 . 14 25 . 35 40 . 14
003 . 0

cu t
t t cu
x
x d
x d x

Since
t
> 0.004, meets code, but
t
< 0.005, transition zone
t
t
= 0.004552 = 0.8618 Our case
t
16
Since M
L
=0.6M
s
, M
D
=0.4M
s
and M
u
=1.2M
D
+1.6M
L
then:
) 6 . 0 ( 6 . 1 ) 4 . 0 ( 2 . 1 ) 1880 ( 8618 . 0
s s n
M M M +
671 . 1
1880
671 . 1 8618 . 0
44 . 1
1880
n
s
s
n
M
M
M
M
ft k M
s
1125
17
Wednesday, March 30
th

Homework #24 is Today (Chapter 12 - Steel). Homework #25 is due
Wednesday, April 6
th
(Chapters 1 & 2).
3.5 -- Balanced Strain Condition
At the balanced strain condition the maximum strain
cu
at the extreme
concrete compression fiber just reaches 0.003 simultaneously with the
tension steel reaching
y
= f
y
/E
s
(0.002069 for f
y
= 60 ksi) as shown
below. The amount of steel corresponding to the balanced condition is
A
sb
.
If the actual steel provided was more than A
sb
then a sudden failure
would occur at ultimate loading since the concrete would fail first in a
brittle manner (BAD).
If the actual steel provide was less than A
sb
then a gradual failure
would occur at ultimate loading since the steel would fail first in a
ductile manner (GOOD).
18
Derive Equations 3.5.1 through 3.5.4 on pp. 55 for the balanced strain
condition for a rectangular beam with tension reinforcement only (SKIP
AND SHOW RESULTS) (FLEXURE 1).

A
bd
s
(3.5.1)
x d
b
cu cu y

+
x
d
b cu
cu y

x
d f
b
y
+
0 003
0 003 29000000
.
. /
x
d f
b
y
+
87000
87000
(3.5.2)
C f b x
b c b
0 85
1
. '
T A f bdf
b sb y b y

F T C
x
0
0 85
1
. ' f b x bdf
c b b y

b
c
y
b
f
f
x
d
_
,
085
1
. '
(3.5.3)

b
c
y y
f
f f
_
,
085 87000
87000
1
. '
(3.5.4)
19
3.6 -- Maximum Reinforcement Ratio
In order to assure a ductile failure the ACI limits (ACI 10.3.3) the
amount of tension steel to not more than 75 % of the amount in the
balanced strain condition (max = 0.75
b
). Table 3.6.1 pp. 57 gives
maximum reinforcement ratios, also FLEXURE 1 SP-17(97). This is
all from the 1995 or 1999 ACI code. The 2002 code states in 10.3.5
that if
t
>0.004 to ensure ductility (about 72.4% for grade 60).
A more direct way of controlling ductility is prescribe a maximum
value for the neutral axis distance x at the failure imminent condition
(max x = 0.75 x
b
).
For the 2002 code for flexural tension reinforcement at
t
= 0.004 the
strength reduction factor turns out to be = 0.81667 using
t
= 0.002
for grade 60 steel. Other important strain-phi relationships are as
follows:
t
t
t
= 0.002 = 0.70 compression controls (spiral)
t
= 0.004 = 0.81667 maximum for singly reinforced (tied)
t
= 0.003667 = 0.78889 balanced condition (tied)
3.7 -- Minimum Reinforcement Ratio
This is all a very nice derivation of the amount of reinforcement
required to provide the same moment capacity as the cracking moment
of the concrete. This led to ACI 10.5.1 that states:
A
f
f
b d
s
c
y
w ,min
'
3
but not less than
y
f
200
min

OR
d b
f
A
w
y
s
200
min ,

20
For statically determinate T-section with the flange in tension ACI
10.5.2 that states:
A
f
f
b d
s
c
y
w ,min
'
6
(old)
d b b
f
f
A
w E
y
c
s
) 2 , min(
' 3
min ,

(new)
but not less than
A
f
f
b d
s
c
y
E ,min
'
3
(old) none (new)
Looks like the same requirements to me. Is it?
The amount of reinforcing may be less than the minimum per ACI
10.5.3 provided the area provided is one-third more than is required.
For Slab or footings the minimum area is per ACI 7.12 with spacing
not to exceed 3t or 18.
Grade 40 or 50 A
s
= 0.0020*A
g
Grade 60 A
s
= 0.0018*A
g
Grade 40 or 50 A
s
= 0.0018*A
g
(60/f
y
)
3.8 -- Design of Rectangular Sections in Bending Having Tension
Reinforcement Only Under ACI-10.3 and 10.5
The problem is to determine b, d, and As from the required value of M
n
= M
u
/ and the material properties f
c
' and f
y
. Since there are only two
applicable equations of equilibrium, but three unknown, many possible
solutions exist. Assume = 0.9, if required, and check at the end.
If the reinforcement ratio is preset then the following equation can be
derived from the previously solved equilibrium conditions:
,
_
m f
bd
M
R
y
n
n

2
1
1
2
(3.8.4b)
where
21
m
f
f
y
c
0 85 . '
(3.8.4a)
In some situations the values of b and d are preset are the equations
would be:

_
,
1
1 1
2
m
mR
f
n
y
(3.8.5)
The procedure to be used in strength design of rectangular sections with
tension reinforcement only is as follows (Flexure 2.1 - 2.4 from ACI
SP-17(97) typ., cover this NOW):
Design Table for Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams
ACI 340R-97 SP-17(97)
FLEXURE 2.1 - 2.4 is set up to find A
s
given bd as follows:
F
bd
2
12000
F
M
F
M
K
u
n
n

Enter FLEXURE 2.1 - 2.4 with K
n
and interpolate to find .
A bd
s

It should be noted that if K
n
is above the line then is must be increased
to 1.33 (<
min
). If 1.33 is less than minimum then use it (<
min
).
If 1.33 is more than minimum then use minimum (
min
). Also if K
n
is off the bottom of the chart compression steel is required (>
max
).
FLEXURE 2.1 - 2.4 is also set up to find bd given as follows:
22
Enter FLEXURE 2.1 - 2.4 with and interpolate to find K
n
.
n
is above the line then is must be decreased
to 0.75K
n
(<
min
). Also if K
n
is off the bottom of the chart
compression steel is required (>
max
).
F
M
F
M
K
u
n
n

bd F
2
12000
FLEXURE 2.1 - 2.4 is also set up to find M
n
given A
s
and bd as
follows:

A
bd
s
Enter FLEXURE 2.1 - 2.4 with and interpolate to find K
n
.
n
is above the line then is must be decreased
to 0.75K
n
(<
min
). Also if K
n
is off the bottom of the chart
compression steel is required (>
max
).
F
bd
2
12000
n n
u
FK M
M


problem for Fall 1997 and 2001 and Spring 2004, it has been revised
for the newer version of SP-17 without in the tables (work either the
next or this example). This example is revised for Unified Design.
23
Problem #3.8 case 2 - Design a rectangular beam with tension
reinforcing only such that excessive deflections would not be expected
under normal circumstances. Use the following data and include the
actual beam weight (d/b=1-5-2.0[1.75], w
D
=0.8k/ft, w
L
=1.8k/ft, L=30ft,
f
c
=3000psi and f
y
=60,000psi.)
You could assume thebeam weight in lb/ft = 20 lb/ft * span in feet
20 lb/ft * 30 = 600 lb/ft
( ) ( ) ft k w w w
L D u
/ 56 . 4 8 . 1 6 . 1 4 . 1 2 . 1 6 . 1 2 . 1 + +
( )
n
u
u
M ft k
ft ft k l w
M 0 . 513
8
30 / 56 . 4
8
2 2
00835 . 0
pref
@
01 . 0
T
FLEXURE 1 or 2.1
Enter Table 2.1 with to find K
n
and check = 0.9
1 . 451
n
K
and
F
M
F
M
K
u
n
n

and
F
bd
2
12000
12000
75 . 1
12000
264 . 1
1 . 451
9 . 0
513
2
2
d
d
bd
K
M
F
n
u
,
_

( ) 83 . 29
3
26535
3
75 . 1 12000 264 . 1 d
For total height add 2.5 and round up to h=33 (d=30.5) and b=18
ft k
ft in
in
ft in
in
ft k w
beam
/ 6188 . 0
/ 12
33
/ 12
18
/ 15 . 0
3
,
_
,
_
The following revised values include the beam weight

( ) ( ) ft k w w w
L D u
/ 583 . 4 8 . 1 6 . 1 6188 . 0 8 . 0 2 . 1 6 . 1 2 . 1 + + +
( )
n
u
u
M ft k
ft ft k l w
M 6 . 515
8
30 / 605 . 4
8
2 2
24
( )
395 . 1
12000
5 . 30 18
12000
2 2

bd
F
7 . 410
395 . 1
9 . 0
6 . 515

F
M
K
u
n

Enter Table 2.1 with K
n
and interpolate to find and check = 0.9

0.00751
( )
2
123 . 4 5 . 30 18 00751 . 0 in bd A
s

Choose 3-#11 from REINFORCEMENT 14 (b
max
= 23.5 int.)
The following a check
( )
00834 . 0 00844 . 0
5 . 30 18
68 . 4
2

pref
s
in in
in
bd
A

n
and check = 0.9
K
n
=456.0
( )
395 . 1
12000
5 . 30 18
12000
2 2

bd
F
( ) 9 . 572
9 . 0
6 . 515
1 . 636 395 . 1 0 . 456 >
u
n n
M
F K M
There are many answers to this question, but I will use the following
18x33 w/3-#11
homework problem for Fall 1999 and 2003 and spring 2005 (work
either the previous or this example). This example is revised for
Unified Design.
25
Problem #3.8 case 4 - Design a rectangular beam with tension
reinforcing only such that excessive deflections would not be expected
under normal circumstances. Use the following data and include the
actual beam weight (d/b=1-5-2.0[1.75], w
D
=1.2k/ft, w
L
=2.5k/ft, L=30ft,
f
c
=4000psi and f
y
=60,000psi.)
( ) ( ) ft k w w w
L D u
/ 44 . 5 5 . 2 6 . 1 2 . 1 2 . 1 6 . 1 2 . 1 + +
( )
n
u
u
M ft
ft ft k l w
M 0 . 612
8
30 / 44 . 5
8
2 2
01112 . 0
pref
@
01 . 0
T
FLEXURE 1 or 2.2
n
check = 0.9
5 . 601
n
K
and
n
u
K
M
F

and
F
bd
2
12000
12000
75 . 1
12000
131 . 1
5 . 601
9 . 0
0 . 612
2
2
d
d
bd
K
M
F
n
u

,
_

( ) 74 . 28
3
23740
3
75 . 1 12000 131 . 1 d
Increase 5% add 2.5 and round up to h=33 (d=30.5) and b=18 inches
ft k
ft in
in
ft in
in
ft k w
beam
/ 6188 . 0
/ 12
33
/ 12
18
/ 15 . 0
3
,
_
,
_
The following revised values include the beam weight

( ) ( ) ft k w w w
L D u
/ 183 . 6 5 . 2 6 . 1 6188 . 0 2 . 1 2 . 1 6 . 1 2 . 1 + + +
( )
n
u
u
M ft k
ft ft k l w
M 5 . 695
8
30 / 183 . 6
8
2 2
26
( )
395 . 1
12000
5 . 30 18
12000
2 2

bd
F
0 . 554
395 . 1
9 . 0
5 . 695

F
M
K
u
n

Enter Table 2.2 with K
n
and interpolate to find and check 0.9
0.01014
( )
2
57 . 5 5 . 30 18 01014 . 0 in bd A
s

Choose 4-#11 from REINFORCEMENT 14
The following a check
( )
01112 . 0 01137 . 0
5 . 30 18
) 56 . 1 ( 4
2

pref
s
in in
in
bd
A

n
andcheck = 0.9
K
n
=613.7
( )
395 . 1
12000
5 . 30 18
12000
2 2

bd
F
( ) 7 . 772
9 . 0
5 . 695
1 . 856 395 . 1 7 . 613 >
u
n n
M
F K M
There are many answers to this question, but I will use the following
18x33 w/4-#11
1. Assume that
min
< <
max
(I like =@
T
=0.01)
2. Determine the required bd
2
(from R
n
)
3. Choose values for b and d (reasonable proportions d/b=1.5 to 2.0)
4. Determine revised (for new b and d)
27
5. Compute A
s
(from )
6. Select reinforcement and calculate strength (M
n
> M
u
)
7. Remember to check = 0.9 an any step
28
Thursday, March 31
st

Exam # 5 Chapter 3, 5, 6, 11 & 12 (Steel)
29
Friday, April 1
st

Seminar #3 Steel
Homework #25 is due Wednesday April 6
th
(Chapters 1 & 2).
Homework #26 is due Friday, April 8
th
(Chapter 3).
30
Monday, April 4
th

Homework #25 is due Wednesday April 6
th
(Chapters 1 & 2).
Homework #26 is due Friday, April 8
th
(Chapter 3).
3.9 -- Practical Selection for Beam Sizes, Bar Sizes, and Bar Placement
The choice of the steel reinforcement ratio is dependent on the
limitation on the deflection of the beam. Normally one-half of the
maximum permissible value is adequate ( = 0.5
max
= 0.375
b
).
Numerous table in the text and handbooks have been developed to aid
in the selection of proper reinforcement. Some of the following in the
text (I like to us Reinforcement 14 - ACI - SP17):
Table 3.9.1 pp. 66 Total Area for Various Numbers of Reinforcing Bars
Also in REINFORCEMENT 2
Table 3.9.2 pp. 67 Minimum Beam Width According to ACI Code
Also in REINFORCEMENT 9 & 10
Table 3.9.3 pp. 68 Minimum Beam Width for 2 d
b
clear spacing
Table 3.9.4 pp. 68 Minimum Beam Width for 3 d
b
clear spacing
Table 3.9.5 pp. 69 Standard Types and Sizes of Bar Supports
Table 3.9.6 pp. 76 Area per Foot of Width for Various Bar Spacings
Also in REINFORCEMENT 15
The following are some guidelines for selection of beam size:
1. Use whole inches for overall dimensions (slabs 1/2 inches)
2. Beam stem widths in multiple of 2 or 3 inches
3. Minimum clear cover is to ties and stirrups (d not whole inches)
4. Economical beam depth-to-width ratio of 1.5 to 2.0
5. T-shape beam flanges about 20 % of overall depth
The following are some guidelines for selection of reinforcement:
6. Maintain bar symmetry about plane of loading
7. Use at least 2 bars for flexure (1 in joist sometimes)
8. Use #11 for maximum size beam bar
31
9. No more than 2 bar sizes and no more than two sizes apart (ok
but)
10. Try to use one layer of reinforcement
11. Follow ACI 7.6.1 (clear space horizontally > d
b
or 1) & 7.6.2
(clear space vertically > 1 and directly above bars below) for
distances between bars
12. For layers place largest bar nearest face of beam
3.10 Nominal Moment Strength M
n
of Rectangular Sections Having
Both Tension and Compression Reinforcement (SKIP THIS)
Rectangular section with both tension and compression reinforcement
are called doubly reinforced sections. Compression reinforcement is
used to reduce the size of the cross section and reduce deflections. This
may lead to other problems such as large amounts of shear
reinforcement.
The proportion of tension reinforcement above the maximum allowed
that is equalized by compression reinforcement need not be reduced by
the 0.75 factor.
Let the class work through Examples 3.10.1 & 3.10.2 pp. 78 - 81.
3.11 Design of Beams Having Both Tension and Compression
Reinforcement Under ACI-10.3.3 (SKIP THIS)
The compression steel will yield under the following conditions from
Figure 3.11.1 pp. 83:

s y
'
(3.11.2)
T A f bdf
s y y

C f b x
c c
0 85
1
. '
( ) C f f bd
s y c
085 . ' '
F T C C
x c s
+ 0
32
( ) 085 085
1
. ' . ' ' f b x f f bd bdf
c y c y
+
x
f d
f
f
f
y
c
c
y

_
,
1
]
1
1
085
1
085
1
. '
'
. '

(3.11.3)
( )

s
cu
x
x d ' ' (3.11.4)
Substituting (3.11.4) into (3.11.2) gives
( )
cu
y
x
x d '
( )
87000
x
x d f
y
'
x
d
f
y
87000
87000
'
(3.11.5)
Substituting (3.11.3) into (3.11.5) gives
,
_
,
_
,
_

y y
c
y
c
f d f
d f
f
f
87000
87000 ' '
85 . 0
' 85 . 0
1 '
1

(3.11.1)
An alternate solution is as follows (assume at yield, find x):
x d
cu cu y

'
Find the area of tension steel for this condition (A
sy
). If A
sy
> A
s
then
A
s
' yields and
s
' >
y
. The solution is direct (F find x and M find
M
n
). If A
sy
< A
s
then A
s
' does not yield and
s
' <
y
. The solution
is a quadratic as follows (draw strain diagram):
x d
cu cu s

'
'
or
( )

s
cu
x
x d ' '
T A f
s y
33
C f b x
c c
0 85
1
. '
( ) ( ) C A f f A E f
s s s c s s c
' . ' ' . ' 085 085
( ) C A E
x
x d f
s s
cu
c
_
,

_
,
' ' . '
085
F T C C
x c s
+ 0
T C C
c s
+
This turn out to be a quadratic in x (solve it). Then write the moment
equation as follows:
( ) M M C d
a
C d d
n c s

_
,
+
2
'
34
Tuesday, April 5
th

3.12 -- Design of Sections in BendingACI Appendix B Unified
Procedure (THIS IS WHAT WE ARE DOING)
This will be a major part of the ACI 318-02 code. Let the class work
through Examples 3.12.1 & 3.12.2 pp. 90 - 91.
3.13 -- Non-Rectangular Beams (SKIP THIS)
Whitney stress block applies to these shapes per ACI 10.2.7.
The following procedures need revisions for exclusion of from tables
Design Table for Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beams
Table A (2.1 - 2.4) is set up to find A
s
and A
s
' given bd as follows:
It is assumed that K
n
is off the bottom (compression steel is required).
Select K
n
at
max
from the bottom of Table A(2.1 - 2.4).
F
bd
2
12000
M FK
n n 1

M
n1
should be less than M
u
.
A bd
s1

max
Calculate the additional tension steel required beyond
max
.
M M M
n u n 2 1

With d'/d enter Table B (3.1 - 3.2) to find a
n
'.
35
A
M
a d
s
n
n
2
2

'
A A A
s s s
+
1 2
Select c/d at
max
from the bottom of Table A (2.1 - 2.4) and together
with d'/d enter Table D (4.1 - 4.4) to find a
n
''. If a
n
'>a
n
'' then
compression steel has not yielded (A
s
'>A
s2
) use a
n
'', otherwise use a
n
'.
A
M
a d
n
n
'
' '

2
To enter Table F (10.1.1 - 10.1.2) with '/ and d'/d to check
max
.
Design Table for Design of Singly Reinforced T-Beams
First assume the neutral axis is in the flange (a<t).
F
b d
E
2
12000
K
M
F
n
u
Table A (2.1 - 2.4) with K

n
find and a/d, if a/d<h
f
/d=t/d
then N.A. is in flange (a<t)
A b d
s E

Case with neutral axis in the web (a/d>h
f
/d=t/d) from above (a>t)
Table C (3.3) with b/b
w
find K
nf
Table B (3.1 - 3.2) with h
f
/d=t/d find j
f
& a
nf
A
k j b h
a
sf
nf f w f
nf
M A a d
n sf nf 2

M M M
nw u n

2
36
K
M
F
n
nw

F
b d
w
2
12000
Table A (2.1 - 2.4) with K
n
find
A b d
sw w

A A A
s sw sf
+

A
b d
s
E
Table E (10.2.1 - 10.2.2) with b/b
w
and h
f
/d=t/d find
max,
check that
<
max
37
Wednesday, April 6
th
Homework #25 is due Today (Chapters 1 & 2). Homework #26 is due
Friday, April 8
th
(Chapter 3). Homework #27 is due Monday, April 11
th
(Chapter 3 & 4).
Chapter 4 -- Rectangular Sections in Bending Under Service Load
Conditions
4.1 -- General Introduction
The 2002 ACI code does not cover the alternate design or working
stress method. We will skip the working stress method, which was
called the alternate design method in Appendix A of the ACI code. In
this chapter all references will be to the old code. Strength is
associated with imminent failure at a multiple of the service load.
Serviceability means satisfactory performance under service load
(working stress) conditions. This performance is based on deflections
and crack control.
The concept of working stress is to allow only a maximum value of
concrete compressive stress (0.45f
c
') and steel tension stress to exist (20
or 24 ksi).
4.2 -- Fundamental Assumptions
There are four basic assumptions used in working stress for flexure:
1. Plane sections before bending remain plane after bending, that is, strain
is linear across the section.
2. Stress is proportional to strain.
3. Concrete does not take tension.
4. No slip occurs between the steel and concrete.
38
4.3 -- Modulus of Elasticity Ratio n
The modular ratio (n) is equal to the modulus of elasticity of the steel
divided by the modulus of elasticity of the concrete. ACI A.5.4 (old
code) say that n may be rounded to the nearest whole number and
should never be less than 6. The text recommends the use of Table
4.3.1 pp. 107 or DEFLECTION 9.
4.4 -- Equilibrium Conditions
Example 4.4.1 pp. 108 - 109 will be used to show the basic concepts of
strain, stress, and equilibrium. The basic formulas are as follows from
the given drawing (we will skip this method):
C f bx
c
1
2
T f A
s s
F T C 0
f A f bx
s s c
1
2
f
f
bx
A
s
c s
2
1
39
s
c
d x
x

f
f
E
E
n n
d x
x
s
c
s s
c c
s
c

2
bx
A
n
d x
x
s
2

1 & 2
x
A n
b
x
A nd
b
s s 2
2 2
0 +
Solutions of the above equations yield the location of the neutral axis
(x).
M M C d
x
T d
x
w

_
,

_
,
3 3
The above equation can be used to find T or C given the moment.
f
C
bx
c

2
f
T
A
s
s
The above two equations should be checked against the allowable

stress.
4.5 -- Method of Transformed Section
In the transformed section method the area of steel is transformed into
an equivalent area of concrete by multiplying by the modular ratio (n).
The static equilibrium and strain compatibility equations still apply
from a sketch as follows (we will do this method):
40
A f A f
s s t t
f
E
f
E
s
s
t
c
These concepts and equations will be shown by example in the

following sections and the moment of inertia of the transformed
cracked section as follows:
( )
bx
nA d x
s
2
2
0
Solve above location for the position of the neutral axis. The
transformed cracked moment of inertia is then as follows:
( ) I
bx
nA d x
cr s
+
3
2
3

The equivalent concrete area and imaginary stress are as follows:
A nA
t s
f
f
n
t
s
41
The actual stress are found form the bending stress theory (My/I) as
follows:
f
Mx
I
c
cr
( )
f n
M d x
I
s
cr

problem for Fall 1997 and 2001 and Spring 2004 (work either the next
or this example).
Problem 4.3 case 4 - Calculate the allowable bending moment for the
beam according to the working stress (Alternate Method). Is the
service moment capacity controlled by concrete or steel? Use d=19.5
in, b
w
=14 in, 3-#8 bars, f
c
=4000psi and f
y
=60,000psi.
According to ACI section A.3 (Appendix A of old code) the allowable
stresses are as follows:
( ) psi psi f f
c c
1800 4000 45 . 0 ' 45 . 0
and
) 60 ( 000 , 24 Grade psi f
s

The modular ratio can be calculated or found in DEFLECTION 9
8 044 . 8
000 , 605 , 3
000 , 000 , 29
4000 57000
000 , 000 , 29
' 57000
000 , 000 , 29

c
c
s
f
E
E
n
The location of the neutral axis can be found by either method.
One might notice that the equations are actually identical
x
A n
b
x
A nd
b
s s 2
2 2
0 +
(Equilibrium)
( )
bx
nA d x
s
2
2
0
(Transformed)
42
( ) ( ) 0 5 . 19 79 . 0 3 8
2
14
2
x
x
0 72 . 369 96 . 18 7
2
+ x x
0 817 . 52 709 . 2
2
+ x x
747 . 8 , 038 . 6 x
YOU CAN SKIP THIS METHOD
Assuming that the moment is controlled by concrete (wrong)
( ) ( ) k lb in in psi bx f C
c
08 . 78 080 , 76 038 . 6 14 1800
2
1
2
1

From equilibrium C=T therefore
( )
) Good No ( 24 10 . 32
79 . 0 3
08 . 78
2
ksi ksi
in
k
A
C
f
s
s
>
Assuming that the moment is controlled by steel (right)
( ) ( ) k lb in psi A f T
s s
88 . 56 880 , 56 79 . 0 3 000 , 24
2

( )
( )
) ( 800 . 1 346 . 1
038 . 6 14
88 . 56 2 2
OK ksi ksi
in in
k
bx
T
f
c
<
ft k in k in k
x
d T M
w

,
_

,
_
89 . 82 7 . 994
3
038 . 6
5 . 19 88 . 56
3
ft k M
w
9 . 82
STEEL CONTROLS
WE WILL USE THIS METHOD
43
Alternatively, according to the working stress method as follows:
Solve above location for the position of the neutral axis.
in x 038 . 6
The transformed cracked moment of inertia is then as follows:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
4 2
3
2
3
4463 038 . 6 5 . 19 79 . 0 3 8
3
038 . 6 14
3
in x d nA
bx
I
s cr
+ +

Assuming the concrete controls and from the bending stress equation
(My/I) as follows (wrong):
( )
ft k in lb
in
in psi
x
I f
M
I
Mx
f
cr c
cr
c
8 . 110 000 , 330 , 1
038 . 6
4463 1800
4
The stress in the steel is as follows:
( ) ( )
( ) Good No 20 09 . 32
4463
038 . 6 5 . 19 1330
8
4
ksi ksi
in
in in k
I
x d M
n f
cr
s
>

Assuming the steel controls and from the bending stress equation
(My/I) as follows:
( )
ft k in lb
in
in psi
x d n
I f
M
I
x d M
f
cr s
cr
s

88 . 82 600 , 994
) 038 . 6 5 . 19 ( 8
4463 000 , 24
) (
) (
4
( )
( ) OK ksi ksi
in
in in k
I
Mx
f
cr
c
800 . 1 346 . 1
4463
038 . 6 6 . 994
4
<

ft k M
w
9 . 82
STEEL CONTROLS
44
homework problem for Fall 1999 and 2003 and Spring 2005 (work
either the previous or this example).
Problem 4.3 case 2 - Calculate the allowable bending moment for the
beam according to the working stress (Alternate Method). Is the
service moment capacity controlled by concrete or steel? Use d=19.5
in, b
w
=12 in, 3-#10 bars, f
c
=3000psi and f
y
=40,000psi.
According to ACI section A.3 (Appendix A) the allowable stresses are
as follows:
( ) f f psi psi
c c
0 0 3000 1350 .45 ' .45
and
f psi Grade
s
20 000 40 , ( )
The modular ration can be calculated or found in DEFLECTION 9
n
E
E f
s
c c

29 000 000
57000
29 000 000
57000 3000
29 000 000
3122 000
9 289 9
, ,
'
, , , ,
, ,
.
The location of the neutral axis can be found by either method.
One might notice that the equations are actually identical
x
A n
b
x
A nd
b
s s 2
2 2
0 +
( )
bx
nA d x
s
2
2
0
( ) ( )
12
2
9 3 127 19 5 0
2
x
x . .
6 34 29 668 655 0
2
x x + . .
x x
2
5 715 111 0 + . .4425
45
x 8 079 13 794 . , .
YOU CAN SKIP THIS METHOD
Assuming that the moment is controlled by concrete
( ) ( ) C f bx psi in in lb k
c

1
2
1
2
1350 12 8 079 65 440 65 . , .44
( )
f
C
A
k
in
ksi ksi OK
s
s
<
65
3 127
17 18 20
2
.44
.
. ( )
M C d
x
k in k in k ft
w

_
,

_
,

3
65 19 5
8 079
3
1 099 8 91 65 .44 .
.
, . .
M k ft
w
91 65 .
CONCRETE CONTROLS
WE WILL USE THIS METHOD
Alternatively, according to the working stress method as follows:
x 8 079 .
( )
( )
( ) ( ) I
bx
nA d x in
cr s
+ +
3
2
3
2 4
3
12 8 079
3
9 3 127 19 5 8 079 6582
.
. . .

Assuming the concrete controls and from the bending stress equation
(My/I) as follows:
( )
f
M x
I
M
f I
x
p si i n
in
lb i n k ft
c
cr
c cr

1 35 0 6582
8 079
1 0998 51 916 5
4
.
, , .
46
( ) ( )
( ) f n
M d x
I
k in in
in
ksi ksi OK
s
cr

< 9
1099 8 19 5 8 079
6582
17 18 20
4
. . .
.
4.6 -- Investigation of Rectangular Sections in Bending with Tension
Reinforcement Only
The concept of working stress is to allow only a maximum value of
concrete compressive stress (0.45f
c
') and steel tension stress to exist (20
or 24 ksi).
The condition where both the concrete and steel reach their respective
allowable stresses simultaneously is called the ideal condition (neutral
axis at ideal location or balanced condition). If the steel reaches the
allowable stress first (steel controls) the beam is said to be under-
reinforced (neutral axis closer to compression face than the ideal
location). If the concrete reaches the allowable stress first (concrete
controls) the beam is said to be over-reinforced (neutral axis farther to
compression face than the ideal location). The condition is shown in
the following sketch.
4.7 -- Design of Rectangular Sections in Bending with Tension
Reinforcement Only (SKIP)
This is all very nice, but nobody designs using working stress.
47
Thursday, April 7
th
4.8 -- Serviceability - Deflections
Solve of the moment of inertia of the transformed cracked section as
follows in the sketch:
( ) ( ) ( )
bx
n A x d nA d x
s s
2
2
1 0 + ' '
Solve above location for the position of the neutral axis. The
transformed cracked moment of inertia is then as follows:
( ) ( ) ( ) I
bx
n A x d nA d x
cr s s
+ +
3
2 2
3
1 ' '
problem for Fall 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 and Spring 2005 (work
next example).
Problem 4.12 For the beam shown in figure for Prob. 4.12, compute
the transformed cracked section moment of inertia I
cr
that would be
needed for a deflection calculation. Use d=36.1 in, d=2.5 in, b
w
=18 in,
h=40 in, 6-#7 bars (top), 10-#11 bars (bot), f
c
=4000psi and
f
y
=60,000psi.
48
( ) ( ) ( )
bx
n A x d nA d x
s s
2
2
1 0 + ' '
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 1 . 36 56 . 1 ) 10 ( 8 5 . 2 ) 60 . 0 ( 6 1 8
2
18
2 2
2
+ in x in in x in
x
( ) ( ) 0 1 . 36 8 . 124 5 . 2 2 . 25 9
2
+ x x x
0 28 . 4568 0 . 150 9
2
+ x x
0 59 . 507 67 . 16
2
+ x x
in x 36 . 32 , 67 . 15
( ) ( ) ( ) I
bx
n A x d nA d x
cr s s
+ +
3
2 2
3
1 ' '
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
3
67 . 15 1 . 36 56 . 1 ) 10 ( 8 5 . 2 67 . 15 ) 60 . 0 ( 6 1 8
3
67 . 15 18
in in in in in in
in in
I
cr
+ +
( )
4 4
79550 52090 4371 23090 in in I
cr
+ +
4
79550 in I
cr

The following example is new for Fall 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 and
is actually a homework problem for Fall 1999 and Spring 2004 (work
this example).
Problem 4.11 For the beam of Problem 4.10, compute the
transformed cracked section moment of inertia I
cr
that would be needed
for a deflection calculation. Use d=27.3 in, d=2.5 in, b
w
=16 in, h=30
in, 3-#11 bars (top), 4-#11 bars (bot), f
c
=4000psi and f
y
=60,000psi.
( ) ( ) ( )
bx
n A x d nA d x
s s
2
2
1 0 + ' '
49
( )( ) ( ) ( ) 0 3 . 27 56 . 1 ) 4 ( 8 5 . 2 ) 56 . 1 ( 3 1 8
2
16
2 2
2
+ in x in in x in
x
( ) ( ) 0 3 . 27 92 . 49 5 . 2 76 . 32 8
2
+ x x x
0 7 . 1447 68 . 82 8
2
+ x x
0 59 . 180 34 . 10
2
+ x x
in x 56 . 19 , 23 . 9
( ) ( ) ( ) I
bx
n A x d nA d x
cr s s
+ +
3
2 2
3
1 ' '
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
3
23 . 9 3 . 27 56 . 1 ) 4 ( 8 5 . 2 23 . 9 ) 56 . 1 ( 3 1 8
3
23 . 9 16
in in in in in in
in in
I
cr
+ +
( )
4 4
21998 16300 8 . 1483 8 . 4193 in in I
cr
+ +
4
22000 in I
cr

4.9 -- Serviceability - Flexural Crack Control for Beams and One-Way
Slabs
Go over Figure 4.9.1 pp. 122 and the use of Equation 4.9.2 pp. 122 as
follows in the picture:
50
z f d A
s c
3
Where A=A
e
/number of bars (m=A
s
/A
b
for largest bar), A
e
=area of
concrete surrounding bars and having the same centroid of the bars, and
d
c
=thickness of concrete cover measured form the extreme tension
fiber to the center of the bar located closest to that fiber (largest bar
used).
REINFORCEMENT EXAMPLE 1 (ACI 340R-97 SP-17 (97)) Check
the following beam section for Exterior Crack Control provisions.
d=18 in, b
w
=11 in, c
c
=2 in (main reinforcing), 3-#9 (1L), f
c
=4000 psi,
& f
y
=60,000 psi. WORK ONLY THIS EXAMPLE
z f d A
s c
3
ksi ksi f f
y s
36 ) 60 ( 6 . 0 6 . 0
[ ] in in d c d
b c c
564 . 2 ) 128 . 1 ( 5 . 0 2 ) ( 5 . 0 + +
For single layer of equal size bars
n
A
A
e
( )
2
41 . 56 11 564 . 2 2 2 in in in b d A
w c e

bar
in
in
n
A
A
e
2
2
80 . 18
3
41 . 56

(OK) 145 0 . 131 ) 80 . 18 ( 564 . 2 36
3
2
3
in
kips
in
kips
bar
in
in ksi A d f z
c s
<
If b
w
=15in, then z=145.3 (No good just barely, but rounding to 3 digits
z=145 (Ok) see REIFORCEMENT 14, which is based on 2 inches of
clear cover to main reinforcing. Other tables could have be used
(REINFORMENT 8.1, 8.2 & 11)
SKIP THIS EXAMPLE
51
REINFORCEMENT EXAMPLE 3 (ACI 340R-97 SP-17 (97)) Check
the following beam section for Exterior Crack Control provisions.
d=18 in, b
w
=11 in, c
c
=2 in (main reinforcing), A
s
=2.0in
2
, f
c
=4000 psi,
& f
y
=60,000 psi.
Just using REINFORCEMENT 14 the following judgements are made:
A
s
Bars Arrange Min b
w
Max b
w
Comment
2.00 2 #9 1L 8.0 10.0 No good
2.37 3 #8 1L 9.5 15.5 OK BEST
2.12 2#6 & 4#5 2L 9.0 21.5 Example
2.20 5 #6 2L 9.0 21.0 Example
Check of 2 #9 bars
z f d A
s c
3
ksi ksi f f
y s
36 ) 60 ( 6 . 0 6 . 0
[ ] in in d c d
b c c
564 . 2 ) 128 . 1 ( 5 . 0 2 ) ( 5 . 0 + +
For single layer of equal size bars
n
A
A
e
( )
2
41 . 56 11 564 . 2 2 2 in in in b d A
w c e

bar
in
in
n
A
A
e
2
2
205 . 28
2
41 . 56

good) (No 145 0 . 150 ) 205 . 28 ( 564 . 2 36
3
2
3
in
kips
in
kips
bar
in
in ksi A d f z
c s
>
Check maximum b
w
for 5 #6 (2L) bars
z f d A
s c
3
52
ksi ksi f f
y s
36 ) 60 ( 6 . 0 6 . 0
[ ] in in d c d
b c c
375 . 2 ) 75 . 0 ( 5 . 0 2 ) ( 5 . 0 + +
For multi-layers of equal size bars find centroid of bars
First find location of top layer of bar
[ ] in in d s d c d
b c b c top
125 . 4 ) 75 . 0 ( 5 . 0 1 75 . 0 2 ) ( 5 . 0 + + + + + +
[ ]
in
in
n
y
A
y A
y 075 . 3
5
) 125 . 4 ( 2 ) 375 . 2 ( 3
n
A
A
e
( )
2
15 . 6 075 . 3 2 2 in b b in y A
w w e

bar
in
b
in b
n
A
A
w
w e
2
2
230 . 1
5
15 . 6

in b
in
kips
bar
in
b in ksi A d f z
w w c s
37 . 22 145 ) 230 . 1 ( 375 . 2 36
3
2
3

in b
w
4 . 22
Note: REINFORCEMENT 14 is incorrect (Example is correct)?
Check maximum b
w
for 2 #6 & 4 #5 (2L) bars
z f d A
s c
3
ksi ksi f f
y s
36 ) 60 ( 6 . 0 6 . 0
[ ] in in d c d
b c c
375 . 2 ) 75 . 0 ( 5 . 0 2 ) ( 5 . 0 + +
For multi-layers of unequal size bars find centroid of bars
53
First find location of top layer of bar
[ ] in in d s d c d
b c b c top
0625 . 4 ) 625 . 0 ( 5 . 0 1 75 . 0 2 ) ( 5 . 0 + + + + + +
( ) ( ) [ ] ( )
( ) ( )
in
in in
in in in in in
A
y A
y 11527 . 3
31 . 0 4 44 . 0 2
0625 . 4 31 . 0 3 375 . 2 31 . 0 44 . 0 2
2
2 2 2
+
+ +

m
A
A
e
( ) ( )
bars
in
in in
m 8181 . 4
44 . 0
31 . 0 4 44 . 0 2
2
2
where A
b
is largest bar
( )
2
23054 . 6 11527 . 3 2 2 in b b in y A
w w e

bar
in
b
in
m
A
A
w
w e
2
2
29313 . 1
8181 . 4
23054 . 6

in b
in
kips
bar
in
b in ksi A d f z
w w c s
28 . 21 145 ) 29313 . 1 ( 375 . 2 36
3
2
3

in b
w
5 . 21
Note: REINFORCEMENT 14 is correct (Example is correct)?
4.10 -- Serviceability - Side Face Crack Control for Large Beams
For deep beams the maximum crack width may occur on the side faces.
Equation 4.10.1 pp. 126 (ACI 10.6.7) is to be used for beams greater
than 3 feet deep as follows:
( ) A d
sk
0 012 30 .
in
2
/ft of height
Spaced at the MIN(d/6,12) as shown in the sketch as follows:
54
55
Friday, April 9
th
Homework #26 is due today (Chapter 3). Homework #27 is due
Monday, April 11
th
(Chapters 3 & 4). Homework #28 is due
Wednesday, April 13
th
(Chapter 5).
Chapter 5 -- Shear Strength and Shear Reinforcement
5.1 -- Introduction
Failures in beams commonly referred to as "shear failures" are actually
tension failures at the inclined cracks as shown below.
5.2 -- The Shear Stress Formula Based on Linear Stress Distribution
(SKIP)
This is a very nice derivation of shear stress that you have seen in
Strength of Materials and Elementary Steel (lets not do it again).
5.3 -- The Combined Stress Formula (SKIP)
This is just another form of the combined stress equation that was
derived in Strength of Materials. Shown below is the cracking
orientation along a simple beam.
56
5.4 -- Behavior of Beams Without Shear Reinforcement
An inclined crack in a beam that was previously uncracked due to
flexure is known as a web-shear crack. An inclined crack forming at
the top of and becoming an extension of an existing flexural crack is
known as a flexure-shear crack. The sketch below illustrate cracking
types near a support.
The transfer of shear in a reinforced concrete member occurs by a
combination of the following mechanisms:
1. Shear resistance of the uncracked concrete, V
cz
.
2. Aggregate interlock force tangent to the shear crack (similar to friction)
due to irregular interlock of the aggregate, Va.
3. Dowel action by the longitudinal reinforcement to transverse force, Vd.
4. Arch action on relatively deep beams
5. Shear reinforcement resistance from stirrups, Vs.
57
There are four general categories of failure may be established and the
corresponding a/d (shear span) ratios as follows (SKIP):
1. a/d<=1, Deep beams that behave like an tied-arch after cracking (many
possible failures in Figure 5.4.5 pp. 143)
2. 1<a/d<=2.5, Short beams with shear strength in excess of the inclined
cracking strength (flexure-shear crack failure)
3. 2.5<a/d<=6, Usual beams of intermediate length that form beam
segments known as teeth due to flexural cracks
4. a/d>6, Long beams normally failing in yielding of the tension steel.
5.5 -- Shear Strength of Beams Without Shear Reinforcement-ACI Code
The (detailed method ACI 11.3.2.1) shear strength of concrete beams
without shear reinforcing is as follows (don't worry about the
derivation):
V f
V d
M
b d f b d
c c
w u
u
w c w
+
_
,
19 2500 35 . ' . '
The quantity V
u
d/M
u
<1.0 in the above equation.
The (simplified method ACI 11.3.1.1) shear strength of concrete beams
without shear reinforcing is as follows:
V f b d
c c w
2 '
The cracking in a continuous beam is somewhat similar to a simple
beam as shown below
58
For lightweight concrete two methods may be used as follows
(substitute the values shown for the square root of f'
c
):
ACI 11.2.1.1
f
f
f
c
ct
c
'
.
'
6 7
Values of V
c
and T
c
ACI 11.2.1.2 f f
c c
' . ' 0 75 Values of V
c
,T
c
, and M
cr
all LW
ACI 11.2.1.2
f f
c c
' . ' 0 85
Values of V
c
,T
c
, and M
cr
Sand LW
Interpolation is allowed for partial sand replacement.
5.6 -- Function of Shear Reinforcement
Shear reinforcement can come in many types as follows:
1. Vertical stirrups (perpendicular to longitudinal reinforcement) are the
most common
2. Welded wire fabric (used in double tees)
3. Inclined stirrups (45
o
or more from the longitudinal reinforcement) is
very effective but labor intensive
4. Longitudinal reinforcement bent toward the compression zone
Figure 5.6.3 pp. 151 shows the effectiveness of the various types of
shear resistance devices. Concrete and stirrups are primary resistance
in uncracked and cracked states respectively. Dowel action and
aggregate interlock are secondary.
59
5.7 -- Truss Model for Reinforced Concrete Beam
The truss analogies shown in Figure 5.6.2 pp. 150 and Figure 5.7.1 pp.
152 show how the requirement that required shear reinforcement be
placed at no more than one-half the effective depth s<=d/2.
5.8 -- Shear Strength of Beams with Shear Reinforcement
The nominal shear strength per ACI 11.1.1 is as follows:
V V V V
u n c s
+
The following is the strength of reinforcement ACI 11.5.6.2 & 11.5.6.3:
V
A f d
s
s
v y
( )
V
A f d
s
s
v y
+ sin cos
The above is with measured from the longitudinal axis.
5.9 -- Lower and Upper Limits for Amounts of Shear Reinforcement
The minimum amount of shear reinforcement per ACI 11.5.5.3 is as
follows (only when required and spaced at not more than d/2 or 24
inches ACI 11.5.4.1) (NEW in 2002 code):
y
w
y
w
c v
f
s b
f
s b
f A 50 ' 75 . 0
This corresponds the following strength of reinforcement (only for the
absolute maximum) for the limiting case is as follows:
V
A f d
s
b d
s
v y
w
50
60
Minimum shear reinforcement must be provided whenever the factored
shear exceeds one-half the concrete strength per ACI 11.5.5.1 in all but
the following conditions:
1. Slabs and footings
2. Concrete joist construction
3. Beams with the largest of the following:
a. h<10inches
b. h<2.5*flange thickness
c. h<0.5*web width
To ensure that the reinforcement amount not be to high ACI 11.5.6.8
states that the following limit:
V f b d
s c w
8 '
In addition the minimum ACI 11.5.4.3 requires a minimum spacing of
d/4 or 12 inches whenever:
V f b d
s c w
4 '
61
Monday, April 11
th
Homework #27 is due today (Chapters 3 & 4). Homework #28 is due
Wednesday, April 13
th
(Chapter 5). Exam #6 is Thursday, April 14
th
(Chapters 1-5 - Concrete)
5.10 -- Critical Section for Nominal Shear Strength Calculations
The critical location for shear may be taken at d away from the face of
the support provided the following conditions are met per ACI 11.1.3:
1. It is a compressive reaction (column not girder)
2. No concentrated load within d from face of support
The following sketch shows when you can and cannot go d from the
support face for the critical shear.

5.11 -- ACI Code Provisions for Shear Strength of Beams
The nominal concrete strength equations are given here again
(simplified and detailed).
62
The following categories are listed in the text for reinforcement (the
text table 5.11.1 is more detailed on pp. 160 & 161):
1.
V
V
u
c

2
none required
2.

V
V V
c
u c
2
<
minimum required (not slab, footing, joist, etc.)
3.
V V V V
c u c s
< + min
minimum required all members
4.
V V V V f b d
c s u c c w
+ < + min ' 4
calculated required
5.
V f b d V V f b d
c c w u c c w
+ < + 4 8 ' '
reduce min. spacing
6.
V f b d V
c c w u
+ < 8 '
cannot do
The maximum value for the square root of f'
c
is 100 unless the
minimum reinforcement is used. The old code is as follows (11.1.2.1):
A
f b s
f
b s
f
v
c w
y
w
y
>

_
,

'
5000
50 150
Ignore this
Also the shear strength of the concrete may be increased 10% for
concrete joist construction.
The code sections are summarized in table 5.11.1 pp. 160 & 161.
The following are actually homework problems from Spring 2004
(work these example).
Problem 5.5 case 2 - Design and detail on the beam the vertical U stirrup
(specified their size, dimension their locations, and show them on a side view
of the beam)
Case span(ft) b
w
(in.) d(in.) A
s
(in
2
) w
D
w
L
fc fy
2 26 18 29.6 6#9 1.6 2.7 4,000 60,000
63
Calculate the slab/beam weight and factored loads, assume h=32in
( )
3
2 2
18 32
0.15 / 0.600 /
144 /
bm
in in
w k ft k ft
in ft
_

,
( ) ( ) 1.2 1.6 1.2 2.200/ 1.6 2.7 / 6.96 /
u d l
w w w ft k ft k ft + +
( ) ft k ft k w w
l uL
/ 320 . 4 / 7 . 2 6 . 1 6 . 1
Calculate the maximum and minimum factored shears in the span
( )
k
ft ft L w
V
u
48 . 90
2
26 / 96 . 6
2
max

( )
k
ft ft k L w
V
l
04 . 14
8
26 / 320 . 4
8
min

Determine the equation for the shear at any point along the span
( ) x x x
L
V V
V x V 88 . 5 48 . 90
13
04 . 14 48 . 90
48 . 90
2 /
min max
max

Find the critical shear at d from the support face (9in + 29.6in = 3.2167 ft)
( ) ( ) k V 57 . 71 217 . 3 88 . 5 48 . 90 217 . 3
Determine nominal concrete shear strength
( ) ( ) k lb d b f V
w c c
55 . 50 550 , 50 6 . 29 18 4000 2 75 . 0 ' 2
k
k V
c
27 . 25
2
55 . 50
2

Since V
min
<V
c
/2 or (14.04<25.27), location to terminated minimum stirrups
must be found and no stirrups required at mid-span.
Determine maximum stirrup spacing, minimum shear reinforcing and the
nominal shear capacity with minimum reinforcing.
64
in in
in
in
d
s 8 . 14 ) 24 ,
2
6 . 29
min( ) 24 ,
2
min(
max

,
_

Use 14 in
( )
( ) Uok
psi
in in
psi
fy
s b
A
w
v
3 # 22 . 0 210 . 0
60000
14 18
50 50
min
<
( )
k lb
in
in psi in
s
d f A
V V
y v
s s
93 . 20 930 , 20
14
6 . 29 60000 22 . 0
75 . 0
2
14 , min

k k k V V V
c s n
48 . 71 55 . 50 93 . 20
min min
+ +
Since V
nmin
<V
d
or (71.48<71.57), find required shear (spacing) a critical
location
k V k V V V k V
s s c s d
02 . 21 55 . 50 57 . 71 + +
( )
s s
in ksi in
s
d f A
k V
y v
s
0 . 293 6 . 29 60 22 . 0
75 . 0 02 . 21
2

) 12 ( 94 . 13 in use in s
Capacity at 12 in spacing need only be found to check if reduced spacing is
required.
( )
k
in
in ksi in
s
d f A
V V V
y v
s c n
97 . 74
12
6 . 29 60 22 . 0
75 . 0 55 . 50 55 . 50
2
5
12 , 5 ,
+ + +
k d b f V k V
w c c n
7 . 151 ' 4 97 . 74
12 ,
+ <
Reduced spacing not required
Determine the location where 14 in. spacing and no stirrups are
adequate and then determine the final stirrup spacing
( ) ( ) in ft x x x V k V
n
8 . 38 23 . 3 88 . 5 48 . 90 48 . 71
14 14 ,

( ) ( ) in ft x x x V k
V
none
c
1 . 133 09 . 11 88 . 5 48 . 90 27 . 25
2

From 3 in from face to 38.8 in from support center use 12 in spacing

From 38.8 in to 133.1 in from support center use 14 in spacing
65
1@3,3@12,[email protected] center (o.c.) each end (EE)
(10 in space left each side of mid-span)
Problem 5.12 - The beam of the accompanying figure carries a live load
of 2.7 kips/ft in addition to the weight of the slab and beam. Design
and detail on the beam the vertical U stirrup spacing for #3 stirrups.
Use f
c
=3000 psi and f
y
=40,000 psi. Use the ACI Code simplified
procedure with constant V
c
. This example is per ACI 318-99. It has
been revised for ACI 318-02 at the end (skip to revisions).
Calculate the slab/beam weight and factored loads
( ) ( )
3
2 2
4.5 69 21 12
0.15 / 0.5859375 /
144 /
bm
in in in in
w k ft k ft
in ft
_ +

,
66
( ) ( ) w w w k ft k ft k ft
u d l
+ + 1 17 1 0 5859375 17 2 7 5 .4 . .4 . / . . / .4103125 /
( )
V
w L k ft ft
k
u
max
.410 /
.
2
5 23
2
62 22
( ) ( )
V
w L k ft ft
k
l
min
. . /
.
8
17 2 70 23
8
13 20
( ) V x V
V V
L
x x x

max
max min
/
.
. .
.
. .
2
62 22
62 22 13 20
11 5
62 22 4 263
Find the critical shear at d from the support face (6 in + 22 in = 2.333 ft)
( ) ( ) V k 2 333 62 22 4 263 2 333 52 27 . . . . .
( ) ( ) V f b d lb k
c c w
2 0 85 2 3000 12 22 24 582 24 58 ' . , .
V k
k
c
2
24 58
2
12 29
.
.
Since V
min
>V
c
/2, minimum stirrups will be required to mid-span
in in
in
in
d
s 11 ) 24 ,
2
22
min( ) 24 ,
2
min(
max

,
_

( )
( ) A
b s
fy
psi
in in
psi
Uok
v
w
min
. . # < 50 50
12 11
40000
0165 0 22 3
( )
V V
A f d
s
in psi in
in
lb k
s s
v y
min ,
.
.
.
11
2
0 85
0 22 40000 22
11
14960 14 96
67
V V V k k k
n s c min min
. . . + + 14 96 24 58 39 54
Since V
nmin
<V
d
, find required shear a critical location
V k V V V k V k
d s c s s
+ + 5 22 7 2 45 8 2 76 9 . . .
( )
V k
A f d
s
in ksi in
s s
s
v y
27 69 0 85
0 22 40 22 164 56
2
. .
. .
s in use in 5 94 5 . ( )
Use one other spacing, say 8 in, and calculate the nominal shear strength
( )
V V V
A f d
s
in ksi in
in
k
n c s
v y
, ,
. . .
.
.
8 8
8
2
24 58 24 58 0 85
0 22 40 22
8
45 15 + + +
Determine the location where 8 in. and 11 in. spacing are adequate and
then determine the final stirrup spacing
( ) ( ) V k V x x x f t i n
n8 5
4 51 5 6 22 2 4 2 6 3 4 0 0 4 4 80 4 . . . . .
( ) ( ) V k V x x x f t i n
n1 1 8
3 95 4 6 22 2 4 2 6 3 5 3 2 0 6 38 4 . . . . .
From 63.84 in from support center to mid-span use 11 in spacing
1@3,8@5,2@8,Balance(7)@11in.on center (o.c.) each end (EE)
(8 in space at mid-span)
The following is the revised solution for ACI 318-02
( ) ( )
w k ft
in in in in
in ft
k ft
bm

+
_
,
015
4 5 69 21 12
144
0 5859375
2 2
. /
.
/
. /
68
( ) ( ) ft k ft k ft k w w w
l d u
/ 023125 . 5 / 7 . 2 6 . 1 / 5859375 . 0 2 . 1 6 . 1 2 . 1 + +
( ) ft k ft k w w
l uL
/ 320 . 4 / 7 . 2 6 . 1 6 . 1
( )
k
ft ft L w
V
u
77 . 57
2
23 / 023 . 5
2
max

( )
k
ft ft k L w
V
l
42 . 12
8
23 / 320 . 4
8
min

( ) x x x
L
V V
V x V 943 . 3 77 . 57
5 . 11
42 . 12 77 . 57
77 . 57
2 /
min max
max

Find the critical shear at d from the support face (6 in + 22 in = 2.333 ft)
( ) ( ) k V 57 . 48 333 . 2 943 . 3 77 . 57 333 . 2
( ) ( ) k lb d b f V
w c c
69 . 21 690 , 21 22 12 3000 2 75 . 0 ' 2
k
k V
c
845 . 10
2
69 . 21
2

Since V
min
>V
c
/2, minimum stirrups will be required to mid-span
in in
in
in
d
s 11 ) 24 ,
2
22
min( ) 24 ,
2
min(
max

,
_

( )
( ) A
b s
fy
psi
in in
psi
Uok
v
w
min
. . # < 50 50
12 11
40000
0165 0 22 3
69
( )
k lb
in
in psi in
s
d f A
V V
y v
s s
20 . 13 13200
11
22 40000 22 . 0
75 . 0
2
11 , min

k k k V V V
c s n
89 . 34 69 . 21 20 . 13
min min
+ +
Since V
nmin
<V
d
, find required shear a critical location
k V k V V V k V
s s c s d
88 . 26 69 . 21 57 . 48 + +
( )
s s
in ksi in
s
d f A
k V
y v
s
2 . 145 22 40 22 . 0
75 . 0 88 . 26
2

) 5 ( 40 . 5 in use in s
Capacity at 5 in spacing and maximum reinforcing check as follows:
( )
k
in
in ksi in
s
d f A
V V V
y v
s c n
41 . 60
5
22 40 22 . 0
75 . 0 69 . 21 69 . 21
2
5
5 , 5 ,
+ + +
k d b f V k V
w c c n
07 . 65 ' 4 41 . 60
5 ,
+ <
Use one other spacing, say 8 in, and calculate the nominal shear strength
( )
k
in
in ksi in
s
d f A
V V V
y v
s c n
84 . 39
8
22 40 22 . 0
75 . 0 69 . 21 69 . 21
2
8
8 , 8 ,
+ + +
Determine the location where 8 in. and 11 in. spacing are adequate and
n
57 . 54 547 . 4 943 . 3 77 . 57 84 . 39
5 8

n
63 . 69 803 . 5 943 . 3 77 . 57 89 . 34
8 11

From 69.63 in from support center to mid-span use 11 in spacing
1@3,10@5,2@8,Balance(6)@11in.on center (o.c.) each end (EE)
70
(8 in space each side of mid-span)
These are new examples from Spring 2004. and use them for Homework this
Spring 2005 (skip these examples)
Problem 5.5 case 1 - Design and detail on the beam the vertical U stirrup
(specified their size, dimension their locations, and show them on a side view
of the beam)
Case span(ft) b
w
(in.) d(in.) A
s
(in
2
) w
D
w
L
fc fy
1 20 18 36.3 5#10&5#116 10 4,000 40,000
Use the ACI Code simplified procedure with constant V
c
.
Calculate the slab/beam weight and factored loads (assume h=40in)
( )
3
2 2
18 40
0.15 / 0.75 /
144 /
bm
in in
w k ft k ft
in ft
_

,
l d u
/ 1 . 24 / 10 6 . 1 / 75 . 6 2 . 1 6 . 1 2 . 1 + +
( ) ft k ft k w w
l uL
/ 16 / 10 6 . 1 6 . 1
( )
k
ft ft L w
V
u
241
2
20 / 1 . 24
2
max

( )
k
ft ft k L w
V
l
40
8
20 / 16
8
min

( ) x x x
L
V V
V x V 1 . 20 241
10
40 241
241
2 /
min max
max

Find the critical shear at d from the support face (9 in + 36.3 in = 3.775 ft)
( ) ( ) k V 1 . 165 775 . 3 1 . 20 241 775 . 3
71
( ) ( ) k lb d b f V
w c c
99 . 61 61987 3 . 36 18 4000 2 75 . 0 ' 2
k
k V
c
99 . 30
2
99 . 61
2

Since V
min
>V
c
/2, (40.00>39.99)minimum stirrups will be required to mid-
span
in in
in
in
d
s 15 . 18 ) 24 ,
2
3 . 36
min( ) 24 ,
2
min(
max

,
_

Use 18 in.
( )
( ) . . 4 # 40 . 0 405 . 0
40000
18 18
50 50
min
G UN
psi
in in
psi
fy
s b
A
w
v
>
Use #4 16in.
( )
k lb
in
in psi in
s
d f A
V V
y v
s s
225 . 27 27225
16
3 . 36 40000 4 . 0
75 . 0
2
16 , min

k k k V V V
c s n
215 . 89 225 . 27 99 . 61
min min
+ +
Since V
nmin
<V
d
, (89.215<165.1) find required shear a critical location
k V k V V V k V
s s c s d
1 . 103 99 . 61 1 . 165 + +
( )
s s
in ksi in
s
d f A
k V
y v
s
6 . 435 3 . 36 40 4 . 0
75 . 0 1 . 103
2

) 4 ( 22 . 4 in use in s
Capacity at 4 in spacing and maximum reinforcing check as follows:
k k k V V V
s c n
9 . 170 9 . 108 99 . 61
4
6 . 435
99 . 61
4 , 4 ,
+ + +
k d b f V V
w c c n
0 . 186 ' 4 9 . 170
4 ,
+ <
72
Use two other spacing, say 8 & 12in and calculate the nominal shear strength
k k k V V V
s c n
4 . 116 5 . 54 99 . 61
8
6 . 435
99 . 61
8 , 8 ,
+ + +
k k k V V V
s c n
3 . 98 3 . 36 99 . 61
12
6 . 435
99 . 61
12 , 12 ,
+ + +
Determine the location where 8, 12, & 16 in. spacing are adequate and
n
4 . 74 20 . 6 1 . 20 241 4 . 116
8 8

n
3 . 85 1 . 7 1 . 20 241 3 . 98
12 12

n
7 . 90 56 . 7 1 . 20 241 215 . 89
16 16

1@3,16@4,2@8,1@12 & [email protected] center (o.c.) each end (EE)
(last stirrup at mid-span)
Problem 5.11 - Design and detail on the beam the vertical U stirrup Use no
spacing less than 3in.
span(ft) b
w
(in.) d(in.) w
D
(k/ft) w
L
(k/ft) f
c
f
y
16 14 21.5 1.6 3.0 3,000 60,000
Use the ACI Code simplified procedure with constant V
c
.
l d u
/ 72 . 6 / 0 . 3 6 . 1 / 6 . 1 2 . 1 6 . 1 2 . 1 + +
( ) ft k ft k w w
l uL
/ 8 . 4 / 0 . 3 6 . 1 6 . 1
( )
k
ft ft L w
V
u
76 . 53
2
16 / 72 . 6
2
max

73
( )
k
ft ft k L w
V
l
6 . 9
8
16 / 8 . 4
8
min

( ) x x x
L
V V
V x V 52 . 5 76 . 53
8
6 . 9 76 . 53
76 . 53
2 /
min max
max

Find the critical shear at d from the support face (6 in + 21.5 in = 2.292 ft)
( ) ( ) k V 11 . 41 292 . 2 52 . 5 76 . 53 292 . 2
( ) ( ) k lb d b f V
w c c
73 . 24 67 . 24729 5 . 21 14 3000 2 75 . 0 ' 2
k
k V
c
36 . 12
2
73 . 24
2

Since V
min
<V
c
/2, (9.6<12.36) minimum stirrups will not be required at mid-
span
in in
in
in
d
s 75 . 10 ) 24 ,
2
5 . 21
min( ) 24 ,
2
min(
max

,
_

Use 10 in.
( )
( ) Uok
psi
in in
psi
fy
s b
A
w
v
3 # 22 . 0 1167 . 0
000 , 60
10 14
50 50
min
<
Use #3 10in.
( )
k lb
in
in psi in
s
d f A
V V
y v
s s
285 . 21 21285
10
5 . 21 000 , 60 22 . 0
75 . 0
2
10 , min

k k k V V V
c s n
015 . 46 73 . 24 285 . 21
min min
+ +
Since V
nmin
>V
d
, (46.015>41.11) will work for rest of beam.
74
Determine the location where 10 in. spacing are
n
0 . 90 5 . 7 52 . 5 76 . 53 36 . 12
10 10

1 . 8
10
81
10
) 3 6 ( 90
#
10

+
in

Use 1@3, 9@10 in spacing
5.12 -- Working Stress Method - ACI Code, Appendix A
The (detailed method of the old ACI Appendix A A.7.4.4) shear
strength of concrete beams without shear reinforcing is as follows
(SKIP THIS):
v f
Vd
M
f
c c w c
+ ' . ' 1300 1 9
The quantity Vd/M<1.0 in the above equation.
The (simplified method of the old ACI Appendix A A7.4.1) shear
strength of concrete beams without shear reinforcing is as follows:
v f
c c
1 1 . '
These are compare to the actual shear stress as follows:
v
V V
b d
v
c
D L
w
c
The area of shear reinforcement is as follows per (A7.5.6.2):

s
w c
v
f
s b v v
A
) (
With the maximum spacing the same as strength design (d/2,24) per
ACI A7.5.4.1 as is the minimum shear reinforcing per ACI A7.5.3.3
and the max spacing shall be cut in half when:
75
v v f
c c
2 '
In addition the maximum shear stress is such that (ACI A7.5.6.8):
v v f
c c
4 4 . '
5.13 -- Shear Strength of Beams - Design Examples
Cover these in class with special note on the factored shear at mid-span
of a simple beam and shear at d from the face of the support or
anywhere. Also note the drawing of capacity and shear diagrams.
Problem 5.14 For a rectangular beam of 14in. width and effective
depth 22.5 in. with f
c
=4000 psi and f
y
=60,000 psi, determine the
maximum factored shear V
u
for this beam for the following conditions.
This example is per ACI 318-99. It has been revised for ACI 318-02
at the end (skip to revisions).
(a) When no stirrups are used.
(b) When minimum percentage of shear reinforcement (#3 U stirrups) is
used according to ACI-11.5.5.3; specify the spacing to be used.
(c) When maximum percentage of stirrups is used (#4 U stirrups); specify
the spacing to be used.
( ) ( ) k lb in in psi d b f V
w c c
87 . 33 870 , 33 5 . 22 14 4000 2 85 . 0 ' 2
No stirrups are required if V
u
<V
c
/2
k
k V
c
93 . 16
2
87 . 33
2

(a) V
u
=16.9 kips with no stirrups
Determine maximum stirrup spacing and minimum shear reinforcing per ACI
11.5.5.3.
76
in in
in
in
d
s
mas
25 . 11 ) 24 ,
2
5 . 22
min( ) 24 ,
2
min(
,
_

Check 11 in. #3 U stirrup spacing
( )
( ) Uok
psi
in in
psi
fy
s b
A
w
v
3 # 22 . 0 128 . 0
60000
11 14
50 50
min
<
Calculate nominal shear strength for #3 U stirrups at 11 in. o.c.
( )
k lb
in
in psi in
s
d f A
V V
y v
s s
95 . 22 950 , 22
11
5 . 22 60000 22 . 0
85 . 0
2
11 , min

V V V k k k
n s c min min
. . . + + 14 96 24 58 39 54
k k k V V V V
c s n u
82 . 56 87 . 33 95 . 29 + +
(b) V
u
=56.8 kips with #3 U stirrups at 11 in. o.c.
Determine maximum shear reinforcing per ACI 11.5.6.8.
( ) k lbs in in d b f V
w c smas
4 . 159 400 , 159 5 . 22 14 4000 8 ' 8
Determine #4 U stirrup spacing
( )
( ) ( )
s
kin
s
in psi in
s
d f A
k V
y v
s
540 85 . 0 5 . 22 60000 40 . 0
85 . 0 4 . 159 85 . 0
2
max

in
k
kin
s 388 . 3
4 . 159
540

( )
k lb
in
in psi in
s
d f A
V
y v
s
75 . 114 750 , 114
4
5 . 22 60000 40 . 0
85 . 0
2
4 ,

k k k V V V
c s n
62 . 148 87 . 33 75 . 114
4 ,
+ +
(c) V
u
=149 kips with #4 U stirrups at 4 in. o.c.
77
The following is the revised solution for ACI 318-02.
( ) ( ) k lb in in psi d b f V
w c c
88 . 29 880 , 29 5 . 22 14 4000 2 75 . 0 ' 2
No stirrups are required if V
u
<V
c
/2
k
k V
c
94 . 14
2
88 . 29
2

(a) V
u
=14.9 kips with no stirrups
Determine maximum stirrup spacing and minimum shear reinforcing per ACI
11.5.4.1 & 11.5.5.3.
) 11 ( 25 . 11 ) 24 ,
2
5 . 22
min( ) 24 ,
2
min(
max
in use in in
in
in
d
s
,
_

Check 11 in. #3 U stirrup spacing (since f
c
<4444psi use limit)
( )
( ) Uok
psi
in in
psi
fy
s b
A
w
v
3 # 22 . 0 128 . 0
60000
11 14
50 50
min
<
( )
k lb
in
in psi in
s
d f A
V V
y v
s s
25 . 20 250 , 20
11
5 . 22 60000 22 . 0
75 . 0
2
11 , min

k k k V V V
c s n
13 . 50 88 . 29 25 . 20
min min
+ +
(b) V
u
=50.1 kips with #3 U stirrups at 11 in. o.c.
Determine maximum shear reinforcing per ACI 11.5.6.9.
( ) k lbs in in d b f V
w c smas
4 . 159 400 , 159 5 . 22 14 4000 8 ' 8
Determine #4 U stirrup spacing
78
( )
( ) ( )
s
kin
s
in psi in
s
d f A
k V
y v
s
540 75 . 0 5 . 22 60000 40 . 0
75 . 0 4 . 159 75 . 0
2
max

) 4 ( 388 . 3
4 . 159
540
in use in
k
kin
s
( )
k lb
in
in psi in
s
d f A
V
y v
s
25 . 101 250 , 101
4
5 . 22 60000 40 . 0
75 . 0
2
4 ,

k k k V V V
c s n
13 . 131 88 . 29 25 . 101
4 ,
+ +
(c) V
u
=131 kips with #4 U stirrups at 4 in. o.c.
5.14 -- Shear Strength of Members Under Combined Bending and Axial
Load
Axial compression increases shear strength, while axial tension reduces
it (why is that?). The following graph shows the strength in shear
verses the axial compression.
79
without shear reinforcing and subjected to axial compression may be as
follows:
V f
V d
M
b d f b d
N
A
c c
w u
u
w c w
u
g
+
_
,
+ 19 2500 35 1
500
. ' . '
This is the same equation except that for M

u
we use M
m
(if M
m
<0
then just use the limiting value)as follows:
M M N
h d
m u u

_
,
4
8
The quantity V
u
d/M
u
<1.0 is not valid for this equation.
The (simplified method ACI 11.3.1.2 shear strength of concrete beams
without shear reinforcing and subjected to axial compression is as
follows:
V
N
A
f b d
c
u
g
c w
+
_
,
2 1
2000
'
without shear reinforcing and subjected to axial tension is as follows:
V
N
A
f b d
c
u
g
c w
+
_
,
2 1
500
'
In this same N
u
is negative 11.3.1.3 (why is this?).
The (simplified method ACI 11.3.1.3 shear strength of concrete beams
without shear reinforcing and subjected to axial tension is as follows:
ZERO
Figure 5.14.2 pp. 177 shows the effect on the shear strength of concrete
subjected to axial compression and tension.
80
The code sections are summarized in table 5.14.1 pp. 178.
81
Tuesday, April 12
th
Chapter 6 -- Development of Reinforcement
6.1 -- General
The development length is roughly proportional to the bar diameter. In
smaller bars failure is primarily due to pullout (smaller lugs), while in
larger bars failure is primarily due to splitting of the surrounding
concrete (larger lugs). Splitting depends on the ability of the concrete
to resist tension with favorable conditions of increased concrete cover,
larger spacing between bars, and confinement by ties or stirrups.
6.2 -- Development Length
The derivation of development length must include failures due to
pullout (friction on the surface area) and splitting (bearing per unit
length).
6.3 -- Flexural Bond
As bending moment varies along the span the tensile force in the steel
also varies; this induces a longitudinal interaction between the steel and
the surrounding concrete known as flexural bond (normally not
significant).
6.4 -- Failure Modes
Deformed bars were created to change the behavior pattern so that there
would be less reliance on friction or adhesion and more reliance on the
bearing of the lugs against the concrete. The figure below illustrates
the bearing and splitting forces on the concrete (show this).
82
The following figure shows the various types of splitting failures to the
closest face of the concrete or other bars. Close spacing and side cover
cause horizontal splitting, while close bottom or top cover would cause
V-notch splitting.
This final figure shows the splitting influence area surrounding typical
bars.
6.5 -- Reasons for Not Using Localized Surface Stress in Strength Design
Many situations occur where the localized resistance (flexural bond)
does not provided adequate safety against splitting (Ignored anyway).
83
6.6 -- Moment Capacity Diagram - Bar Bends and Cutoffs
The moment capacity diagram (like shear) must fall outside the actual
factored moment diagram). The bars develop their capacity over some
length L
d
, in addition other criteria need to be considered. Capacity
must be provided a distance d or 12d
b
beyond cutoff locations per ACI
12.10.3 (except at ends of simple spans and cantilevers). Cutoffs in a
tension zone per ACI 12.10.5 require other considerations (covered
later). The following figure shows a moment capacity bound with d or
12d
b
and M
n
=A
s
f
y
(d-a/2).
84
6.7 -- Development Length for Tension Reinforcement - ACI Code
6.8 Modifications , , and to the Bar Development Length Equations
of ACI-12.2.2
The general outline of the procedure for determining development
length is as follows (major changes to the 1995 Code):
Compute development length L
d
per ACI 12.2.2 OR 12.2.3 but not less
than 12 as follows and in REINFORCEMENT 17.1.1 & 17.1.2 (NEW
use A
TR
not size).
Draw a section showing s
c
and c
c
.
ACI 12.2.2 No. 6 and smaller bars
and deformed wires
No. 7 and larger bars
Clear spacing of bars
being developed or
spliced not less than
d
b
, clear cover not less
than d
b
, and stirrups or
ties throughout l
d
not
less than the code
minimum
or
Clear spacing of bars
being developed or
spliced not less than
2d
b
and clear cover
not less than d
b
b
c
y
d
d
f
f
l
' 25
Remember
ACI-11.5.5
s
max
=min(d/2,24)
A
vmin
=50b
w
s/f
y
Also for columns
ACI-7.10.5
s
max
=min(h,16d
b
l,48d
bt
)
b
c
y
d
d
f
f
l
' 20
Other cases
b
c
y
d
d
f
f
l
' 50
3
b
c
y
d
d
f
f
l
' 40
3
ACI-12.2.4 gives the following factors:

= reinforcement location factor
1.3 for top bars (12 of concrete below a horizontal bar)
85
1.0 for all others
= coating factor
1.5 for epoxy-coated bars (clear cover < 3d
b
and clear spacing < 6d
b
)
1.2 all other epoxy-coated bars
1.0 for all others
x need not exceed 1.7
= reinforcement size factor
0.8 for No. 6 and smaller bars or deformed wires
1.0 for all others
= lightweight aggregate factor
1.3 for lightweight aggregate used and f
ct
not specified
1.0 for normal weight
or as follows if f
ct
is specified, but not less than 1.0:
6 7 .
' f
f
c
ct
ACI 12.2.3 is the following equation:
b
b
tr
c
y
d
d
d
K c
f
f
l
,
_
' 40
3
in which per ACI-12.2.4
c K
d
tr
b
+
_
,
2 5 .
with
c = the smaller or 1/2 the center-to-center spacing or center to nearest
concrete surface of the bars being developed (draw this).
and
86

K
A f
sn
tr
tr yt
1500
in which
A
tr
= total cross-sectional area of all transverse reinforcement which is within
the spacing s and which crosses the potential plane of splitting through
the reinforcement being developed
f
yt
= specific yield strength of transverse reinforcement
s = maximum spacing of transverse reinforcement within l
d
n = number of bars or wires being developed along the plane of splitting
The length may be reduced for excess reinforcement per ACI 12.2.5
(multiply by A
sredd
/A
sprovd
).
Useful tables include REINFORCEMENT 17.1 & 17.2 or tables 6.7.1
& 6.7.2 pp. 233 & 234.
In addition ACI 12.10.3 specifies that reinforcement extend 12d
b
or d
beyond where it is no longer required (except at the ends of cantilevers
and simple spans).
87
Wednesday, April 14
th

Homework #29 is due Monday, April 18
th
(Chapter 6).
Problem # OH 6 Draw the moment capacity bound for the exterior
span of the continuous frame shown using the requirements of (a) ACI-
12.2.2 and (b) ACI-12.2.3. This is in accordance with ACI 318-99.
The revised solution for ACI 318-02 will follow this example.
Check requirements of ACI-12.2.2 CASE 1 (ignoring stirrups)
Clear cover for all bars is 2in
c
c
>d
b
c
c
= 2.000 > d
b
= 1.000 (#8)
1.128 (#9)
1.410 (#11)
Clear spacing for each bar group as follows (4-#8):
[ ] [ ] (4-#8) 000 . 2
1 4
1
) 000 . 1 ( 4 ) 2 ( 2 14
1
1
2 in
n
d n c b s
bars
b bars c w c

s
c
>2d
b
s
c
= 2.000 > 2d
b
= 2.000 (4-#8)
88
8.000 > 2.000 (2-#8)
7.744 > 2.256 (2-#9)
1.829 > 2.256 (4-#9)
> 1.128 =d
b
Stirrups?
7.180 > 2.820 (2-#11)
1.453 > 2.820 (4-#11)
> 1.410 =d
b
Stirrups?
Check requirements of ACI-12.2.2 CASE 1 (including stirrups)
Minimum stirrup requirements per ACI-11.5.5 & 11.5.5.3
s
max
=min(d/2,24)=min(27.5/2,24)=min(13.75,24)=13.75 in. (12 in.
used)
A
vmin
=50b
w
s/f
y
=50(14)12/40000=0.21>0.40 (#4U)
4-#11 have #4U at 12in and s
c
=1.453>d
b
=1.410 CASE 1
4-#9 may have #4U at 24in if l
d
>7-0 (Take a chance use) CASE 1
Development lengths per ACI12.2.2 CASE 1 (=1.0)
b b b
c
y
d
c
y
b
d
d d
psi
psi
d
f
f
l
f
f
d
l

434 . 47
4000 20
60000
' 20 ' 25

For (#8) l
d
=47.43 (#9) l
d
=53.51 (#11)l
d
=66.88
Bot bars (#9) l
d
=53.51
Top bars (#8) l
d
=61.66 =1.3 (#11)l
d
=86.95
Since l
d
for the #9s is less than 7-0, they are CASE 1
Only the #11 top bars will not develop over 7-0 (84)
Have not done 90
o
hook yet but for #8 l
dh
=19.0 with a 16d
b
tail (16in).
This is 19.0/47.43 (40%) of the #8 capacity (tail has 60%)
89
Calculate the nominal moment capacities of the various bar groups
) 5882 . 0 (
'
c w
y s
y s n
f b
f A
d f A M
Bars 2-#8 4-#8 2-#9 4-#9 2-#11 4-#11
M
n
188 363 236 450 358 662
Draw moment capacity bound shown below.
For top 4-#11
( ) 652
95 . 86
84
358 662 358
n
M
For top 2#11 first left side
346 358
95 . 86
84

n
M
For top 2#11 last left side
( ) 368
95 . 86
84 95 . 86
358 662 358
+
n
M
90
Thursday, April 14
th

Exam # 6 Chapters 1 5 - Concrete
91
Friday, April 15
th

Homework #29 is due Monday, April 18
th
(Chapter 6). Homework #30
is due Wednesday, April 20
th
(Chapter 7).
6.9 -- Development Length for Compression Reinforcement
The basic development for reinforcement in compression is as follows
(12.3.2) or REINFORCEMENT 17.4:
L d
f
f
d f
db b
y
c
b y
0 02 0 0003 .
'
.
The basic development length in compression can be reduced for
enclosure by ties and excess reinforcement by the multipliers as
follows:
1. Spiral ties at least 1/4 inch in diameter with not more than a 4 inches
pitch or # 4 ties at not more than 4 inches multiply by 0.75 per ACI
12.3.3.2 .
2. Excess reinforcement multiply by the following per ACI 12.3.3.1:
a.
requiredA
providedA
s
s
1 0 .
The modified development length cannot exceed 8 inches per ACI
12.3.1.
6.10 -- Development Length for Bundled Bars
Bundled bar require that the development length be increase 20 % for
three-bar bundles and 33 % for four-bar bundles. For determination of
all the needed modification factors the bundles should be treated as a
single bar a diameter equal derived from the equivalent area (12.4.2).
92
6.11 -- Development Length for Tension Bars Terminated in a Standard
Hook
Standard hooks are defined in ACI 7.1 and 7.2. The hook reduces the
longitudinal length to develop the bar force as shown below.
The basic development length for 60000 psi steel per ACI 12.5.2 is as
follows (Table 6.11.2 pp. 243 for 60000 psi) or REINFORCEMENT
18.1 (coming soon):
b
c
y
dh
d
f
f
L
'
02 . 0

= 1.2 for coating factor

= 1.3 for lightweight aggregate factor
The following modifications can or must be done to the development
length of a hook:
1. 180
o
hook on #11 bars or smaller with side cover>=2.5d
b
and
additional for 90
o
hook 2 inches of cover beyond hook extension
multiply by 0.7 per ACI 12.5.3.2.
93
2. # 11 bars or smaller with enclosed in ties or stirrups spaced along the
length at not more than 3d
b
of the bar multiply by 0.8 per ACI 12.5.3.3.
Either the bar or the tail of a 90
O
hook as shown below.
3. # 11 bars or smaller with enclosed in ties or stirrups spaced along the
length at not more than 3d
b
of the bar multiply by 0.8 per ACI 12.5.3.3.
Along the bar of a 180
O
hook.
4. Excess reinforcement multiply by the following per ACI 12.5.3.4:
a.
requiredA
providedA
s
s
1 0 .
The final development length of the hook shall not be less than 8d
b
or
6 inches per ACI 12.5.1
6.12 -- Bar Cutoffs in Negative Moment Region of Continuous Beams
An additional requirement apply whenever reinforcement is terminated
in negative moment regions of a continuous beam as follows:
1. At least one-third of the total area of reinforcement required at the
support must be developed beyond the inflection point by a minimum
length as follows per ACI 12.12.3.
a. d
b. 12d
b
c. 1/16 of the clear span length
94
in the tension zone of a member per ACI 12.10.5 with one of the
following satisfied (this applies to any type of member).
1. Factored shear must not exceed two-thirds of the nominal shear
strength.
V V
u n
2
3
2. Excess stirrup area is provided to give the following strength in excess

of what is required:
( ) V psi b d
s w
60
s
d
b
b
scut
sleft
A
A
3. For #11 bars or smaller the following two conditions could be satisfied:
V V
u n
3
4

2 M M
u n

If these cannot be satisfied the reinforcement should be terminated in or
bent up into the compression zone.
6.13 -- Bar Cutoffs in Positive Moment Region of Continuous Beams
in positive moment regions of a continuous beam as follows:
1. At least one-fourth (one-third for simple spans) of the total area of
reinforcement required must embedded at least 6 inches into the
support per ACI 12.11.1 (If part of a lateral system it must be
developed per ACI 12.11.2).
95
The same additional requirement applies to reinforcement terminated in
the tension zone of a member per ACI 12.10.5 as previously described.
If these cannot be satisfied the reinforcement should be terminated in or
bent up into the compression zone.
6.14 -- Bar Cutoffs in Uniformly Loaded Cantilever Beams (SKIP)
This is a very nice example and outline of what has been previously
presented.
6.15 -- Development of Reinforcement at Simple Supports and at Points of
Inflection
The additional requirement of ACI 12.11.3 is as follows for simple
supports (shear value at support and L
a
is beyond centerline of
support):
L L
M
V
d a
n
u
+1 3 .
This also applies to point of inflection (shear value at inflection and L
a
is beyond inflection).
6.16 -- Development of Shear Reinforcement
All shear reinforcement should be terminated as close as possible to the
compression and tension faces of the member by a standard hook per
ACI 12.13 or lapped 1.3L
d
(More to it, but this is the important stuff).
6.17 -- Tension Lap Splices
The tension lap splice length as defined in ACI 12.15.1 is either a Class
A or B with factors of 1.0 or 1.3 to L
d
or 12 inches minimum as
follows:
1. Class B when more than 50 % is needed and more than 50 % is spliced
96
6.18 -- Welded Tension Splices and Mechanical Connections
Bars larger than #11 may not be lapped spliced (14 or 18 can be spliced
to 11), but must be welded or mechanically spliced per ACI 12.14.2.1.
In addition, tension tie members must not be lapped spliced. A tension
tie member is has large tension forces that cause the entire cross section
to be in tension and have high tension stresses in the reinforcement.
6.19 -- Compression Lap Splices
The basic compression lap splice length per ACI 12.16.2 is as follows,
but not less than 12 inches (Table 6.19.1 pp. 264)
1. Lap=0.0005f
y
d
b
for f
y
<= 60000psi
2. Lap=(0.0009f
y
-24)d
b
for f
y
> 60000psi
In addition, if the compressive strength of the concrete is less than 3000
psi the length must be increased by one-third.
Decreases in the lap length are permitted for confinement per ACI
12.17.2.4 or 12.17.2.5 (closed ties).
6.20 -- Compression End Bearing Connections, Welded Splices, and
Mechanical Connections
Compression end bearing is allowed per ACI 12.16.4.
6.21 -- Splices for Members under Compression and Bending
This will be presented later in columns but the basic criteria is if it
looks like compression and it talks like compression and it walks like
compression, its compression or if it looks like tension and it talks like
tension and it walks like tension, its tension (it could be both).
6.22 -- Design Examples
Study these mainly for procedure to follow.
97
BEAM ANALYSIS SUMMARY - FLEXURE AND SHEAR (OLD SKIP)
I. Factored Loads
a. w
u
= 1.4xw
d
+ 1.7xw
l
b. w
ul
= 1.7xw
l
II. Factored Shear, V
u
A. Maximum, V
max
= w
u
xL/2
B. Minimum, V
min
= w
ul
xL/8
C. Equation, V
X
= V
max
- [(V
max
- V
min
)/(L/2)]xX
D. Critical, V
d
, distance d from support face
E. Plot curve with all values and locations
III. Factored Moment, M
u
A. Maximum, M
max
= w
u
xL
2
/8
B. Equation, M
X
= (w
u
xX/2)x(L - X/2)
C. Plot curve with all values and locations
IV. Nominal Shear Strength, V
n
,
= 0.85
A. Concrete, V
c
1. Minimum, V
c
/2
B. Reinforcing, V
s
1. Maximum spacing, s
max
= min(d/2 , 24'')
2. Minimum area A
v
= 50 b
w
s/f
y
3. Capacities, V
smin
= A
v
f
y
d/s
C. Combined, V
n
= V
c
+ V
s
D. Plot curve with all values and locations
E. Check values and locations vs. Factored Shear
1. Use equation for exact locations
F. Determine adequacy
V. Nominal Flexural Strength, M
n
,
= 0.9
A. Development length, L
d
1. L
d
per 12.2.2 or 12.2.3
B. Capacity, M
n
1. Flexure formula or tables
a. Check minimum
b. Check maximum
98
c. Check preferred
2. Note is bars are fully developed
a. Find percent developed if needed
D. Check values and locations vs. Factored Moment
E. Determine adequacy
VI. Answers
A. Plots should clearly shown results
1. Studio quality
2. Values and locations
B. Note other problems in solution
BEAM ANALYSIS SUMMARY - FLEXURE AND SHEAR (NEW)
I. Factored Loads
a. w
u
= 1.2xw
d
+ 1.6xw
l
b. w
ul
= 1.6xw
l
II. Factored Shear, V
u
A. Maximum, V
max
= w
u
xL/2
B. Minimum, V
min
= w
ul
xL/8
C. Equation, V
X
= V
max
- [(V
max
- V
min
)/(L/2)]xX
D. Critical, V
d
, distance d from support face
E. Plot curve with all values and locations
III. Factored Moment, M
u
A. Maximum, M
max
= w
u
xL
2
/8
B. Equation, M
X
= (w
u
xX/2)x(L - X/2)
IV. Nominal Shear Strength, V
n
,
= 0.75
A. Concrete, V
c
1. Minimum, V
c
/2
B. Reinforcing, V
s
1. Maximum spacing, s
max
= min(d/2 , 24'')
2. Minimum area A
v
= 50 b
w
s/f
y
99
3. Capacities, V
smin
= A
v
f
y
d/s
C. Combined, V
n
= V
c
+ V
s
D. Plot curve with all values and locations
E. Check values and locations vs. Factored Shear
F. Determine adequacy
V. Nominal Flexural Strength, M
n
,
= 0.9 (TC) to 0.65 (CC)
A. Development length, L
d
1. L
d
per 12.2.2 or 12.2.3
B. Capacity, M
n
1. Flexure formula or tables
a. Check minimum
b. Check maximum
c. Check preferred
2. Note is bars are fully developed
a. Find percent developed if needed
D. Check values and locations vs. Factored Moment
E. Determine adequacy
VI. Answers
A. Plots should clearly shown results
1. Studio quality
2. Values and locations
B. Note other problems in solution
100
Monday, April 18
th

Homework # 29 is due Today (Chapter 6). Homework # 30 is due
Wednesday, April 20
th
(Chapter 7). Homework # 31 is due Friday,
April 22
nd
(Chapter 8).
Chapter 7 -- Continuity in Building Frames of Reinforced Concrete
7.1 -- Common Building Frames
Reinforced concrete building construction commonly has floor slabs,
beams, girder, and columns continuously placed to form a monolithic
system. Figure 7.1.1 pp. 292 show these as follows (show floor system
and section):
1. Nine slab spans continuous over ten supporting beams (section A-A).
2. Three beams spans continuous over four supporting girders or
monolithic with four supporting columns (difference in end restraint).
3. Three girder spans monolithic with four supporting columns (not
uniformly loaded).
7.2 -- Positions of Live for Moment Envelope
The influence of load on the maximum and minimum (positive and
negative) bending moments must be included in any analysis of a
continuous system (Figure 7.2.1(b) & (c)) as follows:
1. For maximum positive moment within a span, load that span and all
other alternates spans (primary load case since moments are same sign
as dead load for positive moment).
2. For maximum negative moment within a span, load the two spans
adjacent to that span and all other alternates spans (complement to case
1 and is the secondary load case for negative moment).
3. For maximum negative moment at a support, load the two spans
adjacent to that support and all other alternates spans (primary load
case since moments are same sign as dead load for negative moment).
101
4. For maximum positive moment at a support, load the two spans beyond
each of the two spans adjacent to that support and all other alternates
spans (complement to case 3 and is the secondary load case for positive
moment).
ACI 8.9 requires only the primary cases to be considered. Primary
load cases must always be considered and secondary load cases need to
be considered in the following cases:
1. High live to dead load ratios in which the live load moments exceed the
dead load moments causing stress reversals.
2. Whenever lateral loading is considered and may cause stress reversals.
3. Long spans where partial span loading should be considered to produce
the true moment envelope.
7.3 -- Method of Analysis
Even though factored loads per ACI 9.2 are used in analysis for
ultimate failure, elastic methods of analysis are permitted by the code
in ACI 8.3 (stated in next section). Many types of elastic analysis exist
including the following:
1. Matrix methods based on member stiffness of the entire structure
(Analysis II).
2. Moment distribution based on a slope deflection equations for a portion
or the entire structure (Analysis I).
3. Approximate method, such as the ACI moment coefficients, used in
normal construction.
In any analysis method the principles and laws of Statics must be met,
that is, the sum of the moments on any particular span must be the same
as the statical sum for a simple span (the height of the moment
diagrams are the same):
102
( ) M M M M
S O L R
+
1
2
This can be seen in Figure 7.3.3 pp. 301, which is the result of moment
distribution on three of equal six continuous spans.
7.4 -- ACI Moment Coefficients
ACI 8.3 specifies the following methods of analysis and consideration:
1. The theory of elastic analysis is to be used in analyzing frames or
continuous construction (ACI 8.3.1).
2. Except for prestressed concrete, approximate methods of frame analysis
are permitted for buildings of usual types of construction, spans, and
story heights (ACI 8.3.2).
3. In lieu of frame analysis, the following approximate moments and
shears are permitted for design of continuous beams and one-way slabs
provided:
a. There are two or more spans,
b. Spans are approximately equal, with the larger of two adjacent
spans not greater than the shorter by more than 20 percent,
c. Loads are uniformly distributed,
d. Unit live load does not exceed three times unit dead load, and
e. Members are prismatic.
Positive moment
End spans
Discontinuous end unrestrained w
u
l
n
2
/11
103
Discontinuous end integral with support w
u
l
n
2
/14
Interior spans w
u
l
n
2
/16
Negative moment at exterior face of first interior support
Two spans w
u
l
n
2
/9
More than two spans w
u
l
n
2
/10
Negative moment at other faces of interior supports w
u
l
n
2
/11
Negative moments at face of all supports for:
Slabs with spans not exceeding 10 ft; Beams where ratio of sum of
column stiffness to beam stiffness exceed eight at each end of the span
w
u
l
n
2
/12
Negative moment at interior face of exterior support for members built
integrally with supports
Where support is a spandrel beam w
u
l
n
2
/24
Where support is a column w
u
l
n
2
/16
Shear in end members at face of first interior support 1.15w
u
l
n
/2
Shear at face of all other supports w
u
l
n
/2
The clear span, l
n
, is defined as the clear span of that span for positive
moment in the span or shear, and the average clear span of the two
adjacent spans for negative moment at a support.
104
7.5 -- ACI Moment Diagrams
Figures 7.5.1 through 7.5.4 pp. 305 - 308 show the moment diagrams
and corresponding shear diagrams for the ACI moment coefficient
derived from static equilibrium, derive part of 7.5.3 (a&b) & 7.5.4
(a&b) shown below.
We will derive the maximum positive moment case for and exterior
span. Assume that the moment at the exterior support and the
maximum positive moment occurs under full load (live and dead),
because they do.
Remember from statics that the change in moment is equal to the shear
and the slope of the shear is equal to the load, then the following
relationship can be written to locate the location of maximum positive
moment (zero shear).
105
( )
n u
n u n u
L x x w x Vdx
L w L w
M 5175 . 0
2
1
14 16
2 2
+
Similarly the location of zero moment (inflection point) can be found

from the maximum positive moment location.
( )
n u
n u
L x x w x Vdx
L w
M 3780 . 0
2
1
14
0 0
2

The reaction at the left (V

L
) can be found since the change in shear is equal
to the area under the load.
( )
n u L n u u L
L w V L w x w wdx V V 5175 . 0 5175 . 0 0
Now we can use the two equations of statics to find the other shear (V
R
)
and moment (M
R
).
n u R n u R L y
L w V L w V V F 4825 . 0 0 +
2
2
0450 . 0
2
0
n u R L R
n u
n R L
L w M M M
L w
L V M +
The following diagram show the moment diagrams for an exterior and
interior span for the maximum in the positive and negative zone.
106
If we look at just the exterior span for both cases as follows.
107
Now combine the two diagrams to produce maximum effects as
follows.
108
Finally ignore the values that dont control as follows.
This can be done for any span and for any shear diagram as well.
109
7.6 -- Shear Envelope for Design
When the ACI moment coefficients are used, it is generally assumed
that the shear diagrams just discussed are used. One could just used the
ACI shear coefficients along with the load on the span (will not always
check statically).
Problem # OH 7 Draw the ACI moment coefficient diagrams for the
exterior and interior spans of the continuous frame shown using the
w
d
=1.0 k/ft & w
l
=1.2 k/ft.
ft k ft k ft k w w w
l d u
/ 12 . 3 ) / 2 . 1 ( 6 . 1 ) / 0 . 1 ( 2 . 1 6 . 1 2 . 1 + +
ft ft ft c L L
n
5 . 40 5 . 1 0 . 42
Statical Moment (not really necessary)
ft k
L w
M
n u
o
7 . 639
8
2
ft k
L w
M
u
0 . 688
8
2
Moments in exterior span (-Left, +Middle & -Right)
ft k
L w
n u
8 . 319
16
2
ft k
L w
n u
5 . 365
14
2
ft k
L w
n u
8 . 511
10
2
Moments in interior span (-Left, +Middle & -Right)
ft k
L w
n u
2 . 465
11
2
ft k
L w
n u
8 . 319
16
2
ft k
L w
n u
2 . 465
11
2
Location of maximum and minimum values is shown below, with the
locations calculations in the drawing.
110
Note: that for a complete analysis to be used in design, the shear
envelopes should be drawn as well.
111
Tuesday, April 19
th

Chapter 8 -- Design of One-Way Slabs
8.1 -- Definition
A slab that is twice as long as it is wide is normally considered a one-
way slab (two-way slabs are discussed in Chapter 16). A one-way slab
will span in the shorter direction and transmit load to supports at each
end of the shorter span.
8.2 -- Design Methods
Normally one-way slab design will fall under the conditions for use of
the ACI moment Coefficients (ACI 8.8.3).
8.3 -- Thickness of Slab
A one-way slab is normally designed using a imaginary strip 12 in.
wide. The thickness of the slab (also beams) depends on the deflection,
bending, and shear requirements. ACI Table 9.5(a) governs the
minimum thickness for slab (and beams) supporting construction not
likely to be damaged by larger deflection as follows:
Solid one-way slabs Beams or ribbed one-way slabs
Simply supported l/20 l/16
One end continuous l/24 l/18.5
Both ends continuous l/28 l/21
Cantilever l/10 l/8
The span length, l, as defined in ACI 8.7 is as follows:
1. Span lengths of members not built integrally with support shall be
considered the clear span plus the depth of the member but need not
exceed the distance between center of supports (ACI 8.7.1).
2. In analysis of frames or continuous construction for determination of
moments, span length shall be taken as the distance center-to-center of
supports (ACI 8.7.2).
112
3. For beams built integrally with supports, design on the basis of
moments at faces of support is permitted (ACI 8.7.3).
4. Solid or ribbed slabs built integrally with supports, with clear spans not
more than 10 ft. are permitted to be analyzed as continuous slabs on
knife edge supports with spans equal to the clear span of the slab and
width of beams otherwise neglected (ACI 8.7.4).
If the slab (or beam) supports construction likely to be damaged by
larger deflection, then the deflection requirements of Table 9.5(b) must
be met as follows:
Roofs and damage unlikely live l/180
Floors and damage unlikely live l/360
Roof or floors and damage likely live + long time l/480
Roof or floors and damage not likely live + long time l/240
It could be noted that the requirements for supporting construction
likely to be damaged by larger deflection are about twice as stringent as
those that do not. The use of Table 9.5(a) could then be used with an
equivalent height equal to one the provides twice the stiffness.
h h 2
3 3
The flexural strength can be used as a design criteria by using a desired
reinforcement ratio to determine a thickness. Normally shear will not
control the design and need only be checked.
Example 8.3.1 pp. 315 - 317 shows the three basic criteria (deflection,
flexure, and shear) in design of one-way slabs.
8.4 -- Choice of Reinforcement
Reinforcement in one-way slabs may be placed in configuration similar
to Figure 8.4.1 pp. 317 (straight and truss bars), but normally only
straight bars are used and proper development lengths and embedment
checked.
113
Some other limitations that affect the choice or reinforcing are as
follows:
1. Minimum amount shall not be less than shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement (ACI 7.12).
2. The principal reinforcement shall not be spaced at more than 3 times
the slab thickness nor 18 in. (ACI 7.6.5).
Example 8.4.1 pp. 318 - 321 shows the total design process including
development lengths, but straight bars probably should be used.
8.5 -- Continuity Analysis
When the conditions to use the ACI moment coefficient are not met, an
elastic analysis is required. Example 8.5.1 show a continuity analysis
on the previous example and compares the results.
8.6 -- Shrinkage and Temperature
ACI 7.12.1 requires that temperature and shrinkage reinforcement be
used normal to flexure reinforcement (flexure must also meet this), and
ACI 7.12.2.1 give the following areas or required reinforcement based
on the gross concrete area (bh not bd), but not less than 0.0014:
1. Grade 40 or 50 0.0020
2. Grade 60 0.0018
3. Greater than grade 60 0.0018*60000/f
y
ACI 7.12.2.2 states that this reinforcement shall be spaced at not more
than 5 times the slab thickness nor 18 in.
8.7 -- Bar Details
Figure 8.7.1 show typical one-way slab detail that are consistent with
the ACI moment coefficients complements of the ACI Detailing
Manual.
114
Problem 8.1 Design for a warehouse a continuous one-way slab
supported on beams 12 ft on centers as shown in the figure for Prob.
8.1. Assume that the beam stems are 12 in. wide. The dead load is 25
psf in addition to the slab weight, and the live load is 200 psf. Assume
the reinforcement limits of ACI-10.3.3 apply. Use f
c
=3000 psi,
f
y
=40,000 and the strength method. Use ACI coefficients if permissible
and use only straight reinforcing bars.
Determine the slab thickness required per ACI Table 9.5(a).
h=L/24=(12ft*12in/ft)/24=6.00in.
Since f
y
<60,000 psi multiply h by (0.04+f
y
/100,000)
H=6.00in*(0.04+40,000/100,000)=6.00in(0.8)=4.80in
Rounding up to the nearest in, h=5in.
Since the minimum clear cover for slabs is in., use d=h-1.25in.-
3.75in. (this will worth all the way up to a #8 bar).
Next the factored load (including slab weight) and clear span can be
found.
( )
psf psf pcf
ft in
ft in
psf w w w
l d u
0 . 425 ) 200 ( 6 . 1 ) 150
/ . 12
1 . 5
25 ( 2 . 1 6 . 1 2 . 1 + + +
ft
ft in
in
ft b L L
w n
11
/ . 12
. 12
0 . 12
115
Calculate the ACI coefficients for the clear span and factored load.
Moments in exterior span (-Left, +Middle & -Right)
ft ft k
L w
n u
/ 143 . 2
24
2
ft ft k
L w
n u
/ 673 . 3
14
2
ft ft k
L w
n u
/ 143 . 5
10
2

Moments in interior span (-Left, +Middle & -Right)
ft ft k
L w
n u
/ 675 . 4
11
2
ft ft k
L w
n u
/ 214 . 3
16
2
ft ft k
L w
n u
/ 675 . 4
11
2

Determine the required area of steel by equation of FLEXURE 2.1 then
select the reinforcement (be sure to check minimum flexural, as well as,
temperature and shrinkage steel). The following spread sheet shows the
results of the flexural calculations. Remember to check = 0.9 (it is).
The dimensions consistent with Figure 8.7.1 on pp. 325 are given in the
spread sheet and shown on the final design drawing below.
116
ARCH 3126 - SPRING 2004 - PROBLEM #8.1
f'
c
:
3000 psi

min
:
0.005000
f
y
:
40000 psi

bal
:
0.037121
LL: 200 psf

max
:
0.027840
DL: 25 psf
R
n max
:
870.45 psi
thickness 5 in
R
n min
:
192.16
psi
d 3.75 in

temp
:
0.002000
Calc. T's 4.80 6.00 =L/24
0.25L
n
0.30L
n
0.125L
n
w
slab
:
62.5 psf 2 3 1
w
u
:
425 psf Span 12 ft 9.000 3.600 4.500
ln: 11 ft
Beam b
w
12 in ft-in ft-in ft-in
M
u
M
n
K
n

selected
:
L
bar
w
u
(ln)
2
/24
2.143 lb ft 2.381 169.3
0.05844
0.004383 0.005000 3.6667 +hook
w
u
(ln)
2
/14
3.673 lb ft 4.081 290.2
0.10298
0.007724 0.007724 12.4167 10.4583
w
u
(ln)
2
/10
5.143 lb ft 5.714 406.3
0.14839
0.011130 0.011130 7.6000
w
u
(ln)
2
/16
3.214 lb ft 3.571 254.0
0.08935
0.006701 0.006701 12.0000 8.2500
w
u
(ln)
2
/11
4.675 lb ft 5.194 369.4
0.13363
0.010022 0.010022 7.6000
w
u
(ln)
2
/12
4.285 lb ft 4.762 338.6
0.12156
0.009117 0.009117
Bar #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8
4
d
b
0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750 0.875 1.000
6
l
d12.2.2
10.954 14.606 18.257 21.909 31.950 36.515
7
l
d12.2.2
6.573 8.764 13.041 17.925 29.172 36.515
5
A
s
0.11 0.2 0.31 0.44 0.6 0.79
6
w
u
(ln)
2
/24
0.2250
in
2
/ft
5.87
10.67 16.53
23.47 32.00 42.13
10.7
w
u
(ln)
2
/14
0.3476
in
2
/ft
3.80 6.91
10.70 15.19
20.72 27.28
15.2
w
u
(ln)
2
/10
0.5008
in
2
/ft
2.64 4.79 7.43 10.54
14.38 18.93 14.4
w
u
(ln)
2
/16
0.3015
in
2
/ft
4.38 7.96
12.34 17.51
23.88 31.44
12.3
w
u
(ln)
2
/11
0.4510
in
2
/ft
2.93 5.32 8.25
11.71 15.96
21.02
11.7
w
u
(ln)
2
/12
0.4103
in
2
/ft
3.22 5.85 9.07 12.87 17.55 23.11
don't use
Max Spacing: 15 15 15 15 15 15
15.5
A
s temp
:
0.1200
in
2
/ft
18 18 18 18 18 18
18.5
Spacing:
11.00
20.00 31.00 44.00 60.00 79.00
11.0
117
i
n
i
n
@
6
i
n
i
n
f
t
f
t
@
+hook
5
i
n
10.4583
i
n
@
8.2500
7
i
n
4
i
n
6
7
f
t
f
t
5
6
@
10.7
6
15.2
i
n
@
14.4
@
3
12.3
4
11.7
don't use
15.5
s
max
+0.5
18.5 3
11.0
5
1
1
.
5
4
.
5
0
3
.
6
0
E
m
b
e
d

6

i
n
3
.
6
0
4
.
5
0
1
2
1
1
1
2
.
0
0
1
4
4
.
5
0
3
.
6
0
E
m
b
e
d

6

i
n
3
.
6
0
4
.
5
0
1
5
9
.
0
0
E
m
b
e
d

6

i
n
Note: Check to see if flexural steel is greater than temperature
1
1
.
0
0
1
2
.
0
0
1
1
1
0
.
5
118
Wednesday, April 20
th

Homework #30 is due today (Chapter 7). Homework # 31 is due
Friday, April 22
nd
(Chapter 8). Homework # 32 is due Monday, April
25
th
(Chapter 9).
Chapter 9 -- T-Sections in Bending
9.1 -- General
Almost all cast-in-place concrete structures involve the use of beams
built monolithically with the slab. These beam are treated a T-beams
primarily for positive moment capacity with the slab in the
compression zone and as rectangular beams for negative moment with
the beam web in the compression zone.
9.2 -- Comparison of Rectangular and T-Sections
If the depth of the effective stress block (Whitney stress block) of a T-
section falls within the flange (or slab), the section is treated as a
rectangular beam with a width equal to the effective width of the slab.
If the depth of the effective stress block of a T-section falls below the
flange, the section is treated as a T-section and the computation of the
nominal moment capacity is a little different than a rectangular beam
(shown in later section).
9.3 -- Effective Flange Width
The compressive stress in the flange of a T-beam varies as a distance
from the web, as shown in Figure 9.3.1 pp. 330. This width, known as
the effective width b
E
, has been simplified by the ACI codes as the
smallest of the following per ACI 8.10.2:
1. b
E
= L/4 (L = beam span length per ACI 8.7)
2. b
E
= b
w
+ 16t (b
w
= beam web width & t = slab thickness)
3. b
E
= b
w
+ 1/2 clear distance to next beam on each side
119
For L-sections the effective width is the smaller of the following per
ACI 8.10.3:
1. b
E
= b
w
+ L/12
2. b
E
= b
w
+ 6t
3. b
E
= b
w
+ 1/2 clear distance to next beam
For isolated T-sections the effective width is as follows per ACI 8.10.4:
1. b
E
<= 4b
w
2. t >= 1/2b
w

Transverse reinforcement shall be placed in the top of the slab and be
capable of carrying the factored loads on the effective width as if it
were a cantilever (spaced at 5t nor 18''). Minimum as previously
specified or based on stem width.
9.4 -- Investigation of T-Section in Bending - Strength Method
As stated previously, if the depth of the effective stress block of a T-
section falls within the flange the section is treated as a rectangular
beam with a width equal to the effective width of the slab. This is
illustrated in Case 1: a <= t [Figure 9.4.1(a)] pp. 333. The computation
for moment is as follows (very similar to a normal rectangular beam):
M C d
a
T d
a
n
( ) ( )
2 2
C f b a
c E
0 85 . '
T A f
s y
a
A f
f b
s y
c E
0 85 . '
120
If the depth of the effective stress block of a T-section falls below the
flange , the section is treated as a T-section and the compression area of
the concrete is divided into two areas. This is illustrated in Case 2: a >
t [Figure 9.4.1(b)] pp. 333. First the portion that has a depth of a and
width b
w
, and second the portion that has a depth t and a width b
E
-
b
w.
The computation for moment is as follows (somewhat similar to a
normal rectangular beam):
M C d
a
C d
t
n

1 2
2 2
( ) ( )
C f b a
c w 1
0 85 . '
( ) C f b b t
c E w 2
085 . '
T A f
s y
a
T C
f b
c w

2
0 85 . '
( )
a
A f f b b t
f b
s y c E w
c E
085
085
. '
. '
Study example 9.4.1 pp. 334 - 335 for effective width and Case 1 and
example 9.4.2 pp. 335 - 336 for Case 2.
9.5 -- Maximum Tension Reinforcement Permitted in T-Sections
The literal wording of ACI 10.3.3 (
max
<= 0.75
b
) will not be
identical to a maximum x = 0.75 x
b
for non-rectangular sections.
Example 9.5.1 pp. 336 - 337 show the following four items:
1. (a) Location of x
b by strain compatibility
2. (b) Calculation of A
sb
from two couple approach (a>t)
3. (c) Calculation of
max
= 0.75
b
=A
sb
/b
E
d
4. Ductility comparison of x/x
b
fin real x with 0.75A
sb
121
9.6 T-sections According to ACI-Appendix B Unified Procedure
We will skip this sections.
9.7 -- Design of T-Sections in Bending - Strength Method
The actual design, like investigation, of T-section can fall into two
cases. In example 9.7.1 pp. 340 - 341 the required moment is greater
than that of just the concrete flange area in compression and the steel in
tension. This leads to the solution of a quadratic equation to determine
the depth of the stress block, a (Case 2). In example 9.7.2 pp. 341 -
342 the required moment is less than that of just the concrete flange
area in compression and the steel in tension. This leads to a solution
just like a rectangular beam to determine the depth of the stress block, a
(Case 1). Assume that the flange is just in full compression as follows
(USE TABLES):
M C d
t
n
( )
2
C f b t
c E
0 85 . '
If M
u
<M
n
solve as rectangular with b=b
E
If M
u
>M
n
solve as 2 couple as follows (quadratic)
A b a
w 1

( ) A b b t
E w 2

M f A d
a
f A d
t
n c c
+ 0 85
2
0 85
2
1 2
. ' ( ) . ' ( )
Once the quadratic is solved for a, all the forces and area of steel can be
determined. The following is a design procedure using the tables in the
library (ACI SP 17):
First assume the neutral axis is in the flange (a<t).
122
F
b d
E
2
12000
F
M
K
u
n

FLEXURE 2.1 - 2.4 with K

n
find and a/d
if a/d<h
f
/d=t/d then N.A. is in flange (a<t)
A b d
s E

Case with neutral axis in the web (a/d>h
f
/d=t/d) from above (a>t)
FLEXURE 3.1 - 3.2 with h
f
/d=t/d find j
f
& a
nf
FLEXURE 3.3 with b/b
w
find K
nf
nf
f w f nf
sf
a
h b j K
A
d a A M
nf sf n

2
2 n
u
nw
M
M
M
F
M
K
nw
n

F
b d
w
2
12000
FLEXURE 2.1 - 2.4 with K
n
find
A b d
sw w

A A A
s sw sf
+

A
b d
s
E
123
FLEXURE 10.2.1 - 10.2.2 with b/b
w
and h
f
/d=t/d find
max
check that <
max
9.8 -- Investigation of T-Sections in Bending - Working Stress Method
T-sections must be investigated by the working stress method for crack
control and deflections. Crack control can be done very similar to a
rectangular beam (working stress) or just use a working stress in the
steel of 60 % yield. Deflection computations only require the same
knowledge of strength of material as rectangular beam using the
transformed cracked section moment of inertia. This is shown in
example 9.8.1 pp. 343 - 344. It is interesting to note that the exclusion
of the concrete area in the web below the flange has little effect on the
solution.
Problem # OH 9 Completely design the continuous beam of problem
# OH 7 for flexure and shear. Assume the beam is interior (beams on
either side) and the following data (similar to old homework #7):
Materials Beam Size Other
F
y
= 60 ksi (flexure) t = L/80 (up to nearest ) c
c
= 2 (flexure)
F
y
= 40 ksi (shear) h = L/16 (up to nearest in.) #3 U-stirrups
f
c
= 4 ksi b
w
= h
col
+ 2 ACI 12.2.2 (no stir.)
Interior exposure d = h -2.5 s = L/4
ACI shear and moment diagrams shown below from problem #OH 7
124
Span data calculations are as follows:
h = L/16 = (42ft*12in/ft)/16 = 31.5 in. Round to h = 32 in.
d = h 2.5 = (32 2.5)in = 29.5 in.
b
w
= h
col
+ 2 = (18 + 2)in = 20 in.
t = L/80 = (42ft*12in/ft)/80 = 6.3 in. Round to t = 6.5 in.
s = L/4 = 42ft/4 = 10.5 ft = 126in
For negative moments beam is rectangular and using FLEXURE 2.2 for
As and REINFORCEMENT 14 for bar selection. Check = 0.9 (it is).
F = b
w
d
2
/12000 = 20*(29.5)
2
/12000 = 1.450
min
=0.00333 (all values do exceed this)
Exterior 1
st
Interior 2
nd
Interior
M
u
319.8 511.8 465.2
M
n
= M
u
/ 355.3 568.7 516.9
K
n
= M
n
/F 245.0 392.2 356.4
(FLEX 2.2) 0.00424 0.00697 0.00629
A
s
= b
w
d 2.50 4.11 3.71
Use (REINF 14) 3#9 3#11 3#10
A
s
(REINF 14) 3.00 4.68 3.81
= A
s
/b
w
d 0.005085 0.00793 0.00646
125
K
n
(FLEX 2.2) 291.4 442.5 365.5
M
n
= K
n
F 380.3 577.4 477.0
For positive moments beam will be assumed rectangular with b=b
E
(check a/d<t/d=6.5/29.5=0.2203) and using FLEXURE 2.2 for As and
REINFORCEMENT 14 for bar selection.
b
E
= Minimum of the following (124 in.):
1. b
E
= L/4 = 42ft/4 = 10.5 ft. = 126 in.
2. b
E
= b
w
+ 16t = (20 + 16*6.5)in = 124 in.
3. b
E
= s = 126 in. (b
w
+ 1/2 clear distance to next beam on each side)
F = b
E
d
2
/12000 = 124*(29.5)
2
/12000 = 8.993
min
=0.00333 <
w
=A
s
/(b
w
d) (all values exceed this & check =0.9 it is).

Exterior Interior
M
u
365.5 319.8
M
n
= M
u
/ 406.1 355.3
K
n
= M
n
/F 45.2 39.5
(FLEX 2.2) 0.00076 0.00066
a/d 0.0134<0.2203 0.0117<0.2203
A
s
= b
E
d 2.78 2.41
<
w
=A
s
/(b
w
d) 0.00471 0.00408
Use (REINF 14) 3#9 3#9
A
s
(REINF 14) 3.00 3.00
= A
s
/b
E
d 0.00082 0.00082
K
n
(FLEX 2.2) 48.8 48.8
M
n
= K
n
F 395.0 395.0
Development length calculations using ACI-12.2.2 worst case (3#11)
s
c
= (20-2(2)-3(1.41))/2 = 5.882 in > 2d
b
= 2.82 in (CASE 1 for all)
From REINFORCEMENT 17.1 (L
d
)
#9 bottom 53.51 (use 54) top 1.3*53.51 = 69.56 (use 70)
126
#10 top 1.3*60.24 = 78.31 (use 79)
#11 top 1.3*66.88 = 86.94 (use 87)
Run top bars beyond point of zero moment by max(12d
b
,d)
Max (12*1.41,29.5) in = 29.5 in
From moment diagrams the point of zero moments are as follows:
Mextleft 79.8 in cut at 109.3 9-2
Mextright 116.2 in cut at 145.7 122
Mint 116.1 in cut at 145.6 12-2
Moment bounds below with flexural reinforcing shown.
127
Thursday, April 21
st

Shear calculations
( ) x wx V x V 12 . 3 39 . 65
max

Exterior left
( ) x wx V x V 12 . 3 92 . 67
max

Exterior right
( ) x wx V x V 12 . 3 18 . 63
max

Interior
Find the critical shear at d from the support face (29.5 in = 2.458 ft)
( ) ( ) k V 72 . 57 458 . 2 12 . 3 39 . 65 458 . 2
Exterior left
( ) ( ) k V 25 . 60 458 . 2 12 . 3 92 . 67 458 . 2
Exterior right
( ) ( ) k V 51 . 55 458 . 2 12 . 3 18 . 63 458 . 2
Interior
( ) ( ) k d b f V
w c c
97 . 55 5 . 29 20 4000 2 75 . 0 ' 2
k
k V
c
99 . 27
2
97 . 55
2


in) 14 (use 75 . 14 ) 24 ,
2
5 . 29
min( ) 24 ,
2
min( in in
in
in
d
s
mas

,
_

( )
( ) Uok
psi
in in
psi
fy
s b
A
w
v
4 # 40 . 0 350 . 0
40000
14 20
50 50
min
<
( )
k lb
in
in psi in
s
d f A
V V
y v
s s
29 . 25 25286
14
5 . 29 40000 40 . 0
75 . 0
2
14 , min

k k k V V V
c s n
26 . 81 97 . 55 29 . 25
min min
+ +
Since V
nmin
>V
d
, only need minimum at critical location
128
Location where 14 in. spacing is no longer needed (no stirrups)

n
8 . 143 99 . 11 12 . 3 39 . 65 99 . 27
Exterior left
n
6 . 153 80 . 12 12 . 3 92 . 67 99 . 27
Exterior right
n
4 . 135 28 . 11 12 . 3 18 . 63 99 . 27
Interior
From 3 in from face to these distances use 14 in spacing
1@3,11@14in. left end and 1@3,11@14in. right end Exterior span
1@3,[email protected] each Interior span
The final design is shown below with flexural and shear reinforcing,
also shown is the shear capacity vs. required strength diagram.
T-Beam Transformed Cracked Moment of Inertia
Assume that the location of the neutral axis is in the flange (x<t). The
moment of the areas of the transformed cracked section about the
neutral axis is as follows:
( ) x d nA
x b
s
E

2
2
129
Solve above location for the position of the neutral axis. Then check
that the assumption is correct (x<t). Do one on the following based on
assumption check.
If (x<t), the transformed cracked moment of inertia is then as follows:
( )
2
3
3
x d nA
x b
I
s
E
cr
+

If (x>t), then the assumption was wrong and the location of the neutral
is as follows (ignore web):
( ) x d nA
t
x t b
s E
)
2
(
( )
2 2
3
)
2
(
12
x d nA
t
x t b
t b
I
s E
E
cr
+ +
Or more exactly if (x>t), then the assumption was wrong and the
location of the neutral is as follows (includes web):
( ) x d nA t x
b t
x t b
s
w
E
+
2
) (
2
)
2
(
( )
( )
2
3
2
3
3
)
2
(
12
x d nA
t x b t
x t b
t b
I
s
w
E
E
cr
+
+ +
Problem # OHNO 9 Calculate the Transformed Cracked Moment of
Inertia for the positive moment region of the beam in problem # OH 9.
Required data from previous problem as follows:
d = 29.5 in b
w
= 20 in t = 6.5 in b
E
= 124in
130
f
y
= 60 ksi f
c
= 4 ksi (n=8) A
s
= 3.00 in
2
(3-#9s)
Assume rectangular (x<t)
( ) x d nA
x b
s
E

2
2
( ) ( ) 0 5 . 29 00 . 1 3 8
2
124
2
x
x
0 00 . 708 00 . 24 62
2
+ x x
0 419 . 11 387098 . 0
2
+ x x
191 . 3 x
Assumption is correct (x<t)
( )
2
3
3
x d nA
x b
I
s
E
cr
+

( )
( ) ( )
4 2
3
17955 191 . 3 5 . 29 00 . 1 3 8
3
191 . 3 124
in I
cr
+

131
Friday, April 22
nd

Monday, April 25
th
(Chapter 9). Homework # 33 is due Wednesday,
April 27
th
(Chapter 10).
Chapter 10 -- Continuous Slab-Beam-Girder and Concrete Joist Floor
Systems
10.1 -- Introduction
In most case the design of slabs and beams can be performed with only
the analysis for the ACI moment coefficients since they are uniformly
loaded and usually meet the other criteria of loading, span, etc. The
deign of girders usually cannot be done this way because they normally
have concentrated loads for the beam. For preliminary design of girder
the statical moment due to the load could be factored in a similar
manner to the ACI moment coefficients.
10.2 -- Size of Beam Web
The size of the beam web for continuous T-shaped sections is usually
controlled by flexure and shear at the exterior face of the first interior
support for equal spans. The depth should meet the requirements of
ACI Tables 9.5(a) and 9.5(b).
M
w l
or
w l
u
u n u n
2 2
10 9
(2 span)
+ M
w l
or
w l
u
u n u n
2 2
14 11
(unrestrained)
V
w l
u
u n
1 15
2
.
(0.6wl)
132
The amount of negative flexural reinforcement should be limited to less
than
max
, but this would give a value of less than 0.9. Therefore we
will used the value of at the =0.9 limit or
t
=0.005. The amount of
positive flexural reinforcement should be limited to less than 0.5
max
.
For simplicity we will use the value corresponding to
t
=0.01, this is
approximately the same. These new values have been added to the
FLEXURE tables. The amount of shear reinforcement should be
limited to 3 times the nominal concrete strength.
From the previous criteria a selection can be made on the depth, width,
and approximate reinforcement in the beam as shown in example
10.2.1 pp. 349 - 351.
10.3 -- Continuous Frame Analysis for Beams
This will be skipped due to lack of academic background in analysis.
133
Monday, April 25
th

Wednesday, April 27
th
(Chapter 10).
10.4-- Choice of Longitudinal Reinforcement in Beams
The choice or reinforcement requires both the areas of steel and the
development lengths. Example 10.4.1 pp. 357 - 364 is a rather
elaborate flexure problem.
Homework #35 is due today (Chapter 9). Homework #36 is due
Friday, December 5
th
(Chapter 10).
10.5 -- Shear Reinforcement in Beams
The complete design or shear reinforcement is given in example 10.5.1
pp. 364 - 366.
10.6 -- Details of Bars in Beams
For typical conditions of equal spans and uniform loads where the ACI
moment coefficients apply, standard details such as those provided by
the ACI Detailing Manual may be used (similar to slabs on pp. 325).
The library has a copy of this reference. Example 10.6.1 pp. 367 - 372
does an extensive illustration of the design.
10.7 -- Size of Girder Web
As discussed earlier, the preliminary design of girders can be performed
with the statical moment due to the load factored in a similar manner to
the ACI moment coefficients. The depth from ACI Tables 9.5(a) and
9.5(b) should be increased 25 - 50 %. This can be summarized as
follows:
M
M
or
M
u
s s
8
10
8
9
(2 span)
+ M
M
or
M
u
s s
8
14
8
11
(unrestrained)
V V
u s
1 15 .
(1.2V)
134
Just as with beams, the amount of negative flexural reinforcement
should be limited to less than
max
, but this would give a value of
less than 0.9. Therefore we will used the value of at the =0.9 limit or
t
=0.005. The amount of positive flexural reinforcement should be
limited to less than 0.5
max
. For simplicity we will use the value
corresponding to
t
=0.01, this is approximately the same. These new
values have been added to the FLEXURE tables. The amount of shear
reinforcement should be limited to 3 times the nominal concrete
strength
Design Summary for One-Way Reinforced Concrete Systems
f'
c
= 4 ksi, f
y
= 60 ksi (revise R
n
for other strengths)
I. Choose column layout (rectangular, if possible, L/W = 1.25 to
1.5)
II. Choose span direction for beams
A. Long direction for overall uniform structural depth
B. Short direction for minimum depth under maximum area
III. Choose beam spacing (L/4 for optimum T-beam with uniform spacing)
IV. Determine slab thickness (Table 9.5(a) L/24 or L/28 interior)
A. Use center-to-center spacing of beams for span
B. Revise, if needed, per Table 9.5(b) for construction likely to be
damaged by large deflections as follows:
h h 2
3 3
V. Determine beam size for slab and superimposed loading
A. Determine beam thickness (Table 9.5(a) L/18.5 or L/21 int.)
1. Use center-to-center- spacing of girders for span
2. Revise, if needed, per Table 9.5(b)
B. Positive reinforcement at approx.
t
= 0.01
1. +M
u
= w
u
L
2
/14 (w
u
L
2
/16 int)
2. R
n
= K
n
= 601.5 = M
u
/b
E
d
2 (FLEXURE 2.1-2.4 )
C. Negative reinforcement at approx.
t
= 0.005
1. -M
u
= w
u
L
2
/10 (w
u
L
2
/11 int)
2. R
n
= K
n
= 911.0 = M
u
/b
w
d
2 (FLEXURE 2.1-2.4 )
D. Shear strength at approximately 3V
c
= V
n
135
1. V
u
= 1.15w
u
L/2 (w
u
L/2 int)
2. V
u
= V
n
= 3V
c
= 6 Square root (f'
c
)b
w
d
E. Choose beam width based on C & D above and check flange
width based on B.
VI. Determine girder size for loading from static moment (M
s
) due to beam
reactions
A. Determine girder thickness (Table 9.5(a) L/18.5 or L/21 int.)
1. Use center-to-center spacing of columns for span
3. For girders spanning short direction
a. Increase 25% to 75% for L/W = 1 to 2
4. For girders spanning long direction
t
= 0.01
1. +M
u
= 8M
s
/14 (8 M
s
/16 int)
2. R
n
= K
n
= 601.5 = M
u
/b
E
d
2 (FLEXURE 2.1-2.4 )
t
= 0.005
1. -M
u
= 8M
s
/10 (8 M
s
/11 int)
2. R
n
= K
n
= 911.0 = M
u
/b
w
d
2 (FLEXURE 2.1-2.4 )
c
= V
n
1. V
u
= 1.15V
s
(V
s
int)
2. V
u
= V
n
= 3V
c
= 6 Square root (f'
c
)b
w
d
width based on B.
Problem # OH 10 Perform two preliminary designs for a reinforced
concrete one-way slab/beam/girder system with 32 ft by 48 ft bays.
One design has the beams spanning the long direction and the other has
the beams spanning the short direction. The system is not supporting
construction likely to be damage by large deflection. All sizes should
be rounded up to the nearest inch with the exception of the slab
thickness (round up to nearest inch). Number of spaces should be
rounded up to the nearest whole number. Use the following data for
design:
Materials Superimposed loading Other
136
F
y
= 60 ksi (flexure) w
l
= 100 psf h = d + 2.5 (beam/girder)
f
c
= 4 ksi w
d
= 25 psf h = d + 1.25 (slab)
I. Choose column layout (rectangular, if possible, L/W = 1.25 to
1.5)
Given: L = 48 ft & W = 32 ft (L/W=48/32=1.50)
II. Choose span direction for beams
A. Long direction for overall uniform structural depth
Will show this in all calculation
B. Short direction for minimum depth under maximum area
Will not show calculations, just solutions
III. Choose beam spacing (L/4 for optimum T-beam with uniform spacing)
L/4=48 ft/4=12ft N=32 ft/12 ft=2.67 spaces Use 3
S=32 ft/3 spaces=10.67ft 3 spaces @ 10-8 (6@8-0)
IV. Determine slab thickness (Table 9.5(a) L/24)
A. Use center-to-center spacing of beams for span
L=10-8 h=10.67 ft (12 in/ft)/24=5.33 in t
slab
=5.5in
d=h-1.25 in=5.5 in1.25 in=4.25 in (t
slab
=4.0 &d=2.75 in)
B. Revise, if needed, per Table 9.5(b) for construction likely to be
damaged by large deflections as follows:
h h 2
3 3
Not needed: supporting construction not likely to be damaged
V. Determine beam size for slab and superimposed loading
w
u
=1.2(25 psf +5.5 in(150 pcf)/(12 in/ft)+1.6(100 psf)=272.5 psf
w
u
=272.5 lb/ft
2
(10.67 ft)=2906.7 plf (250 psf & 2000 plf)
A. Determine beam thickness (Table 9.5(a) L/18.5)
1. Use center-to-center- spacing of girders for span
L=48 ft h=48 ft(12 in/ft)/18.5=31.14 in h
beam
=32in
d=h-2.5 in=32 in-2.5 in=29.5 in (h
bm
=21 & d=18.5 in)
Not needed: same reason as IV.B
t
= 0.01
1. +M
u
= w
u
L
2
/14
+M
u
=(2.9067klf)(48 ft)
2
/14=478.4 k-ft
2. R
n
= K
n
= 601.5 = M
u
/b
E
d
2
601.5=478.4 k-ft/[(0.9)(b
E
)(29.5 in)
2
/12000]
137
b
E
=12.18 in (9.47 in)
t
= 0.005
1. -M
u
= w
u
L
2
/10
+M
u
=(2.9067 klf)(48 ft)
2
/10=669.7 k-ft
2. R
n
= K
n
= 911.0 = M
u
/b
w
d
2
911.0=669.7 k-ft/[(0.9)(b
w
)(29.5 in)
2
/12000]
b
w
=11.26 in (8.76 in)
c
= V
n
1. V
u
= 1.15w
u
L/2
V
u
=1.15(2.9067 klf)(48 ft)/2=80.22 k
2. V
u
= V
n
= 3V
c
= 6 Square root (f'
c
)b
w
d
80.22 k(1000 lb/k)=0.75(6)[(4000)
1/2
b
w
(29.5 in)
b
w
=9.55 in (6.99 in)
width based on B.
b
W
=max(11.26,9.55)=11.26 b
w
=12in (b
w
=9)
bE=min(L/4,b
w
+16t,S)=100 in (73 in) Okay
VI. Determine girder size for loading from static moment (M
s
) due to beam
reactions
w
u
=2.9067 plf+1.2(150 pcf)(32 in-5.5 in)(12 in)/(144 in
2
/ft
2
)=3304.2 plf
P
u
=w
u
L=3304.2 plf(48ft)=158602 lb=158.6 k (70.12 k)
For two concentric point loads M=Pa & V=P
Ms=(158.6 k)(10.67 ft)=1692 k-ft (2524 k-ft)
Vs=(158.6 k)=158.6 k (210.36 k)
A. Determine girder thickness (Table 9.5(a) L/18.5 or L/21 int.)
1. Use center-to-center spacing of columns for span
L=32 ft h=32 ft(12 in/ft)/18.5=20.76 in (31.14)
Not needed: same reason as IV.B
3. For girders spanning short direction
L/W=1.5 increase 50%
h=1.5(20.76 in)=31.14 in h
gird
=32in
d=h-2.5 in=32 in-2.5 in=29.5 in
4. For girders spanning long direction
138
(L/W=1.5 increase 12.5%) (h
gird
=36 & d=33.5)
t
= 0.01
1. +M
u
= 8M
s
/14
+M
u
=8(1692 k-ft)/14=966.9 k-ft
2. R
n
= K
n
= 601.5 = M
u
/b
E
d
2
601.5=966.9 k-ft/[(0.9)(b
E
)(29.5)
2
/12000]
b
E
=24.62 in (28.49 in)
t
= 0.005
1. -M
u
= 8M
s
/10
-M
u
= 8(1692 k-ft)/10=1354 k-ft
2. R
n
= K
n
= 911.0 = M
u
/b
w
d
2
911.0=1354 k-ft/[(0.9)(b
w
)(29.5)
2
/12000]
b
w
=22.76 in (26.34 in)
c
= V
n
1. V
u
= 1.15V
s
V
u
=1.15(158.6 k)=182.4 k
2. V
u
= V
n
= 3V
c
= 6 Square root (f'
c
)b
w
d
182.4 k(1000 lb/k)=0.75(6)[(4000)
1/2
b
w
(29.5 in)
b
w
=21.72 in (21.14 in)
width based on B.
b
W
=max(22.76,21.72)=22.76 b
w
=23in (b
w
=27)
bE=min(L/4,bw+16t,S)=96 in (91 in) Okay
Summary of size
Slab thickness 5.5 in. (4 in.)
48 long beams 12X32 with 3 spaces @ 10-8 (32-9X21w/6@8-0)
32 long girders 23X32 (48-27X36)
10.8 -- Continuous Frame Analysis for Girders
This will be skipped due to lack of academic background in analysis.
139
Tuesday, April 26
th

10.9 -- Choice of Longitudinal Reinforcement in Girders
The typical conditions of equal spans and uniform loads where the ACI
moment coefficients apply usually do not apply the girders. The
reinforcement must be calculated and detailed by mechanics and ACI
code. Example 10.9.1 pp. 379 - 386 does an complete illustration of
the design.
10.10 -- One-Way Joist Floor Construction
One-way concrete joist floor construction, sometimes called "ribbed
slab construction" consist of regularly spaced ribs monolithically built
with a top floor slab and arranged to span in one direction (could be
two-way or waffle slab).
Normally removable and reusable form fillers (pans) are used in the
spaces between the joist. The standard pan widths are 20 & 30 in. and
depths of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, & 20 in. The sides of the pan are taper at
a slope of 1/12 (Figure 10.10.1 pp. 387). Common slab thicknesses are
3 & 4.5 in. Also tapered end pans can be used to increase shear
resistance by increasing the end width 4 & 5 in for 20 & 30 in pans
tapered to the normal width 3 ft away from the end (Figure 10.11.1 pp.
390).
The code requirements for joist construction are as follows per ACI
8.11:
1. Rib width not less than 4 in. and depth not more than 3.5 times the
minimum rib width per ACI 8.11.2.
2. Clear spacing between rib not to exceed 30 in per ACI 8.11.3
3. For removable forms, slab thickness not less than 2 in. nor 1/12 the
clear distance between ribs per ACI 8.11.6.1
4. Reinforce slab for flexure but not less than 7.12 (shrinkage &
temperature) per ACI 8.11.6.2
5. 10 percent increase in shear strength (code Chapter 11) per ACI 8.11.8.
140
10.11 -- Design of Concrete Joist Floors
The design of concrete joist floor system involves the slab, joist, and
girders. All three components usually can be analysis using the ACI
moment coefficients. Example 10.11.1 pp. 387 - 392 show some
important steps in design as follows:
1. Slab normally designed as a fixed end member (M=wl
2
/12 and plain
concrete strength (modulus of rupture 0.65*5*square root (f'
c
)).
2. Welded wire fabric (Table 10.11.1 pp. 389) is normally used in the slab
with more steel perpendicular to joist (closer spacing) and less steel
parallel to the joist (farther spacing).
3. Depth per ACI Table 9.5(a) with any modifications necessary.
4. Only 3/4 in clear cover required as minimum per ACI 7.7.1.
5. 10 percent increase in shear strength per ACI 8.11.8 and tapered end
pans (Figure 10.11.1 pp. 390) normally allows for no shear
reinforcement (when use normally ladder stirrups).
6. Average width used for weight calculation, but minimum width for
shear and flexure (-M and b
E
for +M).
7. Truss bars still in common use in joist construction.
The following example needs to be revised for ACI 318-02.
Problem # OHNO 10 Completely design the a interior span of a
continuous joist using 1/5 the values (1/5 of the loads, shears and
moments) of old homework #6 group #1 for flexure and shear (Do old
homework #8 problem #2 group #1). The supporting girder width
is equal to the width of the column, the joist are spaced at 3-0 on
center and the slab is 4.5 thick. The joist height is equal to L/26
rounded up, such that h = the nearest available pan depth + the 4.5
slab (Verify all sizes). Use only two bars (each) for the positive and
negative flexural reinforcement and tapered end pans if required. Use
the additional following data (all other data is the same as the
previously mentioned problem):
Materials Joist Size Other
F
y
= 60 ksi (flexure) h = d +1.5 c
c
= 1 (flexure)
f
c
= 4 ksi Use no stirrups
141
The following shows 1/5 the values of ACI shear and moment diagrams from
homework #6 group #1:
Span data calculations are as follows:
h = L/26 = (22*12in/ft)/26 = 10.15 in.
h
pan
= 10.15in - 4.5in = 5.65 Round to h
pan
= 6 in. h = 10.5in
d = h 1.5 = (10.5 1.5)in = 9 in.
b
w
= 6 in. (given at joist bottom)
t
slab
= 4.5 in. (given)
s = 36in. (given)
w
d
= 0.20 k/ft w
l
= 0.40 k/ft w
u
= 0.96 k/ft (given)
Beam web widths 6 in at bottom (M and V conservative)
b
w
+2*(1/12)h
pan
= 7 in at top
6.5 in average (V and weight calculations)
b
E
36 in effective (+M)
142
Will work this problem like a true design (nothing assumed)
Slab design l
n
= 36in 7in = 29in
w
u
= 0.96 k/ft given on joist (use 1/3 or 1 ft/3 ft for slab)
w
u
= 0.32 k/ft (for slab)
M
u
= w
u
l
n
2
/12 = 0.32 k/ft (29 in/12 in/ft)
2
/12 = 0.1557 k-ft/ft
Mn = f
r
(bh
2
/6) = 0.65[5(f
c
)
](bh
2
/6) > M
u
h = {[6Mu]/[(0.65)(5)(b)(f
c
)
]}

= [6(0.1557k-ft/ft)(12000lb-in/k-ft)]/[(0.65)(5)(12in)(4000psi)
]}

h = 2.132 in < 4.5 in (OKAY)
A
temp
= 0.0018A
g
= 0.0018 (4.5in)(12)in/ft = 0.0972 in
2
/ft
Use 4 X 12 W3.5 X W2 WWF (Table 10.11.1 pp. 389)
OR #3 @ 13.5 in o.c. (REINFORCEMENT 15)
Joist design l
n
= 21.0833 ft w
u
= 0.96 k/ft d = 9 in
For negative moment joist is rectangular (b
w
= 6 in) and using
FLEXURE 2.2 for As and REINFORCEMENT 14 (conservative) for
bar selection.
F = b
w
d
2
/12000 = 6*(9)
2
/12000 = 0.04050
min
=0.00333
Interior
M
u
38.79
M
n
= M
u
/ 43.10
K
n
= M
n
/F 1064.2
(FLEX 2.2) 0.02203
A
s
= b
w
d 1.19
143
Use (REINF 14) 2#7
A
s
(REINF 14) 1.2
= A
s
/b
w
d 0.02222
K
n
(FLEX 2.2) 1071.0
M
n
= K
n
F 39.04
For positive moments beam will be assumed rectangular with b=b
E
(check a/d<t/d=4.5/9=0.5000) and using FLEXURE 2.2 for As and
REINFORCEMENT 14 for bar selection.
b
E
= Minimum of the following (36 in.):
3. b
E
= L/4 = 22ft/4 = 5.5 ft. = 66 in.
4. b
E
= b
w
+ 16t = (7 + 16*4.5)in = 79 in.
3. b
E
= s = 36 in. (b
w
+ 1/2 clear distance to next beam on each side)
F = b
E
d
2
/12000 = 36*(9)
2
/12000 = 0.2430
min
=0.00333 <
w
=A
s
/(b
w
d)

Interior
M
u
26.67
M
n
= M
u
/ 29.63
K
n
= M
n
/F 121.9
(FLEX 2.2) 0.00207
a/d 0.0366<0.50003
A
s
= b
E
d 0.68
<
w
=A
s
/(b
w
d) 0.01259
Use (REINF 14) 2#6
A
s
(REINF 14) 0.88
= A
s
/b
E
d 0.00272
K
n
(FLEX 2.2) 158.8
M
n
= K
n
F 34.74
Development length calculations using ACI-12.2.2 (bottom 2#6)
s
c
= (6-2(1)-2(0.75)) = 2.5 in > 2d
b
= 1.5 in (CASE 1 for all)
144
From REINFORCEMENT 17.1 (L
d
)
#6 bottom 28.46
#7 top 1.3*41.50 = 53.95
Run top bars beyond point of zero moment by
max(12d
b
,d)=(12(0.875),9))=10.5 in
From moment diagrams the point of zero moments are as follows:
Mint 60.44 + 10.5 = 70.94 in < l
d
Moment bounds could be now drawn (skip it).
Shear calculations
( ) x wx V x V 96 . 0 12 . 10
max

Interior
( ) ( )
max
387 . 6 9 6 4000 2 85 . 0 ) 1 . 1 ( ' 2 1 . 1 V k d b f V
w c c
<
Since V
max
> V
c
used tapered end pans.
( ) ( )
max
709 . 11 9 5 6 4000 2 85 . 0 ) 1 . 1 ( ' 2 1 . 1 V k d b f V
w c c
> +
Find location where normal width will work

n
66 . 46 889 . 3 96 . 0 12 . 10 387 . 6
The final design shown be shown below with flexural reinforcing and
tapered end pans, also show the shear capacity vs. required strength
diagram (skip it).
145
10.12-- Redistribution of Moments - Introduction to Limit Analysis
ACI 8.4 allows for redistribution on negative moment in continuous
nonprestressed flexural members analyzed by elastic theory. This due
to the fact that as the ultimate load state is reached the ends of the
member must first yield, then the center of the span must yield for
failure to occur. The percentage of the negative moment that can be
redistributed to the positive moment is as follows:
20 1

_
,
'
b
percent
In addition redistribution can only be made when the section at which
moment is reduced is designed so that the following occurs:
( ) ( )
b
or 50 . 0 ' <
146
Wednesday, April 27
th

Chapter 13-- Members in Compression and Bending
Homework #33 is due Today (Chapter 10).
13.1 -- Introduction
Concrete compression members are rarely subjected to pure axial load.
Bending moments are induced by the following:
1. End restraint caused by monolithic construction.
2. Accidental eccentricity from imperfections in construction.
3. Unbalanced floor loading.
4. Eccentric loads caused by cranes or other concentrations
5. Lateral loading due to wind and seismic
ACI 8.8 provides the following simplifying assumptions:
1. The far ends of a column may be considered fixed in continuity
analysis for gravity loads.
2. Maximum bending moment in a column is due to factored loads on a
single adjacent span (also include axial loads on roof and all floors
above).
3. The loading causing maximum ratio of bending to axial load shall also
be considered.
13.2 -- Types of Columns
A column is defined as a member used to primarily support axial
compression with a height to least lateral dimension ratio or 3 or
greater (shorter members are called pedestals) per ACI 2.1. Reinforced
concrete columns are classified according to the manner in which the
longitudinal reinforcement is laterally supports as tied (separated ties)
or spirally reinforced (continuously wrapped ties). Sketch plans and
elevations of each. Composite columns can be made up of structural
shapes encased in concrete or visa versa with or without reinforcement.
147
13.3 -- Behavior of Axially Loaded Columns
The nominal strength of an axially loaded column takes the general
form of concrete, steel, and spiral strength as follows:
P k f A f A k f A
n c c c y st s sy sp
+ + '
The terms will be derived later but are essentially the same as for
flexure (except the spirals).
13.4 -- Safety Provisions
The overload factors that primarily apply are 1.4D + 1.7L, 0.75(1.4D+
1.7L + 1.7W), and 0.9D + 1.3W. The understrength factors are 0.70 for
tied columns and 0.75 for spirally reinforced columns. For combined
compression and bending the understrength factor varies from the given
values at some value of compression (given later) to 0.9 at pure
bending.
13.5 -- Concentrically Loaded Short Columns
The maximum nominal axial strength for a concentrically loaded short
column is as follows as you like (statics)
( ) P f A A f A
c g st y st 0
085 + . '
( ) [ ]
P A f f
g c g y g 0
085 1 + . '
( ) [ ]
P A f f f
g c g y c 0
085 085 + . ' . '
13.6 -- Strength Interaction Diagram
When combined axial compression and bending moment act on a
member (low slenderness) the strength is governed by the material
(pure statics and strength). Depending on the ratio of Moment to Axial
load the strain diagram can fall into two distinct categories:
1. Compression control region where the concrete reaches a strain or
0.003 prior to tension steel yield strain.
148
2. Tension controls region where the steel strain is greater than yield when
the concrete strain reaches 0.003.
The point at which the concrete strain reaches 0.003 at the same time
the steel strain reaches yield is known (of coarse) as the balanced
condition. Figure 13.6.1 pp. 459 shows what is known as a typical
strength interaction diagram for axial compression and bending
moment about one axis (the pure mechanics).
It should be notes that the moment can be represented as the axial force
at an eccentricity from the plastic centroid (resultant static system).
This eccentricity varies with the ratio bending moment to axial
compression from 0 at pure compression to infinity at pure bending.
The reading assignment for Friday, November 2
nd
is Section 13.13
through 13.17 per the course outline.
13.7 -- Length Effects
The effects of slenderness must be considered in reinforced concrete
column design. The slenderness ratio kL
u
/r must be calculated (k was
discussed in steel design) and the moment must be amplified (covered
later) if required. Slenderness may be neglect in the following cases
per ACI 10.12.2 and 10.13.2 for braced and unbraced systems
respectively:
kL
r
M
M
u b
b
< 34 12
1
2
kL
r
u
< 22
13.8 -- Lateral Ties
ACI 7.10.5 prescribes the following conditions for size and placement
of lateral ties (Figure 13.8.1 pp. 463):
1. Minimum ties size of #3 for #10 or smaller longitudinal bars and #4 for
#11, #14, #18, and bundled longitudinal bars.
149
2. Maximum spacing not to exceed 16 longitudinal bar diameters, 48 tie
bar diameters, or the least column dimension.
3. Ties arranged so that every corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall
have lateral support by the corner of a tie (included angle not more than
135
O
and no bar shall be farther than 6 in. clear on either side from a
tied bar.
4. Where the bars are located around the periphery of a circle, a complete
circular tie may be used.
The following figure shows the arrangement of ties:
150
13.9 -- Spiral Reinforcement and Longitudinal Bar Placement
Spiral reinforcement (unlike ties) provide the column with the ability to
absorb considerable deformation prior to failure (spring). The strength
of the spiral reinforcement is as follows:
151
( ) P f A f A f A A
n sy sp sy s c c g c
2 0 2 0 0 75 . . . '
Where
s
is the ratio of the volume of spiral reinforcement, in one loop,
to the volume of the core, over length s. The minimum code provision
in ACI 10.9.3 is as follows:
s
g
c
c
sy
A
A
f
f

_
,
0 45 1 .
'
ACI 7.10.4 prescribes the following conditions for size and placement
of spiral reinforcement:
1. Minimum size of
3
/
8
in (could be smooth).
2. Clear spacing at least 1 in., but not more than 3 in.
3. Anchorage by 1 extra turn of the spiral at each end.
4. Minimum splices of 48 spiral bar diameters, 12 inches, or welded.
5. Minimum clear cover per ACI 7.7.1 of 1 inch.
The minimum spacing between longitudinal bars in a spirally
reinforced column per ACI 7.6.3 (1 bar diameters or 1 inches).
13.10 -- Limits on Percentage of Reinforcement
The percentage of total longitudinal reinforcement must be between 1
and 8% per ACI 10.9.1. A lower percentage (down to 0.5%) may be
used per ACI 10.8.4 in a reduced section (not less than the total area)
can be shown to carry the required loading (1% steel for reduced
section).
13.11 -- Maximum Strength in Axial Compression - ACI Code
The maximum axial load nominal strength per ACI 10.3.5 is as follows
for tied and spirally reinforced concrete columns (really minimum
eccentricity requirement):
( ) [ ]
P P f A A f A
n c g st y st (max)
( . ) . ( . ) . ' + 080 0 70 080 085
0
152
( ) [ ]
P P f A A f A
n c g st y st (max)
( . ) . ( . ) . ' + 085 0 75 085 085
0
The effect of this maximum is to truncate the strength interaction
diagram, which will be shown later when is included. When the
slenderness ratio is high enough to require consideration of length
effects a minimum eccentricity of (0.6 + 0.03h) is used to evaluate the
magnified factored moment (M
2b
) per ACI 10.12.3.2 (magnification
covered later).
13.12 -- Balanced Strain Condition - Rectangular Sections
The balanced strain conditions represents the dividing point between
the compression controls and tension controls regions of the strength
interaction diagram. The solution for the nominal axial load and
bending moment comes directly from static once the neutral axis is
located from strain compatibility (similar to just bending). The
following is a summary of the process (similar for known strain
relationships):
Strain compatibility relationship (find x for other strains)
x d
b
cu cu y

+
x x d
b
cu
b
s

'
Static summation of forces (note signs for other cases and f'
s
if steel
compression is not yielded)
( ) P C C T f x b A f f A f
b c s c b s y c s y
+ + 085 085
1
. ' ' . '
Static summation of moments (note signs for other cases)
( )
( )
( ) M Pe C d
x
d C d d d Td f x b d
x
d A f f d d d A f d
b b b c
b
s c b
b
s y c s y

_
,
+ +
_
,
+ +

1
1
1
2
085
2
085 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' . ' ' ' ' . ' ' ' ' ' '
153
It should be noted that the summation of moments is about the plastic
centroid. For symmetric bar arrangements (good idea) this would be
the same as the elastic centroid (d'' = 0.5(d-d')).
13.13 -- Investigation of Strength in Compression Controls Region -
Rectangular Sections
In this region the tension steel has not reached yield. The actual strain
in the tension steel must be determined from the strain diagram and
then the stress/force in the steel can be found (similar to the
compression steel in other cases).
13.14 -- Investigation of Strength in Tension Controls Region -
Rectangular Sections
In this region the tension steel has reached yield. The actual strain in
the tension steel is therefore known and then the stress/force in the steel
is simply that at yield (still must find compression steel
strain/stress/force as in other cases).
13.15 -- Design for Strength - Region I, Minimum Eccentricity
This region is one in which the design selection can be made primarily
on axial compression. Size the column based on 3 to 4 %
reinforcement ratio with only axial compression. Check using actual
axial compression and bending moment.
13.16 -- Design for Strength - Region II, Compression Controls (e
min
< e
< e
b
)
This region is one in which the design selection should be made based
on both axial compression and bending moment. Size the column
based on 2 to 3 % reinforcement ratio with only axial compression.
Check using actual axial compression and bending moment.
154
13.17 -- Design for Strength - Region III, Tension Controls (e > e
b
)
This region is one in which the design selection can be made primarily
on bending moment. Size the column based on 1 to 2 % reinforcement
ratio with only axial compression (could use beam design equations).
Check using actual axial compression and bending moment.
Cover the preliminary design of beam-columns, just for fun.
155
Thursday, April 28
th

Chapter 20 Footings Chapter 8 - BOWLES
CHAPTER 8 - SPREAD FOOTING DESIGN (BOWLES)
8-1 Footings - Classification and Purpose
A footing use to carry a single column is called a spread, single, isolated,
or spot footing. The function is to spread the load laterally to the soil so
that the stress intensity is reduced to a value that the soil can safely
carry. Wall or continuous footings serve a similar purpose.
Spread footings with tension reinforcing may be called two-way or one-
way, depending on whether the steel used for bending runs both ways or
just one direction. They may be either uniform thickness, stepped, or
sloped. Pedestals may be provided when a steel or wood column
interfaces with a footing.
Footings are designed to resist the full dead load and either all or part of
the live load under normal conditions. The normal condition should
have the resultant located at the centroid of the footing. In addition, the
footing may be required to resist wind or earthquake loads in
combination with the normal loads. The resultant would not necessarily
be located at the centroid.
8-2 Allowable Soil Pressures in Spread Footing Design
The allowable soil pressure is obtained as the worst case of bearing
capacity and settlement. The value will have a suitable safety factor
included (2 to 5 for cohesionless soils and 3 to 6 for cohesive soils).
Eccentric load or moment is usually not included in the allowable soil
pressure. Increases in soil pressure for transient loads should be verified
by the geotechnical engineer.
156
8-3 Assumptions Used in Footing Design
Although the stress distribution is not uniform due to rigidity of the
footing and soil, the assumption that it is uniform is usually used. Codes
that cover footing design included ACI, ASSHTO, and AREA (will use
ACI).
8-4 Reinforced Concrete Design - USD
The latest revision of the ACI Standard Building Code Requirements For
Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-95), hereinafter termed the Code, places
almost total emphasis on strength-design (USD) methods. Some
components of USD that must be included are as follows:
1. Load factors
2. Strength reduction factors
3. Statics USD equations
4. Maximum and minimum steel ratios
5. Reinforcing clearances
6. Tension development lengths
7. Wide beam and two-way shear
8. Connection to column or wall
8-5 Structural Design of Spread Footings
157
Steps in square or rectangular spread footing design with a
concentrically loaded column and no moments are:
1. Compute the footing-plan dimensions B x L or B using the
allowable soil pressure. A rectangular footing may have a number
of satisfactory solutions.
B
P
q
a
or
a
Bq
P
L
2. Convert the allowable soil pressure to an ultimate value for use in
USD. Obtain P
u
by applying appropriate load factors to the given
design loading.
q
P
B
u
u
2
or
q
P
BL
u
u
3. Obtain the allowable two-way action shear stress and compute the
required effective footing depth.
158
( )
d v
q
d v
q
c BL c
q
c
u
c
u u 2 2
4 2 4
+
_
,
+ +
_
,

or
( )
d v
q
d v
q
c B c
q
c
u
c
u u 2 2 2
4 2 4
+
_
,
+ +
_
,

with
v f
c c
4 '
4. If the footing is rectangular, check wide beam shear or compute the
required effective depth for wide beam shear (use larger).
d
L c
v
q
c
u
+
2 2
1
with
v f
c c
2 '
5. Compute the required steel for bending and use the same amount
each way for square footings. Use the effective d to the
intersection of the two bar layers for square footings if d > 12 in.
For d < 12 in. and for rectangular footings use the actual d for the
two directions. The bending moment is computed at the critical
section shown (face). Check the steel ratio verses minimum and
maximum steel ratios.
M
q B L c
u
u

_
,
2 2 2
2
or
E
L
B
_
,
2
1
distribution
M
q L B c
u
u

_
,
2 2 2
2
6. Compute the column bearing and use dowels for bearing if the
allowable bearing stress is exceeded. Minimum dowels must
always be provided. If dowels are required, the length must be
adequate for compression bond.
159
7. Detail the design.
Design of Square Spread Footings
Design a square spread footing using f
c
= 3 ksi and f
y
= 60 ksi on soil with and
allowable bearing pressure of 4.5 ksf.
An 18-inch square column is
concentrically place on the footing with
295 kips of dead load and 295 kips of
live load.
Determine footing size from service load and
allowable soil pressure
( )
ft
ksf
k
q
P
B
a
45 . 11
5 . 4
295 295
+

ft B 5 . 11
Determine factored soil pressure for reinforced footing design
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
1.2 295 1.6 295
6.246 43.37
11.5
u
u
k
P
q ksf psi
B
ft
1 +
]

Determine effective depth of footing for two-way shear
( ) 4 ' 0.75 4 3000 164.3
c c
v f psi psi ( )
4 2 4
2 2 2 u u
c
u
c
q
c B c
q
v d
q
v d
,
_
+ +
,
_
+
( )
2 2 2
43.37 43.37 43.37
164.3 164.3 18 138 18
4 2 4
d d
_ _
+ + +

, ,
2
175.2 3348 202987 0 d d + 25.80 d in
26.5 d in
Determine effective depth of footing for one-way shear
( ) 2 ' 0.75 2 3000 82.16
c c
v f psi psi
160
138 18
2 2 2 2
20.73 26.50
82.16
1 1
43.37
c
u
L c
d in in
v
q

<
+ +
Determine required flexural reinforcing
( )
2 2
43.37 138
138 18
10773910 897.8
2 2 2 2 2 2
u
u
q B B c
M lb in k ft
_ _

, ,
( )
2 2
10773910
123.5
0.9 138 26.5
u
n
M
R
Bd

( )
60000
23.53
0.85 ' 0.85 3000
y
c
f
m
f

( ) 2 23.53 123.5
2 1 1
1 1 1 1 0.0021107
23.53 60000
n
y
mR
m f
_ _

, ,
( )
2
0.0021107 138 26.5 7.719
s
A Bd in in in
2
0.6712 /
s
A in ft
min
200 200
0.003333
60000
y
f

since <
min
increase
1
/
3

4 4
0.0021107 0.0028143
3 3

(
4
/
3
)<
min
use (
4
/
3
) or
( )
2
0.0028143 138 26.5 10.29
s
A Bd in in in
2
0.8950 /
s
A in ft
Select appropriate reinforcing for exterior crack control and 2-in clear cover
using Reinforcement 15 and Reinforcement 11 (cracking.xls)
#6@5 in o.c. or 24#6s ea. way 11-6 x 11-6 x 30 in deep footing
Alternatively #7@8 in o.c. would violate crack control
161
Friday, April 29
th

Seminar #4 - Concrete
162
Friday, May 6
th

Exam #7 from 10:00 to 11:50 a.m. (Chapters 6, 7, 8, 9, &10).
Make-up Exam from 4:00 to 5:50 p.m.
163

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ARCH 3126 Steel, Timber & Concrete Spring 2005

The following assumptions apply (ACI 10.2)

The following example is from Fall 1999 and is actually a homework

The following revised values include the beam weight

The following revised values include the beam weight

Table A (2.1 - 2.4) with K

The above two equations should be checked against the allowable

These concepts and equations will be shown by example in the

From 3 in from face to 38.8 in from support center use 12 in spacing

The area of shear reinforcement is as follows per (A7.5.6.2):

This is the same equation except that for M

ACI-12.2.4 gives the following factors:

= 1.2 for coating factor

2. Excess stirrup area is provided to give the following strength in excess

Similarly the location of zero moment (inflection point) can be found

The reaction at the left (V

FLEXURE 2.1 - 2.4 with K

Determine maximum stirrup spacing, minimum shear reinforcing and the

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