THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

A theory is a well-founded statement or set of ideas that explains observed facts or phenomena. Some
theories helped the researchers in conducting this study in a way that they explain essential ideas
relating to the research.

This study is anchored towards sustainable traffic management strategies.

Based on traffic management concepts, students should develop an understanding of their decision-
making process and be equipped with strategies to implement the decision related to their personal and
professional development.

Boris kerner (2009) To give a new basis for the development of models for dynamic traffic operation
methods, dynamic traffic assignment models, and highway traffic control methods, which are consistent
with features of real traffic.

The importance of these objectives can be explained as follows. Most earlier traffic flow theories and
the associated freeway control and dynamic management methods assume the existence of a particular
fixed or stochastic highway capacity of free flow at a highway bottleneck. Therefore, they use the
highway capacity as a basic parameter of dynamic traffic management models. In this book we show and
explain how and why the application of a particular highway capacity as a control parameter in methods
for dynamic freeway traffic management like onramp metering, speed limit control, or dynamic traffic
assignment, is not consistent with features of real traffic.

Traffic flow phenomena are associated with a complex dynamic behavior of spatiotemporal traffic
patterns. The term spatiotemporal reflects the empirical evidence that traffic occurs in space and time.
Therefore, only through a spatiotemporal analysis of real measured traffic data the understanding of
features of real traffic is possible. In other words, spatiotemporal features of traffic can only be found, if
traffic variables are measured in real traffic in space and time.

Lighthill and Whitham (1955) laid the foundation of macroscopic traffic flow theory in their seminal
paper describing traffic as a fluid moving along a duct. They discussed traffic along a reasonably crowded
road, with no appreciable gaps between individual vehicles. In this case, traffic may be viewed as a
continuum, and its characteristics correspond to the physical characteristics of the imaging fluid.
This produces the effect of a "moving bottleneck" described by Gazis and Herman (1992). The moving
bottleneck may be transformed into a "phantom bottleneck" if the truck reaches a level or downhill
portion and resumes its normal speed. In that case, drivers trapped behind the moving bottleneck see
no bottleneck when they move past the congested portion caused by the moving bottleneck and see no
apparent cause for this congestion.

A brief discussion of the study of the moving and phantom bottleneck will be given here, to illustrate the
use ofkinematic models for the study of complex traffic phenomena.

By detecting stationary or moving vehicles by pneumatic tubes, ultrasonics, radar, strain gages, magnets,
or magnetometers, traffic can actuate signals. For years, England has employed traffic actuated signals,
but individual signals controlled by a highly local- ized pattern of traffic simply don't work when traffic is
heavy. Traffic flow is an area problem. Effect of goods (commercial) vehicles on capacity of an
intersection with traffic signals is assessed by groups of light and heavy vehicles on two connected test
circuits. (Thomas R. Horton,1965)

The necessity of traffic management is associated with the occurrence of traffic congestion in a traffic
network at a large enough traffic demand. The occurrence of traffic congestion results in a considerable
increase in travel time and fuel consump- tion as well as in a decrease in traffic safety and comfort.
Therefore, through the management of vehicular traffic, the negative effects of traffic congestion should
be decreased. Different systems for traffic management and control are called intelligent transportation
systems (ITS). There is a diverse variety of ITS applications.

As mentioned above, traffic congestion results from traffic breakdown. Therefore, traffic breakdown
limits highway capacity of free flow. Traffic breakdown occurs usually at a bottleneck in the traffic
network. This is because the bottleneck introduces a local speed decrease in free flow that exists
permanently at the bottleneck. Examples of the network bottlenecks are on and off-ramps on highways,
traffic signals, road gradients, a decrease in the number of road lanes, etc.

Traffic breakdown is a transition from free flow to congested traffic in a traffic network. Traffic
breakdown occurs usually at a network bottleneck. Traffic breakdown limits highway capacity.

These conclusions about the importance of bottlenecks for traffic breakdown have been made already
at the beginning of traffic research. Standard traffic theories include a diverse variety of bottleneck
models for the analysis of traffic breakdown." The standard traffic flow theories and models had a great
impact on the understanding of many empirical traffic phenomena. However, users of traffic and
transportation networks would expect that traffic breakdown can be prevented in a traffic network
through the use of traffic management.

Any traffic and transportation theory applied for the development of reliable methods of traffic
management as well as for the evaluation of autonomous driving in mixed traffic flow consisting of
human driving and autonomous driving vehicles should be consistent with the empirical features of
traffic breakdown at network bottlenecks. (Boris S. Kerner AG, 2021)
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This framework shows the overall outline of the study. It can be

expressed by using the input-process-output framework (IPO).

PROCESS

INPUT OUTPUT

DATA GATHERING

Discriptive Research
Profile of the
respondents according Data Collection
to: Benefits of Traffic Sensor
Data Analysis Systems for Drivers and
a. Age
Commuters as an
Research Question
b. Occupation alternative for
Survey Traditional traffic light
c. Type of vehicle being fixed-time systems
use TECHNOLOGY

Respondent’s Proposed Solution

awareness Assessment of road
a. Sensor will detect the number of performance
Traffic volume count vehicles coming near the traffic
Peak Hour Factors light. Maintenance or
Truck factors ESAL rehabilitation
b. System will analyze the data
Loadings
and;

c. System will automatically adjust

the traffic light and timer
depending on the number of
vehicles coming on the
intersection.
Input (1) describes the conceptual framework of the study wherein the input is the profile of
the respondents consisting of the following: Age, Occupation, type of vehicle being used, and
the respondent's awareness including Traffic volume count, Peak Hour Factors, Truck factors,
ESAL Loadings.

Process (P) On the other hand, the process being used is through a Discriptive Research, Data
Collection, Data Analysis, Research Question, Survey such as percentage, mean, and tallied. The
process of the proposed solution system is also indicated.

Output (O) The output is the benefits of Traffic Sensor Systems for Drivers and Commuters as
an alternative for Traditional traffic light fixed-time systems including an Assessment of road
performance, Maintenance or rehabilitation.