Unit 1 Forces pages 9-43

Lessson 1 Describing Motion p. 9 vocabulary

Position
An object's motion is described in terms of its distance and
direction from a reference point.
Speed and Velocity
Speed and velocity describe how fast an object changes position.
Velocity also describes the direction an object is moving.
Reference Frames
A reference frame is a point of view used to describe the motion of
objects.
Acceleration
An object acclerates when it changes speed, changes direction, or
both.

Lesson 2 Forces of Interactions p. 23 vocabulary

Sir Isaac Newton and His laws of Motion
When Isaac Newton's university was closed due to plague in the
1600's, Newton had plenty of free time to think. During this time, he
began to develop four important scientific laws, including the laws
of motion.
Forces
Forces are pushes or pulls that act on objects and cause changes,
such as changes in motion. Forces are often measure in Newtons
(N).
Newton's Third Law of Motion
The third law of motion states that all forces act in equal and
opposite pairs and that each force in a pair acts on a different
object. Newton's third law can be observed in action by
experimenting with two pendulums hanging side by side.
Lesson 3 Effects of Forces p. 33 vocabulary
Net Force
The net force on an object is found by combining all the forces acting
on an object.
Newtown's First Law
Newtown's First Law of motion states that the motion of an object
does not change unless unbalanced forces act on the object.
Newton's Second Law
Newton's Second Law of motion states that the acceleration of an
object is equal to the net force on the object divided by its mass.
Forces Around You
Friction is a force that opposes motion between touching surfaces
and can be helpful or harmful depending on the situation.

Unit 3 Earth-Sun-Moon-System pages 101-145

Lesson 8 Earth's Rotation and Revolution p. 101 vocabulary
Earth's Rotation
Earth rotates around its axis over the course of a day. As a result,
celestial objects in the sky appear to move throughout a day and a
night. Earth's rotation causes nearly unmoving objects, such as the
sun and the other stars, to appear to move in the night sky.
Earth's Revolution
Earth revolves around the sun over the course of a year. Different
stars are visible in the night sky over the course of a year due to the
direction of night changing as Earth moves around the sun. Different
constellations are visible depending on the time of the year because
oof the orientation of Earth and the sun in space.
Earth's Orbital Plane
Earth, the sun, and the seasonal stars are located on a plane. A
plane is a flat surface that stretches on forever. As a result, the
seasonal stars are only visible when not obscureed by other objects
on Earth's orbital plane, such as the sun or the sun's light.
Circumpolar stars sit abouve or below Earth's orbital plane, so they
are visisble all year round because they are not drowned out by the
sun's light.
Solving the Problem of Locating Stars
To develop software that allows people to quickly identify stars in
the sky, engineers must consider the criteria and constraints of
their problem.
Lesson 9 Earth's Tilted Axis p. 113 vocabulary
The Seasons
Each year, Earth experiences changes in temperature, length of
daytime, and location of sunrise and sunset. These changes occur
in a yearly pattern, which are called season.
Earth's Shape and the Sun's Energy
Earth is unevenly heated by the sun because Earth's shape causes
sunlight to hit Earth's surface at different angles. When the angle is
perpendicular, light is more concentrated.
Earth's Tilted Axis and the Seasons
Earth's axis is not perpendicular to its orbital plane. Instead, the
axis is tilted approximately 23.5 degrees. As Earth revolves around
the sun, different latitudes receive more energy from the sun and
season occur.
The Soltices
A solstice is the time when the North or South Pole is closest to the
sun. During the solstice, the Tropic of Capricorn or Tropic of Cancer
receives the most light and energy from the sun.
The Equinoxes
An equinox is a day where the North and South Pole are an equal
distance from the sun. During the equinoxes, the equator receives
the most light and energy from the sun.
The Seasons and th Sun's Path in the Sky
Other seasonal patterns include the height of the sun, length of
daytime, and where the sun rises and sets.
Calendars of Ancient Civilizations
Ancient people monitored the seasons by building structures that
tracked the motion of the sun.
Lesson 10 Phases of the Moon p. 125 vocabulary
The Changing Moon
When observing the sky with your eyes, the moon seems different
from other celestial objects because it appears to change shape
and can be found in the sky at various times.
The Sun Lights Up the Moon
You see the moon because light from the sun shines on the moon
and reflects to your eyes. The sun lights up only the half of the moon
that faces the sun.
Modeling the Earth-Sun-Moon System
The relative positions of the sun, the moon, and Earth change what
part of the moon is visible from Earth.
The Earth-Sun-Moon System
You see the moon phases because of the relative position of the
celestial bodies in the Earth-sun-moon system. As the moon
revolves around Earth, the amount of the lit half of the moon you can
see changes, producing the lunar phases seen form Earth. The four
main lunar phases are a new moon, a first quarter moon, a full moon,
and a third quarter (or last quarter) moon.
Reducing Risk for Apollo 11
Engineers used their understandning of the relative positions of
celestial bodies in the Earth-sun-moon system to help them define
precise criteria and constraints. They used this to land humans on
the surface of the moon and bring them safely back to Earth.
Lesson 11 Eclipses p. 135 vocabulary
Celestial Objects Cast Shadows
An eclipse happens when the shadow of one celestial object falls on
a second celestial object. Every shadow is made of a dark umbra
and a lighter penumbra.
Lunar Eclipses
A lunar eclipse happens when Earth's shadow falls on a full moon.
Solar Eclipses
A solar eclipse happens when a new moon blocks the sun and casts
a shadow on Earth. Only people inside the moon's shadow can see
the eclipse.
The Moon's Orbit and Earth's Orbital Plane
Eclipses do not happen very often because the moon's orbit is tilted
compared to Earth's orbital plane. An eclipse only occurs when a
full moon or a new moon crosses Earth's orbital plane.
The Apparent Sizes of the Sun and Moon
The sun and the moon appear to be the same size because the sun is
400 times larger than the moon and is 400 times farther away. This
allows the moon to cover the sun when seen from Earth.
Unit 5 Non-Contact Forces pages 183-221
Lesson 14 Gravitiy p. 183 vocabulary
Gravity on Earth
Gravitational forces cause objects to fall to Earth at the same rate.
Gravity in Space
Gravitational forces hold objects in orbit in space.
The Strengths of Gravitational Forces
Newton developed a model of gravity that describes the
relationship between gravtitational force, mass, and distance.
Gravitational Fields
Gravitational fields can be used to predict which way gravitational
forces will pull objects.
Mass and Weight
Mass and weight are related measure of matter, but only weight
depends on gravity.
Weight in Orbit
Gravity makes astronauts in orbit appear weightless.

Lesson 15 Electricity p. 195 vocabulary

Electric Charge and Forces
Particles in matter have an electric charge, which leads to objects
being positively or negatively charged and allows them to interact
through electric forces. Electric forces are attractive between
objects that have opposite charges and repulsive between objects
that have the same charge.
The Strenths of Electric Forces
The strengths of the electric forces between objects depends on the
amount of charge on the objects and the distance between them.
Electric Fields
Electric fields surround every charged object and describe the
electric forces exerted on a positively charged test object.
Electric Current
Electric current is a flow of electric charges that powers electric
devices.
Testing Touch Screens
Engineers can use prototypes and an iterative process to improve
touch screens on phones and tablet computers.

Lesson 16 Magnetism and Electromagnetism p. 207 vocabulary

Magnetic Forces
Magnetic Forces can repel or attract magnets and certain other
materials. The strength of magnetic forces depends on the distance
an object is from a magnet and the type of magnet.

Magnetic Fields
Magnet and Earth are surrounded by magnetic fields, which can
predict magnetic forces on other magnets.
Electromagnetic Forces
An electromagnetic force is a magnetic force caused by an electric
current or an electrical force caused by a changing magnetic field.
Electric Motors
An electric motor is a system that uses electric current to produce
motion.
Electric Generators
An electric generator is a system that uses motion to produce an
electric current.
Opitimizing Wind Turbine Design
Engineers may use computer modeling and prototypes to evaluate
the efficiency of turbine designs and make modifications to improve
them.
Unit 6 The Solar System p. 225-235
Lesson 17 Gravity and the Solar System p. 225 vocabulary
The Solar System and Gravitational Forces:
The solar system is held together by gravitational forces and is made
up of the sun and all the objects that travel around it.
Earth Revolves Because of the Gravitational Force
The gravitational force between Earth and the sun holds Earth in
orbit because it acts nearly perpendicularly to the direction of
Earth's motion.
The Planets
The Solar System has eight planets that directly revolvle around the
sun, are nearly spherical in shape, and have cleard the
neighborhood around the orbits.
Moons Revolve Around Planets
Moons directly revolve around planets and indirectly revolve around
stars. Six planets in the solar system have moons revolving around
them.
Dwarf Planet, Asteroids, and Comets
Dwarf planets, asteroids, and comets have different characteristics
and are all small objects that revolve around the sun.
Modeling Distances in the Solar System
The solar system is so large that scientists often use a large unit of
length, an astronomical unit, to discuss distances in the solar
system. They also use scale models to show relative sizes and
distances.
Observing the Planets
Most planets in the solar system can be seen with the unaided eye.
Using tools such as a telescope and a star chart will help you
observe them.