Enhancing User Experience Through Wayfinding in

Arhitectură Educational Buildings • M. Samreen, G. Jha

ENHANCING USER EXPERIENCE THROUGH WAYFINDING

IN EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS

Mansha SAMREEN
Associate Professor, School of Architecture and Design, K R Mangalam
University, Gurugram, Haryana, India,
e-mail: [email protected]

Gargi JHA
Architect, Studio. M, Sector 108, Gurugram, Haryana, India,
e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. The process of navigating through an environment to reach a

desired destination is known as wayfinding. It involves understanding
one's current location, determining the desired destination and choosing a
path to get there. Wayfinding design plays a significant role in enabling
users to navigate an environment with ease and reach their desired
destinations in a timely manner. However, poorly designed wayfinding
systems can lead to confusion, stress and insecurity, which negatively
impacts the user experience. This research paper explores the concept of
wayfinding in educational buildings limited to universities, and its
potential to enhance the user experience of students, faculty and visitors.
Wayfinding can be a challenging task in large and complex buildings such
as educational institutions. The study investigates the different factors that
can affect wayfinding in educational buildings, including signage, lighting,
spatial layout and technology. The paper presents case studies of two
university buildings to investigate how a wayfinding system can improve
user experience. The findings show that efficient wayfinding can improve
the user experience greatly by reducing confusion, boosting efficiency and
increasing overall happiness. The paper concludes with guidelines for
educational institutions to improve wayfinding in their buildings with the
help of signages and enhance user experience.

Key words: navigation, built environment, signage, spatial layout

1. Introduction imaging (Lynch, 1960). These concepts

The concept of wayfinding dates to the form the basis of wayfinding design theory.
sixteenth century and was originally
referred to as "wayfaring." Over time, the In his book "Wayfinding: People, Signs
term has evolved to describe the and Architecture," Passini defines
navigation of one's environment. Kevin wayfinding as the process of finding
Lynch published the first book on one's way to a destination through spatial
wayfinding, which focused on urban problem solving, involving decision
wayfinding and introduced concepts making, decision executing, and
such as spatial direction and ecological information processing (Arthur and

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Passini, 1992). Wayfinding is an essential users, with a focus on emergency

element of daily life, and it is especially circumstances such as fires and
crucial in unfamiliar surroundings. earthquakes. In addition to addressing
However, this seemingly simple task these important circumstances, the
involves complex cognitive processes research will also delve into factors of
(Tversky, 1993). To effectively solve spatial orientation and environmental
wayfinding problems, designers must perception in order to establish a thorough
provide easily perceivable and grasp of wayfinding requirements. By
distinguishable information tailored to taking these elements into account, the goal
users' behaviors in the space. Despite the is to design a more resilient and user-
acceptance of wayfinding as an important friendly navigation system that meets the
concept, it has not fully impacted the different needs of individuals navigating
design profession. In the nuanced educational institutes (Hunter, 2010;
exploration of indoor wayfinding, Bernardini et al., 2016). Through case
recognizing the intricate interplay of studies, the research investigates
factors such as color, light, spatial layout, circulation paths, identifies problems and
and environmental design becomes suggests incorporating wayfinding
essential. Understanding the pivotal roles principles into design. The findings aim to
of these elements are emphasized. provide recommendations for designers to
Effective wayfinding design is essential in enhance the overall user experience and
enabling users to navigate through inform interdisciplinary approaches to
complex environments and reach their wayfinding design, leading to safer and
destinations efficiently (Hidayetoglu et more accessible built environments for all
al., 2012). There is still a need for users (Gopal et al., 1989; Carattin, 2011).
research-based design projects that
incorporate wayfinding behaviors into Every year, new students arrive on
environmental design. The gap between university campuses around the world,
studies and design output remains creating uncertainty as everyone adjusts
significant and requires further attention. to their new routine. Wayfinding can
immensely benefit institutions seeking to
The study focuses on educational alleviate this chaos, as it not only assists
institutions, recognizing the various new students in finding their bearings
navigation requirements coming from but is also valuable for anybody on
different purposes and user groups. The campus, regardless of their experience
research seeks to illuminate how an with the environment (Holscher et al.,
integrated strategy can greatly improve 2005; Alansari, 2022). Wayfinding entails
wayfinding and increase the entire user not only knowing where things are, but
experience by looking into aspects such as also navigating the place effortlessly.
identity, direction, information, and
regulation. Furthermore, the study will A navigation system can help universities
focus on the importance of local landmarks in the following ways:
in wayfinding, and how complementing 1. Make transitions between classes and
these landmarks with clear instructions other commitments easier by assisting
might further optimize travel within students and professionals in arriving on
educational campuses. (Raubal and Winter, time and in good spirits.
2002). This research aims to improve 2. Orient visitors to the campus so they may
wayfinding in educational facilities for all find the people and locations they need.

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3. Provide information about the nearest well-designed wayfinding can create a

first-aid station, campus police and positive first impression for prospective
emergency exit in emergency situations. students and visitors, enhancing the
4. Increase accessibility for those with reputation of the institution (Maina and
special needs by displaying the location Umar, 2015). Effective wayfinding is
of handicap access and other amenities crucial in providing a positive user
that can help them. experience and enhancing safety in
various building typologies. It requires a
It is critical for individuals to navigate thoughtful and integrated approach,
through complex environments, such as incorporating architectural and interior
buildings or public spaces, as it improves design elements, as well as signage and
efficiency, accessibility, and safety. Also, graphics. By prioritizing wayfinding in
effective navigation in complex; built building design, we can create more
environment is needed for various intuitive and accessible environments
mobility needs. A well-designed that benefit everyone (Chang and Fotios,
wayfinding system should be intuitive, 2009).
nonverbal, and informative, guiding
individuals to different spaces within a To design an effective wayfinding system,
structure and reducing stress (Foltz, 1998). one must understand the layout of the
environment and consider spatial design
Several principles must be followed in components like layout and flow systems.
order to construct an effective Wayfinding design features such as ways,
wayfinding system. edges, areas, nodes, and landmarks are
1. Develop a distinct persona for each place. crucial. Maps and direction signs are
2. Restrict user navigation options. useful tools for navigation, and
3. Make use of landmarks as direction wayfinding design is important for
signals. emergency situations. Embracing
4. Provide maps and information using sustainable practices in wayfinding design
survey views. contributes to reducing the carbon
5. Create well-structured routes for quick footprint of educational institutions. This
overview navigation. includes using recycled materials,
6. Create visually distinct sections. adopting energy-efficient digital signage
7. Use sight lines to show what is ahead systems, and considering the end-of-life
of you. disposal of signage components (Wan et
al., 2019). By incorporating urban trends
In educational buildings, such as college and creating an expressive and enjoyable
campuses, wayfinding is particularly atmosphere, universities can create
important due to the complex layout of smoother wayfinding experiences and
the grounds and the high volume of foster a sense of identity and innovation
visitors. In this context, wayfinding among their students, faculty, and visitors.
systems help students, faculty, and staff Understanding perception and
to navigate between buildings, psychological mapping is key to achieving
classrooms, offices, and other facilities prosperity in outdoor environments (Farr
(Christian et al., 2014). It can also help to et al., 2012). Following sustainable
promote a sense of community and principles not only enhances the user
improve communication between experience but also contributes to a
different departments. Additionally, greener and more responsible future.

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2. Material and Methods wayfinding to provide insights into

Wayfinding is a process of orientation creating effective wayfinding systems.
and navigation to guide people through
physical environments. It involves 2.1. Case Study: Allard Hall, City Centre
creating visual cues and directional signs Campus, MacEwan University, Canada
to facilitate the movement of people MacEwan University in Edmonton,
within a space. Incorporating Canada has a Faculty of Fine Arts and
architectural guides, urban routes, and Communications that includes the Centre
cultural events can significantly for Culture and Arts with five
contribute to enhancing user experiences departments. The case study examines
within educational buildings. By the university's wayfinding system for
embracing urban trends and creating an primary and secondary audiences, which
expressive and enjoyable atmosphere, include students and visitors. The
universities can create smoother university has developed a wayfinding
wayfinding experiences and foster a system that is designed to help both
sense of identity and innovation among primary and secondary audiences
their students, faculty, and visitors. There navigate the campus and find their way
are four main parameters of wayfinding to the various departments and buildings
(Weisman, 1981) that help people within the campus. The major audiences
navigate through a space: Identification for the navigation system are the
and approach, Circulation, Information university's students as well as the
and Regulation. academicians and staff who work there.

Identification and Approach refers to the These individuals are familiar with the
way people identify and approach a campus and its layout to some extent, but
space. This includes building signage and the wayfinding system makes it easier for
ground signage that can help people them to find their way around and locate
identify the location and entrance of a specific departments or buildings within
building (Caduff and Timpf, 2007). the campus. The secondary audience for
Circulation refers to the way people the wayfinding system includes visitors
move through a space. This includes the to the university, such as prospective
layout of the space, the pathways people students, parents, and members of the
take, and the architectural cues and signs community who attend events or
that help or hinder circulation. performances at the Allard Hall, building
Information refers to the signs and number eleven. These individuals may
displays that provide information about a not be familiar with the campus and its
space, including maps, directories, and layout, so the wayfinding system is
directional signs. Regulation refers to designed to be intuitive and easy to use,
safety and security considerations, providing clear directions and signage to
including fire exits and emergency help them find their way.
evacuation routes. To gain a deeper
understanding of wayfinding principles Allard Hall is situated at City Centre
and techniques, case studies have been Campus where 112 Street meets 104
conducted on complex, multi-functional Avenue. It offers information to current
buildings located in urban contexts with and prospective students, employees, and
diverse audiences. These case studies visitors and houses spaces such as a
analyze the four parameters of theatre of almost 400 plus seating

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capacity, rehearsal studios, conference challenging for older adults to use or

center, design studio etcetera. maintain.

The university's wayfinding system

prioritizes good visibility with
strategically placed bold signages.
Analyzing user footfall density, Fig. 6 and
7 pinpoint high and medium user areas,
guiding optimal signage placement.

2.2. Case Study: Indian Institute of

Technology, Delhi
A case study was conducted at the Indian
Fig. 1. The building's exterior is home to a big Institute of Technology Delhi, a public
metal sign that serves as its logo (Source: Author). technical and research university in
Delhi, India, to examine its wayfinding
The organic layout of the building system for primary audiences such as
contrasts the rectilinear building's facade engineering, Ph.D, and design students,
beautifully. The building entrance, refer as well as professors, and secondary
Fig. 1 features ground and building audiences like visitors and residents.
signage for easy identification. These
signs, both inside and outside the The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) is
campus, make identification easy, and a prestigious college in India located in a
approachable for visitors, refer Fig. 2. central location that is easily accessible
through all modes of transportation. The
The campus aims to support all users in campus is known for its visually striking
navigating the space effectively and entry gate, refer Fig. 8a signages, and
showcase its innovative community. The landmarks that play a significant role in
signage in the Allard Hall, MacEwan justifying its importance. The main
University creates a unique wayfinding entrance is equidistant from two adjacent
system inspired by unconventional metro stations, refer Fig. 8b while other
disciplines, refer Fig. 3. It efficiently guides entrances are also conveniently connected
users while incorporating creative design to nearby bus stops and markets.
elements and providing informative
directions. The system's distinct identity The campus circulation path includes
enhances user experience, making it easily Entry, Institutional Area, Student Hostels,
recognizable and engaging. Central Library, Housing, and Exit. The
path for primary and secondary users are
Allard Hall has well-developed exit and separate and does not interfere with each
entry routes. The emergency exits are other. A ground map of the campus, refer
designed keeping in mind the maximum Fig. 9 assists both types of visitors in
footfall of the campus refer Fig. 4 and 5. navigating the campus. IIT's large
All the fire exits are strategically placed campus can be difficult to navigate, but
to ensure quick and effective egress and non-motorized transport options like
evacuation during emergencies. The case bicycles are available. However, there is a
study identified that signages are the best lack of frequent and readable signage
option for all age-inclusive wayfinding which makes it challenging for the first-
support, as maps and mental maps can be time visitors to navigate the campus.

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Fig. 2. Campus tour guide detailed parking map to help students and visitors with ease of transportation
access (Source: Author).

Fig. 3. The image displays sign types with descriptions and quantities, visualizing their placement in the
building for the user
(Behance, 2016).

Fig. 4. A comprehensive ground map of Allard Hall, MacEwan University had been made, showing the
different areas used by people to assess footfall density based on the size and function of the areas (Source:
Author).

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Fig. 5. By analyzing footfall density, the figure depicts the positions of emergency exits in a way that ensures
the efficient evacuation of users (Source: Author).

Fig. 6. Enhancing exit efficiency: assessing user footfall density to strategically design entry exits (Source:
Author).

Fig. 7. Based on the information provided by the ground map the figure depicts the various high and
medium user areas on campus, this graph shall be used to determine the best locations for signage (Source:
Author).

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Fig. 8a. The image depicts the campus's grand Fig. 8b. There are plenty of signage on metro
name (Source: Author). station. Signage at the entry gate, platforms and
gates to help with environmental awareness
(Source: Author).

Fig 9b. A color-coded campus map of the institution with various legends depicting all necessary points to
assist all users in finding their way around (IIT Delhi, 2018).

refer Fig. 10 and campus maps, to make

navigation easy. The wayfinding
system also considered the various
modes of transportation used to reach
the campus, such as public transport,
private vehicles, and walking.

The case study found that the use of

color-coded buildings was an effective
wayfinding strategy, making it easy for
Fig. 10. Various wayfinding cues found around users to identify the buildings they
the campus of IIT Delhi (Source: Author). need to reach. The study also found
that the wayfinding system could be
The campus has a complex layout, and improved by providing better
the case study here identifies several accessibility for people with
wayfinding strategies, such as color- disabilities, such as wheelchair ramps
coding of buildings, directional signs, and Braille signs.

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3. Results/Discussion Natural wayfinding, often referred to as

Based on the four key aspects of an innate sense of orientation and
wayfinding that were previously covered, navigation, is a concept encompassing the
the case studies were undertaken. After the ability to navigate without explicit
user has successfully achieved their target, reliance on external aids. In the context of
at the end of their journey, these this study, it highlights the untapped
parameters will have satisfied all their potential within physical building
needs. The conclusions of these case designs for individuals to navigate spaces
studies, which were specifically based on intuitively (Brosset et al., 2008).
these four factors, are detailed in the table,
refer Table 1 along with the inferences that In summary, while technological
may be used to define the guidelines for a interventions have reshaped the way we
comfortable and safe built environment navigate buildings, there's a concurrent
with respect to wayfinding. need to address the physical design
aspects. Bridging this gap, especially in
Based on both the studies, the following educational institutions, requires a
findings were observed. thoughtful approach encompassing
spatial layout, signage diversity, and
1. The use of advanced technology like technology that resonates with the
interactive digital signage and dynamic preferences of different age groups. This
online tour maps has greatly improved not only ensures effective wayfinding but
wayfinding capabilities. Interactive also contributes to the overall satisfaction
screens, for example, give real-time and well-being of the diverse user base
information and customized navigation, within these environments.
resulting in a more seamless navigation
experience within buildings. Wayfinding issues are more common for
first-time visitors compared to regular
2. Despite technological advances, there users (Kato and Takeuchi, 2003; Iftikhar
is a notable lack of significant physical and Luximon, 2022). This is because
improvements in building design regular users have had more time to
targeted at maximizing user experience. become familiar with the building's
The lack of observed natural wayfinding layout and are more likely to have
in the buildings analyzed highlights the developed mental maps of the space.
need for a paradigm shift in physical Younger individuals, such as students or
architecture to facilitate more intuitive younger adults, may find it easier to
navigation. navigate buildings than older
3. When compared to habitual users, first- individuals, as they are often more
time visitors face more difficulties with familiar with using digital tools and have
navigation, with younger groups better visual and spatial processing skills.
demonstrating more ability in traversing
buildings. This implies a possible Signage is an important tool in
generational trend in spatial orientation, supporting wayfinding in all types of
underlining the importance of natural buildings. However, preferences for
and efficient wayfinding solutions for different types of signage can vary based
various age groups. on age group.

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Table 1. Optimizing campus navigation: A case study on effective circulation, information, and regulation
strategies for improved wayfinding (Source: Author).
Case study MacEwan University, Centre for Culture and Case Study 2: Indian Institute of
Arts, Canada Technology, Delhi
Identification Big, bold signage: The value of large, bold signs was Prestigious reputation. Large and
and approach seen in the example of MacEwan University where it noticeable entrance. Good
served to not only provide guidance but also to give connectivity to public transportation
the wayfinding system a unique identity. By making (e.g., bus stops and metro stations).
navigation recognizable and interesting, this distinctive Visible college name tags for easy
brand improved user experience. Online tour guide: identification
An online tour guide can be a helpful resource for
people who are new to a campus or building.
Signage Map: Recognizing the importance of an
on-campus signage map requires delving into its
design specifics. Tailoring the map to user
preferences, integrating intuitive symbols, and
strategically placing it in high-traffic locations can
all considerably improve its usefulness.
Circulation Circulation tracings for four different personas Different routes for pedestrians, cyclists,
from both primary and secondary groups were and vehicles.
taken to identify clear and efficient routes, Allowance for private vehicles to enter
accessible pathways, and safety features. the campus, with designated parking
Signages placed all over the campus to aid the areas or zones. Signs and maps that
journey, including at building entrances, for clearly indicate the different routes and
wayfinding, parking, and transportation, and modes of transportation available
emergency and safety. within the campus.
Information The campus signages are designed to fit campus At IIT Delhi, the strategic use of symbols,
aesthetics while providing clear directions to help colors, and fonts improves wayfinding.
users reach their destinations. Exploring certain symbols and colors
The signages are easy to read and highly visible, that appeal to a wide range of age
making navigation around the campus easier and groups is critical for maximum efficacy.
more efficient.
Information kiosks are important, but
their impact can be increased by
emphasizing user-friendly maps,
informational booklets, and an
intuitively designed interface.
Regulations Heat maps: Consistent and prominent use of
Administrators can identify areas of congestion and directional signs throughout the
adjust traffic flow accordingly to improve efficiency. campus, with clear labels and arrows
Sensor technology: This can provide valuable data to indicating the direction of buildings,
help manage foot traffic and ensure the safety of facilities, and landmarks
individuals in the event of an emergency. Campus maps available at key
Clearly marked entries and exits: locations such as entrances,
Individuals are better able to navigate a space and information kiosks, and online
find their way to designated entry and exit points. platforms
Inferences The use of heat maps and sensor technology, The campus provides visitors with
along with clear marking of entries and exits, clear signage, multiple routes, and
helps to regulate the flow of people, ensuring accessible transportation options.
safety and efficient movement. Frequent directional signages would
Additionally, the use of visible signages and make navigation through the
information cues helps visitors navigate the space complex layout of the campus easier
with ease. Overall, these measures contribute to a
better experience for all users of the space.

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For example, younger individuals may The insights gained from our case studies
prefer visual or digital signage, while underscore the critical role of signage and
older individuals may prefer written or technology in the effectiveness of
colored signage. It's important to take wayfinding systems within educational
these preferences into account when buildings. Careful consideration of factors
designing a wayfinding system to ensure such as dimensions and materials is
that it is accessible and usable for all crucial when selecting signage for optimal
users (Kim et al., 2011). functionality. Considerations for effective
signage—dimensions, material, and
New technologies and innovative signage technology—should not only prioritize
have been helpful in improving functionality but also align with
wayfinding in buildings. However, there sustainable practices. Opting for eco-
is still room for improvement in building friendly materials, energy-efficient
design and natural wayfinding methods. technologies, and mindful design choices
Additionally, by adopting a user centric contributes not only to effective
approach the needs and preferences of navigation but also to a more
different user groups can be addressed in environmentally conscious approach in
developing more effective and inclusive the built environment. To bridge this gap,
wayfinding systems. we have derived a set of guidelines based
on our observations and analyses. These
4. Conclusion guidelines aim to provide practical
In the realm of wayfinding design, assistance in selecting appropriate signage
perception emerges as a fundamental and materials, while also emphasizing the
factor in enhancing the overall user integration of technology for a
experience. The research conducted on comprehensive wayfinding solution.
educational buildings has illuminated Creating effective signage is essential in
the pivotal role of thoughtful spatial environments where the spatial layout is
layout, effective signage, and user- complex and difficult to navigate. To
friendly technology in reducing ensure that signage is accessible and easy
confusion and promoting efficient. This to understand for all individuals, there are
study serves as a valuable guide for six practical guidelines that may be
educational institutions seeking to followed.
implement user-centric wayfinding
solutions that foster improved comfort, These guidelines are:
satisfaction, and well-being for students,
faculty, and visitors. The research has 1. Emphasize what is significant by using
led us to recognize the critical role of brighter colors, higher contrast with the
wayfinding systems in creating a background, and lighter to make
positive user experience. To build an important information stand out.
effective wayfinding system, it is
essential to address four primary factors: MacEwan University uses brightly
Identification and Approach, colored signs, such as at Allard Hall, to
Circulation, Regulation, and make critical areas stand out. Brighter
Information. We have found that colors and better contrast improve the
integrating signage and technology is a visual hierarchy, making critical
practical way to enhance these factors in information stand out for a more
university environments. successful wayfinding experience.

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2. Streamline signage for clarity by 5. Promote sustainability in wayfinding

minimizing unnecessary elements and by choosing materials with minimal
avoiding distractions. environmental impact, integrating
energy-efficient technologies, and
Signage at both MacEwan University embracing eco-conscious design to
and IIT Delhi is purposefully kept enhance user experience and contribute
simple to avoid visual clutter and to a greener future.
distractions. The simple and clear
design, as seen in Allard Hall floors By using environmentally friendly
and IIT campus gates, ensures that methods in campus layout and
users can traverse with ease, stressing transportation, IIT Delhi exemplifies
simplicity for an optimal navigation sustainability in wayfinding. This
experience. commitment increases the overall user
experience and is consistent with the
3. Enhance user engagement through university's commitment to a greener
interactive wayfinding experiences. future.
Leverage technology and design to
create dynamic and user-friendly By following these guidelines optimal
interactions, fostering a sense of functionality can be achieved. These are
exploration and connection with the key factors to consider when selecting
environment. signage dimensions and materials to
enhance navigation in complex
MacEwan University's use of environments.
interactive screens transformed
navigation into an immersive Considerations for effective signage:
adventure, providing real-time dimensions, material, and technology are
information and tailored guidance. exposed below.
This showcases the powerful synergy
of technology and design in creating an 1. Signage should be large enough to be
engaging educational environment. visible from a distance, but not so large
that it overwhelms the space or detracts
4. Keep signage simple and easy to from the building's design.
understand by using clear and concise 2. Signage should be placed at eye level
language, avoiding technical jargon, and and located in areas where visitors are
minimizing the use of abbreviations or likely to look for guidance.
acronyms. 3. Signage can be made from a variety of
materials, such as acrylic, PVC, metal, or
The signage system at IIT Delhi glass.
demonstrated the significance of clear 4. The material should be durable and
and succinct language. The navigational easy to clean, as well as weather-resistant
information was easily comprehended by if signage is located outside.
using basic yet effective language, 5. Interactive wayfinding systems can
allowing for seamless navigation for provide detailed maps and directions, as
people of all backgrounds and linguistic well as real time information on events
skill. and schedules.

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Received: 6 August 2023 • Revised: 26 October 2023 • Accepted: 21 January 2024

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