See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/310542309

RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATES FOR RIGID PAVEMENTS: A REVIEW

Conference Paper · October 2014

CITATIONS READS
0 2,467

3 authors:

Abhishek Jindal G.D. Ransinchung R.N.

Central University of Haryana Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
14 PUBLICATIONS 67 CITATIONS 104 PUBLICATIONS 1,777 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Praveen Kumar
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
141 PUBLICATIONS 2,067 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Abhishek Jindal on 20 November 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATES FOR RIGID PAVEMENTS: A REVIEW
by
Abhishek Jindal1, G.D.Ransinchung R.N.2, Praveen Kumar3
1 Abhishek Jindal, PhD Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology, Roorkee-247667 [email protected] Ph-8909881640
2 G.D.Ransinchung R.N., Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute
of Technology, Roorkee-247667 [email protected] Ph-9458947088
3 Praveen Kumar, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology,
Roorkee-247667 [email protected] Ph-9412307245

ABSTRACT: With the rapid rate of global urbanization and industrialization, there is an intense
development around the globe. This call for a non-ending need of resources (both natural and
artificial) and leaves behind huge piles of wastes. In developing countries like in India, generally
C&D waste is not properly disposed in an unorganized manner thereby leading the problem of
environmental issues. However these days globally research work is done regarding recycling
and for devising new applications to make more sustainable environment.
Concrete is the premier construction material across the world and the most widely used in all
types of civil engineering works. In the past, aggregates were readily available at lower prices
and qualities to suit all purposes. However, in recent years the uncontrolled quarrying and use of
aggregates from natural resources has led to the depletion of primary aggregates and has created
greater awareness of environmental protection.
This paper explores a theme on the need for recycled concrete aggregates and highlights its
potential use as aggregate in concrete pavement construction along with various techniques and
applications involved in the process. The effect of adhered mortar on the properties of aggregate
particle along with various methods proposed by different studies in the past for their removal is
discussed in the study. Also established rules or specifications for incorporating recycled
concrete aggregates by different countries are discussed in study. From the sustainability
standpoint it is important to develop more construction materials that incorporate recycled
aggregates. Work done in the past by some researchers is also discussed along with the
feasibility of future work prospects regarding the same. Along with the benefits of incorporating
recycled concrete aggregates into practice this paper also presses the need to develop
specifications and codes for using recycled materials efficiently and productively.

INTRODUCTION
With the rapid rate of global urbanization and industrialization there is an intense development
around the globe, this calls for a non-ending need of resources (both natural and artificial), and
leaves behind huge piles of wastes. An approximated value of 12 billion tones of global waste
was generated in 2002, out of which 11 billion tonnes were industrial wastes and 1.6 billion
tonnes accounted for municipal solid wastes. About 19 billion tonnes of solid wastes are
expected to be generated annually by the year 2025[24]. Annually, Asia alone generates 4.4
billion tonnes of solid wastes and municipal solid wastes comprise 790 million tonnes (MT) of
which about 48 (6%) MT are generated in India [24, 9]. By the year 2047, municipal solid wastes
generation in India, is expected to reach 300 MT and land requirement for disposal of this waste
would be 169.6km2 as against which only 20.2km2 were occupied in 1997 for management of

635
48MT[9]. Studies carried out by various researchers shows that an approximate 25% of
Municipal Solid Waste is contributed by construction and demolition waste alone.
Use of recycled construction and demolition waste is not a new concept. Excerpts from history
discusses that Romans often reused stones from previous roads in rebuilding newer ones. Buck
discuses the use of recycled concrete aggregates near to the end of World War II, when there was
excessive demolition of buildings and roads and a high need to both get rid of the waste material
and rebuild Europe.
The cost of construction materials is increasing incrementally. Ever increasing demand for new
materials, rise in transportation costs and environment related restrictions, force to look beyond
the conventional sources of materials for construction purposes. In view of the importance of
saving of energy and conservation of resources, efficient recycling of all these solid wastes is
now a global concern requiring extensive research work towards exploring newer applications
and maximizing use of existing technologies for a sustainable and environmentally sound
management.
RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATES

Concrete is the premier construction material across the world and the most widely used in all
types of civil engineering works. In the past, aggregates were readily available at lower prices
and qualities to suit all purposes. However, in recent years the uncontrolled quarrying and use of
aggregates from natural resources has led to the depletion of primary aggregates and has created
greater awareness of environmental protection.
Concrete was once routinely trucked to landfills for disposal or piled up on the road side,
but recycling has a number of benefits that have made it a more attractive option in this age of
greater environmental awareness, stringent environmental laws, and the desire to keep
construction costs down. Recycling of concrete basically involves crushing, sizing and blending
to meet the required product mix. Various methods are available for crushing and sieving of C &
D waste, however generally it is done using mobile or stationary recycling plants. Separate
concrete and asphalt recycling plants are used to process natural sand or gravel. Construction
waste contains metal and other waste materials that must be screened and removed at the start of
processing by manual picking or mechanically.

wood various
10% 10%
concrete
plastics
40%
5%
metal
5%

ceramics
30%

Figure 1: Basic composition of Demolition Waste Figure 2: Recycled Concrete Aggregates

636
Recycled aggregates are original aggregates coated upon by the adhered mortar. The physical
properties of recycled aggregates are influenced by both the quality and amount of adhered
mortar. Therefore, it becomes important to investigate properties of recycled aggregate concrete,
considering that the percentage of these main contents does vary.
It has been discussed by various researchers in the past that the inclusions of recycled concrete
aggregates tend to lower the quality of concrete produced, this was attributed to the adhered
mortar on the aggregate particles. Thus it becomes very important to remove the adhered mortar
from the aggregate; few methods have been proposed by researchers working worldwide on the
subject. These mortar removal methods are commonly known as beneficiation methods and are
applied to the recycled concrete aggregates for surface treatment before bringing them into use.

ADVANTAGES OF RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATES

Traditionally the disposal of demolished concrete after its life span was done by landfills. This
would greatly impact landfill space requirements and contribute to pollution. Fortunately, a new
trend has emerged which allows for concrete aggregate to be recycled via crushing machines and
can be reused for new construction projects. Recycling concrete has great economic and
environmental benefits. Recycling of concrete waste will decrease the amount of space taken up
in landfills as well as eliminate pollution produced by moving the concrete waste by trucks. With
the use of recycled material, there is less need for gravel mining as recycled concrete uses less
energy. Furthermore, there is no need to transport new materials which in turn helps to reduce
water and air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Recycling of concrete waste reduces the
costs for construction and provides job opportunities in the local area. There are numerous uses
for recycled concrete, so any individual involved in the construction business will want to take
advantage of recycled concrete to not only reduce operating costs but even more importantly
preserve the earth for future generations.

BENIFICATION / SURFACE TREATMENT METHODS

The presence of mortar in recycled concrete aggregates has been identified as the most important
factor contributing to lowering the quality of recycled concrete aggregates. A number of recycled
concrete aggregates beneficiation methods have been recently proposed to enhance the quality of
recycled concrete aggregates by reducing the total amount of mortar present. Such methods rely
on one or more combinations of mechanical, thermal and chemical treatments to remove the
mortar. In the following section, various previously proposed beneficiation methods as well as a
novel microwave-assisted recycled concrete aggregates beneficiation technique recently
developed at National University of Singapore are described.

Conventional Heating (Thermal Beneficiation):

This method works upon generating thermal stresses through thermal expansion to fracture and
remove away the adhered mortar. In this method, recycled concrete aggregates particles are
heated at about 500 °C for about two hours. Moreover, according to Shima et al. when concrete
is heated at temperatures higher than 300 °C, mortar is made brittle due to dehydration; lowering
its resistance against the thermal stresses developed [21]. The efficiency of this method could be
increased by pre saturating the mortar before heating because it can lead to pore pressure
development which may result in the more efficient removal of mortar. Immersing the heated

637
recycled concrete aggregates in cold water immediately after heating could lead to development
of increased differential thermal stresses which could further add to mortar removal.

Mechanical Beneficiation:
This technique uses mechanical forces to grind and remove away the adhered mortar. Japanese
researchers have proposed two techniques for the mechanical beneficiation: eccentric-shaft rotor
and mechanical grinding. In the eccentric shaft rotor method, there are two concentrically placed
cylinders and crushed concrete lumps are passed downward between the outer and inner cylinder
that rotate at high speed to separate the adhered mortar from the aggregate particle. In the
mechanical grinding method, the mortar is removed by the abrasive action of iron balls in a
rotating drum partitioned into a number of small compartments.

Thermal-Mechanical Beneficiation:
This method remove mortar from the recycled concrete aggregates particles by applying a
combination of mechanical stresses generated through rubbing and thermal stresses generated
through conventional heating. In 1999, Shima et al. proposed a thermal-mechanical treatment
technique known as “heating and rubbing” [21]. In this technique, firstly the concrete debris are
heated at 300 °C in a vertical furnace to make the cement paste brittle due to dehydration.
Further to remove the mortar, the heated concrete debris are fed into the rubbing equipment.
Here in the heated concrete waste is rubbed against steel balls and the dislodged mortar portion is
discharged through the screening system provided. Inventors of this method claimed that it can
increase the quality of recycled concrete aggregates to comply with the JCI (Japan Concrete
Institute) standards for high quality recycled concrete aggregates.

Acid Soaking Beneficiation:

More recently, Tam et al. proposed a new method to remove the mortar by pre-soaking recycled
concrete aggregates in 0.1 molar acidic solutions for 24 hours [1]. They considered three
different acidic solutions (HCL, H2SO4, H3PO4) in this study and reported that the water
absorption of recycled concrete aggregates after treatment reduced, showing improvements in the
range of 7.27% to 12.17%. However, it was found that the treated aggregates had higher content
of chlorides and sulfates. This increase in chloride and sulfate content may pose serious
durability issues.

Chemical-Mechanical Beneficiation:
Abbas et al. proposed to use combined chemical degradation through exposure of recycled
concrete aggregates to sodium sulfate solution and mechanical stresses created through
subjecting recycled concrete aggregates to freeze-and-thaw action to separate mortar from
recycled concrete aggregates [5]. However, the main objective of their study was focused on
quantifying the amount of mortar present for use in recycled concrete aggregates classification.
The technique is considered not suitable for full scale recycled concrete aggregates production.

Microwave-Assisted Beneficiation:
A novel microwave-assisted beneficiation technique has been developed recently at the National
University of Singapore. This method takes advantage of the differences in electromagnetic
properties and water absorption of natural aggregates and mortar to heat them at considerably
different heating rates. The differential heating of natural aggregates and mortar may lead to
development of high differential thermal stresses within the mortar, especially at its interface

638
with the embedded natural aggregate. The differential thermal stresses developed are harnessed
to break up and separate the mortar without damaging the natural aggregates. To achieve better
efficiency and yield, the microwave frequency, microwave power and water content of the
recycled concrete aggregates samples to be treated may be optimized.
While microwave heating heats up only the recycled concrete aggregates volumetrically it is
significantly more energy efficient compared to conventional heating which heats the entire
heating chamber together with its contents. The efficiency of microwave heating in the current
state of art systems reported may be as high as 90%. The microwave-assisted recycled concrete
aggregates beneficiation requires significantly shorter duration (a few minutes) compared
conventional heating technique (120 minutes). This leads to significantly lower energy
consumption compared to conventional heating beneficiation methods. In addition, the maximum
temperature reached by the recycled concrete aggregates particles during the microwave assisted
beneficiation method is only about 200 °C. Due to the shorter heating duration and the lower
temperatures reached compared to conventional heating methods, the quality of the original
coarse aggregates, e.g. granite is more likely to remain unaffected after processing.

PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATES

The properties of recycled concrete aggregates as discussed by literature from past are found to
be varied than those of natural aggregates. While it is both economically and environmentally
acceptable to bring recycled concrete aggregate in wider applications, it is important that these
aggregates must meet the requirements set in relevant specifications for its particular use.
The mechanical properties and the durability characteristics of recycled aggregates must be
investigated to ensure proper use of the recycled material. Researchers globally have been
studying the mechanical and durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Investigations
from different sources have shown that the mechanical properties depend on the properties of the
recycled concrete waste used to produce the aggregate and on the percentage replacement of
coarse aggregates in the new concrete. Since there is wide variation in the properties of the
available resources, properties of the local materials need to be investigated in order to ascertain
the performance of the new materials. In recycled aggregate concrete, the recycled aggregate
could relatively be weaker than a typical natural aggregate, and hence can yield reduced shear
strength.

Density
The properties of recycled concrete aggregates as discussed by literature from past are found to
be varied than those of natural aggregates which is attributed mainly to the residual adhered
mortar on aggregate. Since, adhered mortar is less dense than the underlying rock, the density of
virgin aggregates is generally higher than that of recycled aggregates. The variation in density is
dependent on the specific aggregate in question. Studies carried out by Limbachiya et al.[16] and
Sagoe-Crentsil et al.[19] showed that the relative density of recycled concrete aggregates (in the
saturated surface dry state) is lower than that of virgin aggregates approximately by 7–9 % and
17 % respectively.

Specific Gravity
The specific gravity gives valuable information on the quality and properties of aggregate and it
is seen that the higher values of specific gravity indicates that the aggregate is harder and strong.
(Gambhir, M. L.). Ismail Abdul Rahman et. al. [13] found that the specific gravity values of

639
recycled aggregates are almost equal of the virgin aggregates. Pimplikar S. Sunil et. al. [17] upon
investigations determined the specific gravity of recycled concrete aggregates to be between 2.35
to 2.58.

Porosity and Water Absorption

Recycled concrete aggregates often have adhered mortar, which is highly porous and thus
increases the porosity and water absorption characteristics of the aggregates. On the contrary
virgin aggregates are less porous and have lower water absorption characteristics. Shayan and Xu
[20] calculated water absorption values of 0.5–1 % and 4–4.7 % for virgin and recycled concrete
aggregates respectively in the saturated surface dry condition, while some studies by Sagoe-
Crentsil et al. [19] and Limbachiya et al. [16] showed differences where recycled concrete
aggregate absorption was 5.6 and 4.9–5.2 % compared to virgin aggregates absorption of 1.0 and
2.5 % respectively. Pimplikar S. Sunil et. al. [17] upon investigations determined the water
absorption of recycled concrete aggregates to be relatively higher than that of virgin aggregates
approximately between 1.5 % to 7.0 %.

Crushing value and Abrasion value

The general trend for crushing and Los Angeles abrasion tests values of recycled concrete
aggregates are higher values than virgin aggregates. Sagoe-Crentsil et al.[19] found the crushing
tests resulting in values of 23.1 % for recycled concrete aggregates and 15.7 % for basalt (virgin
aggregate) while Shayan and Xu [20] evaluated 24 % for recycled concrete aggregate and 13 %
for basalt as virgin aggregate. The L.A. abrasion values for recycled concrete aggregates and
virgin aggregates were found to be 32% and 11% as per Shayan and Xu [20] while 26.4 % – 42.7
% for recycled concrete aggregates and 22.9 % for virgin aggregates as per Tavakoli and
Soroushian [23]. Higher values for recycled concrete aggregates are due to the residual mortar
that can break off easily at the interfacial transition zone, which is the usually weak area of
concrete. The behavior of recycled concrete aggregates in crushing and abrasion tests shows the
weakness due to adhered mortar. This layer is likely to break off from the aggregate itself, it
could be predicted that the adhered mortar layer may also create a weak connection within
concrete.

Aggregate Impact Value

As discussed by various researchers, the properties of recycled concrete aggregates are found to
be a bit lower when compared to those of virgin aggregates. The aggregate impact value record
by Ahmed B. et. al. [4] showed that the aggregate impact value of virgin coarse aggregate was
15.56 %, where as for the recycled coarse aggregate the same value was 17.04%. Ismail Abdul
Rahman et. al. [13] upon laboratory investigations found the impact value of recycled concrete
aggregates to be similar to that of virgin aggregates. This showed that the aggregate impact value
of fresh coarse aggregate is considerably below of waste coarse aggregate.

SUSTAINABILITY

The simple act of recycling the concrete reduces the amount of material that has to be landfilled.
The demolished concrete waste itself becomes aggregate which could be re-used and any
embedded metals can be removed and recycled as well. This reduces the need of space for
landfills and also reduces the economic impact of the project. Moreover, using recycled concrete

640
aggregates reduces the need for virgin aggregates thereby reducing the environmental impact of
the aggregate extraction process. This also significantly reduces the transportation requirements
for new materials and disposal of waste materials. In addition to the resource management
aspect, recycled concrete aggregates absorb a large amount of carbon dioxide from the
surrounding environment. The natural process of carbonation occurs in all concrete from the
surface inward. The process of manufacturing recycled concrete aggregate leads to further
carbonation of areas of the concrete waste that have not been exposed to atmospheric carbon
dioxide.
The concept of sustainable development includes the judicious use of natural resources. The use
of these non-renewable resources, such as virgin aggregates, needs to be reduced by recycling
C&D waste, processed in such a way that it can be used to replace virgin coarse or fine
aggregate. This replacement reduces natural resource consumption and allows for reduction in
the volume of materials disposed of in landfills. Recycled aggregate concrete, if satisfactory
concrete properties are achieved, can be an example of sustainable construction materials.
Sustainability goes beyond recycling. The sustainable use of materials in construction requires
consideration of natural resources and energy resources as well as function and performance. In
achieving performance it is essential that the properties and characteristics of sustainable
materials are properly understood and they are not used as one-to-one replacement of traditional
materials. The use of recycled materials should be standardized in a flexible way to give
engineers usable ways for sustainable use of these materials. From the sustainability standpoint it
is important to develop more construction materials that incorporate recycled aggregates. This is
of special importance for fine recycled aggregates and low-quality coarse recycled aggregates,
which have limited use in structural concrete. The use of sustainable materials, in appropriate
quantities and appropriate products, will help in reducing the socioeconomic impacts, waste and
pollution in the concrete industry.

INTERNATIONAL STATUS

Over the period of time various researchers have been working on usage or incorporations of
recycled concrete aggregates in preparation of new concrete. Several countries upon years of
research have established rules or specifications for incorporating recycled concrete aggregates,
some of these are summarized as under [8]:

Table 1. International Standards for Recycled Concrete Aggregates

Country/ Recycled Aggregate Permissible levels of Maximum Recycled
Organization Type/ Designation Incorporations Aggregate 28 day
strength
United Kingdom NR 40 MPa
RCA
20 % 20 to 40 MPa
LCA NR NR
RA - 16 MPa
Australia Class 1A 30 % 40
Class 1B 100 % 25
USA 100 % 20
LCA
25 % 50

641
 60 % NS concrete
RILEM Type I 100 % 16
Type II 100 % 50
Type III 20 % NR
Korea 30 % 27
RCA
30 % 21
Germany Type 1 35 % 25
Type 2 25 % 30
Portugal ARB 1 25 % 35
ARB 2 20 % 40
Hong kong 20 % ≤ 35
RCA
100 % 20 NS concrete
NS = Non structural concrete
RCA = Recycled concrete aggregate
LCA = Leftover concrete aggregate
RA = Recycled aggregate
NR = No restriction

WORK DONE TILL NOW

The applications of recycled concrete aggregates in rigid pavements started back around 1980’s
with results being mixed, both satisfactory and unsatisfactory. The literature on the affects of
recycled concrete aggregates in concrete is sometimes vague or has mixed results. Since each
source of recycled concrete aggregates is unique based on its mix design and environment, the
test results and performance of recycled concrete aggregates containing concrete can vary
greatly. It is generally accepted that concrete durability is reduced as the amount of recycled
concrete aggregates is increased. Although many researchers have been working on
incorporating recycled concrete aggregates at different levels and usages, few applications in
rigid pavement construction and performance are discussed in the form of case studies as
discussed under:

Case Study I

The Centre for Pavement and Transportation Technology (CPATT), located at the University of
Waterloo, in Southern Ontario, Canada, in partnership with Dufferin Construction and the
Cement Association of Canada (CAC) successfully placed high quality concrete test sections
containing recycled concrete aggregate [14]. Four test sections prepared using coarse recycled
concrete aggregates were instrumented with sensors to monitor pavement performance in
relation to long-term environmental conditions. Preliminary laboratory testing and field results
supported a mix design containing quality coarse recycled concrete aggregate of a specific size to
result in concrete that exhibits similar or improved performance compared to non-recycled
concrete aggregate containing concrete. A total of twelve mix designs were prepared using
coarse recycled concrete aggregate with 0% (control), 15%, 30% and 50%, and cement contents
of 315 kg, 330 kg, and 345 kg. Since all test mixes exceeded 30 MPa at 28-days, the lowest
cement content mixes were selected for field testing.

642
The results for compressive and flexural strength show a recycled concrete aggregates content of
30% can be used without negatively affecting the strength. Strength development was slower for
the field placed concrete compared to the trial mixes. Pavement performance of the four test
sections was evaluated using visual surveys.
Six surveys have been conducted since construction in June 2007. Over this time period the test
sections have experienced an estimated 100,000 equivalent single axle loads. All test sections are
in excellent condition and performing well. There is no significant difference in the performance
of all four test sections (0%, 15%, 30%, and 50% recycled concrete aggregates), and they are in
excellent condition with a pavement condition index greater than 90 after five months of service.

Case Study II

A laboratory study was conducted at the FHWA's Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center
(TFHRC) to examine properties of concrete manufactured with recycled concrete aggregates for
new Portland cement concrete pavement [22]. In this study, mixes were prepared using primary
and recycled concrete aggregates and studied for mechanical and other properties of concrete.
The variables affecting the mix varied from type of aggregates for recycling, size of the
aggregates (both primary and recycled) and the cleanliness of recycled aggregates. The
incorporations of coarse recycled concrete aggregates were carried out at two levels i.e. 100%
and 50 % (by volume).
The conclusions drawn from the study indicated that the recycled coarse aggregate have lower
specific gravity and higher absorption than the primary aggregates, due to the presence of
adhered mortar in the recycled aggregate. The mixes prepared using recycled aggregate concrete
were found to be having lower values of compressive strength than those of the same mix
designs made with virgin aggregate. However, the required compressive strengths were easily
met using recycled coarse aggregates. While the flexural strength of all the mixes were found to
be above the required level, the trends for flexural strengths were found to be less clear. The
flexural strength of some recycled mixes was found to be higher than the mixes with virgin
aggregates. The Split tensile strength of the recycled mixes was found to be lower than the
original mixes. Moreover, it was found to be decreasing with increase in content of recycled
aggregates.

Case Study III

This field study focused on the causes of pavement distresses associated with the use of recycled
concrete aggregates in Portland cement concrete surface layers. The field investigation evaluated
pavements in Connecticut, Kansas, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming [15]. A comprehensive
field data collection program was conducted on nine in-service projects representing a total of 16
pavement sections. Out of the nine projects, five projects were having a recycled section and a
corresponding control section (constructed at about the same time using natural aggregate
materials). While the remaining four projects had two recycled sections, one with a comparison
of mechanical load transfer differences between two recycled sections, and one with a
comparison of foundation support differences between two recycled sections.
The field evaluations indicate that five different state highway agencies successfully used
recycled PCC in paving applications. When most of the old mortar was removed by crushing, the
performance of pavements made by recycled aggregates and conventional portland cement

643
concrete were found to be comparable for similar amounts of aggregates. Recurrent D-cracking
was not observed on any of the surveyed projects. This was attributed to one or more of several
factors including the use of fly ash in the recycled mixture. Load transfer efficiency was found to
be affected by the use of recycled concrete aggregates i.e. by inclusion of old mortar affecting
thermal expansion, cracking and shrinkage.

CONCLUSIONS
Following conclusions could be drawn from the studies and literature available on recycled
concrete aggregates.

 Literature studies on properties of recycled concrete aggregates have mixed results with
several studies discussing increase in properties of concrete using recycled aggregates upon
incorporating some inert material such as fly ash or silica fume etc.
 The mixes prepared using recycled concrete aggregates require more water than concrete
prepared using primary aggregates to maintain the same slump without the use of admixtures.
This affects the quality and strength of the concrete, resulting in lower concrete strength.
 The mortar adhered to the surface of recycled aggregates increases the porosity of recycled
aggregates, thus proper method should be adopted for its removal.
 Recycled concrete aggregate reduces the need for primary aggregates thereby reducing the
environmental impact of the aggregate quarrying process.
 The transportation requirements for the project are significantly reduced by removing need
for both the new material production needs and the waste disposal.
 Recycled aggregates are much cost effective as compared to normal aggregates, also if
recycled near the project site transportation and hauling costs could also be reduced
effectively.
 In addition to the resource management aspect, recycled concrete aggregates absorb a large
amount of carbon dioxide from the surrounding environment.
There are several reliable applications for using recycled coarse aggregate in construction.
However, in our country more research and initiation of research projects for application of
recycled concrete aggregates in rigid pavement construction is needed for preparing design codes
and specifications for use of recycled concrete aggregate.
So it can be concluded that recycled aggregates can be used for making concrete after analyzing
whether the properties of aggregate conforms to the standards. The use of recycled aggregate
concrete does not vary the strength of the concrete much; however the loss in strength and other
properties can be avoided by incorporating some inert material in concrete.

REFERENCES

1. Abbas Abdelgadir, et al., Proposed method for determining the residual mortar content of
recycled concrete aggregates, in Journal of ASTM International. 2008. p. JAI101087.
2. A. Akbarnezhad et al., Benefication of Recycled Concrete Aggregate, SCI Concretus Vol. 2
No. 1, 11 NOV 10 • MICA (P) No. 034/09/2010, 14-17.
3. Aditya Kumar Anupam, Prof. G.D. Ransinchung. R.N., Prof. Praveen Kumar, “Influence
of recycled fines obtained from demolished concrete slabs for use in pavement quality
concrete construction”; 25th ARRB Conference Perth, Australia 2012.

644
4. Ahmed B. et. al.(2014), “Assessment of Recycling Aggregate as Construction Materials”,
International Journal of Advanced Scientific Engineering & Technological Research,
ISSN : 1839 – 7239.
5. Ali Abd Elhakam et al., Influence of self-healing, mixing method and adding silica fume on
mechanical properties of recycled aggregates concrete, Science Direct, Construction and
Building Materials 35 (2012) 421-427.
6. Anna M. Grabiec, Justyna Klama, Daniel Zawal, Daria Krupa, “Modification of recycled
concrete aggregate by calcium carbonate biodeposition”, construction and Building
Materials 34 (2012) 145–150.
7. Buck, A. D. (1977). Recycled concrete as a source of aggregate. ACI Journal, 74, 212–
219.
8. CCANZ Technical Report, TR14 : Best Practice Guide for the use of Recycled
Aggregates in New Concrete.
9. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Report on management of municipal solid
wastes, Delhi. India, 2000.
10. C. S. Poon et al., Influence of moisture states of natural and recycled aggregates on the slump
and compressive strength of concrete, Science Direct, Cement & Concrete Research 34
(2004) 31-36.
11. G.D. Ransinchung R.N., Praveen Kumar; “Influence of moisture content on use of
recycled aggregate in concrete”, National conferences on Recent advances in Civil
Engineering, BHU, Varanasi, October 14-16 2011, pp 210-214.
12. Houria Mefteh, Oussama Kebaïli, Hocine Oucief, Layachi Berredjem, Nourredine Arabi,
“Influence of moisture conditioning of recycled aggregates on the properties of fresh and
hardened concrete”, Journal of Cleaner Production 54 (2013) 282-288.
13. Ismail Abdul Rahman, Hasrudin Hamdam, Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi, “Assessment
of Recycled Aggregate Concrete”; Modern Applied Science (2009) vol.3, No.10.
14. James T. Smith et. al. (2008), “Coarse Recycled Aggregate Concrete Pavements- Design,
Instrumentation, and Performance” Recycled Materials and Recycling Process for
Sustainable Infrastructure Session of the 2008 Annual Conference of the Transportation
Association of Canada Toronto, Ontario
15. Jeffrey R. Sturtevant et. al.(2007), “ Performance of Rigid Pavements Containing
Recycled Concrete Aggregates”, TRB Annual Meeting.
16. Limbachiya, M. C., Leelawat, T., & Dhir, R. K. (2000). Use of recycled concrete
aggregate in high-strength concrete. Materials and Structures, 33, 574–580.
17. Pimplikar S. Sunil et. al., “Use of Recycled Aggregate Concrete”, IOSR Journal of
Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), ISSN: 2278-1684, PP: 52-59.
18. Poon, C. S., Shui, Z. H., and Lam, L. (2004). “Effect of Microstructure of ITZ on
Compressive Strength of Concrete Prepared with Recycled Aggregate,” Construction and
Building Materials, V. 18, No. 6, pp. 461-468.
19. Sagoe-Crentsil, K. K., Brown, T., & Taylor, A. H. (2001). Performance of concrete made
with commercially produced coarse recycled concrete aggregate. Cement and Concrete
Research, 31, 701–712.
20. Shayan, A., & Xu, A. (2003). Performance and properties of structural concrete made
with recycled concrete aggregate. ACI Materials Journal, 100(5), 371–380.
21. Shima Hirokazu, et al., An advanced concrete recycling technology and its applicability
assessment through input output analysis. J. Adv. Concr. Technol., 2005. 3(1): p. 53-67.

645
 22. S.W. Forster, Office of Engineering Research and Development, Federal Highway
Administration, Washington, D.C., USA.
23. Tavakoli, M., & Soroushian, P. (1996). Strengths of aggregate concrete made using field-
demolished concrete as aggregate. ACI Materials Journal, 93(2), 182–190.
24. Yoshizawa S, Tanaka M, Shekdar AV. Global trends in waste generation. In: Gaballah I,
Mishar B, Solozabal R, Tanaka M, editors. Recycling, waste treatment and clean
technology. Spain: TMS Mineral, Metals and Materials publishers; 2004. p. 1541–52 (II).

646

View publication stats