SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis zogadi da

SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis instituti

qarTuli literaturis institutis gamomcemloba

1
 Theory of literature

The basic methodologial schools and conceptions of XXth centry

Tbilisi
2008

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 literaturis Teoria

XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobani

Tbilisi
2008

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 winamdebare krebuli aris meore, Sevsebuli gamocema wignisa `literaturis
Teoria. XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi~.
gamocema eTmoba me-20 saukunis ZiriTadi literaturul-Teoriuli
meTodologiuri koncefciebisa da mimdinareobebis analizs. avtorTa koleqtivis
naSromi gansazRvrulia literaturisa da literaturaTmcodneobis problemebiT
dainteresebuli farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis. misi gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia rogorc
filologiuri, ise, zogadad, humanitaruli profilis studentebTan, swavlebis
yvela safexurze: bakalavriatSi, magistraturasa da doqtoranturaSi.

redaqtorebi: Teimuraz doiaSvili

irma ratiani

saredaqcio kolegia: levan bregaZe

gaga lomiZe
solomon tabucaZe

koreqtori: maia ciskaZe

operatori: TinaTin duglaZe

ydis dizaineri: zviad tyeSelaSvili

redaqciis misamarTi: 380008, Tbilisi, merab kostavas q. #5.

telefoni: 99-53-00.

ISBN 999 40 – 715.N

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 Sinaarsi

winaTqma......................................................................................................................................................................
Tamar lomiZe
rusuli formaluri skola..................................................................................................................
irma ratiani
mixeil baxtinis Teoriuli koncefcia. dialoguri kritika.........................................
gaga lomiZe
praRis skola..................................................................................................................................................
levan bregaZe
fsiqoanalizi da mxatvruli Semoqmedeba.....................................................................................
irma ratiani
fenomenologiuri kritika.........................................................................................................................
manana kvaWantiraZe
enis semiologiuri kvlevis meTodologiisaTvis.........................................................................
irma ratiani
hermenevtika..........................................................................................................................................................
irma ratiani
amerikuli `axali kritika~......................................................................................................................
Tamar lomiZe
struqturalizmi.............................................................................................................................................
malxaz xarbedia
poststruqturalizmi da dekonstruqcia......................................................................................
levan bregaZe
recefciuli esTetika..................................................................................................................................
malxaz xarbedia
naratologia......................................................................................................................................................
gaga lomiZe
miTologiuri kritika.................................................................................................................................
gaga lomiZe
marqsistuli kritika dasavleTSi........................................................................................................
solomon tabucaZe
gavlenis Teoria.............................................................................................................................................
bela wifuria
postmodernizmi................................................................................................................................................
gaga lomiZe
axali istorizmi...........................................................................................................................................
terminologiuri sityvari.................................................................................................................................
Semdgenlebi: venera kavTiaSvili, rusudan canava
pirTa saZiebeli.........................................................................................................................................................

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 winaTqma

winamdebare gamocema me-20 saukunis dasavluri literaturul-Teoriuli

sivrcis mimoxilvis cdaa qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi.
gasuli aswleulis dasavluri literaturuli samyaro literaturul-
Teoriuli mimdinareobebis uprecedento siuxviT gamoirCeoda. literaturis
Teoriam, romelic seriozulad dainteresda mxatvruli teqstis mecnieruli
analizis problemiT, cxadad gamokveTa Tavisi mimarTebebi iseT monaTesave
humanitarul disciplinebTan, rogoricaa filosofia, esTetika, lingvistika,
fsiqologia. amgvari TanamSromlobis Sedegad aRmocenda araerTi saintereso
literaturul-Teoriuli interdisciplinaruli xasiaTis skola, romelmac gza
gauxsna teqstis kvlevis mravalplaniani modelebis damkvidrebas.
samwuxarod, sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi, qarTuli literaturuli
sazogadoeba moklebuli iyo aqtiuri TanamSromlobis uflebas dasavlur
literaturul wreebTan: akrZaluli `burJuaziuli literaturuli azrovnebis
nimuSebis~ araTu citirebas, aramed xelisuflebisaTvis arasasurvel konteqstSi
moxseniebasac ki SeiZleboda usiamo Sedegebi mohyoloda. calkeuli mecnierebi da
kritikosebi, cxadia, axerxebdnen mciredad lavirebas, magram amas masobrivi da
sayovelTao xasiaTi ar hqonda da verc eqneboda.
dRes, gaxsnili sazRvrebis pirobebSi, problemas aRar warmoadgens msoflio
literaturul-Teoriul gamocdilebasTan ziareba, magram sirTules sxva
garemoebebi qmnis: erTi mxriv, mTeli saukunis manZilze dagrovili masalis
TiTqmis damabneveli siWarbe, meore mxriv ki _ enobrivi barieri. swored am ori,
albaT, arcTu umniSvnelo mizezis gamo iqna miRebuli winamdebare wignis
gamocemis gadawyvetileba.
wigni saSualebas miscems literaturisa da literaturaTmcodneobis
problemebiT dainteresebul farToO mkiTxvels, mSobliur, qarTul enaze gaecnos
me-20 saukunis literaturis Teoriis miRwevebs, eziaros sxvadasxva qveynebSi da
sxvadasxva dros Camoyalibebuli literaturul-Teoriuli skolebis ZiriTad
principebsa da debulebebs, aiTvisos maTi pirveladi terminologiuri aparati.
wigni avtorTa koleqtivis erTobliv namuSevars warmoadgens. avtorTa da
redaqtorTa mizani iyo sakmaod rTuli Teoriuli problemebis maqsimaluri
sicxadiT gadmocema da, Cveni realobidan gamomdinare, erTgvarad gamartivebac ki,
Tumca, rigi literaturul-Teoriuli skolebis TavisTavadma sirTulem amis
saSualeba ar mogvca. am TvalsazrisiT, wignis udao Rirsebad unda miviCioT
TandarTuli terminologiuri sityvari, sadac ganmartebulia Tanamedrove
literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis mniSvnelovani mravali termini.
wigni atarebs ara mxolod kompilaciur, aramed analitikur xasiaTs, rac
gvaZlevs imis imeds, rom igi qarTul sinamdvileSi siantereso gzamkvlevi iqneba
me-20 saukunis dasavlur literaturul-Teoriul sivrceSi Sesasvlelad.

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Tamar lomiZe

rusuli formaluri skola

rusulma formalizmma, rogorc literaturaTmcodneobis garkveulma

mimarTulebam, udidesi roli Seasrula me-20 saukunis esTetikuri azrovnebis
istoriaSi. am mimdinareobis warmomadgenelTa mier SemuSavebulma Teoriulma
postulatebma, agreTve – praqtikuli kvlevis meTodebma da Sedegebma
mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvres struqturuli poetikis, semiotikis, informaciis
Teoriisa da manqanuri Targmnis ganviTareba.
`rusuli formalisturi skola~ funqcionirebda 1910-iani wlebis Sua
xanebidan 1920-iani wlebis Sua xanebamde da aerTianebda `poeturi enis
Semswavlel sazogadoebas~ (ОПОЯЗ), moskovis lingvistur wres (Московский
лингвистический кружок) da leningradis xelovnebis istoriis saxelmwifo
institutis TanamSromelTa jgufs. `opoiazis~ wevrebi iyvnen o. briki, v.
Sklovski, e. polivanovi, l. iakubinski, i. tinianovi; moskovis lingvistur wreSi
moRvaweobdnen r. iakobsoni, b. petersoni, a. buslaevi, g. o. vinokuri; leningradis
jgufSi ki gaerTiandnen: v. Jirmunski, v. vinogradovi, b. tomaSevski, b.
engelgardti da sxv.
rusuli formalisturi skolis pirvel Teoriul ganacxadad miCneulia v.
Sklovskis broSura `sityvis aRorZineba~ (1914). `opoiazis~ CamoyalibebisTanave,
1916 wels, rusi formalistebis statiebi gamoqveynda wignSi `poeturi enis
Teoriis krebulebi. pirveli gamoSveba~; 1917 wels ki – amave gamocemis meore
gamoSvebaSi. 1919 wels gamomcemloba ИМО-m (`Искусство молодых~, gamomcemeli
– vladimir maiakovski) dastamba krebuli `poetika. poeturi enis krebuli~,
romelSic pirvelsa da meore krebulebSi gamoqveynebul statiaTa umravlesoba
daibeWda da daemata axali naSromebic.
rusuli formalizmi imTaviTve daupirispirda winamorbed
literaturaTmcodneobiT meTodologias, kerZod, impresionistul kritikas,
romelic ar xelmZRvanelobda araviTari obieqturi kriteriumebiT.
`CvenSi ar Camoyalibebula da ar ganmtkicebula, _ werda m. baxtini, -
idealizmi, Tavisi skoliTa da mkacri meTodiT. misi adgili ekava ideur
publicistikasa da religiur-filosofiur kritikas. es `Tavisufali rusuli
sja~, ra Tqma unda, ver asrulebda kvlevebis mastimulirebeli mowinaaRmdegis
sasikeTo rols, romelic ikisra idealizmma dasavluri formalizmis mimarT.
Zalze advili iyo Cveni `damoukidebeli moazrovneebis~ im esTetikur koncefciaTa
ugulebelyofa, romelnic aSkarad ver asrulebdnen TavianT daniSnulebas.
ukeTesi viTareba arc pozitivizmTan mimarTebiT SeiniSneboda. pozitivizmis
adgili CvenSi ekava uniaTo, dune ekleqtizms, romelic moklebuli iyo mecnierul
sabuTianobasa da sizustes. dadebiTi amocanebi, romelTa xorcSesxma ikisra
pozitivizmma dasavleTevropul humanitarul mecnierebebSi – azris moTokva, misi
gawafva, empiriuli konkretuli faqtis Rirebulebrivi wvdoma –
ganuxorcielebeli iyo CvenSi da formalistebis gamoCenisas isini aqtualobas
inarCunebdnen~ (tinianovi 1924: 166-167).
formalistebis mizans warmoadgenda literaturaTmcodneobis specifikacia da
konkretizacia (b. eixenbaumi). Sesabamis meTodologiur xerxad maT miiCnies
poeturi enis praqtikul enasTan Sejereba, da, amisda kvalad, kvlevis

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lingvisturi meTodebis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, b. eixenbaumi aRniSnavda:
`literaturaTmcodneTa mier kulturis an sazogadoebis istoriaze, fsiqologiasa
da esTetikaze Cveuli orientaciis nacvlad formalistebma orientacia aiRes
lingvistikaze, rogorc im mecnierebaze, romelic kvlevis masalis mixedviT
uaxlovdeba poetikas, Tumca mas sxvagvari miznebi da amocanebi amoZravebs~
(eixenbaumi 1927: 121). am gziT literaturaTmcodneoba unda aRWurviliyo
formalizebadi daskvnebis gamotanis unariT, e. i. zusti mecnierebis statusiT.
amasTan, Teoriuli garemo, romelic formalistebs ruseTSi daxvdaT,
araerTgvarovani iyo. erTi mxriv, gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekava subieqtivistur,
TavisTavad cxad Tvalsazrisebze damyarebul literaturaTmcodneobas; meore
mxriv ki, formalistebis asparezze gamosvlas win uZRoda a. a. potebnias mier
lingvisturi poetikis Teoriuli koncefciis SemuSaveba.
swored potebnia gaxldaT is moazrovne, romelmac poeturi enis
TaviseburebaTa dadgenisaTvis aucilebel kriteriumad moixmo prozis ena (an
yofiTi ena). mecnieris azriT, poetur enaSi cocxldeba enis faruli (masSi
imTaviTve arsebuli, magram ukve daviwyebuli) semantikuri niSan-Tvisebani,
romlebic prozis enaSi, misi erTmniSvnelovnebisadmi swrafvisas, ganidevneba
xolme. es idea gasdevs potebnias mTel Teoriul naazrevs.
potebnias mier dasaxuli konkretuli amocanisgan (romelsac formalistebi
TiTqos eTanxmebodnen) gansxvavebiT, Sklovskis zegavleniT, rusulma formalurma
skolam gadauxvia Tavis aSkarad deklarirebul gzas da gaiziara misi lozungi,
literaturaSi yovelive ganxiluliyo xerxis (приём) saxiT. ZiriTad `xerxad~
gaucnaurebis (остранение) fenomenis aRiareba niSnavda, rom formalistebi aRar
cdilobdnen poetikis kvlevas lingvistikis monacemTa daxmarebiT da ufro
universalur amocanas isaxavdnen. kerZod, potebniaseul diqotomias (praqtikuli
ena / poeturi ena), faqtobrivad, arsi gamoecala da mis konkretul programas
Seenacvla martooden `xerxebis~ analizi. bunebrivia, `gaucnaureba~ an, saerTod,
`xerxi~ gulisxmobs ara mxolod enobrivi elementebis poeturi enis elementebad
gardasaxvas, aramed – lozungis `xelovneba rogorc xerxi~ universalurobis
Sesabamisad, saerTod, yovelgvari gaucnaurebis, yovelgvari transformaciis
gamovlena-gamoaSkaravebas. `xerxis~ cnebis amgvari universaluroba saSualebas
iZleoda, mimarTeba (gaucnaureba) damyarebuliyo nebismier opoziciur elementebs
Soris. marTlac, formalistebma am TvalsazrisiT gamoikvlies xelovnebis yvela
dargi da, maT Soris, kinoc.
`xerxis~ cnebis meSveobiT xelovnebis, rogorc aseTis, specifikis gamovlenis
pretenziam formalistebi CamoaSora maT Tavdapirvel mizans da gacilebiT ufro
masStaburi amocana dausaxa.
rodesac rusuli formalizmis, rogorc garkveuli meTodologiis
SemmuSavebeli Teoriuli skolis Sesaxeb vmsjelobT, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
amocanebisa da meTodologiaTa gansxvavebis miuxedavad, potebnias da rus
formalistebs AaerTianebda erTi mizandasaxuleba _ humanitaruli codnis
Teoriuli dafuZneba. mizezi, romlis gamoc potebnia, iseve, rogorc
formalistebi, gaemijnen literaturaTmcodneobis arsebul Teoriebs, is ki ar
gaxldaT, rom es ukanasknelni analizis sagnad miiCnevdnen mxatvruli teqstebis
Sinaarss, istoriul-biografiul da fsiqologiur momentebs da a. S., xolo
formalistebi da potebnia – formalur aspeqtebs, aramed – is, rom potebniam

8
daiwyo, formalistebma ki gaagrZeles sarwmuno, dasabuTebuli codnis mopovebis
gzebis Zieba.
me-19 saukunis rusuli literaturaTmcodneoba icnobda codnis dafuZnebis
erTaderT meTods – Teoriuli wanamZRvrebis `TvalsaCinoebas~. amgvarad, codnis
dafuZneba, faqtobrivad, ar xdeboda, radgan es ukanaskneli SesaZlebelia mxolod
iq, sadac mecnieruli codna sistemuri xasiaTisaa.
swored rusuli formalizmis Teoriulma skolam wamowia da Tavis
aqtualur amocanad aqcia codnis dafuZneba. literaturaTmcodneobis Sesaxeb
gamoikveTa ori Tvalsazrisi da, Sesabamisad, kvlevis ori tendencia:
1. literaturaTmcodneoba rogorc lingvistika – am xazma, potebnias
kvaldakval, mkafiod iCina Tavi rusuli formalizmis imgvar warmomadgenelTan,
rogoric iyo i. tinianovi. ramdenadme gansxvavebulad, magram Zalze
Tanmimdevrulad icavdnen dasaxelebul Tvalsazriss r. iakobsoni da e.
polivanovi.
2. literaturamcodneoba rogorc filosofia – am xazs aviTarebda Tavis
Teoriul naSromebSi v. Sklovski, romelic kvlevisas mimarTavda Sidapoetikur
dafuZnebas, e. i. ganixilavda mxatvruli nawarmoebis ama Tu im elementis
(magaliTad, fabulis) sxva elementad (magaliTad, siuJetad) transformirebas
(gardaqmnas). rac Seexeba formalisturi skolis sxva warmomadgenlebs,
isini, sakvlevvi masalisa da kvlevis miznis Sesabamisad, xan erT Tvalsazriss
emyarebodnen, xan – meores.
literaturaTmcodneoba rogorc filosofia, ZiriTadad, v. Sklovskis ideals
warmoadgenda. sainteresoa, rom rusi formalistebi (Tu ar CavTvliT polivanovs,
briks, iakobsons) Zalze zedapirulad icnobdnen lingvistikas. savaraudoa, rom
maT mier lingvisturi meTodebis ugulebelyofa codnis naklebobiTac iyo
ganpirobebuli. negatiuri pozicia ekava lingvistikis mimarT b. eixenbaums, romlis
azriT, lingvistika, rogorc `bunebismetyvelebis nawili~, poetur nawarmoebebSi
afiqsirebs mxolod `enobriv movlenas~ da ara kompoziciur funqciebs (rogorc
poetika). lingvistika operirebs kauzalobis kategoriiTa da `fenomenis rogorc
aseTis~ cnebiT, poetika ki - `teleologiuri principiT~ da `xerxebis cnebiT~
(eixenbaumi 1921: 14). sagulisxmoa agreTve, rom `gaucnaurebis~ xerxis
universaluri bunebis Sesaxeb warmodgenac iwvevda lingvistur meTodTa
ugulebelyofas. aki swored aman gansazRvra formalistebis mier xelovnebis
yvela dargis qmnilebaTa `masalad~ gaazreba.
formalistebs literaturaTmcodneobis zust da sistemur mecnierebad
gadaqceva ewadaT, magram xels uSlidaT is garemoeba, rom mxatvrul teqstebs,
zusti mecnierebis obieqtebisagan gansxvavebiT, Sinaarsis plani gaaCnia. TiToeul
konkretul SemTxvevaSi Sinaarsi individualuri bunebisaa da lingvisturi an sxva
meTodis meSveobiT dafuZnebuli codnis mopovebis saSualebas ar iZleva.
amgvarad, codnis dafuZnebis mcdelobisas poetikaSi kvlevis erTaderTi
obieqtia gamosaxvis plani, anu formaluri niSan-Tvisebani, romelTa analizi
lingvisturi codnis gaTvaliswinebiTa da lingvistur meTodTa moxmobiTaa
xelsayreli.


SevniSnavT, rom Teoriuli dafuZnebis am tendenciis ganviTareba SeiniSneboda, magaliTad,
semiotikasa da struqturalizmSi, sadac gamoiyeneboda ara marto lingvistikis, aramed – sxva
mecnierebaTa meTodebic.

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 Teoriis dafuZnebisas formalistebi samarTlianad moiTxovdnen Cveulebrivi,
yofiTi dakvirvebebis, msoflmxedvelobis aramecnieruli komponentebis,
fsiqologizmis, sociologizmis, istoriul-mecnieruli codnisa da, bolos,
`TvalsaCinoebis~ ugulebelyofas. amasTan, formalistebi TavianT Teoriul
naSromebSi naklebad radikalurni iyvnen, vidre – maTsave deklaraciebSi, albaT,
imitom, rom 10-20-ian wlebSi pirveli cdebi iyo literaturaTmcodneobis zust,
sistemur mecnierebad qcevisa.
amisda kvalad, formalistebis Teoriuli programa imTaviTve iTvaliswinebda
momijnave mecnierebis – lingvistikis gamoyenebas damfuZnebeli koncefciis saxiT.
rogorc ki poetikam realurad gaicnobiera zust mecnierebad qcevis
aucilebloba, man maSinve miagno im gzas, romliTac SeiZleboda am miznis miRweva.
kidev erTxel davubrundeT forma-Sinaarsis dualizms, romelic mxatvruli
teqstebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Tu davukvirdebiT ara marto XIX s. rusul
literaturaTmcodneobas, aramed, saerTod, mTel literaturaTmcodneobas,
romelic win uZRoda ruseTsa da evropaSi formalisturi mimarTulebis
Camoyalibebas, aSkara gaxdeba, rom (rac unda trivialuri iyos es mtkiceba) iq
analizze saubaric ar SeiZleba, e. i. analitikuri momenti (mxatvrul
nawarmoebTan mimarTebiT) arc SeiniSneba tradiciul literaturaTmcodneobaSi,
xolo Tu is mainc gvxvdeba, analizis obieqts warmoadgens mxolod formaluri
plani.
marTlac, abstrahirebisas, Sinaarsi sxva araferia, Tu ara mxatvruli
nawarmoebis `ra~, xolo formaluri niSan-Tvisebebi _ `rogor~. bunebrivia,
rogorc ki daviwyebT `ra~-s analizs, is gadava `rogor~-is kategoriaSi, anu
xelidan gamogvecleba. `ra~-s specifika isaa, rom misi aRqma SesaZlebelia mxolod
mTlianobis, e. i. daunawevrebeli, ganuyofeli mocemulobis saxiT. kargadaa
cnobili tolstois gamonaTqvami `ana kareninas~ Sesaxeb: `Tu movindomeb,
sityvierad gamovxato yovelive is, risi gamoxatvac msurda romanis meSveobiT,
maSin ukve dawerili romani Tavidan unda davwero da Tu kritikosebs ukve esmiT
da SeuZliaT, feletonSi gamoxaton is, risi Tqmac msurs, vulocav maT da
Tamamad SemiZlia vuTxra: qu'ils en sovent plus long que moi (rom maT amis Sesaxeb
Cemze meti ram ician _ T.l.). da Tu beci kritikosebis azriT, mindoda amewera
mxolod is, rom momwons, rogor sadilobs oblonski da rogori mxrebi aqvs
kareninas, isini cdebian. yvelaferSi, TiTqmis yvelaferSi, rasac vwerdi,
vxelmZRvanelobdi urTierTgadajaWvuli azrebis mokrebis moTxovnilebiT, raTa
gamomexata saTqmeli; amasTan sityvierad calke gamoxatuli TiToeuli azri
kargavs mniSvnelobas da saSinlad ifiteba im jaWvidan amoglejisas, romlis
nawilsac TviTon warmoadgens. es jaWvi Sedgeba ara azrisgan (me vfiqrob), aramed
– raRac sxvisgan da am jaWvis safuZvlis gamoxatva uSualod sityvebiT sruliad
SeuZlebelia; SeiZleba martooden misi gamoxatva SualobiTad, rodesac
sityvierad aRvwerT saxeebs, moqmedebas, mdgomareobas~ (tolstoi 1951: 168-269).
tolstois vrceli citatis Semdeg ase Tu ise gvepatieba, Tu kidev erT citatas
moviyvanT _ amjerad l. vigotskis naklebad cnobili statiidan: `me vTqvi is, rac
vTqvi, _ ai WeSmariti xelovnebis saerTo formula. am formulis mixedviT,
xelovneba warmoadgens didebul tavtologias, xerxebis avtonomiur
TviTdamTxvevas, stilis TviTgamovlenas. is yovelTvis TviTigiveobrivia, musikis
msgavsad~ (vigotski 1920: 84).

10
 Tu mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sinaarsi SeuRwevadi, araanalizirebadi,
`wertilovani~ monadaa, maSin ras ganixilavda sinamdvileSi formalizmamdeli
literaturaTmcodneoba, rodesac egona, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sinaarss
aanalizebda?
saqme isaa, rom e. w. `literaturaTmcodneobiTi~ kvlevebi, faqtobrivad,
sociologiuri, istoriuli da fsiqologiuri kvlevebi iyo, romlebSic
literaturuli teqsti daiyvaneboda garkveul ideamde. es idea ki sxva araferi
gaxldaT, Tu ara – am mecnierebaTa erTi Cveuli da Cveulebrivi obieqti.
amgvarad, literaturaTmcodneobaSi formalizmi warmoSoba martooden
winamorbed Teoriebze reaqciad ki ar unda miviCnioT, aramed xazgasmiT unda
vTqvaT, rom igi warmoiSva, rogorc mecniereba literaturis Sesaxeb.
qvemoT davaxasiaTebT rusuli formalizmis zogierT ZiriTad Teoriul
konstruqts.

gaucnaureba (остранение) – es termini Semoitana v. Sklovskim Tavis

statiaSi `xelovneba rogorc xerxi~ (1917). gaucnaureba imTaviTve gaazrebul
iqna, rogorc xelovnebisa da misi Teoriis ZiriTadi principi. gaucnaureba
SeiZleba warmoadgendes konkretul mxatvrul xerxs an mogvevlinos ganxilvisa
da refleqsiis principad. rodesac Sklovski am princips ganixilavs C v e u l i
amocnobisa da a v t o m a t i z e b u l i aRqmis winaaRmdeg mimarTul aqtad, igi
dasturyofs nacnobi sagnebis axleburi, uCveulo aRqmis sokrateseul tradicias;
xolo rodesac gaucnaurebas aRiarebs Cveuli aRniSvnebis Sesacvlel
konstruqciul xerxad, Teoretikosi aristoteles poetikis tradicias mihyveba.
gaucnaurebis Teoriis Seqmnas biZgi misca lev tolstois poetikam. `gaucnaurebis
xerxis Tavisebureba l. tolstoisTan isaa, rom mwerali sagans Tavis saxels ki
ar arqmevs, aramed – mas aRwers rogorc pirvelad danaxuls, xolo SemTxvevas
imgvarad aRiqvams, TiTqos igi pirvelad ganxorcielda. amasTan, tolstoi sagnis
aRwerisas iyenebs ara misi nawilebis sayovelTaod miRebul saxelwodebebs, aramed
– uwodebs sxva sagnebis Sesabamisi nawilebis saxelebs~ (Sklovski 1990: 64).
Sklovskiseuli gaucnaureba - esaa sagnis Tu movlenis `avtomatizmidan~
gamoyvana da misi uCveulo, axleburi aRqma.
formalistebis es principi praqtikul gamoxatulebas poulobda, pirvel
rigSi, futurizmis, ufro adre ki – primitivistebis, dadaistebis,
siurealistebis, konstruqtivistebis praqtikaSi.
`gaqvavebuli~, avtomatizebuli aRqma gaucnaurebis (anu avtomatizaciis)
Sedegad gardaisaxeba `axlebur TvalTaxedvad~, romelic ikavebs
`msoflmxedvelobis~ ideologiuri cnebis adgils, xelovneba aRaraa samyaros
Semecnebis saSualeba, is `samyaros SegrZnebis ganaxlebis~ meTodia.
gaucnaurebis cnebam imTaviTve gamoiwvia polemika literaturaTmcodneTa
Soris, magram kritikuli, metwilad dausabuTebeli gaxldaT. ase, magaliTad, m.
baxtini werda: `avtomatizacia da am mdgomareobidan gamosvla ... gaerTianebuli
unda iqnas erT individuumSi. mxolod is adamiani, visTvisac mocemuli
konstruqcia avtomatizebulia, SeigrZnobs mis fonze sxva konstruqcias,
romelic, formaTa monacvleobis formalisturi kanonis mixedviT, unda
Seenacvlos pirvel maTgans. Tu CemTvis avtomatizebuli araa ufrosi Taobis
romelime warmomadgenlis, vTqvaT, puSkinis Semoqmedeba, maSin am fonze ver
aRviqvam umcrosi Taobis, vTqvaT, benediqtovis SesagrZnobobas. sruliad

11
aucilebelia, rom avtomatizebuli puSkini da SesagrZnobi benediqtovi aRqmul
iqnan erTi cnobierebis sibrtyeSi~ (medvedevi... 1998: 270-271).
formalistebi (gaucnaurebis, avtomatizaciisa da deavtomatizaciis Sesaxeb
msjelobisas) ar gulisxmobdnen, rom es procesebi xorcieldeba martooden erTi
cnobierebis farglebSi. avtomatizaciisa da deavtomatizaciis urTierTSenacvleba
mimdinareobs ara mxolod individis cnobierebaSi, aramed literaturuli
Taobebis, literaturuli stilebis masStabiT.
mogvianebiT d. lixaCovic akritikebda warmodgenas gaucnaurebis principis
universalurobis Sesaxeb da amtkicebda, rom is ver gavrceldeba, magaliTad, Sua
saukuneebis esTetikaze: `literatura imitom ki ar viTardeboda, rom masSi
mkiTxvelisTvis raRac `Zveldeboda~ `avtomatizdeboda~, moiTxovda
`gaucnaurebas~, `gaSiSvlebas~ da a.S., aramed imitom, rom TviT cxovreba,
sinamdvile da, pirvel rigSi, epoqis sazogadoebrivi ideebi moiTxovda axali
Temebis Semotanas, axal nawarmoebTa Seqmnas. literatura kidev ufro naklebad
eqvemdebareboda ganviTarebis Sinagan kanonebs, vidre – axal epoqaSi~ (lixaCovi
1967: 100).
ra Tqma unda, Sua saukuneebis normatiuli esTetika ar gulisxmobda
avtomatizaciisa da deavtomatizaciis procesebis urTierTmonacvleobas im
formiT, romliTac es xdeboda gviandel epoqebSi, magram, garkveuli distanciidan,
Sua saukuneebis esTetika SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc avtomatizaciis
Senelebuli (da xangrZlivi) etapi, romelsac Semdgom, deavtomatizaciis saxiT,
Seenacvla renesansuli esTetika.
garda amisa, literaturis evoluciis socialur-istoriuli ZvrebiT axsna
gvaiZulebs, socialur-istoriuli sakiTxTa mojadoebul wreSi Caketvas da wminda
literaturuli problemebis, literaturis evoluciis kanonzomierebebis
ugulebelyofas. ueWvelia, rom literatura viTardeba sociumis ganviTarebasTan
erTad; udavoa isic, rom literaturis Tematuri da Janruli specifika
epoqiseuli kulturul-istoriuli da socialuri maxasiaTeblebiTaa
ganpirobebuli, magram roca saubari literaturis evoluciis analizzea, aq oden
Tematuri da Janruli cvlilebebis aRniSvna araferia, radgan (rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT) analizirebadi mxolod literaturis formaluri plania. am
ukanasknelis evolucia ki savsebiT SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas, rogorc
avtomatizacia-deavtomatizaciis (am cnebaTa farTo gagebiT) etapebis
urTierTmonacvleoba.
futuristebis praqtikaSi deavtomatizaciis gamoxatavda e.w. `zaumuri~ ena.
is ki sxva araferia, Tu ara im `bgeriTi laqebis~ (Sklovskis TqmiT) usagno
kombinacia, romlebic TavisTavad aRuZravdnen siamovnebis grZnobas aRmqmel
subieqts. zaumuri poeturi metyveleba, upirveles yovlisa, yuradRebas ipyrobs
Tavisi fonetikuri SedgenilobiT. deformirebuli sityva ganapirobebs enis
meqanikuri aRqmis deavtomatizacias – gaucnaurebas da bgerebis
`semasiologizacias~. amgvarad, xorcieldeba: 1. bgeriTi zaumuri efeqti da 2.
semantikuri zaumuri efeqti.
`...axali sityvebis Seqmnis meSveobiT me vqmni axal mniSvnelobas... aqamde
amtkicebdnen, rom azri karnaxobs kanonebs sityvas, da ara – piriqiT. Cven
mivuTiTeT am Secdomaze da SevimuSaveT Tavisufali, zaumuri, saerTaSoriso ena.
Zvelad mwerlebi azris meSveobiT aRwevdnen sityvamde, Cven ki sityvis meSveobiT
vaxorcielebT uSualo wvdomas~ (kruCenixi 1963).

12
 gaucnaurebis xerxs warmoadgenda v. xlebnikovis mier `winare-enis~ poeturi
rekonstruqciis mcdelobac, agreTve `usagno xelovneba~, kalamburi,
sxvadasxvagvari inversiebi frazis struqturaSi, usiuJeto proza da a.S.

formisa da Sinaarsis klasikuri diqotomiis gadaazreba zemoTqmulidan

gamomdinare, bunebrivi iyo; tradiciul diqotomias formalistebma Seunacvles
diqotomia forma – masala. masala, Sinaarsis abstraqtuli, `wertilovani~
cnebisgan gansxvavebiT, konkretuli, analizirebadi mniSvnelobis mqone cnebaa.
`literaturuli nawarmoebi warmoadgens wminda saxis formas... is araa arc
sagani, arc masala, aramed – masalaTa mimarTeba da, rogorc yovelgvari mimarTeba,
esaa nulovani ganzomilebis mimarTeba~, werda v. Sklovski (Sklovski 1990: 64).
`masala pasiuri rodia – mas gaaCnia Tavisi kanonebi, Tavisi cxovreba, Tavisi
WeSmariteba, romelic unda aRmoaCinos xelovanma~, aRniSnavda b. eixenbaumi
(eixenbaumi 1924: 9).
b. engelgardti gamohyofda masalis orgvar gagebas, imisda mixedviT, Tu
rogoraa gagebuli `xerxis~ cneba. Tu xerxi gamoiyeneba `Semoqmedebis obieqtis~
mimarT, igi(masala) sxvagvari mniSvnelobiT gaiazreba, vidre maSin, rodesac xdeba
am xerxis analizi romelime konkretuli nawarmoebis CarCoebSi~ (engelgardti
1927: 37).
pirvel SemTxvevaSi esaa avtoris mier SerCeuli `nedli~ masala, meoreSi ki –
ukve transformirebuli faqtebi. formalistebis mier SemuSavebuli Txrobis
Teoriis farglebSi pirveli maTgani ganixileboda rogorc fabula, xolo meore –
rogorc siuJeti.

fabula da siuJeti _ `fabula – mxolod masalaa siuJetis Camosayalibeblad~, -

miuTiTebda v. Sklovski (Sklovski 1925: 161).
amrigad, siuJetis gamaucnaurebeli funqcia mdgomareobs fabulis Tematuri
erTeulebisa da maTi kompleqsebis xelaxal montaJSi.
viqtor Sklovskim siuJetis formalisturi Teoriis safuZvlebi Camoayaliba
naSromSi `siuJetis wyobis xerxTa kavSiri stilis zogad xerxebTan~, sadac Tavs
iCens analogia enobriv (stilur) xerxebsa (`paralelizmi~, `ganmeoreba~, `gadaweva~
(сдвиг) da siuJeturi xerxebis konstruqciul funqciebs Soris. aq gadamwyveti
roli ekuTvnis siuJetis safexurebriv agebas. es ukanaskneli iwvevs fabulis
sintagmaturi elementebis deavtomatizacias da xelaxla aerTianebs maT imgvar
struqturaSi, romelic upirispirdeba fabulis wyobas. amgvarad, `safexurebrioba~
TviT iqceva esTetikuri aRqmis sagnad.
siuJetis agebis SesaZlo modelTagan Sklovski gamohyofs or ZiriTad tips.
pirveli xasiaTdeba motivTa paralelizmiT anu siuJeturi tavtologiiT.
paraleluri agebisas siuJetis safuZvels warmoadgens ori adamianis bedi an ori
moqmedeba, ori semantikuri kategoriis an gmirTa ori tipis anda maTi
kontrastuli Taviseburebebis Sepirispireba. amgvari modelis mixedviT agebul
nawarmoebSi erTi siuJeturi xazi kveTs meores an wydeba, raTa adgili dauTmos
mas.


kerZo SemTxvevaSi, rodesac xorcieldeba ama Tu im nawarmoebis parodireba, parodirebuli
nawarmoebis siuJeti warmogvidgeba rogorc fabula parodiuli nawarmoebisTvis, sadac
xorcieldeba am siuJetis gaSiSvleba da gaucnaureba.

13
 meore models Sklovski uwodebs wriul siuJets (сюжет кольцевой), sadac
adgili aqvs siuJetur inversias, ise, rogorc es xdeba deteqtiur nawarmoebebSi
(romelime movlenis gamotoveba da misi gamoCena ukve nawarmoebis dasasruls,
rodesac vlindeba am movlenis Sedegebi~ (Sklovski 1925: 125)).

zRapris struqturis analizi _ Tavdapirvelad p. bogatiriovma, Semdeg ki v.

propma ganaxorcieles (formalisturi poetikis farglebSi) folkloruli masalis
funqciuri analizi. gaucnaurebis principma Tavi iCina bogatiriovis mier Seqmnil
uCveulos TeoriaSi, romlis Tanaxmad, motivi Cndeba zRaparSi mxolod maSin,
rodesac is warmoadgens `uCveulo faqts~, `normis darRvevas~.
petre bogatiriovma, iseve, rogorc i. tinianovma, r. iakobsonma, l.vigotskim,
ganicada sosiuris lingvisturi ideebis zegavlena da mimarTa eTnografiuli
masalis sinqronul analizs.
siuJetis formalisturi Teoria safuZvlad daedo v. propis `zRapris
morfologias~, romlis Tanaxmad, sakvlev obieqtebs warmoadgens ara siuJetebi,
aramed – is logikuri kanonebi, romlebic xorcSesxmulia siuJetur funqciebSi.
Sesabamisad, zRapris pirveladi elementebia ara motivebi (rogorc miiCnevda a.
veselovski), aramed – swored is funqciebi, romlebic ar eqvemdebarebian Semdgom
danawevrebas da garkveuli mimarTebebiT ukavSirdebian rogorc erTmaneTs, aseve –
mTel zRapars. Sklovskis msgavsad, propic moqmed pirebs akisrebs mxolod
konstruqciul funqcias. am funqciaTa ganmeorebadoba ki saSualebas iZleva, maTi
sqema dayvanil iqnas invariantuli funqciebis SezRudul raodenobaze.
literaturuli teqstis esTetikuri imanenturobis sapirispirod, zRapris
struqturuli analizi avlens mxolod konstruqts, romlis miRma dgas miTi da
Sesabamisi socialur-istoriuli konteqsti.

poeturi teqstis analizi:

1. ritmi _ b. v. tomaSevskis `literaturis Teoriis~ mixedviT, ritmi leqsis
`ganmsazRvreli momentia~, romelic axorcielebs leqsikuri erTeulebis prozaul
mniSvnelobaTa deformacias da swored amis meSveobiT esTetikur qmediTunarianobas
aniWebs maT.
am sayovelTaod cnobili definiciisgan gansxvavebiT, o. briki leqsSi amCnevda
ori (erTi mxriv, semantikurad orientirebuli da `zaumuri~, meore mxriv ki –
ritmze orientirebuli) tendenciis Tanaarsebobas, romlis sistematur erTeuls
warmoadgens `ritmul-sintaqsuri figuris~ sintagmaturi kompleqsi.
r. iakobsoni (naSromSi `Cexuri leqsis Sesaxeb....~) leqsis aRqmis ZiriTad
principad miiCnevs `molodinis gacruebas~. misi azriT, prozis ritmis (romelic
eqvemdebareba avtomatizaciis zogad kanons) sapirispirod, leqsis ritmi
warmoadgens `avtomatizmis mdgomareobidan metyvelebis gamoyvanis erT-erT
saSualebas~ (iakobsoni 1923: 17).
yvela SemTxvevaSi, formalistTa azriT, ritmi is konstruqciuli faqtoria,
romelsac ekisreba prozauli metyvelebis transformaciisa da axali TvisebebiT
aRWurvis funqcia.

14
 * * *
i. tinianovis mier SemuSavebul novatorul `saleqso enis Teorias~ safuZveli
moumzada b. eixenbaumis koncefciam leqsis `melodikis~ Sesaxeb.
eixenbaumis mixedviT, leqsis Teoriis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens leqsis sintaqsi:
`aucilebelia, fonetikisa da semantikis zRvarze movZebnoT iseTi ram, rac
dakavSirebuli iqneba saleqso frazasTan da, amasTanave, leqsTan, rogorc aseTTan.
esaa sintaqsi~ (eixenbaumi 1921: 5).
`swored sintaqsi, romelic, Cemi azriT, frazuli intonaciis safuZvelia –
azustebda eixenbaumi, _ warmoadgens enisa da ritmis SemakavSirebel faqtors~
(eixenbaumi 1921: 7).
eixenbaumma Semoitana poetikaSi dominantis cnebac, romelic esoden
nayofierad gamoiyena tinianovma. es cneba aRniSnavs erTi romelime konstruqciuli
funqciis (droiTi da sistemuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebul) batonobas sxvebze,
romlebic amis Sedegad deformaciasa da gaucnaurebas ganicdian.

* * *
i. tinianovis naSromSi `saleqso enis problema~ gaerTianebulia
formalisturi Teoriis wiaRSi momwifebuli Sexedulebebi leqsis bunebis Sesaxeb,
xolo gaucnaurebis principi gaazrebulia funqciuri, analizirebadi,
konstruqciuli faqtoris saxiT. amasTan, mecnieris azriT, dominanturi faqtoris
arsebobis gareSe formis aRqma SeuZlebelia, magram Tu konstruqciuli
(dominanturi) principis moqmedebis vada zedmetad gaxangrZlivda, es gamoiwvevs
aRqmis avtomatizacias. Sesabamisad, `formis dinamizmi~ ganapirobebs gamudmebul
brZolas `damqvemdebarebelsa~ da `daqvemdebarebul~ faqtorTa Soris:
`konstruqciuli faqtoris mier sxva faqtorTa daqvemdebarebis, deformaciis
gareSe mxatvruli faqti ar arsebobs. magram Tu gaqreba faqtorTa
urTierTqmedebis SegrZneba... _ mxatvruli faqti waiSleba, is avtomatizdeba~
(tinianovi 1924: 28-29).
im cnebebidan, romlebic tinianovma poetikaSi Semoitana an axleburad gaiazra,
sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs:

1. taepis erTianoba da simWidrove _ taepis erTianoba ar emTxveva sintaqsur-

semantikur erTianobas, aramed – ganpirobebulia misi grafikulad dafiqsirebuli
mijnebiT. rac Seexeba simWidroves, is moicavs im `mWidro~ urTierTmimarTebebs,
romlebic myardeba taepis Semadgenel sityvebs Soris da iwvevs maT semantikur
transformacias, e.i. gaucnaurebas (anu `semasiologizacias~, tinianovis TqmiT). am
transformaciis sintagmatur pirobebs gansazRvravs ara marto sityvis adgili
taepSi, aramed – ritmis meSveobiT misi `gamoyofac~ da, bolos, riTmis
konstruqciuli faqtori.

2. leqsis progresuli da regresuli faqtorebi _ es faqtorebi Tavs iCens,

pirvel rigSi, taepis mijnaze – sariTmo sityvebSi. progresuli faqtori vlindeba
pirvel sariTmo wevrSi, rogorc dinamikuri progresuli molodini (momdevno
sariTmo wevrisa), xolo meore sariTmo wevrSi – rogorc `dinamikuri regresuli
gadawyveta~ (anu akustikuri mimarTebis damyareba pirvel sariTmo wevrTan).
aseTsave faqtors warmoadgens, tinianovis miTiTebiT, metri, romlis zegavleniT
yoveli pirveli metrulad organizebuli taepi (an strofi) iwvevs meore aseTive

15
wesiT organizebuli taepis (an strofis) molodins, xolo meore taepi (an
strofi) regresulad ukavSirdeba pirvels. rac Seexeba bgeriT organizacias
(инструментовка), aq SeimCneva mxolod regresuli faqtoris zemoqmedeba. `bgerebi
ar gulisxmoben arc igiveobrivi, arc – msgavsi bgerebis gameorebis molodins.
amitom aq winamorbedis msgavsi yoveli bgera (bgeraTkompleqsi) ganapirobebs
regresuli mimarTebis gamovlenas~ (tinianovi 1924: 35).
leqsis progresuli da regresuli (dinamikuri) faqtorebi gansazRvravs
poeturi metyvelebis sagangebo semantikas, prozauli enisgan gansxvavebiT,
romelSic es faqtorebi ar monawileobs.

3. sityvis mniSvnelobis ZiriTadi, meorexarisxovani da meryevi niSnebi _ sityvis

mniSvnelobis `ZiriTadi niSani~ tinianovTan gaazrebulia rogorc misi leqsikuri
erTianoba anu sityvis im mniSvnelobaTa erToblioba, romlebic Tavs iCens misi
yofiTi xmarebisas. TviT es calkeuli mniSvnelobebi gansazRvrulia rogorc
sityvis `meorexarisxovani niSnebi~, romlebic vlindeba ama Tu im konkretuli
konteqstis zegavleniT.
`meryevi niSnebi~ gulisxmobs ori sityvis ZiriTadi niSnebis (mniSvnelobaTa)
urTierTqmedebas (kalamburSi, leqsSi) da, Sedegad, maT semantikur transformacias
meorexarisxovani, okazionaluri, `meryevi~ niSnebis win wamowevis gziT.

* * *
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, rusul formalizmSi Tavi iCina kvlevis orma
tendenciam, romlebmac gamoxatuleba hpova:
1. gareTeoriuli meTodebis gamoyenebaSi (literaturaTmcodneoba rogorc
lingvistika);
2. codnis SidaTeoriuli dafuZnebis mcdelobebSi.
am orma urTierTdakavSirebulma tendenciam Semdgomi ganviTareba hpova,
Sesabamisad, semiotikisa da struqturalizmis Teoriul koncefciebSi, romlebic,
formalizmis msgavsad, miznad isaxavdnen literaturaTmcodneobis qcevas zust,
sistemur mecnierebad.
unda iTqvas, rom yvela am mimarTulebis ganviTarebas xeli SeuSala arsebiTma
dabrkolebebma, kerZod:
- saTanado Teoriuli aparatis Camouyalibeblobam, e. i. konceptualuri
planis siZneleebma, romelTa arsi mdgomareobda: a) semiotikaSi – sakuTriv
poetikisa da momijnave mecnierebaTa struqturuli elementebis absoluturi
gamijvnis SeuZleblobaSi (yoveli daskvna SeiZleba interpretirebul iqnas rogorc
poetikis an, meore mxriv, lingvistikis, fsiqologiis da a.S. sferoTa kuTvnileba);
b) struqturalizmSi (da formalizmSi) – konkretuli teqstebis kvlevaze
upirates orientaciasa da araformalizebadi daskvnebis gamotanaSi;
- XX saukunis meore naxevarSi gansakuTrebiT popularulma Tvalsazrisma
imis Sesaxeb, rom yoveli mecnieruli Teoria emyareba garkveuli paradigmisTvis
damaxasiaTebel msoflmxedvelobriv wanamZRvrebs, e.i. mas ar unda hqondes
absoluturad zusti codnis mopovebis pretenzia. es ki gulisxmobs, rom axal
paradigmaSi SeuZlebelia Zveli Teoriebis uSualo ganviTareba. paradigmis cnebam
Ziri gamouTxara obieqturi codnis mopovebis pretenziis mqone mecnierul
Teoriebs, ramac ganapiroba XX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi formalizmis,

16
struqturalizmisa da semiotikis mier SemuSavebuli koncefciebis mZafri kritika
axali Teoriuli mimarTulebebis warmomadgenelTa mxriv.
XX saukunis bolos formalizmi, struqturalizmi da semiotika, rogorc
Teoriuli mimarTulebebi, aRar arsebobdnen, magram mecnierul kvlevebSi kvlavac
nayofierad gamoiyeneba maT mier SemuSavebuli meTodebi.

damowmebani:

eixenbaumi 1921: Эйхенбаум. Б. М. Мелодика стиха // Летопись Дома литераторов. N 4, 1921.

eixenbaumi 1924: Эйхенбаум. Б. М. Сквозь литературу. Л.: 1924.
eixenbaumi 1927: Эйхенбаум. Б. М. Теория "Формального метода" // Литература. Л.: 1927.
engelgardti 1927: 1927: Энгельгардт Б. Формальный метод в литературоведении. Л.: 1927.
vigotski 1920: Выготский Л. С. Царь голый // Жизнь искусства, № 613, 1920.
iakobsoni 1923: Якобсон Р. Щ. О чешском стихе преимущественно в сопоставлении с русским. Берлин:
1923.
kruCenixi 1963: Крученых А. У. Новые пути слова // Манифесты и программы русских футуристов. М.:
1963.
lixaCovi 1967: Лихачев Д. С. Пoэтика древнерусской литературы. Л.: 1967.
medvedevi... 1998: Медведев П. Н., Бахтин М. М. Формальный метод в литературоведении. изд.
Лабиринт Э., 1998.
tinianovi 1924: Тынянов Ю. Н. Проблема стихотворного языка. Л.: 1924.
tolstoi 1951: Толстой Л. Что такое искусство? // Полн. собр. соч. т. 30. М.: 1951.
Sklovski 1925a: Шкловский В. Теория прозы. М.-Л.: 1925.
Sklovski 1990: Шкловский В. Гамбургский счёт. М.: 1990.

17
irma ratiani

mixail baxtinis Teoriuli koncefcia. dialoguri kritika

TvalsaCino rusi filosofosi da literaturaTmcodne mixail baxtini

marTebulad miiCneva me-20 saukunis ara mxolod rusuli, aramed evropuli
filosofiur-esTetikuri azris erT-erT brwyinvale warmomadgenlad. m. baxtinis
naazrevma mniSvnelovani kvali daaCnia me-20 saukunis filosofiur sivrces da
makoordinirebeli roli Seasrula literaturul-Teoriuli azris ganviTarebaSi.
man novatoruli cvlilebebi Seitana Janris TeoriaSi, SeimuSava dialoguri
kritikis meTodi da daamkvidra qronotopis fundamenturad dasabuTebuli
koncefcia. me-20 saukunis literaturaTmcodneobam warmatebulad moirgo m.
baxtinis moZRvrebis zogadi modeli da zedmiwevniT kargad miusadaga misi
calkeuli mosazrebebi, terminebi da cnebebi literaturuli teqstis specifikas.

nevelis filosofiuri skola

mixail baxtinis moRvaweobis dasawyisi me-20 saukunis meore aTeuls

ukavSirdeba. 1918 wels qalaq nevelSi safuZveli Caeyara axalgazrda
filosofosTa uaRresad saintereso erTobas, kavSirs, romelmac swrafadve
daimkvidra filosofiuri skolis statusi da imTaviTve gansazRvra Tanamedrove
rusuli filosofiur-esTetikuri azris mimarTuleba. sami filosofosi, romlebic
bedma q. nevelSi Sehyara erTmaneTs, iyvnen m. baxtini, m. kagani da l. pumpianski.
Tavdapirvelad maTi TanamSromloba, anu saubrebi, `kantis seminaris~ egidiT
mimdinareobda, magram SemdgomSi seminarma farTo Teoriul-filosofiuri
mniSvneloba SeiZina da nevelis filosofiuri skolis saxiT Camoyalibda. nevelis
filosofiuri skola ar hgavda tradiciul filosofiur skolebs. gansxvavebas
qmnida skolis ara mxolod ideologiuri orientacia da muSaobis stili, aramed
damaarsebelTa sruli inertuloba skolis tradiciebis gavrcelebisa da
damkvidrebis mimarT. nevelis filosofiuri skolis ideologiur safuZvels
evropuli azrovnebis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli neokantianuri filosofia
warmoadgenda, magram kantis filosofiurma naazrevma, iseve rogorc
neokantianurma Teoriam da filosofiur-esTetikuri azrisaTvis kardinalurma
mravalma sxva problemam, nevelis filosofiuri skolis kedlebSi sruliad
axleburi da originaluri interpretacia SeiZina.
nevelis filosofiuri skolis ganmsazRvreli maxasiaTebeli iyo ara
filosofosTa poziciis erTsulovneba, aramed _ jansaRi ideologiuri Tanadgoma,
rac skolis TiToeuli wevris individualur azrovnebas iTvaliswinebda.
meTodologiur siaxles warmoaCenda muSaobis stilic: regularuli saubrebi,
axladgamoqveynebuli Sromebisa da referatebis kiTxva, dialogebi, diskusiebi,
xSirad _ mwvave kamaTi da polemika. nevelis filosofiuri skolis muSaoba
SeferxebebiT mimdinareobda, rasac, pirvel yovlisa, ruseTSi arsebuli
politikuri klimati ganapirobebda: moazrovneebs gamudmebiT uwevdaT gadaadgileba
_ nebsiT Tu uneblieT. Sesabamisad, skolis funqcionirebis periodi, romelic
sul cxra weliwads gagrZelda (1918-1927 ww.), xasiaTdeboda garkveuli
qronologiuri intervalebiT, geografiul lokaciaTa siWreliT da damfuZnebelTa
arasruli SemadgenlobiT. sqematurad es procesi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:

18
 1) 1918-1919 ww., q. neveli; skolas uZRvebian: m. baxtini, m. kagani da l.
pumpianski.
2) 1919-1920 ww., q. vitebski; skolas uZRvebian: m. baxtini da l. pumpianski.
3) 1922-1923 ww., q. petrogradi; skolas uZRvebian: m. kagani da l. pumpianski.
4) 1924-1927 ww., q. leningradi; skolas uZRvebian: m. baxtini da l. pumpianski.
axalgazrda filosofosTa sameulis xSiri dacileba drosa da sivrceSi
aramc da aramc ar moaswavebda maTi erTiani filosofiuri dro-sivrcis rRvevas.
nevelis filosofiuri skolis funqcionirebis periodSic da Semdgomac isini
mudmivad interesdebodnen erTurTis SromebiT (rasac adasturebs xSiri
citirebani erTmaneTis statiebidan da wignebidan), miRwevebiT, bediT.
nevelis skolis periodulma funqcionirebam ruseTis sxvadasxva qalaqSi
(neveli, vitebski, petrogradi) ganapiroba TanamoazreTa mcirericxovani, magram
geografiulad gavrcobili da monoliTuri gundis Camoyalibeba. mis
SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen: pianisti m. iudina, musikaTmcodne i. sollertinski,
musikaTmcodne da poeti v. voloSinovi, aRmosavleTmcodne n. konradi, istorikosi
e. tarle, aRmosavleTmcodne g. tubianski, biologi i. kanaevi, kritikosi p.
medvedevi, literaturaTmcodne b. engelgardti, mTargmneli a. frankovski,
geologi b. zalesski, inJineri a. regeviCi, poeti k. vaginovi. mogvianebiT, 70-80-
ian wlebSi nevelis filosofiuri skolis TanamzraxvelTa am gunds, cxadia, m.
kaganisa da l. pumpianskis TaosnobiT, `baxtinis wre~ ewoda. terminma ukvdavyo
didi moazrovnis axlo garemocva, is istoriul-kulturuli da
sociokulturuli birTvi, romlis wiaRSic yalibdeboda m. baxtinis
msoflmxedveloba. marTebulad SeniSnavs v. maxlini: `baxtinis wre miuTiTebs
garkveul, arsebiTad araoficialur (baxtinis gagebiT) fenasa da mentalitetze
sabWoTa periodis (gansakuTrebiT 20-iani wlebis) rusuli inteligenciis wreebSi,
adamianebze, romlebic yalibdebodnen da Segnebulad akumulirdebodnen pre da
postrevoluciuri wlebis inteligenciis wiaRSi; zogadkulturuli
TvalsazrisiT isini izrdebodnen da viTardebodnen specifikuri mimarTulebiT,
romelic Sors iyo ara mxolod `zevidan~ Tavsmoxveuli revoluciuri
ideologiisgan, aramed _ `qvemodan~ mobjenili inteligenturi
kulturavangardisgan... msgavsi adamianebi uCinarni iyvnen sabWour mxatvrul-
literaturuli sivrceSi~ (maxlini 2001: 132). vfiqrobT, swored am garemoebam
ganapiroba `baxtinis wris~ wevrTa mkveTrad izolirebuli arseboba,
urTierTobaTa Rrmad personaluri xasiaTi, SemozRuduloba da ideologiuri
ganvrcobiTobis mcire albaToba.
nevelis filosofiur skolas pirdapiri memkvidreebi ar darCenia, magram
istorias darCa movlena, filosofiuri paradoqsi, romlis mecnierul-Teoriuli
programa dRes TiTqmis yvela humanitaruli disciplinis interesis sagans
warmoadgens. nevelis filosofiuri skolis jerovani Sefaseba da analizi, albaT,
filosofiis istorikosTa saqmea, Cven ki SemovifarglebiT im ZiriTadi
literaturaTmcodneobiTi problemebis CamonaTvaliT, romlebic gamoikveTa
nevelis filosofiuri skolis wiaRSi da romlebmac didi gavlena iqonia rogorc
m. baxtinis naazrevze, ise _ me-20 saukunis literaturul-Teoriul sivrceze. es
problemebia:
1. literaturuli Janris gansazRvreba;
2. f. dostoevskis Semoqmedebis, misi poetikis novatoruli analizi;
3. dialoguri kritikis Camoyalibeba;

19
 4. sicilisa da karnavalis filosofiis SemuSaveba;
5. konkretul mxatvrul teqstebze.
gamomdinare am problematikis TiTqmis universalobamde miyvanili
mravalferovnebidan, nevelis filosofiuri skola SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc me-
20 saukunis filosofiuri da zogadhumanitaruli kulturis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi monapovari, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia m. baxtinis
msoflmxedvelobrivi sistemis marTebuli analizi. aseTive didi zegavlena m.
baxtinis moZRvrebaze iqonia misma Tanamedrove literaturul-Teoriulma
atmosferom da im konteqstma, romelic gamoikveTa rusul da evropul
saliteraturo wreebSi da romelTan mimarTebiTac Camoyalibda m. baxtinis
Teoriuli koncefciis safuZvlebi _ Janrisa da diskursis Teoriebi.

literaturul-Teoriuli atmosfero

me-20 saukunis 20-ian wlebSi literaturuli Janris, kerZod, romanis Janris

problema araerTi literaturul-Teoriuli mimdinareobis msjelobis obieqtad
iqca. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCa rusuli formalisturi skola,
romlis upirveles mizans warmoadgenda mxatvruli teqstis literaturul-
RirebulebiTi modelis dadgena literaturis formaluri aspeqtebis, ama Tu im
literaturuli teqstisaTvis specifikuri mxatvruli da enobrivi formebis
maqsimaluri aqcentirebis fonze. `literaturuli nawarmoebi wminda formaa, _
werda v. Sklovski, _ ara sagani, ara masala, aramed masalebis urTierTqmedeba~
(Sklovski 1929: 226). formalur aspeqtebze yuradRebis koncentrireba, cxadia,
ar niSnavda literaturis moraluri an socialuri funqciebis ignorirebas,
Tumca, am TvalsazrisiTac formalistebs sakmaod originaluri pozicia ekavaT:
maTi azriT, literaturas axasiaTebda samyaros kvlav da xelaxla aRmoCenis
unari, dadgenilis, nacnobis gaucnaurebis, familarulis gaucxoebis, anu
`defamilarizaciis~ unari (ix. v. Sklovski, `xelovneba rogorc xerxi”).
defamilarizaciis procesi, formalisturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, Semoqmeds erTxel
ukve Sefasebuli realiebis, poziciis gadasinjvisa da samyaros ara mocemul
pirobad, aramed SegrZnebul siaxled aRqmis saSualebas aZlevda. `xelovnebis
mizans, _ aRniSnavda v. Sklovski, _ warmoadgens sagnis SegrZneba da ara misi
amocnoba~ (Sklovski 1929: 13). defamilarizaciis meTodi formalistebma
literaturis Zireul struqturebTan daakavSires da misi meSveobiT scades
literaturuli teqstis Tvisebriv, lingvistur da Janrul kanonzomierebaTa
dadgena.
Janrebi, formalistebis SexedulebiT, transformirebad modelTa qselia da
eqvemdebareba `evoluciis kanons~, rac niSnavs Zveli Janrebis ara gaqrobasa da
amoZirkvas, aramed konstruqciul gadanacvlebas JanrTa sistemis farglebSi (ix. v.
Sklovski, `ornamentuli proza~, i. tinianovi, `literaturuli faqti~).
gadanacvlebis safuZvels warmoadgens `dominanta~, anu Janris upirates
maxasiaTeblebTa gamoyofis principi. dominantas definicia mWidrod ukavSirdeba
literaturuli sistemis wiaRSi mimdinare JanrTa gadanacvlebis process
zogadJanrul sibrtyeze, da gulisxmobs JanrTa mudmiv moZraobas `periferiasa~ da
`centrs~ Soris. sayuradReboa, rom literaturuli Janrebis gadanacvlebis
mizezs formalistebi eZiebdnen ara gare, e.w. eqstraliteraturul, aramed Sida,

20
e.w. intraliteraturul kanonzomierebebSi. miaCndaT, rom literatura
warmoadgenda dinamikur metyvelebiT konstruqcias, romelic garkveul etapze
avtomatizdeboda, anu iqceoda Cveulebriv, familarul movlenad da cxadyofda
axali movlenis, anu deavtomatizebuli konstruqciuli principis warmoqmnis
aucileblobas. sistemis deavtomatizacia gulisxmobda mis gaucnaurebas,
defamilarizacias, anu arsebuli modelis gaazrebul transformacias axal,
uCveulo, originalur mxatvrul modelad. ganaxlebuli sistema eyrdnoba axal
dominantebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen Janris gadanacvlebas `periferiidan~
`centrisaken~ da _ piriqiT. Sesabamisad, Janri gvevlineba gaxsnil konstruqciul
tendenciad, dinamikur mimarTulebad, romelic uSvebs interJanruli
urTierTobebis axlebur, defamilarizebuli sistemis realizacias. Janris
sazRvrebi moqnili da fleqsiuri xdeba, gansakuTrebiT, romanis Janrisa, romelic
parodirebisa da TviTmodificirebis unariT gamoirCeva (ix. v. Sklovski,
`literatura siuJets miRma”).
magram, miuxedavad Janris, `rogorc masalis, cvalebadobis unarisa erTi
literaturuli sistemidan meoreSi~ (tinianovi 1977: 275), formalistTa
TeoriaSi JanrTa klasikuri determinacia (`eposi~, `tragedia~, `komedia~, `romani~
da sxva) myarad inarCunebs Tavis poziciebs da sayovelTaod miRebul, stabilur
modelad gaiazreba; formalistebs miiCniaT, rom literaturuli Janrebis
specifika da raodenoba ucvleli rCeboda; saukuneTa wiaR, literaturis
ganviTarebis konkretul etapze icvleboda (cxadia, dominantebis gaTvaliswinebiT)
Janris mxolod statusi, Rirebuleba, rezonansi da mniSvneloba. miuxedavad
literaturul JanrTa ganviTarebis `dialeqtikuri~ da `evoluciuri~
principebisadmi didi interesisa, formalistebis mier Camoyalibebuli Janris
Teoria unda Sefasdes Sidaliteraturul, avtonomiur da teqnikur-formalur
kanonzomierebebze dafuZnebul sinqronul koncefciad.
aranakleb mniSvnelobas iZenda literaturuli JanrebisaTvis niSandoblivi
poeturi enobrivi modelis formireba, rasac formalistebi sasaubro enis
defamilarizaciasTan akavSirebdnen: Tu nebismieri sxva tipis teqsti sjerdeba
sasaubro enis lingvistur SesaZleblobebs, mxatvruli teqsti moiTxovs mis
ganaxlebas, transformirebas, anu lingvistur defamilarizacias, rac, Tavis mxriv,
mkiTxvelis percefciul (aRqmiT) defamilarizacias iwvevs. lingvisturi
defamilarizacia konkretuli sqemebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. amgvar sqemebs
ganekuTvneba riTma, metrika, metafora, simbolo, anu yvela is komponenti,
romelic qmnis enis araordinarul models da xels uwyobs arsebuli informaciis
mxatvrulad gadamuSavebas*. rogori iyo am fonze romanis Janris enobrivi
modelis mimarTeba sasaubro enis modelTan? anu, ramdenad inarCunebda igi
lingvisturi defamilarizaciis kontrastulobas sasaubro enasTan mimarTebiT?
am problemasTan dakavSirebiT 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gamokveTili
kategoriul toni formalistebma (ix. i. tinianovi, `literaturuli evoluciis
Sesaxeb”, v. Sklovski, `mesame fabrika”) imave aTwleulis miwuruls gadasinjes, da

* Cveulebriv da defamilarizebul struqturebs Soris arsebuli kontrastebis warmosaCenad formalistebma

ori kategoriis _ `fabulisa” da `siuJetis” analizi warmoadgines. maT miaCndaT, rom fabula mokled da
amomwuravad gadmocemda momxdar ambavs, siuJeti ki, mxatvrul sqemebze dayrdnobiT, Tanmimdevrulad xdida
fardas avtoris, personaJebisa da mkiTxvelis vnebaTaRelvebs. amgvarad, siuJeti ostaturad manipulirebda
fabuliT, sZenda mas mxatvrul Rirebulebas da warmatebiT inarCunebda teqstis madefamilarizebel
funqcias (ix. v. propi, `zRapris morfologia”).

21
aRiares, rom mxatvruli sityva ar warmoadgens sasaubro sityvisgan mkveTrad
gamijnul absolutur avtonomias, metic, igi yalibdeba sasaubro enis mxardamxar
da yoveldRiuri cxovreba literaturas swored sityvis meSveobiT ukavSirdeba.
me-20 saukunis rusul literaturaTmcodneobaSi sasaubro sityvasa da mxatvrul
sityvas Soris kavSiris aRmoCena iyo udidesi movlena, romlis meqanizmis dadgenac
formalistebma veRar SeZles, magram seriozuli biZgi ki misces m. baxtinis
diskursis Teoriis Camoyalibebas.
20-ian wlebSive rusi formalistebis defamilarizaciis Teorias mxari aubes
Cexma struqturalistebma, romlebic meTodurad aviTarebdnen e.w. `winare xedvis
princips~. Cex struqturalistTa termini `winare xedva~ formalisturi
`dominantas~ mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda da mimarTuli iyo opoziciis
`avtomatizacia/deavtomatizacia~ gaRrmavebisaken. Sesabamisad, `winare xedvis
principiT~ Cexi mkvlevrebi xazs usvamdnen enobrivi meqanizmis gamoyenebas im
mizniT, rom mas Tavisken miepyro yuradReba da aRqmuliyo uCveulo,
araavtomatizebul, anu deavtomatizebul sistemad. avtomatizacia moiazreboda
enis ordinarul, standartad qceuli modelis tolfas cnebad, `winare xedvis
principi~ ki _ am familaruli struqturis gaucnaurebis, gaucxoebis,
defamilarizaciisaTvis saWiro dominantebis erTobliobad. `winare xedvis
principis~ damkvidrebiTa da literaturul Janrebze misi ganvrcobiTa da
ganzogadebiT Cexma struqturalistebma gaamyares rusi formalistebis mier
mecnierulad damuSavebuli Janris Teoriis sinqronuli koncefcia.
romanis Janrze, mis warmomavlobasa da tendenciebze msjelobda m. baxtinis
kidev erTi Tanamedrove mkvlevari o. freidenbergi, _ avtori seriozuli
naSromisa `siuJetisa da Janris poetika~. o. freidenbergi n. maris mowafe iyo da
mis `semantikuri paleontologiis~ meTodze dayrdnobiT axdenda uZvelesi,
erTiani miTologiuri memkvidreobis identifikacias literaturis ganviTarebis
yvela etapze. o. freidenbergs nebismieri gansxvaveba msgavsebis invariantad
esaxeboda da amis nimuSad mohyavda romanis Janri: igi, mecnieris mtkicebiT, eposis
erTi konkretuli versia gaxldaT. aq o. freidenbergi aSkarad iziarebda a.
veselovskis pozicias romanis rogorc epikuri qsovilis Sesaxeb (ix. a.
veselovski, `istoriuli poetika~). mosazrebas o. freidenbergi berZnul romansa
da eposs Soris arsebuli siuJeturi analogiebiT xsnida da romanis Janris
dasabamad swored berZnul eposs miiCnevda.
o. freidenbergis analogiur poziciaze idga b. grivcovic, avtori wignisa
`romanis Teoria~, romelic 1927 w. daibeWda q. moskovSi. b. grivcovs miaCnda, rom
eposi ara mxolod win uswrebda romanis Janris Camoyalibebas, aramed erTgvar
moralur prioritetsac ki inarCunebda romanTan mimarTebiT.
swored amgvari suraTi, romanis Janris Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, ikveTeboda
literaturaTmcodneobaSi m. baxtinis moRvaweobis sawyisi periodisTvis. erTi
mxriv, formalisturi skola da Cexuri struqturalizmi Janris mkveTrad
gamoxatuli sinqronuli TeoriiTa da zogadi wesebisa da sqemebis formirebis
mZlavri tendenciebiT, romlebic gansxvavebul Janrul modelebs
daakmayofilebdnen, meore mxriv, veselovski-freidenbergi-grivcovis Teoriuli
xazi, romelic Tanamedrove JanrTa fundaments antikuri periodis JanrebSi
Wvretda.

22
 ai, is xuTi ZiriTadi idea, romelic m. baxtinis Tanamedrove literaturis
TeoriaSi gamoikveTa da romelmac biZgi misca romanis Janris interpretaciis
baxtiniseul versias:
1) Janris Teoriis sinqronulobis idea;
2) JanrTa mudmivi gadanacvlebis idea;
3) JanrTa sazRvrebis fleqsiurobis idea;
4) romanis Janris enobrivi struqturis naTesaobis idea sasaubro enis
struqturasTan da realuri yofis fenomenTan;
5) romanis Janris eposis saxesxvaobad gaazrebis idea.
m. baxtini rTuli amocanebis winaSe idga.

mixail baxtinis novatoruli xedva. Janris Teoria

m. baxtinis ZiriTadi literaturaTmcodneobiTi Sromebi qronologiuri

TanmimdevrobiT daiwera: `dostoevskis Semoqmedebis problemebi~ _ 1929 w.
(mogvianebiT gadamuSavda da gamoica saTauriT `dostoevskis poetikis problemebi~
_ 1963; 1972; 1979), `sityva romanSi~ _ 1934-1935 ww., `droisa da qronotopis
formebi romanSi~ _ 1937-1938 ww., `romanis sityvis preistoriidan~ _ 1940 w,
`eposi da romani~ _ 1941 w. 1940-41 wlebSive daiwera `fransua rables
Semoqmedeba da Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis epoqis xalxuri kultura~, magram
gadamuSavda 60-ian wlebSi da daibeWda 1963 wels. am teqstebSi gamoikveTa
baxtinis rogorc literaturis Teoretikosis novatoruli xedvis, problemaTa
axleburad dasmisa da gaazrebis unari. baxtinis originaloba, pirvel yovlisa,
gamovlinda im Teoriul poziciaSi, romelic man Tavis Tanamedrove
literaturul-Teoriuli sivrcis mimarT daikava. m. baxtini aqtiurad Caeba
romanis Janris irgvliv gaCaRebul debatebSi da gaemijna aRiarebul azrs. man
Taviseburad gadawyvita literaturul-Teoriuli azrisaTvis mniSvnelovani sami
ZiriTadi problema: Janris Teoriis sinqronulobis, romanis enis sasaubro enasTan
mimarTebisa da romanis Janris warmomavlobis problemebi.
baxtini iyo pirveli moazrovne, romelmac, romanis Janris analizze
dayrdnobiT, Tamamad daarRvia Janris sinqronuli gaazrebis tradicia da
mecnierulad daasabuTa diaqronuli koncefcia. gamoikveTa mijnebi: Tu sinqronul
perspeqtivaSi Janri aRiqmeboda Sidaliteraturuli kanonebiT ganpirobebul
dadgenil, formulirebul da gamyarebul konstruqciad, diaqronul perspeqtivaSi
igi ganixileboda konkretuli epoqisaTvis niSandobliv istoriul da kulturul
Rirebulebebze damokidebul permanentulad qmnad sistemad. Janris sinqronuli
determinacia amkvidrebda mis struqturul orientirebsa da niSnulebs,
romlebTan mimarTebiTac gaiazreboda nebismieri Janris wiaRSi mimdinare
cvalebadoba, regresi Tu ganviTareba; gansxvavebiT sinqronulisagan, diaqronuli
determinacia (ganpirobeba) realuri, istoriul-kulturuli, parametrebis fonze
ganixilavda Janrs da, am kuTxiT, dasabams aZlevda mraval samomavlo koncefcias.
baxtins miaCnda, rom romans `gamoarCevs... mxatvruli saxis agebis axali sivrce,
sivrce, romelic asaxavs romanis maqsimalur kontaqts TanamedroveobasTan misi
qmnadobisas~ (baxtini 1986: 399).
romanis Janris diaqronul perspeqtivaSi gaazrebiT baxtinma Zireuli
cvlileba Seitana Janris TeoriaSi. `literaturul Janrebs mudam safuZvlianad

23
ganixilavdnen, _ aRniSnavs igi, _ magram antikuri epoqidan moyolebuli dRemde
Janrebs Seiswavlidnen maTi literaturul-mxatvruli specifikis WrilSi,
diferencialur gansxvavebaTa (literaturis farglebSi) TvalsazrisiT, da ara
rogorc erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul gamoTqmaTa garkveul tipebs, romlebic,
saerTo sityvier (enobriv) sivrces inarCuneben~ (baxtini 1986: 429). sityvis
xelovnebis Seswavlis sferoSi baxtini sakuTar meTodologias ganixilavs
`abstraqtul formalizmsa~ da `identurad abstraqtul ideologizms~ Soris
mijnis daZlevad. daZlevis sirTule mdgomareobs ZiriTadi postulatis
realizebis efeqturobaSi: Tu sityvas socialur fenomenad gaviazrebT, maSin
forma da Sinaarsi sityvis erT segmentSi moqceul mTlianobad warmogvidgeba.
diskursis socialurobis idea mWidrod ukavSirdeba Janris ideas. Sesabamisad,
Janri iZens socialur statuss, anu gvevlineba socialur struqturad, romelic
Seuqcevad damokidebulebaSia nebismier individualur talantTan. Janris
WeSmariti poetika baxtinisaTvis `mxolod Janris sociologiaa~ da nebismier
Janrs socialur da lingvistur struqturebs Soris transmisiur (gadamcem)
kavSirad ganixilavs. Janrs rogorc segments gansazRvravs misi mediatoruli
funqciis determinacia, romelic erTdroulad moicavs lingvistur da istoriul
ganzomilebebs. Sesabamisad, Janri baxtinis TeoriaSi `SemoqmedebiTi mexsierebis~
identuri cnebaa, romelic SemoqmedebiTad aireklavs mimdinare cvalebadobaTa
evoluciur process.
rusi formalistebis msgavsad, baxtini yuradRebas amaxvilebs romanis sityvis
Taviseburebaze da igi xelovnurad Seqmnil sistemad esaxeba, magram, gansxvavebiT
formalistebisagan, misi sistema eyrdnoba ara winaswar SemuSavebul sqemebs,
aramed _ cocxal enasa da frazeologias. romanis Janris upirveles
maxasiaTeblad baxtins cnobierebis mravalenovanebasTan dakavSirebuli da swored
romanis farglebSi realizebadi stilisturi samganzomilebianoba miaCnia.
`gansxvavebiT sxva didi Janrebisagan, _ wers baxtini, _ romani Camoyalibda da
ganviTarda Sinagani da garegani enobrivi mravalferovnebis gaaqtiurebis procesSi,
es romanis mSobliuri stiqiaa~ (baxtini 1986: 401). amrigad, romani, aris
sxvadasxva tipis socialuri metyvelebisa da individualur xmaTa xelovnurad
organizebuli mravalferovneba. baxtini ar gamijnavs sasaubro enis
mravalferovnebasa da enobriv mravalferovnebas da romani enebs Soris
warmoebuli dialogebis qsovilad warmoudgeba. amieridan romans veRar miviCnevT
adamianisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb SeTxzul martiv ambad, sazogadoebis sityvier
modelad. igi socialur fenebs Soris arsebul TanaxmierebaTa Tu uTanxmoebaTa
fundamentur struqturad gvevlineba.
cxadia, diskursuli planisadmi m. baxtinis yuradReba formalistebis
Txrobis sistemisa da sxvadasxva TxrobiTi modifikaciebisadmi (сказ) interesma
ganapiroba magram, gansxvavebiT formalistebisagan, baxtinis meTodologiaSi ena
ganixileba ara abstraqtul gramatikul kategoriaTa simravled, aramed _
ideologiurad Rirebul sistemad, msoflSegrZnebad da azrad. romanis Janri,
baxtinis mtkicebiT, emyareba lingvisturad Rirebuli formebis kombinaciebs,
romelTa miRmac sxvadasxva msoflmxedvelobrivi sistemebi moiazreba.
SeuZlebelia, enis miCneva formalur elementad; enis xelovnuri modifikacia
Tavisi arsiT verasodes iqneba formaluri.

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 enebs Soris urTierToba socio-lingvistur poziciaTa Sejaxebis avanscenaa;
winaaRmdegobrivi procesia, romelic dialogis formiT aris gamoxatuli. amrigad,
romanis Janri dialoguri formiT warmoCenili socialuri realobis modelia.
romans, rogorc dapirispirebul enobriv da msoflmxedvelobriv sistemaTa
Sejaxebis vels, m. baxtini procesebis logikur Sedegad ufro miiCnevs, vidre
sawyis an amosaval wertilad: kacobriobis istoriis ganviTarebis yovel etapze
mudmivad Tanaarsebobs verbalurad da ideologiurad antagonisturi Zalebi,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen konfliqtis cnebis dinamikas. analogiur suraTs
ganWvrets baxtini romanis Janris (da saerTod Janris) specifikaSic: romanis
siuJeti korelatur da dapirispirebul enaTa rTul urTierTobriv modelebs
eqvemdebareba.
m. baxtinis Teoriuli naazrevis originalobas kidev ufro mkafiod
warmoaCens misi msjeloba romanis Janris warmomavlobaze. igi gardauvaladaa
dakavSirebuli enis fenomenTan. mkvlevaris azriT, yovel istoriul etapze
nebismieri enis Sinagani struqturuli ganlageba aris romanis Janris
Camoyalibebis aucilebeli winapiroba, anu ena avtomaturad miiCneva romanis
warmoSobis istoriul winapirobad. aqve baxtini xazs usvams literaturuli
cnobierebis e.w. `lingvisturi miusafrobis~ kondicias, rac SeuZlebels xdis
lingvisturi mediumis arsebobas teqstSi da svams enis swori sociologiuri
interpretaciis sakiTxs.
msgavsad o. freidenbergisa da a. veselovskisa, m. baxtini ar uaryofs, rom
romanistikis Tavdapirveli lokacia elinistur periods miekuTvneba, magram
ganixilavs ra romanis Janris geneziss, gamohyofs im principul maxasiaTeblebs,
romlebmac ganasxvaves romanis Janri eposisagan da ganapirobes romanis Janris
TviTmyofadoba da originaloba. es maxasiaTeblebi gaxlavT poliglasia da
parodia.
poliglasia, anu mravalxmianoba wiTel zolad gasdevs m. baxtinis Teoriul
sistemas da gamosWvivis moazrovnis mier SemoTavazebul nebismieri tipis
gansazRvrebaSi. rac Seexeba parodias, igi specifikur diskursul tendencias
Seicavs da Tavisuflad moZraobs sxvadasxva Janrul modelebs Soris. iqmneba
erTgvari eqstraJanruli an interJanruli samyaro, romelsac Sinagani mTlianoba
gamoarCevs da romelic, baxtinis azriT, SeiZleba ganisazRvros romanul Janrad.
amrigad, romani baxtinisaTvis multiJanruli sistemaa, uwyveti procesia,
romelic aireklavs rogorc gansxvavebul diskursul plastebs, ise _
konkretuli epoqis, xalxisa da kulturisaTvis niSandobliv mravalxmianobas. m.
baxtini principulad icavs romanis Janris TviTmyofadobisa da istoriuli
xangrZlivobis ideas. misi azriT, romani eposis Janris qvevarianti, anu misi
`droebiT Semcvleli~ struqtura ki ar aris, aramed damoukideblad warmoiSva
literaturis ganviTarebis adreul etapze da dRemde inarCunebs Janrul Rirsebas,
aqtualobasa da prestiJs. metic, baxtini eposs gansazRvravs rogorc `absolutur
warsuls~, samuzeumo eqsponats, arqaizms, romans ki awmyos gardauval atributad
da ganmsazRvrel modernistul Janrad miiCnevs. `romanis Camoyalibebis procesi
jer ar dasrulebula, _ wers baxtini, _ is axal fazaSi Sedis. epoqisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia samyaros saocari garTuleba da gaRrmaveba, adamianuri
moTxovnilebis, sifxizlisa da kriticizmis zrda. swored es faqtorebi
gansazRvraven romanis ganviTarebis gezs~ (baxtini 1986: 427). romani misTvis
marad cocxali organizmia, mxatvruli struqtura, romelic zedmiwevniTi

25
sizustiT warmoaCens sazogadoebriv da kulturul sinamdvileSi mimdinare
istoriul procesebs sazogadoebaTaSorisi da kulturaTaSorisi dialogis saxiT.

dialoguri kritika. heteroglasia, dialogizmi, polifonia

mixail baxtinis Teoriuli sistemis qvakuTxedia dialoguri kritika, _

centraluri da sabaziso sayrdeni, romelsac efuZneba sxva ZiriTadi cnebebi da
principebi. dialogizmma, rogorc meTodma, gansazRvra romanis Janris analizis
baxtiniseuli gezi da mimarTuleba. dialoguri kritikis safuZvlebi
Camoyalibebulia naSromebSi `sityva romanSi~ da `dostoevskis poetikis
sakiTxebi~.
baxtinis azriT, urTierTobaTa dialoguri principis realizeba mxatvruli
prozis privilegiaa, romelsac verc poezia iyenebs da verc drama. rogorc
epikuri, ise dramatuli tipis nawarmoebSi, or adamians Soris dialogi
arsobrivad ori damoukidebeli monologia, romlebic monacvleobiT vlindeba
teqstSi. prozaSi Txrobis umTavresi faqtoria orxmiani struqtura da misi
meSveobiT mTxrobelisa Tu avtoris Txroba personaJis TxrobasTan mimarTebiT,
SesaZloa, `sxvis sityvad~ aRviqvaT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, `sxvisi sityva~,
rogorc Tema, gansazRvravs nawarmoebis kompozicias.
baxtinis azriT, `sxvisi gamonaTqvamis~ wvdoma niSnavs mimarTebiT orientacias
sxvasTan, romelSic yovel aRqmul frazas zed edeba sapasuxo fraza. gamomdinare
aqedan, yovelgvari urTierToba Tavisi arsiT dialoguria. `avtoris axleburi
pozicia gmirTan mimarTebiT dostoevskis polifoniur romanSi seriozulad
ganxorcielebuli da bolomde gatarebuli dialoguri poziciaa, romelic
adasturebs gmiris damoukideblobas, Sinagan Tavisuflebas, dausruleblobasa da
meryeobas. avtorisaTvis gmiri aris ara `is~, ara _ `me~, aramed, srulqmnili
`sxva `me~. gmiri aris ara ritorikulad gaTamaSebuli an literaturul-pirobiTi,
aramed seriozuli, namdvili dialoguri mimarTebis subieqti~ (baxtini 1972: 107).
dialogi gamoxatavs sityvis WeSmarit funqcias, anu imgvari sasaubro modelis
Tvisebas, romelic orxmiani sistemis saxiT yalibdeba da teqstis organizaciisas
aqcenti `sxvis sityvazea.~
orxmianoba, anu heteroglasia nairgvar, diferencialur metyvelebas niSnavs
da literaturis TeoriaSi baxtinis mier damkvidrebul erT-erT fundamentur
terminadaa miCneuli. heteroglasiis klasikuri ganmarteba sociolingvistikis
sferos ganekuTvneba da socioleqtis mniSvnelobiT ixmareba, magram baxtinma
termini mxatvrul teqstze ganavrco da cnebis lingvistur datvirTvas
mxatvrul-literaturuli funqciac SesZina. heteroglasia aris ara mxolod
sxvadasxva enobrivi modelebis erToba, aramed maTi miznobrivi koordinacia
mxatvrul teqstSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, baxtiniseuli heteroglasia
teqstualizebuli heteroglasiaa.
heteroglasiis baxtiniseuli ganmarteba or urTierTsapirispiro
meTodologias efuZneba: filosofiursa da empiriul-kulturul analizs.
pirvelis TvalsazrisiT, heteroglasia enis Tvisebaa da misi mravalferovaneba
bunebiTia, meoris mixedviT, igi enis Tvisebaa, oRond ganviTarebis mxolod
konkretul, istoriul etapze. baxtiniseuli heteroglasia orive am aspeqts

26
aerTianebs da, moazrovnis mier SemoRebul sxva terminTa msgavsad, erTdroulad
normatiulicaa da istoriulic.
ra xdeba, rodesac heteroglasiis gansxvavebuli enobrivi modelebi
literaturul arenaze inacvleben? `rodesac heteroglasia mkvidrdeba romanSi,
igi SemoqmedebiTi gardasaxvis obieqti xdeba; enaSi Semavali socialuri da
istoriuli xmebi, maTi yvela sityva da forma struqturul sistemad
organizdeba da gamoxatavs avtoris socio-ideologiuri poziciis
mravalferovnebas” (baxtini 1985: 300). am SemTxvevaSi, heteroglasia bunebrivad
erwymis romanis qsovils da mxatvruli asaxvis umTavres sagnad iqceva.
heteroglasia, baxtinis azriT, enobriv urTierTobaTa or gamijnul formas
gulisxmobs: sxvadasxva socialur enebs erTi nacionaluri enis farglebSi da
sxvadasxva nacionalur enebs erTi kulturis farglebSi. romanis JanrSi es
formebi ramdenime mimarTulebiT realizdeba: a) personaJTa dialogebisa da
Sinagani metyvelebis mimarTulebiT; b) socialuri, profesiuli da Jargonuli
sityvis mimarTulebiT; g) kulturuli dialeqtebis mimarTulebiT. samive am
mimarTulebis realizeba teqstSi dialoguria: isini icnoben erTmaneTs, reagireben
erTmaneTze da icvlebian erTmaneTTan damokidebulebisda mixedviT.
heteroglasia ar warmoadgens teqstSi enobriv diferenciaTa martivad
danergil neitralitets. heteroglasia iwvevs konfliqts sxvadasxva enobriv
struqturebs Soris (igulisxmeba personaJisa da avtoris enobrivi struqturebi).
amdenad, heteroglasia orxmiani diskursia, romelic erTdroulad ori tipis
enobriv models moicavs: personaJis pirdapir metyvelebas da avtoris ukufenil
metyvelebas. heteroglasia dialogizaciis winapirobas warmoadgens. baxtini
mijnavs dialogizmisa da heteroglasiis cnebebs, magram asabuTebs maT gardauval
kavSirs. dialogizmi, baxtinis azriT, gansxvavebul enaTa urTierTqmedebis process
warmoaCens, maSin rodesac heteroglasia aRwers da amkvidrebs enaTa Soris
arsebul gansxvavebas; magram maTi kavSiri gardauvalia: heteroglasiis mier
gamovlenili enobrivi diferenciacia mxatvruli teqstis doneze dialogis saxiT
realizdeba. dialogizebuli heteroglasiis pirobebSi baxtini or xmas gamoyofs:
warmomdgenels da warmodgenils. warmomdgenel xmas baxtini avtoris an
mTxrobelis xmasTan aigivebs, warmodgenils _ personaJis xmasTan, rac, Tavis
mxriv, struqturulad rTuli da araTanabari movlenaa. orxmiani diskursi
polemizirebul xasiaTs atarebs da uaRresad dialoguria.
aq, albaT, gasaTvaliswinebelia baxtinis originaluri Sexeduleba romanis
enobriv struqturasa da personaJebs Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb.
sayovelTaod miRebuli azri, rom romanis enobrivi struqtura emsaxureba
personaJTa xasiaTebis gaxsnas, baxtinma kardinalurad Secvala da ganacxada, rom
personaJebi konkretul enobriv modelebs ganasaxiereben da sxvadasxva enobrivi
sistemebis maqsimalur raodenobas amkvidreben romanSi. moazrovnis Rrma rwmeniT,
SeuZlebelia personaJis msoflmxedvelobrivi Sreebis warmoCena misTvis
niSandoblivi diskursis warmoCenis gareSe. Sesabamisad, personaJTa
urTierTmimarTebac dialogis saxiT aris warmodgenili.
termini `dialogizmi~ baxtinis mier damkvidrebul erT-erT yvelaze
orazrovan termins warmoadgens. igi erTdroulad lingvistur datvirTvasac
atarebs da novelistursac, gamoiyeneba enis rogorc konkretuli modelis
gansaxilvelad, ise _ misi gamorCeulad Rirebuli mxatvruli Tvisebebis
dasadgenad. baxtiniseuli dialogizmi gulisxmobs ori gansxvavebuli xmis

27
arsebobas erT xmaSi. magram konkretulad romel xmebze saubrobs baxtini? ra
ivaraudeba gamTlianebul orxmovanebaSi? gansxvavebuli stiluri diskursebi da
konteqstebi Tu `avtorisa~ da `gmiris~ xmebi?
dialogizmis cnebis baxtiniseuli analizi dostoevskis Semoqmedebas
ukavSirdeba da misi romanebis mxatvrul-struqturuli analizis wiaRSi
xorcieldeba. baxtinis naSromi _ `dostoevskis poetikis sakiTxebi~ SeiZleba
miviCnioT dialoguri kritikis dasabamad literaturis TeoriaSi.
dostoevskis, rogorc mweralsa da moazrovnes, baxtini marTebulad miiCnevs
dialogisadmi Sinaganad ganwyobil fenomenad. `dostoevski dajildoebuli iyo
genialuri niWiT, moesmina Tavisi epoqis dialogi, _ aRniSnavs baxtini, _ ufro
zustad, moesmina Tavisi epoqa rogorc uzarmazari dialogi, moexelTebina masSi
ara mxolod calkeuli xmebis JReradoba, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, dialoguri
urTierTobebi xmaTa Soris, maTi dialoguri urTierTqmedeba~ (baxtini 1972: 150).
dostoevskis prozis niSandoblivi diskursi, baxtinis azriT, udavod adasturebs
erT WeSmaritebas: dialoguri orxmovanebis wvdoma SeuZlebelia tradiciul
lingvistur meTodebze dayrdnobiT, orxmian diskurss ar akmayofilebs
gramatikuli mcire jgufebis kvleva, igi mTeli enobrivi sistemis yovelmxriv
analizs saWiroebs. gamomdinare aqedan, baxtini amkvidrebs metalingvistikis
cnebas, rogorc erTaderT SesaZleblobas romanis enobrivi struqturis
specifikis dadgenis, misTvis niSandoblivi monologuri, dialoguri da
polifoniuri enobrivi modelebis gamovlenisaTvis. `isini SeiZleba mivakuTnoT
metalingvistikas, _ aRniSnavs baxtini, _ Tu am cnebaSi gaviazrebT garkveuli
disciplinebis saxiT Camouyalibebel Seswavlas sityvis im Taviseburebebisa,
romlebic sruliad marTebulad scdebian lingvistikis farglebs~ (baxtini 1972:
309). kvlevis metalingvisturi meTodi literaturul Janrs mravalplanian
semiologiur sistemad ganixilavs da efuZneba dialoguri diskursis cnebas.
dostoevskis rogorc romanistis genialoba, baxtinis azriT, mdgomareobs
enis funqciuri datvirTvis maqsimalur gazrdasa da gafarToebaSi, rac teqstSi
dialogizmis saxiT vlindeba. dostoevskis romanebis umetesoba, baxtinis azriT,
damoukidebel da erTmaneTTan Seurwymel xmaTa gammas da, Sesabamisad,
araintegrirebad sinTezs warmoadgens, rac romanSi uCveulo mravalxmianobis, anu
polifoniurobis winapirobaa.
polifoniuri romanis Tanabar, damoukidebel xmaTa realizeba dialoguri
procesia da garkveul dro-sivrcul, anu qronotopul sibrtyeze xorcieldeba.
magram droSi movlenis formireba dialeqtikis kanons eqvemdebareba, dialeqtika ki
dostoevskis romanebSi sacnauri ar aris. maS, ra ganapirobebs dostoevskis
romanTa qronotopul sistemas? baxtinis azriT, dostoevski samyaros drois
miRma da drois gareSe, mxolod sivrculi koordinatebiT aRiqvams.
dostoevskiseuli qronotopi maqsimalurad sivrculia da polifoniurobas
personaJTa Sinagani konfliqtebis sivrceSi gaSla ganapirobebs; ara droiT-
Tanamimdevruli avtoriseuli Txroba personaJebis Sesaxeb, aramed _ personaJTa
Sinagani samyaros sivrculi determinacia. determinirebuli personaJi
determinirebul xmaTa simravles warmoadgens da TviTrealizebis procesi
dialogis formiT xorcieldeba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, personaJis SigniT
warmoebuli metyveleba, anu monologi, baxtinisaTvis dialogis gaSinaganebuli
formaa; dialogisa, romelic interiorizebulia da erTi mTelis wiaR gaedineba.
monologi aris personaJis mier sakuTar TavTan mimarTebisas gamomuSavebuli

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`Sinagani sityva,~ anu erTgvari kontaqti da TanamSromloba sakuTar TavTan.
dualizebuli mdgomareoba _ `adamiani adamianSi~, `me meSi~ _ Tavisi arsiT
dialoguria: me vsaubrob, mas esmis, Sesabamisad, Cven varsebobT. `dialoguri
uTanxmoeba SigniT gadainacvlebs, sityvis ufaqizes struqturul elementebSi (da,
Sesabamisad, _ cnobierebis elementebSi)~ (baxtini 1972: 359). dialogi aRwevs
TiToeul sityvaSi, iwvevs xmaTa dapirispirebas, Sejaxebas, qmnis e.w.
mikrodialogur atmosferos, riTac vlindeba personaJis cnobierebis gansxvavebul
Sreebs Soris Camoyalibebuli dialoguri urTierTmimarTeba.
dialogizmi baxtinis Janris Teoriis centraluri cnebaa. romani, misi azriT,
socialur fenomens warmoadgens da gulisxmobs diskursis farTod ganfenas
quCebis, qalaqebis, qveynebis, socialuri fenebis, Taobebis, epoqebis, kulturebis
dausazRvrav sivrceSi. Sesabamisad, romanis stilica da Txrobis sistemac
mravalferovania da gansxvavebul sabazo elementebs emyareba. es elementebia:
a) avtoris pirdapiri, mxatvrul-literaturuli Txroba;
b) yoveldRiuri zepiri Txrobis variaciuli stilizacia;
g) Sualeduri, werilobiTi literaturuli formebis stilizacia;
d) avtoris zemxatvruli, msjelobiTi tipis Txroba (moraluri,
filosofiuri, mecnieruli xasiaTisa da sxva);
e) personaJTa stilisturad individualizebuli Txroba.
yvela es elementi Tavs iyris romanis enobriv modelSi da gansazRvravs
romanis dialoguri diskursis mravalferovnebas. aq igulisxmeba individualuri
xmebis dialoguri diskursi erTi enis farglebSi, sxvadasxva socialur enebs
Soris erTi nacionaluri enis farglebSi da gansxvavebul nacionalur enebs
Soris erTi kulturis farglebSi. yoveli am dialoguri diskursis funqcia
romanis polifoniuri arsis warmoCenaa.
baxtini dialogs akavSirebs diskursis uRrmes SreebTan. gamoyofs ra
diskursis or fundamentur saxeobas _ monologur da dialogur diskurss _ igi
azustebs TiToeuli maTganis funqcias da moqmedebis areals. monologuri
diskursi gulisxmobs TxrobiT-aRweriTi maneriT asaxvas (eposi) _ istoriul
diskurssa da mecnierul diskurss; dialoguri diskursi ki _ polifoniur
romans, menipeur da karnavalur tradiciebs.
polifoniur romans baxtini mravalxmian romans uwodebs da am musikalur
termins damoukidebeli, magram erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli xmebis
Tanayofis saukeTeso gamoxatulebad miiCnevs. polifoniuri teqstis idealur
nimuSad baxtins dostoevskis romanebi miaCnia. `damoukidebel da Seurevnel xmaTa
da cnobierebaTa simravle, srulfasovani xmebis WeSmariti polifonia namdvilad
warmoadgens dostoevskis romanebis Taviseburebas” (baxtini 1972: 7). baxtinis
mosazrebiT, polifonia romanSi dialogis formiT realizdeba: xmebi, romlebic
polifoniur romans qmnian, dialogurad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs. magram dialogis
sibrtye romanSi ar aris Tanabari da mraval rTul da uxilav Sres moicavs;
gamosWvivis ara oden personaJis Sinagan konfliqturi xmebSi, aramed yovel
sityvaSi, mimikasa da moZraobaSi. dialogi rTuli, siRrmiseuli struqturaa da
mis calkeul elementebs Soris mravalferovani kavSiri qmnis polifoniurobis
gancdas.
polifoniuri romanis personaJebi, ar warmoadgenen avtoris mier marTul da
manipulirebul obieqtebs. homofoniuri, anu erTxmiani romanisagan gansxvavebiT,
sadac avtori personaJebiT dakompleqtebul orkestrs diriJorobs, polifoniuri

29
romanis moqmedi pirebi damoukidebel subieqtebad gvevlinebian; metic,
polifoniuri romanis personaJTa avtonomia avtoris avtonomiis tolfasia,
personaJis Rirebuli sityva avtoriseuli sityvis Rirebulebas uTanabrdeba da
xasiaTis Secnobis umniSvnelovanes komponents warmoadgens.
amrigad, baxtiniseuli polifonia gulisxmobs personaJis xmis srul
gaTavisuflebas avtoris xmis diqtatisagan, magram ismis logikuri kiTxva: sad
qreba avtoris wamyvani roli da funqcia? im faqts, rom romanis mTxzveli,
Semqneli da Tavidan bolomde damweri avtoria, baxtini ar da verc uaryofs. misi
azriT, polifoniuri romanis personaJTa Tavisufleba limitirebulia da mas
personaJis warmoCenis avtoriseuli arCevani ganapirobebs. swored es ubiZgebs
avtors garkveuli mimarTulebiT imoZraos. personaJis `es damoukidebloba da
Tavisufleba avtoris Canafiqris nawilia; es Canafiqri erTgvarad ganawyobs gmirs
Tavisuflebisaken (pirobiTi Tavisuflebisaken, rasakvirvelia) da, rogorc aseTs,
SeuZRveba mTelis mkacr da gaangariSebul sqemaSi~ (baxtini 1972: 20). avtori
qmnis, magram _ personaJi azrovnebs, avtori ayalibebs personaJis diskurss, magram
aniWebs mas Sinagani logikisa da personaluri, e.w. `sxvisi~ diskursis
ganviTarebis damoukideblobas. iqmneba romanis mTavari, magistraluri dialoguri
atmosfero: avtoris diskursis mimarT personaJis diskursis organizeba
msmenelisa da mopasuxis statusiT. Sesabamisad, polifonia qronotopizebulia da
gulisxmobs avtorisa da personaJis Tanaarsebobas identur dro-sivrcul
koordinatebSi. magram, miuxedavad personaJTa funqciis aqcentirebisa,
polifoniuri romanis analizisas baxtini gansakuTrebul yuradRebas miaqcevs
avtoris fenomens. avtori moiazreba yvela xmis miRma myof ideur da mxatvrul
centrad. baxtini frTxilad mijnavs avtors naratorisagan, vinaidan ganasxvavebs
TxrobiTi orientaciis sam tips: avtoris Txrobas, naratoris, anu mTxrobelis
Txrobas da personaJis Txrobas. avtoris statusis swori gansazRvreba Zalze
mniSvnelovania dialoguri da polifoniuri romanis analizisas: romanSi avtoris
xma dabalansebulia heteroglasiuri orxmovanebiT, rac dialogis formiT
realizdeba da personaJTa dialogur diskursTan erTad uzrunvelyofs romanis
polifoniur struqturas.
polifoniuri romanis saTaveebs baxtini menipeur satirasa da karnavalur
tradiciebSi Wvrets.

menipeuri satira da polifonia

menipeuri satiris sakiTxs m. baxtini ganixilavs werilSi `eposi da romani~,

magram ufro dawvrilebiT es problematika gaanalizda mis programul naSromSi
`dostoevskis poetikis sakiTxebi~. menipeur satiras baxtini karnavalur
folklorsa da sokratul dialogebTan akavSirebs da dostoevskis polifoniuri
romanis umTavres wyarod miiCnevs.
termini `menipeuri satira~ garkveuli tipis filosofiur romans aRniSnavs
da Cv. wT. aR–mde III saukunis filosofosis, menipes saxelTan aris
dakavSirebuli. Tavad menipes mier Seqmnil satirul nawarmoebebs Cvenamde ar
mouRwevia, magram is faqti, rom Janris gansazRvreba romaelma varonma swored
menipes saxels daukavSira, metyvelebs filosofosis did avtoritetze klasikuri
periodis filosofiur-literaturul wreebSi. menipeuri Janris pirvel

30
warmomadgenlad iTvleba antisTene, sokrates mowafe da sokrateseuli
dialogebis erT-erTi avtori; tradiciebis gamgrZeleblad ki miCneulni arian
seneka (`apokolokintozisi~), petroniusi (`satirikoni~), lukiane (`satirebi~),
apuleusi (`oqros viri~).
menipeas baxtiniseuli ganmarteba vrceli da mravalspeqtriania. menipea
komikuri Janria, romelic Seicavs tragikul sawyisebsac. mis simbolur Tu
fantastikur siuJetsa da personaJebSi xSirad vlindeba sxvadasxva Janruli
elementebis sinTezirebuli formebi. menipea akademizmisgan aTavisuflebs enas da
ganaviTarebs mas filosofiuri universalizmis mimarTulebiT. iqmneba erTgvari
praqtikuli filosofia, romelic arRvevs adamianis epikur da tragikul
mTlianobas da warmoaCens mis determinirebul bunebas. eqscentrikuli, xSirad
skandaluri enobrivi modelebis saSualebiT iqmneba epikuri monumenturobisa da
tragikuli katastrofulobisgan gansxvavebuli sruliad axali mxatvruli
kategoria, romelic mowodebulia tradiciebis rRvevis, moralur-zneobrivi
normebis profanaciisa da etiketis ugulebelyofis araTanabari procesis
warmosaCenad. menipeas Janri oficiozis miRmaa, uaryofs gabatonebul azrs da
azrovnebis gansxvavebul modelebs gvTavazobs.
menipeas baxtiniseulma gansazRvrebam araerTgvarovani rezonansi gamoiwvia mis
Tanamedrove literaturul-Teoriul wreebSi. zogi daeTanxma Janris amgvar
definicias, magram bevrma, maT Soris formalistebmac, ar miiRo menipeas rogorc
damoukidebeli Janris gansazRvreba (ix. v. Sklovski, `tetiva: msgavsebaTa
gansxvavebis Sesaxeb~). miuxedavad amisa, baxtins pozicia ar Seucvlia: menipeas
Janrma, baxtinis rwmeniT, zedmiwevniT gamoxata evropuli filosofiuri da
literaturuli azris tendencia, _ gamyarebuli substanciis CarCoebis rRveva da
alternatiuli, gina dialoguri tipis azrovnebis danergva, _ romelic Seicavda
globaluri transformirebis SesaZleblobebs. `menipeuri satira dialoguria, _
wers baxtini, _ aRsavse parodiiTa da travestiiT, stiluri mravalferovnebiT~
(baxtini 1986: 414). dostoevski rogorc dialoguri da polifoniuri romanebis
avtori, baxtinis mosazrebiT, ver auvlida gverds menipeuri Janris tradiciebs.
dostoevskis prozam SeiTvisa menipeuri dialogizmi da aqcia igi umaRlesi tipis
polifoniad. dostoevskiseuli polifonia mWidrod daukavSirda menipeur satirasa
da karnavalur tradicias.

karnavali da karnavaluri literatura

karnavalisa da karnavaluri literaturis sakiTxs miuZRvna baxtinma cnobili

naSromi fransua rables Sesaxeb, romelSic msjelobis misTvis Cveuli logikiT
scada karnavalizaciis rolis gansazRvra rables SemoqmedebaSi. baxtini ubrundeba
`xalxuri iumoris~ miviwyebul tradiciebs, ayalibebs misi niSandoblivi
diskursis models da saagulisxmo paralelebs avlebs dostoevskis diskursis
modelTan.
baxtinis mier gaazrebuli karnavali warmoadgens kacobriobis istoriis
umniSvnelovanes elements, romelmac teqstualizebuli forma miiRo. `karnavali
aRiqmeba rogorc specifikuri kosmogonia, romelic ar cnobs substanciasa da
mizezobriobas da arsebobs mxolod aqtiuri urTierTobis saxiT~ (kristeva 2001:
230). teqstSi karnavali gansxvavebuli siuJetebis, konteqstebisa da enobrivi

31
modelebis meSveobiT realizdeba, magram mis WeSmarit arss mxolod
teqstualizeba ar warmoadgens: karnavali, pirvel yovlisa, aqtiuri moqmedebiT
gamoxatuli dResaswaulia, zeimia, romelic erTdroulad moicavs Semsrulebels
da mayurebels, moqmedebis obieqtsa da damkvirvebel subieqts. `karnavalma ar icis
mayureblisa da Semsruleblis definicia. ar cnobs rampas, Tundac dasabamieri
formiT... karnavals ar Seimecneben, masSi cxovroben da cxovrobs yvela, radgan
igi Tavisi arsiT saxalxo movlenaa. vidre mimdinareobs karnavali, misi cxovreba
erTaderTi cxorebaa... karnavalSi Tavad cxovreba TamaSobs ... gansxvavebul,
Tavisufal (alaRebul) formas cxovrebisa, Tavissave aRorZinebas da ukeTesi
sawyisis ganaxlebas~ (baxtini 1986: 297-298). gamomdinare aqedan, karnavali
gaorebuli movlenaa da dialoguri urTierTobis baxtiniseul Teorias
eqvemdebareba: karnavali dapirispirebulobaTa erTianobas ganasaxovnebs, _
paradoqsul simbiozs, romelic Tavis TavSi amTlianebs namdvilsa da
warmosaxuls, miTiursa da realurs, sceniursa da yofiTs. xalxuri iumoris
Zirebze amozrdili karnavali sicilis meSveobiT sacnaursa hyofs yofierebis
dualizms, _ sadagi yofis moZaladur bunebas, SiSs da alternativas uqmnis mkacr
sinamdviles.
karnavaluri motivebis reinkarnacias (ganmeorebas baxtini Sua saukuneebis
literaturasTan akavSirebs da oficiozis, saeklesio diqtatisa da feodaluri
kulturis winaaRmdeg mimarTul Tamam manifestaciebad miiCnevs. xazs usvams ra
xalxuri iumoris ganmsazRvrel statuss karnavaluri literaturis
CamoyalibebaSi, baxtini gamoyofs karnavaluri literaturisaTvis niSandobliv
Semdeg Taviseburebebs:
1) ritualuri sanaxaobis, karnavaluri inscenirebisa da komikuri
situaciebis warmodgena saxalxo TavSeyris adgilebSi;
2) komikuri sityvieri kompoziciebis, zepiri da werilobiTi parodiebis
formireba;
3) karnavaluri sityvis ambivalenturi struqturis realizeba;
4) Tavisufali da familaruli urTierTobebis provocireba sxvadasxva
socialuri fenis adamianebs Soris;
5) opoziciur wyvilTa gamTlianeba: dabadeba/sikvdili, siyrme/sibere,
maRla/dabla, saxe/zurgi, sibrZne/sisulele, qeba/lanZRva da sxva;
6) aracnobieri instiqtebis _ seqsi, Wama-sma _ aqcentireba;
7) sikvdilisa da ganaxlebis magistraluri motivebis damkvidreba.
karnavalis centraluri opoziciaa maRla/dabla-s struqtura, radgan,
baxtinis azriT, mis inversiul formebSi zedmiwevniT vlindeba karnavalisaTvis
niSandoblivi SeniRbuli urTierTobebis groteskuli Seusabamoba. karnavalis
ZiriTad motivebs Soris mkvlevari gamoarCevs Camoyalibebis, cvalebadobisa da
ganaxlebis motivebs. sayuradReboa, rom ganaxleba, arasodes xorcieldeba
konkretuli karnavaluri subieqtis doneze, igi xalxis, rogorc mTliani da
monoliTuri organizmis Tvisebaa da gardauvlad ukavSirdeba sikvdils.
karnavaluri individis sikvdili, xalxis cxovrebis mxolod patara fragmentia,
wamia, romelic am xalxisave ganaxlebisa da srulyofisTvisaa saWiro. sikvdilisa
da ganaxlebis TemaTa amgvar gaazrebas baxtinologTa nawilma `individualuri
sxeulis reqviemi~ uwoda (m. riklini, n. glazeneri) da baxtinis Teoriul
naazreevSi stalinuri reJimis koleqtiuri paTosis gamoxatulebad aRiqva.
vfiqrobT, msgavsi varaudi mcdari da efemerulia. baxtinis filosofiuri Tu

32
literaturaTmcodneobiTi Sromebi individualurobisa da personalurobis
paTosiTaa gajerebuli, karnavalis SemTxvevaSi ki igi icavs principul pozicias,
romlis Tanaxmada karnavali gamorCeulad arapersonaluri movlenaa.
karnavalizacia baxtinis TeoriaSi groteskuli realizmis eqvivalenturi
cnebaa, xalxis mier parodirebuli yofis sinonimi, romelSic sicili mkveTrad
degradaciul da materializebad funqcias asrulebs. degradacia groteskisaTvis
tipiuri da mniSvnelovani procesia. igi ambivalentur xasiaTisaa: erTi mxriv,
gulisxmobs radikalur daRmasvlas, daSvebas cidan miwaze, meore mxriv ki _
aRmasvlasa da xelaxal dabadebas. `daRmasvla~ da `aRmasvla~, baxtinis azriT, ara
mxolod fardobiTi cnebebia, aramed _ topografiulic, romlebic genetikurad
ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs. `daRmasvlaca~ da `aRmasvlac~ `miwis~ Sesatyvisi
kategoriebia, mxolod `daRmasvla~ moicavs miwas rogorc STanmTqmels (samare/
saSo), `aRmasvla~ _ rogorc mSobels (saSo). sicilis paradigmis gansxeuleba
baxtiniseuli karnavalizaciis umniSvnelovanesi momentia.
sicili baxtinisaTvis dinamikuri procesia, kompleqsuri reaqcia, anu gonebis,
nervebisa da kunTebis erToblivi moZraobaa. `karnavaluri sicili
yovlismomcvelia, igi, erTi rom, saxalxo movlenaa, _ wers baxtini, _
(xalxuroba, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tavad karnavalis bunebas asaxavs), icinis
yvela; es aris sicili, ganawilebuli samyaroze da meorec: karnavaluri sicili
universaluria, igi yvelasa da yvelaferzea mimarTuli~ (baxtini 1986: 303).
karnavaluri sicili wamieri movlenaa, romelic ar cnobs usasrulo droiT
xangrZlivobas da gulisxmobs imanentur gadasvlas, gadanacvlebas `monobis
garkveuli mdgomareobidan Tavisuflebis garkveuli mdgomareobaSi~ (averincevi
2001: 470). TavisuflebaSi gadasvla aRniSnavs ara TavisuflebaSi yofnas, aramed
_ gaTavisuflebis process. magram nebismieri gaTavisuflebis dadebiTi Tu
uaryofiTi faseuloba damokidebulia im movlenis dadebiT Tu uaryofiT
faseulobaze, romlisganac vTavisufldebiT. baxtinis azriT, karnavaluri sicili
aris gaTavisufleba, erTi mxriv, oficiozisgan, oficialuri reJimisa da
kulturis Tavsmoxveuli niRbisgan, meore mxriv ki _ sakuTari adamianuri
sisusteebisagan. am TvalsazrisiT, rables Semoqmedeba universaluria. rable
yovelgvari Zaldatanebis gareSe axerxebs sicilis orgemage bunebis realizebas:
sicils sakuTar Tavze, anu `me~-s sicils opoziciur alter-egoze, da sicils
garesamyaroze. Tu rablem SeZlo sicilis rogorc simarTlis formis damkvidreba
literaturaSi, baxtinma sicilis rogorc movlenis absolutizacia moaxdina da
karnavaluri diskursi bazisur cnebad gamoacxada: sicili dapirispirebulobaTa
erTianobas gulisxmobs, dualistur realiebs moicavs da amkvidrebs maT romanis
enobriv modelSi. dualizmis enobrivi gansaxovneba dialogur xasiaTs atarebs da
Sesabamis dro-sivrcul, anu qronotopul modelebSi realizdeba.

qronotopis Teoria

koncefcia qronotopis Sesaxeb baxtinma Tanamimdevrulad Camoayaliba

naSromebSi `droisa da qronotopis formebi romanSi~, `sityva romanSi~ da
`sasaubro Janrebi da sxva gviandeli eseebi~.
qronotopis baxtiniseuli cneba etimologiurad berZnulidan momdinareobs:
`qronos~ dros niSnavs, `topos~ _ sivrces. droisa da sivrcis kategoriaTa

33
gamTlianeba erT terminad _ `qronotopi~ _ cxadyofs baxtinis rwmenas am
elementTa ganuyofelobis Sesaxeb mxatvrul struqturaSi. `arsebiT
urTierTmimarTebas droul da sivrcul koordinatebs Soris, _ wers baxtini, _
Cven qronotops vuwodebT (rac, sityvasityviT niSnavs `dro-sivrces~)... CvenTvis
mniSvnelovania terminSi sivrcisa da drois ganuyofelobis gamoxatva (dro
rogorc sivrcis meoTxe koordinati)... mxatvrul-literaturul qronotopSi
xdeba sivrculi da droiTi niSnebis Serwyma erT gaazrebul da konkretul
mTlianobad~ (baxtini 1986: 121).
qronotopis cnebiT baxtini ganamtkicebs mkveTrad gamoxatul diaqronul
Tvalsazriss. literaturul teqstsa da garesamyaros kavSiris dasabuTebisas
qronotopi warmoaCens mkvlevaris Rrma dainteresebis sagans. igi baxtinisaTvis
warmoadgens erTgvar sazoms imisa, Tu rogor xorcieldeba konkretuli epoqisa
da konkretuli Janris pirobebSi realuri, anu istoriuli dro-sivrcisa da
istoriisaTvis mniSvnelovani pirovnebebis sinTezi, agreTve, mxatvruli drois-
sivrcisa da personaJTa maTTan SeTavsebis procesi. qronotopis Semadgeneli
elementebis (dro, sivrce) dominanturobas Janris Tavisebureba gansazRvravs:
magaliTad, Tu mxatvruli nawarmoebi mogzaurobiTi an saTavgadasavlo Janrisaa,
maSin dro dominirebs, xolo Tu nawarmoebi idiliur-pastoralur xasiaTisaa –
sivrce. magram, miuxedavad gardamavali prioritetulobisa, dro da sivrce erT
konkretul mTlianobas Seadgens da uerTmaneTod ar moiazrebian.
dro-sivrcesa da maTSi moqmed adamianebs Soris damokidebulebani icvleba
teqstis istoriuli da literaturuli garemocvis mixedviT, anu, sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, baxtiniseuli qronotopi erTdroulad istoriuli movlenacaa da
Janrulic.
baxtinis koncefciis Tanaxmad, qronotopi sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT
funqcionirebs. esenia:
a) teqstis doneze istoriis warmoCena;
b) teqstis doneze Janris realizeba;
g) personaJTa individualuri dro-sivrculi velis asaxva.
yoveli mimarTuleba mudam cvalebad komponentebTanaa dakavSirebuli da,
amisda kvalad, iwvevs cvladi qronotopuli modelebis Camoyalibebas. baxtini,
qronologiuri principis gaTvaliswinebiT, mimoixilavs msoflio literaturaSi
arsebul qronotopul nairsaxeobaTa specifikas, gamohyofs homerosis eposis, Sua
saukuneebisa da me-18 saukunis literaturisaTvis niSandobliv qronotopebs,
axdens maT SedarebiT analizs da cxadyofs qronotopis istoriul da
Janrwarmomqmnel funqciebs. tradiciuli normebis rRvevisa da novatoruli xedvis
damkvidrebis nimuSad baxtini sagangebod gamoarCevs rableseul qronotops. garda
rablesi, igi gamohyofs mwerlebs, romlebmac, misi azriT, SeZles individualuri
xelweriT gamorCeuli qronotopuli modelebis damkvidreba: balzaks, stendals,
dostoevskis. dawvrilebiT ganixilavs ra dostoevskiseul qronotops, baxtini
aRniSnavs, rom dro aq amorTulia istoriuli drois nakadidan, sivrce ki yofiT
koordinatebSi rCeba (saxli, bina, oTaxi) da zRurblis, sazRvris mimarTulebiT
iSleba. sivrcis proeqcia dostoevskisTan eTikur-zneobriv RirebulebaTa Tanadia.
qronotopi, baxtinis TvalsazrisiT, sagrZnoblad elastiuri kategoriaa. igi
dro-sivrculi urTierTobebis mravalferovan nairsaxeobas gulisxmobs: avtoris
qronotops, cnoba-vercnobis qronotops, avantiurul qronotops, idiliur
qronotops da sxva. sagangebod ganixilavs baxtini gzisa da Sexvedris qronotops,

34
rogorc dro - sivrculi mTlianobis sanimuSo teqstualur gamoxatulebas.
`yovel SexvedraSi (rogorc es berZnuli romanis analizisas warmovaCineT), _
wers baxtini, _ drouli gansazRvruloba (`erTsa da imave dros~) ganuyofelia
sivrculi gansazRvrulobisgan (`erTsa da imave adgilas~) (baxtini 1986: 134).
baxtiniseul qronotopul modelebs Soris urTierToba dialogur xasiaTs
atarebs. qronotopTaSorisi dialogi avtorisa da mkiTxvelis dialogSi erTveba
da integrirdeba.
TiToeuli am qronotopuli modelis daniSnulebad baxtins istoriuli da
Janrul-tipuri funqciebis realizeba miaCnia.
qronotopis baxtiniseulma Teoriam udidesi zegavlena iqonia rogorc mis
Tanamedrove, ise _ ufro gviandel literaturaTmcodneobaze. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom qronotopis yoveli axali interpretacia mixeil baxtinis TeoriasTan
mimarTebiT Camoyalibda da, yovelTvis, eTanxmeboda Tu ara, mudmivi kontaqti
mainc arsebobda masTan.

mixail baxtini da me-20 saukunis literaturis Teoria

mixail baxtinis filosofiurma da Teoriulma naazrevma mniSvnelovani kvali

daaCnia me-20 saukunis filosofiur-esTetikuri da literaturaTmcodneobiTi
azris ganviTarebas, gansazRvra araerTi Teoriul-meTodologiuri skolis kursi
da mimarTuleba. man problemaTa imdenad farTo speqtri warmoadgina da
gaaanaliza, rom verc erTi meTodologiuri skola gverds ver uvlida mis
filosofiur, istoriul da stilisturi siRrmiT gamorCeul naazrevs. cvetan
todorovma baxtins `sabWoTa sivrcis erT-erTi yvelaze didi moazrovne da me-20
saukunis udidesi Teoretikosi~ uwoda; pol de manma ki misi moRvaweoba
`TxrobiTi sistemis, diskursisa da poetikis problemebis kvlevis sferoSi
unikalur warmatebad~ Seafasa. iulia kristevas azriT, baxtinis SromaTa gamoCena
me-20 saukunis gariJraJze iyo `kaSkaSa movlena~, aRmoCena, romelmac gansazRvra
mTeli saukunis literaturul-kulturuli atmosfero.
baxtinis damsaxureba Tanamedrove lingvisturi kritikis, semiotikis,
struqturuli naratologiisa da sxva meTodologiuri skolebis winaSe Zalze
mniSvnelovania. am Rvawlis siRrmiseuli analizi vrceli gamokvlevis sagania. Cven
mxolod warmovadgenT baxtinis im mosazrebaTa nusxas, romlebmac gavlena iqonia
me-20 saukunis literaturul-Teoriul sivrceze:
1) literaturuli struqturis rogorc sxva srtuqturebTan mimarTebiT
gamomuSavebuli qmnadobis gaazreba;
2) romanis Janris specifikisa da genezisis definicia;
3) diskursis tipologiis dadgena;
4) heteroglasiis rogorc orxmiani diskursis definicia, `avtoris xmisa~
da `sxvisi xmis~ statusisa da urTierTmimarTebis gansazRvra;
5) dialoguri kritikis SemuSaveba; dialoguri principis rogorc
polifoniuri romanis Camoyalibebis aucilebeli winapirobis gansazRvra;
6) menipeas Janris definicia da menipeas rogorc socialurad aqtualuri
teqstis gaazreba;
7) karnavalizaciis istoriul-ontologiuri gaazreba;

35
 8) qronotopis rogorc literaturisaTvis principulad mniSvnelovani
kategoriis definicia.
cxadia, es CamonaTvali baxtinis mxolod Zireul mosazrebaTa nusxas
warmoadgens da srulad ver asaxavs misi Teoriuli naazrevis mravalferovnebas.
dRemde aqtualuria baxtinis Sromebi; igi dominirebs, mniSvnelobs, fasobs, magram
miuxedavad amisa, damokidebuleba baxtinis naazrevisadmi arasodes aris calsaxad
dadebiTi an uaryofiTi: baxtinis TeoriasTan mimarTebac gamokveTilad dialoguri
anu imgvaria rogoric dialoguri kritikis fuZemdebels Sehferis. ideebs
ecnobian, iyeneben, gardaqmnian, aviTareben, iwoneben an iwuneben, magram mudam
aucilebel `sxvad~ aRiqvamen, gasaTvaliswinebel partniorad da dialogis
procesSi aqtiurad Cabmul mosaubred miaCniaT. sergei averincevis TqmiT, `Cvenma
saerTo maswavlebelma, aravis misca ufleba yofiliyo misi `mimdevari~ am sityvis
trivialuri gagebiT. `baxtinistoba~, Tuki saerTod SeiZleba saubari amgvar
movlenaze, ewinaaRmdegeba baxtinis azris yvelaze Rrma intencias. baxtinTan
uTanxmoeba ar niSnavs mis dakargvas, baxtinis dakargvas mxolod dialoguri
situaciidan gamorTva moaswavebs~ (averincevi 2001: 468).

damowmebani:

averincevi 2001: Аверинцев С. С. Бахтин, смех, христианская культура // Бахтин М. М.: PRO ET
CONTRA. Антология Т.1. Санкт-Петербург: 2001.
baxtini 1972: Бахтин М. М. Проблемы поэтики Довстоевского. Изд. 3-тье. М.: 1972.
baxtini 1985: Бахтин М. М. Слово в Романе // Бахтин М. М. Вопросы литературы и эстетики. М.: 1985.
baxtini 1986: Бахтин М. М. Литературно- критические статьи. М.:1986.
kristeva 2001: Кристeва Ю. Бахтин, слово, диалог и роман // Бахтин М. М.: PRO ET CONTRA.
Антология Т.1. Санкт-Петербург: 2001.
maxlini 2001: Махлин В. А. Невельская школа. Круг Бахтина // Бахтин М. М.: PRO ET CONTRA.
Антология т.1. Санкт-Петербург: 2001.
tinianovi 1977: Тынянов Ю. О литературной эволюции. // Тынянов Ю. Поэтика, История литературы,
Кино. М.: 1977.
Sklovski 1929: Шкловский В. О теории прозы. М.: 1929.

36
gaga lomiZe

praRis skola

semiotika da struqturalizmi erTdroulad erTi, saerTo wyarodan –

postpozitivisturi paradigmidan warmoiSva, romelsac dasabami misca ferdinand
de sosiuris Teoriam da rusulma formalizmma. semiotikuri struqturalizmi
pirvelad sistemis saxiT Camoyalibda praRis lingvistur wreSi, romelic praRis
skolis saxeliTaa cnobili. mas safuZveli 1926 wels Cauyares vilem maTeziusma
da misma kolegebma roman iakobsonma, bohuslav havranekma, bohumil trnkam da ian
ripkam. maTeziusma wres organizebuli forma da naTeli Teoriuli mimarTuleba
misca. praRis skolaSi iricxebodnen iseTi moazrovneebi, rogorebica arian ian
mukarJovski, nikolai trubeckoi da sxvebi. 1930-ian wlebSi praRis wres
SeuerTdnen axalgazrda mecnierebic: rene ueleki, feliqs vodiCka da iozef
vaxeki.
praRis skolisTvis damaxasiaTebelia struqturis, rogorc mTelis gageba,
rac romantizmis totalurobis paradigmidan unda iRebdes saTaves. Tavisi
sinTezuri xasiaTis, simetriulobisken swrafvis Tu `samyaros geometriuli
xedvis~ gamo, praRis skola holistur (mTlianobisken swrafvis ideiT aRbeWdil)
gagebas uaxlovdeba, romlis Tanaxmad, `SesaZlebelia codnis gaerTianeba erTi
ideologiiT~, vinaidan struqtura winaswar mocemuli saxiT arsebobs saganSi,
romelic aRqmul unda iqnas pirovnebis mier.
praRis skolis gareSe XX saukunis struqturalizmis saerTo saxis
warmodgena SeuZlebelia rogorc istoriuli, aseve Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT.
`praRelma~ swavlulebma esTetikisa da poetikis Seswavlis farTo amocanebi da
meTodebi SeimuSaves da poststruqturalistebze adre ganaviTares
epistemologiuri (Semecnebis TeoriasTan dakavSirebuli) Sexedulebebi.
praRis struqturalizmi funqcionaluria. yovelgvari niSani, maT Soris
esTetikuri, misi momxmareblis moTxovnebs Seesabameba. karl biuleris
funqcionalizmis STagonebiT, mukarJovskis da iakobsons funqciebi gamohyavdaT
metyvelebis aqtis faqtorebidan; havraneki ki miiCnevs, rom funqciebi ukavSirdeba
komunikaciis socialur mniSvnelobas. funqcionalizmSi praRis skolis Teorias
aqvs pragmatuli safuZveli, magram niSnis garegnuli mniSvneloba da semantika
pragmatizmamde rodi daiyvaneba. praRis skolis epistemologiis damaxasiaTebeli
niSania sinTezuroba da reduqcionizmisken (SemWidrovebisken, SekumSvisken)
midrekileba.
praRis skolis struqturalisturi TeoriisTvis niSandoblivia
interdisciplinuri (disciplinaTaSorisi) meTodi. 1929 wels iakobsonma
struqturalizmis interdisciplinuroba aRiara: `imisTvis, rom SevimuSaoT te-
rmini, romelic Tanamedrove mecnierebis mowinave ideebs gaaerTianebs Tavisi
araerTgvarovani gamovlinebebiT, albaT yvelaze upriani iqneboda misTvis
struqturalizmi gvewodebina. fenomenebis nebismieri rigi, romelsac Tanamedrove
mecniereba Seiswavlis, gaanalizebulia ara rogorc meqanikuri aglomeracia
(SeerTeba), aramed rogorc struqturuli mTlianoba; Cveni mTavari amocanaa
sistemis Sinagani kanonzomierebis gamovlena, iqneba es statikuri Tu dinamikuri~.
am sityvebiT iakobsoni lingvistikis mecnierul mizans upirispirebs ubralo
Sefasebas. `struqturul mTlianobaze~ yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT misi mosazreba

37
aerTianebs sosiuris samive debulebas. pirvel yovlisa, igi amtkicebs, rom enis
mecnieruli analizi moiTxovs ufro enobrivi sistemis, anu kodis, vidre
konkretuli sametyvelo aqtebis Seswavlas. amgvari sistemuri Seswavla
iTvaliswinebs drois mocemul monakveTSi enobriv elementTa Soris arsebul
urTierTobaTa sinqronulobis gagebas da ara enis ganviTarebis diaqronul
Seswavlas istoriul WrilSi. bolos aRniSnavs, rom ZiriTadi enobrivi
elementebi SemTxveviTi xasiaTisaa da maTi Seswavla SesaZlebelia maTsave
funqciebTan mimarTebiT. sagulisxmoa, rom am SemTxvevaSi praRis skolis rus
warmomadgenelTa SromebSi TiTqos uaryofilia `praRelTa~ midgoma, anu
sinqronuli da diaqronuli analizis erToblioba.
praRis struqturalistebi literaturas enis gansakuTrebul saxeobad
ganixilavdnen da miuTiTebdnen, rom literaturuli (an poeturi) da Cveulebrivi
ena Zireulad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. formalisturi SexedulebiT,
Cveulebrivi enis funqcia komunikaciuri an informaciulia, xolo literaturuli
ena sakuTar Tavze, Tavis `formalur~ Tvisebebze (TviT enobriv niSanTa
urTierTkavSirze) orientirebuli erTeulia. viqtor Sklovski miuTiTebda, rom
ena droTa ganmavlobaSi gardaiqmneba `naTel, aracnobier, gamWvirvale~ erTeulad.
literaturuli nawarmoebi `gaucnaurebis~ saSualebiT enis gaucnaurebas,
gaucxoebas axdens.
mukarJovskisTan esTetikur funqcias garkveuli TviTreferenciuloba
(TviTrekomendaciuloba) axasiaTebs. poeturi ena TviTorientirebulia da miznad
isaxavs raime referenciuli informaciis gadacemas. literaturul nawarmoebs
esTetikuris garda bevri sxva funqciac gaaCnia. mas enis poeturoba miaCnda ara
TviT enobrivi gamonaTqvamis Tvisebad, aramed gamonaTqvamisadmi mimarTebis
aspeqtad, rogorc mosaubris (mwerlis), aseve msmenelis (mkiTxvelis) mxridan.
SemdgomSi es midgoma ganaviTara iakobsonma Tavis TeoriaSi `gamonaTqvamis drois
6 faqtorisa da maTi funqciebis~ Sesaxeb. eqspresiuli funqcia mimarTulia
adresantisken, konatiuri _ adresatis, anu mimRebisken, SemecnebiTi
(referenciuli) _ konteqstisken, metalingvisturi _ kodisken, fatikuri _
kontaqtisken, xolo TviT Setyobineba _ poeturi funqciisken. praRis
struqturalistebi rusi formalistebis mier Semotanili mxatvruli nawarmoebis
imanenturobis principis daZlevas cdilobdnen. mukarJovskim literaturis
eqstraliteraturul (araliteraturul) struqturebTan urTierTobasTan
dakavSirebiT samgvari midgoma SeimuSava: pirveli exeba literaturuli
nawarmoebis Temis an Sinaarsis gagebas, vinaidan Sinaarsi mukarJovskisTvis
socialuri Rirebulebaa da nawarmoebis sazRvrebs miRma yalibdeba; meore xazs
usvams esTetikur funqcias, romelic upiratesia xelovnebisTvis, magram adamianis
moqmedebis mTels arealze vrceldeba. mesameSi literaturas, sazogadoebasa da
kulturas Soris urTierToba ganxilulia literaturuli nawarmoebis enis
TvalsazrisiT, vinaidan ena, nebismier doneze, garkveulwilad (pirdapir Tu
iribad) dakavSirebulia socialur garemosTan. Tumca imis gamo, rom esTetikuri
funqcia mxatvruli deformaciis saSualebiT cvlis enis mimarTebas socialur
garemosTan, askvnis, rom literatura, enobriv doneze, ar SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas
socialur diferenciamde. mukarJovskis Tanaxmad, literaturuli nawarmoebi
SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc mweralsa da mkiTxvels Soris arsebuli sidide,
anu niSani, xolo literatura _ rogorc komunikaciis procesi, avtorsa da
mayurebels/msmenels Soris uwyveti dialogi. mukarJovskis miaCnda, rom mxatvrul

38
nawarmoebsa da mis avtors Soris ar arsebobda araviTari calsaxa mizez-
Sedegobrivi kavSiri, vinaidan nawarmoebi avtoris sulis pirdapiri gamoxatuleba
ar aris. mas aseve ara qvs mizezobrivi kavSiri aRmqmelTan, vinaidan SeuZlebelia
nawarmoebis da aRmqmelis fsiqiuri mdgomareobis (nawarmoebis aRqmis Sedegad
miRebuli) Tanxvedra. amis safuZvelze mukarJovskim Camoayaliba mxatvruli niSnis
struqtura da masSi sami komponenti gamohyo:
1. `nawarmoebi, rogorc sagani~, anu artefaqti (sosiuris `aRmniSvneli~);
2. esTetikuri obieqti (aRniSnuli) da
3. am SemTxvevaSi aRniSnulTan urTierToba mimarTulia totaluri
konteqstisken, anu im socialuri fenomenisaken, romelic gars akravs
niSans, rogorc konteqsti. Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, mukarJovskis azriT,
xelovneba ar SeiZleba gavaigivoT konteqstTan, vinaidan xelovneba ar
aris ama Tu im epoqis amsaxveli ram.
Tavis fundamentur naSromSi `esTetikuri funqcia, norma da esTetikuri
Rirebuleba, rogorc socialuri faqtebi~, mukarJovskim Camoayaliba Tavisi
Sexedulebebi: xelovnebaSi, esTetikuri funqciis upiratesobis wyalobiT,
istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi xelovnebis nimuSis mxatvrul xasiaTs
aRviqvamT imis paralelurad, rom araesTetikuri funqciebi da maTi normebi
ewinaaRmdegebian mis am Tvisebas. xelovnebis Sinagani ganviTarebis sazomia
esTetikuri norma, romelic erTdroulad moiTxovs, rogorc misi kanonierebis,
aseve sakuTari ganadgurebisa da mudmivi ganaxlebis aRiarebas. aRmqmelSi ama Tu im
nivTis mier esTetikuri Jestis aRZvris SesaZleblobas ganapirobebs esTetikuri
Rirebuleba, rac aRmqmelze rodia damokidebuli, vinaidan massa da obieqts Soris
arsebobs esTetikur normaTa koleqtiuri sistema, romelic esTetikuri funqciis
matarebeli sagnis raobas gansazRvravs. amasTan, aRniSnuli funqciis wyalobiT,
misi matarebeli sagani gardaiqmneba materialurisa da aramaterialuri
mniSvnelobebis erTobliobad.
mukarJovskize gavlena iqonia huserlis fenomenologiam. amiT aixsneba
artefaqtis, rogorc `arsisa~ da esTetikuri obieqtis, rogorc misi `arsebobis~
gamijvna, sadac artefaqti ar arsebobs misken mimarTuli azris (intencionalobis)
gareSe. mukarJovskis mixedviT, struqturalizmi `epistemologiuri Tvalsazrisia~,
romlis saSualebiTac yalibdeba da amoqmeddeba koncefciebi: yovel disciplinas,
rogorc konceptualur sistemas, aerTianebs Sinagani korelacia. yoveli
koncefcia ganisazRvreba sxvebis saSualebiT da piruku, gansazRvravs maT.
amgvarad, naTeli xdeba, rom koncefcia ganisazRvreba ufro imis mixedviT, Tu ra
adgili ukavia mas konceptualur sistemaSi da ara misi Sinaarsis gamovleniT.
interdisciplinuri meTodi gulisxmobs esTetikisa da poetikis kavSirs
humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebis miRwevebTan.
praRis skolis epistemologia (Semecnebis Teoria) ganasxvavebda Cveulebriv
mkiTxvelsa da literaturis specialists. mogvianebiT, struqturalisturi
midgomis Sefasebisas, iakobsoni aRniSnavda, rom leqsi, musikaluri kompoziciis
msgavsad, `rigiT mkiTxvels aniWebs mxatvruli aRqmis unars, magram mecnieruli
analizis arc moTxovnilebas iwvevs da arc amisTvis aucilebel unars gvaniWebs~.
Tumca xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom gaTviTcnobierebuli mkiTxveli (mayurebeli,
msmeneli) ubralod ganixilavs kulturul fenomens, romelsac aqvs garkveuli
azri, istoria da Rirebuleba. iakobsoni ganasxvavebda analizis dawyebiT
safexursa (sadac mkvlevari `damoukidebeli, gareSe damkvirvebelia~,

39
`kriptanalitikosia~) da Sinagani midgomis safexurs (roca igi sityvieri
uwyebebis gacvlisas `potenciuri an faqtobrivi partniori, mosaubre
sazogadoebis pasiuri an aqtiuri wevri xdeba~). aseTi Sexeduleba akmayofilebs
literaturis SemswavlelTa moTxovnebs; maT erTmaneTSi aRar erevaT wera-
kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli praqtikuli, literaturuli saqmianoba da kognituri,
Teoriuli Semecneba.
praRis skolis epistemologiam moariga sosiuriseuli opozicia sinqroniasa
da diaqronias, struqturul da istoriul Seswavlas Soris. amis gamo iakobsonma
aseTi daskvna gamoitana: sosiurma scada mieCqmala kavSiri enis sistemasa da mis
modifikaciebs Soris; man sistema miiCnia sinqroniis sferod, xolo modifikaciebi
(saxecvlilebebi) ki diaqroniis farglebSi moaqcia. faqtobrivad, rogorc
sociologiaSia aRniSnuli, sistema da masSi momxdari cvlilebebi erTmaneTTan
mtkiced arian dakavSirebuli. enis evolucia aranakleb `sistemuri da
mizanmimarTulia~, vidre misi sinqronuli funqcionireba. sosiuri miuTiTebda enis
`mecnierul~ Seswavlaze da amas XIX s-is istoriul lingvistikas upirispirebda.
sosiuris mier enis xelaxali sistemuri kvleva efuZneba sam mtkicebulebas: enis
sistemur bunebas, sadac mTeli metia, vidre mis nawilTa jami; enobriv elementTa
fardobiTobis koncefcias, sadac enobrivi `erTeulebi~ ganisazRvreba erTmaneTis
mimarT SeTanxmebisa da kontrastis TvalsazrisiT; enobriv elementTa SemTxveviTi
bunebis koncefcias, sadac es elementebi ganisazRvreba maTi funqciis,
daniSnulebisa da ara niSandoblivi Tvisebebis mixedviT.
samive es mosazreba safuZvlad daedo mimarTulebas, rac roman iakobsonma
1929 wels `struqturalizmis~ saxeliT monaTla.
praRis wris mier SemuSavebuli literaturis istoriis modeli momdinareobs
literaturuli komunikaciis modelidan, romelic sam faqtors aerTianebs:
avtori, literaturuli nawarmoebi da mkiTxveli. genetikuri istoria aRadgens
literaturuli nawarmoebis wyaroebs, struqturul istorias da `literaturul
rigebad~ transformacias; xolo recefciis istoria _ Semdgom konkretizaciasa
da interpretaciebs. genetikuri da recefciuli istoriis aRiarebiT, praRis
skolis warmomadgenlebi gascdnen Tavis Tavdapirvel istoriul `imanentizms~ da
aRiares, rom literaturul nawarmoebs qmnian adamianebi; isini socialuri
kulturis faqtebia da kulturuli cxovrebis sxva uamrav fenomenTan kavSirSi
arseboben.
empiriuli xasiaTis wyalobiT, praRis skolis epistemologiam moaxerxa
bunebismetyvelebasa da humanitarul mecnierebebs Soris arsebuli pozitivisturi
ganxeTqilebis daZleva. bunebriv movlenaTa ganmeorebadobis da mowesrigebulobis
gamo, bunebismetyveleba nomoTeturi xasiaTisaa; miznad isaxavs sayovelTao
kanonzomierebebis dadgenas. humanitaruli mecnierebani, romlebic individualur
da ganumeorebel movlenebs swavlobs (istoriuli movlenebi, adamianis qmedebebi
da pirovnebebi, xelovnebis da literaturis nimuSebi da a.S.) ideografiuli
xasiaTisaa; is cdilobs formis, mniSvnelobis, relevanturobisa da faseulobis
gansazRvras. zogierT struqturalists literaturis Teoria (poetika)
kategoriaTa da kanonzmierebaTa nomoTetur Seswavlamde dahyavda, magram praRis
skolis epistemologia sinTeturi xasiaTisaa. igi universalur kategoriaTa da
sayovelTao kanonzomierebaTa abstraqtul poetikas da individualuri
literaturuli nawarmoebis analitikur poetikas aerTianebs. mukarJovskis 1928
wlis monografia am sinTezis naTeli magaliTia. Teoriuli sistema warmodgenilia

40
SesavalSi, Semdeg ki gaanalizebulia konkretuli leqsi (maxas `maisi~), bgeriTi,
semantikuri organizaciisa da Tematuri struqturis mixedviT. mogvianebiT
mukarJovskim Semoitana da Seiswavla semantikuri Jestis, poetis idiosinkretuli
struqturuli principis cneba, `romliTac gajerebulia nawarmoebis yoveli,
umniSvnelo segmentic ki da romelic misi Semadgeneli nawilebis sistematizacias
axdens~. Tavisi saxelwodebis da mniSvnelobis mixedviT, semantikuri Jesti
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs literaturuli nawarmoebis struqturasa da Semoqmed
subieqts; nawarmoebis semantikis maorganizebel princips pragmatuli safuZveli
aqvs.
analogiurad, iakobsonis sayovelTaod cnobili poeturi teqstebis analizi
Seiswavlis abstraqtuli gramatikuli kategoriebis rols ama Tu im leqsis
qsovilisTvis. sxvadasxva nawarmoebi (mag., puSkinis sasiyvarulo poezia Tu
bertolt brehtis politikuri leqsi) idiosinkratulni (mgrZnobiareni) arian
piris nacvalsaxelTa gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. puSkinis TiToeuli leqsic ki
`unikaluri da ganumeorebelia Tavisi artistizmisa da gramatikuli masalis
gamoyenebis mxriv~. rogorc pomorska aRniSavs, iakobsonis meTodi `saSualebas
gvaZlevs erTdroulad ganvazogadoT da davacalkeoT sakvlevi masala~.
nomoTeturi da ideografiuli poetikis Serwyma srulyofil saxes iZens
vodiCkas naSromSi `Tanamedrove Cexuri prozis aRmavloba~ (1948). monografia
dawerilia iseTi kompoziciuri modelis mixedviT, sadac erTmaneTs enacvleba
analitikuri segmentebi da Teoriuli refleqsiebi (gansjani). es meTodi pirvelad
SeimuSava vilhelm fon humboldtma Tavis monografiaSi goeTes `herman da
doroTeas~ Sesaxeb; rolan bartis ~S/Z~ (1970) am meTodis erT-erTi yvelaze
cnobili nimuSia. mag., vodiCkam naratiuli Tematikis tradiciuli sistema
gardaqmna da masSi gamoyo moqmedeba, moqmedi pirebi da garemoebebi elementaruli
naratiuli erTeulebis, motivebis mixedviT; Semdeg fransua rene de Satobrianis
`atalas~ fonze warmoadgina, Tu rogor gardaiqmneba garemoebaTa motivebi (buneba,
sacxovreblebi, socialuri da kulturuli Cveulebani da a.S.) polifunqciurad
da rogor monawileoben isini moqmedi gmirisa Tu Tavad moqmedebis agebaSi. erTi
sityviT, vodiCkam ganaviTara narativis sistemuri Teoria, rogorc Tematur, ise
diskursul doneze da amis safuZvelze Seiswavla unikaluri istoriuli movlena:
Tanamedrove Cexuri prozis aRmavloba.
enis Seswavlis diaqronuli meTodis (istoriuli lingvistika) garda
arsebobda sinqronuli midgoma (deskripciuli lingvistika), romelic
iTvaliswinebda enobrivi sistemis Seswavlas ama Tu im konkretul mdgomareobaSi,
istoriisgan damoukideblad. pirveli, vinc maTi sinTezi scada, iyo vilem
maTeziusi (1882-1945). igi STaagona Tavisi megobris, bunebismetyvel iaroslav
peklos naSromma. maTeziusi cdilobda bunebismetyvelebis saklasifikacio sistemis
ekvivalentis mikvlevas enis Seswavlis sakiTxSi; misive sityviT, es aRmoCnda
zogadi, anu Teoriuli lingvistika. sinqronul/diaqronulis garda, maTeziusma
daamkvidra statikur/dinamikuris gagebac. amgvarad, man ferdinand de sosiurze
oTxi wliT adre warmoadgina mosazrebebi, romlebmac lingvistikis ganviTarebaSi
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana.
praRis skolis midgomas ganixilaven rogorc struqturalizmisa da
funqcionalizmis nazavs; xolo enis analizisas sinqronuli da diaqronuli
midgoma erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSi moiazreba, ena ki sistemaTa anu subsistemaTa
(qvesistemaTa) sistemaa. TiToeul am subsistemas sakiTxTa Tavisi wyeba aqvs,

41
magram maTi gamocalkeveba SeuZlebelia. ena, rogorc `subsistemaTa sistema~,
arasdrosaa statikur mdgomareobaSi. zogjer struqturuli gadaxrebi xdeba,
magram ena swored am gadaxraTa wyalobiT arsebobs. enis standartizaciisa Tu
normalizaciis yovelgvari mcdeloba misi ganviTarebisTvis sazianoa.
struqturuli analizi moicavs yvela enobrivi elementis gagebas
lingvistikaSi, im gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebidan dawyebuli, romlebic fonemebs
ayalibeben, _ winadadebebamde, paragrafebsa Tu im farTo enobriv segmentebamde,
romlebic diskurss qmnian, vinaidan diskursi `azrobrivi mTlianobaa~ (greimasi).
literaturuli struqturalizmi miznad isaxavda struqturuli analizis
meTodis gafarToebas [romelic enaSi kombinaciisa (erTianobisa) da kontrastis
(sxvaobis) gamovlenis mizniT mxolod binarul opoziciebze amaxvilebda
yuradRebas] miRmur diskursamde _ poeziamde, narativebamde [folkloruli
narativebisa (romelic v.propma gaaanaliza) da miTis anonimuri narativebis
CaTvliT (romelsac klod levi-strosis `struqturuli anTropologia~
Seiswavlida], kinematografamde, socialur formaciebamde (genderulisa da
klasobrivi urTierTobebis CaTvliT) da `semantikisa~ da gamoxatvis saSualebaTa
Tu sxvadasxva mniSvnelobaTa gamovlenis farTo sferoebamde. amgvari analizis
safuZvels iakobsoni Semdegnairad xsnis: ena da aRniSvnis sistema agebulia
rogorc `energeia“ da `ergon~-i, anu, ena (an nebismieri sxva socialuri
Rirebulebis mqone ram) rogorc qmnileba da œuvre-i~. am mosazrebis mixedviT, ena
aris erTdroulad niSandebis (aRniSvnis) procesi da misi produqti (komunikacia).
enis es ori funqcia sruliad identuri rodia. enobriv elementebs SemTxveviTi
xasiaTi aqvs, e.i. arc kontrastia `amosavali principi~ da arc kombinacia. erTi
sityviT, enaSi kontrastul formebs qmnian gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi, fonemebi _
gansxvavebul morfemebs, morfemebi _ sityvebs, sityvebi _ winadadebebs,
winadadebebi _ paragrafebs, paragrafebi _ diskursebs da a.S. TiToeul
winadadebaSi fonemis, sityvis an winadadebis `struqturuli mTlianoba~ ufro
metia, vidre misi nawilebis jami, iseve, rogorc sosiuris magaliTSi wyali (H2O)
ufro metia, vidre wyalbadisa da Jangbadis meqanikuri naerTi.
praRis skolis literaturuli struqturalizmis gasagebad auclebelia
rusuli formalizmis mniSvnelobis gaazreba, vinaidan literaturis formiseul
mxareze koncentrirebisas igi (praRis skola) cdilobda Seeqmna `mecniereba~
literaturis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc sosiuri cdilobda SeemuSavebina `mecniereba~
enis Sesaxeb. rus formalistebs miaCndaT, rom ~literatura~ SeiZleba
(mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT) gamovyoT sxva kulturuli fenomenebisgan. amis gamo,
iakobsonma, mukarJovskim da levi-strosma `formas~ `struqtura~ daupirispires.
formasa da Sinaarss Soris winaaRmdegoba, romelic impliciturad (Sinagani
aucileblobiT) vlindeboda formalizmSi, gamoricxavda literaturis, rogorc
kulturuli da esTetikuri fenomenis gagebas.
struqturalizmi am mxriv gansxvavdeba formalizmisgan. struqturalizmis
Tanaxmad, Sinaarsisgan gamijnuli fenomeni, romelic ukve Camoyalibebuli modelis
saxiT arsebobs (rogorc literaturuli `formalizmis~ mimdevrebs miaCndaT),
mniSvnelobis fardobiTi bunebis, enis dinamikurobis gagebas ewinaaRmdegeba. amas
adasturebs iakobsonis gancxadeba, rom literaturaTmcodneobam unda Seiswavlos
literaturuloba, anu is gancalkevebiT mdgomi formebi, romlebic gamoTqmas
`literaturulobas~ aniWebs, da Tavidan unda aviciloT eqstraliteraturuloba
(fsiqologia, politika da filosofia). manve aRniSna, rom poeturi funqcia, an

42
`poeturoba~ SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc poeziis kompleqsuri struqturis
erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili. galanis TqmiT: `iakobsonis struqturuli
Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, formalisturisgan gansxvavebiT, sxvaoba xelovnebasa da
araxelovnebas, literaturulsa da araliteraturul enas Soris aris ara
saxeobrivi, aramed Tvisebrivi~. poeturoba (`literaturulobisgan~ gansxvavebiT)
poeturi nawarmoebis fardobiTi da ara absoluturi elementia. iakobsonis
mixedviT, roca poeturi funqcia sWarbobs, `sityvas SevigrZnobT, rogorc sityvas
da ara konkretuli obieqtis gamoxatulebas... is TviTon gardaiqmneba TviTkmar
obieqtad~.
erTi sityviT, iakobsoni da praRis skolis semiotika xazgasmiT aRiarebs
literaturuli diskursis arsebobas globalur kulturul konteqstSi, roca
kulturuli aRniSvnis sistemaSi `literaturis~ arsebobaze miuTiTebs.
literaturuli teqstis struqturalisturi analizis erT-erTi yvelaze naTeli
magaliTia sxvadasxva poetur nimuSTa (Seqspiris sonetebi, ieitsis, puSkinis,
endriu marvelis, edgar pos da sxv.) iakobsoniseuli analizi, romlis drosac
iakobsoni iyenebs iseT lingvistur terminebs, rogorebicaa `piriani zmnuri
forma~, `Tanwyobili winadadeba~, `gramatikuli subieqti~ da a.S. raTa TiToeuli
leqsis semantikisa da sintaqsis analizi SemogvTavazos; xolo iakobsonisa da
levi-strosis erTobliv statiaSi bodleris `katebis~ Sesaxeb, levi-strosi
SeniSvnaSi miuTiTebs, rom leqsis analizis `erTmaneTze dawyobili fenebi _
fonologiuri, fonetikuri, sintaqsuri, prosodiuli, semantikuri da a.S. miTebis
eTnografiul kvlevaSic meordeba, vinaidan maTTvis saerToa struqturalisturi
analizis meTodi~; miTis interpretacia ki, misi TqmiT, `SesaZlebelia mxolod
semantikur doneze, vinaidan cvalebad sidideTa sistemas (struqturuli analizis
aucilebel nawils) ganapirobebs erTi da imave miTis mravali versia, anu es xdeba
miTis korpusis horizontaluri kveTis Sedegad, mxolod semantikur doneze~.
analogiurad, iakobsoni naSromSi `gramatikis poezia da poeziis gramatika~
aRniSnavs, rom `ama Tu im leqsis gansxvavebuli morfologiuri klasebisa da
sintaqsuri konstruqciebis SerCevis, ganawilebisa da Sinagani kavSirebis dadgenis
nebismieri miukerZoebeli, dakvirvebuli, detaluri, sruli aRwerisas, mkvlevari
gaocebulia moulodneli, mkveTri simetriiTa da antisimetriiT, gawonasworebuli
agebulebiT, ekvivalenturi formebis ostaturi dagrovebiT da TvalSisacemi
kontrastebiT~... `katebis~ analizisas levi-strosi da iakobsoni detalurad
ikvleven metyvelebis nawilTa, poetur formaTa, semantikur TaviseburebaTa (mag.,
sulieri da usulo arsebiTi saxelebi) struqturul opoziciebs, rac miznad
isaxavs imis Cvenebas, rom `sxvadasxva doneebi, romlebic Cven gavaerTianeT,
erTmaneTs avseben da leqss dasrulebuli obieqtis mniSvnelobas aniWeben~.
struqturalisturi analizis obieqti aris mniSvnelobis fenomenologiuri
mocemuloba (es kargad Cans poeturobis, rogorc `sityvis SegrZnebis~
iakobsoniseul ganmartebaSi). iakobsonisa da levi-strosis Tanaxmad, es
mocemuloba aris is, rom mniSvneloba, rogorc arsebuli, mTliania da samecniero
analizis obieqtia; leqsis is `efeqtebi~, `absoluturi esTetikuri emociebi~,
romlebic miTs an, saerTod, diskurss SesaZlebels xdis, SeiZleba mecnierulad
iqnas Seswavlili. erTi sityviT, analizis dasasruls, isini naratiuli formiT
warmoadgenen leqss, rogorc gramatikul formaTa da semantikur mniSvnelobaTa
`daxurul sistemas~ da aseve `dinamikur progresiaSi myofi Ria sistemis

43
gamoxatulebas~, rac miznad isaxavs leqsis gramatikul/semantikuri opoziciis
morigebas metaforasa da metonimias Soris.
poetur teqstTa analizi, romelic iakobsonma SemogvTavaza ZiriTadad
sinqronuli paradigmis (nimuSis) farglebs gulisxmobda, temporalurobis
(droiTobis), an `diaqronulobis~ xarjze. droisa da socialuri cvlilebebis
ignorirebis es tendencia, rasac praRis skola SedarebiT sustad
ewinaaRmdegeboda, poststruqturalizmis mxridan struqturalizmis kritikis
sababad iqca.
teqstis avtoris lingvistur elementebSi `diseminaciiT~ (`gafantviT~),
struqturalizmma uneblieT dasabami misca avtoris, an zogadad, subieqtis
decentracias. subieqti ganZarcvul iqna iniciativisgan, mizanmimarTuli
qmedebisgan da igi wminda enobriv produqtad gardaiqmna.
praRis skolam lingvistikis axal ganStoebas _ fonologias daudo saTave,
ramac udidesi roli iTamaSa struqturuli lingvistikis ganviTarebaSi.
fonologiis centraluri koncefcia opoziciis cnebaa. opozicia semiotikaSi ori
gziT Sevida: erTia filosofia da, gansakuTrebiT, logika, sadac platoni,
cnobili meTodis Tanaxmad, cnebebs ganmartavs binarul (orwevra) opoziciaTa
saSualebiT; meorea _ sosiuriseuli lingvistika. lingvistikaSi opozicia
mWidrod ukavSirdeba struqturis gagebas. sosiuri amtkicebda, rom enobriv
sistemaSi mxolod gansxvavebebi arsebobs. yoveli elementi sakuTar Taviseburebas
iZens erTsa da imave sistemaSi sxvebisgan gansxvavebulobis wyalobiT.
gansakuTrebiT fonemebia iseTi erTeulebi, romlebic mxolod da mxolod
opoziciurad arian erTmaneTisadmi ganwyobilni da relatiuri (fardobiTi)
urTierTmimarTeba aqvT. roman iakobsonma ki fonologiaSi opoziciis cneba daiyvana
binaruli saxis opoziciamde. nebismieri fonema (an bgera) mniSvnelobas iZens ama
Tu im enis farglebSi.
mniSvnelovania agreTve v. maTeziusis swavleba winadadebis aqtualur _
danawevrebis Sesaxeb, romelsac safuZvlad udevs winadadebis analizis orgvari
meTodi: formaluri, sadac gamoiyofa qvemdebare da Semasmeneli da winadadebis
gramatikuli struqtura vlindeba; da funqciuri, romlis mixedviTac winadadebis
struqtura iyofa Temad da remad.
praRis skolis mier gamokveTili erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxTagania enasa
da sinamdviles, enasa da mis garSemo myof struqturas Soris urTierToba. ena,
rogorc niSanTa sistema, socialuri da funqciuri xasiaTisaa. am mtkicebulebis
safuZvelze warmoiSva funqciuri dialeqtologia, romlis mixedviTac ena rTuli
sistemaa, romelic avtonomiuri funqciuri sistemebisgan Sedgeba. aq gamoiyofa
specialuri enisa da funqciuri stilis gageba. specialuri ena _ esaa enobriv
saSualebaTa mowesrigebuli erToblioba, xolo funqciuri stili _ mocemuli
enobrivi manifestaciis (gamovlinebis) konkretuli mizani. specialur enaTagan
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen `poetur enas~ (mxatvruli literaturis
enas), romelic sxva specialur enaTagan imiT gamoirCev, rom poeturi
funqciiskenaa mimarTuli da amis gamo yuradRebis centrSi enobriv niSanTa
struqtura eqceva.
praRis skolis Teoriaze enobrivi funqciis Sesaxeb gavlena moaxdina
avstrieli fsiqologis karl biuleris mosazrebam. igi enobrivi komunikaciis sam
ZiriTad elements gamoyofda: avtori, adresati da Setyobinebis sagani. imis
mixedviT, Tu romeli elementi dominirebs, biuleri ganasxvavebda sam funqcias:

44
gamoTqma, mimarTva da Setyobineba. am sam funqcias (eqspresiuli, apelaciuri da
komunikaciuri) mukarJovskim kidev erTi, esTetikuri, an poeturi funqcia
daumata, romelic yuradRebis centrSi aqcevs TviT enobrivi niSnis struqturas.
danarCeni funqciebi ki mimarTulia enobriobis gareT da enobrivi niSnis sazRvrebs
scdeba. komunikaciur specialur enebs (Setyobinebaze mimarTulT) da poetur enas
(komunikaciurze naklebmimarTuls) Soris gansxvavebaSi praRis struqturalistebi
maT funqciebs Soris sxvaobas xedavdnen, magram imavdroulad maT
urTierTkavSirzec miuTiTebdnen.
praRis skolis poeturi enis koncefciaze gavlena moaxdina rusulma
formalizmma, romelic aseve miuTiTebda gansakuTrebuli poeturi metyvelebis
arsebobas, praqtikuli enis sapirispirod. rusuli formalizmis Sexeduleba
poetur enaze, romelic miznad isaxavs `sityvis aRorZinebas~, Tavis
gamoxatulebas poulobs praRis struqturalistebis TeoriaSi enobriv
saSualebaTa `aqtualizebis~ Sesaxeb, rac gansakuTrebiT poetur enas axasiaTebs.
praRis struqturalistTa Tanaxmad, poetur enas Tavisi cvalebadi normebi aqvs,
romlebic gansxvavdeba zogadenobrivi normebisgan da romlebic ar SeiZleba
kritikis sagnad iqces zogadenobrivi normebidan gadaxvevis gamo. poeturi enis
wina planze wamoweva da misi literaturuli enisgan gamijvna aucilebeli iyo
mxolod poeturi enis kvlevisas. magram literaturuli nawarmoebis esTetikuri
funqciis Seswavla sulac ar gulisxmobda mxatvruli nawarmoebis enis sxva
funqciebis (maT Soris komunikaciuris) uaryofas. praRis struqturalistebi
miuTiTebdnen, rom nebismier gamoTqmaSi (maT Soris poetur nawarmoebSi)
imanenturad (Sinaganad) arsebobs ori elementi: komunikaciuri da esTetikuri.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

galani 1985: Galan F. Historic Structures: The Prague School Project. 1928-1946. London and Sydney: 1985.
vaxeki 1966: Vachek J. The Linguistic School of Prague. Bloomington. 1966.
iakobsoni 1987: Якобсон Р. Работы по поэтике. М.: 1987.
semiotika 1983: Семиотика. М.: 1983.
semiotika... 1972: Семиотика и искусствометрия. М.: 1972.
sosiuri 1977: Соссюр де Ф. Труды по языкознанию. М.: 1977.
struqturalizmi... 1975: Структурализм: "за" и "против". М.: 1975.
tixanovi 2001: Тиханов Г. Почему современная теория литературы возникла в центральной и
восточной европе? // Новое литературное обозрение, № 53, M.: 2002.

45
levan bregaZe

fsiqoanalizi da mxatvruli Semoqmedeba

zigmund froidis (1856-1939) mier SemuSavebulma fsiqoanalitikurma

meTodma, romelmac didi roli iTamaSa adamianis fsiqikis aracnobieri Sreebis
funqcionirebis SeswavlაSi da imTaviTve nayofierad gamoiyeneboda medicinaSi
nevrozebis samkurnalod, me-20 saukunis damdegidanve sxva humanitaruli
disciplinebis warmomadgenelTa, maT Soris literaturaTmcodneTa, yuradRebac
miipyro. kerZod, literaturaTmcodneebma sakiTxi ase dasves: xom ar iqneboda
SesaZlebeli, am meTodis gamoyenebiT ufro Rrmad CavwvdomodiT mxatvruli
teqstis bunebas, mkiTxvelze teqstis esTetikuri zemoqmedebis Taviseburebebs.
Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis bunebaze kvlevis
fsiqoanalitikur meTods principulad araferi RirsSesaniSnavis Tqma ar ZaluZs,
rasac garkveviT aRniSnavda TviT zigmund froidic: `fsiqoanalizs TiTqmis
arafris Tqma ar SeuZlia silamazis Sesaxeb~ (klemani... 1976: 104). magram
fsiqoanalitikuri kvlevis sagani SeiZleba iyos nawarmoebis Seqmnis procesi. amas
garkveviT acxadebs karl gustav iungic, romelmac froidis moZRvreba
koleqtiuri aracnobieris cnebis SemotaniT ganaviTara: `xelovnebis mxolod is
aspeqti, romelic nawarmoebis Seqmnis process exeba, SesaZloa gaxdes
fsiqologiuri kvlevis obieqti, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi misi (xelovnebis)
specifikuri arsi. sakiTxi, ras warmoadgens xelovneba rogorc aseTi, unda
ganixilos esTetikam~ (iungi... 1996: 9). fsiqoanalizma SesaZloa warmatebas
miaRwios agreTve mxatvruli teqstis avtoris fsiqikuri Taviseburebebis
kvlevisas, magram, cxadia, verc amgvari kvlevis Sedegebi gvetyvis raime arsebiTs
teqstis mxatvrul-esTetikuri Rirebulebis Taobaze: `poetis mier gamoyenebul
masalasa da am masalis damuSavebis maneraze dakvirvebiT advilad SeiZleba
gamovicnoT, rogori iyo poetis piradi damokidebuleba mis mSoblebTan, magram es
veranairad ver Segviwyobs xels misi poeziis gagebaSi~ (iungi... 1996: 11).
am Tvalsazrisis naTelsayofad k. g. iungi aseT Sedarebas iSveliebs: poetis
pirovnul Tvisebebs iseve cota ram akavSirebs mxatvrul nawarmoebTan, rogorc
niadags im mcenaresTan, romelic am niadagze izrdeba. im garemos SeswavliT, ra
garemoSic mcenare arsebobs, SeiZleba am mcenaris zogierT Taviseburebas CavwvdeT,
magram amis Sedegad srulyofil warmodgenas masze ver SeviqmniT (iungi... 1996:
16).
zigmund froids mxatvruli qmnilebebi ainteresebs rogorc Tavisi mignebebis
damadasturebeli faqtobrivi masala. magaliTad, imis saCveneblad, rom pirovnebis
zogierTi ucnauri (nevrozuli) saqcieli aixsneba e. w. oidiposis kompleqsiT _
Svilis (vaJis) gaucnobierebeli da daTrgunuli surviliT, gaanadguros mama,
viTarca metoqe dedasTan sqesobriv urTierTobaSi _ igi ganixilavs sofokles
`oidipos mefes~, dostoevskis `Zmeb karamazovebs~ da aRniSnavs, SemTxveviTi ar
aris, rom yvela drois am udidesi mxatvruli qmnilebebis mTavari motivi
mamismkvlelobaao (zogi fiqrobs, rom froids Secdoma mouvida: oidiposma ar
icis, rom visac is klavs, mamamisia, xolo visac colad irTavs _ dedamisi. magram
am tragediis avtorma xom icis es! avtori personaJis meSveobiT axdens Tavisi
daTrgunuli ltolvis realizebas).

46
 rac Seexeba Seqspiris `hamlets~, sadac daniis princs mamas biZamisi (mamis
Zma) uklavs da biZamisive irTavs dedamiss colad, aq z. froidis yuradRebas
iqcevs hamletis yoymani, romelsac ver gadauwyvetia, iZios Tu ara Suri mamis
mkvlelze. am yoymansac z. froidi oidiposis kompleqss ukavSirebs da biZis
mimarT ambivalenturi (urTierTsapirispiro grZnobebisgan Semdgari)
damokidebulebiT xsnis: erTi mxriv hamleti qvecnobierad madlieria biZisa,
romelmac CamoaSora mas metoqe dedasTan urTierTobaSi, magram raki TviTon
Caenacvla mamamiss, amiT mis ukmayofilebas iwvevs.
isev da isev Tavisi (остранение) Teoriis sailustraciod aanalizebs z.
froidi Seqspiris `mefe lirs~, `veneciel vaWars~, Zmebi grimebis zRaprebs da sxv.
bunebrivia, nawarmoebis mxatvruli Rirsebebi mas ar ainteresebs. amaze naTlad
metyvelebs erTi aseTi faqti: vrceli analizi miuZRvna z. froidma naklebad
cnobili avtoris iensenis erT romans. TviT avtorsac sTxova, eTanamSromla
masTan, razedac uari miiRo. bevrs, maT Soris froidis zogierT mimdevarsac,
ukvirs, risTvis gaisarja fsiqoanalizis fuZemdebeli am dabalxarisxovani
mxatvruli teqstis Sesaswavlad (Saria 1970: 100). am `saidumlos~ gasaRebs
vpoulobT karl gustav iungTan, kerZod, igi wers: `literaturuli
nawarmoebisadmi fsiqologis midgomasa da literaturis kritikosis midgomas
Soris fundamenturi gansxvavebaa. rasac am ukanasknelisaTvis gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba da Rirebuleba aqvs, absoluturad umniSvneloa pirvelisaTvis.
bunebrivia, erTob saeWvo Rirsebebis mqone literaturuli produqcia
fsiqologisTvis xSirad udidesi interesis sagania~ (iungi... 1996: 34). xelovanis
Semoqmedeba z. froids ainteresebs imdenad, ramdenadac igi (es Semoqmedeba)
amavdroulad avtoris seqsualuri da am niadagze warmoSobili agresiuli
ltolvebis produqticaa. mxatvrul nawarmoebSi avtoris seqsualuri da
agresiuli ltolvebis sublimacia (gakeTilSobileba) xdeba, radgan maTi uSualo
demonstrireba sazogadoebisTvis miuRebeli, amoraluri iqneboda. amgvari
sublimaciis Sedegad avtori TviTonac Tavisufldeba ganuxorcielebel
(daTrgunul) ocnebaTa arsebobiT gamowveuli nevrozebisagan da mkiTxvelsac
aTavisuflebs maTgan, aZlevs ra mas saSualebas, identifikacia (sakuTari Tavis
gaigiveba) moaxdinos personaJTan da esTetikuri saxeebis meoxebiT, anu
sublimirebulad, moaxerxos Tavisi _ sazogadoebrivad miuRebeli _ fantaziebis
realizeba.
amiT z. froidma, arsebiTad, sxva sityvebiT (axleburi terminologiiT)
aRwera is movlena, rasac aristotele kaTarsiss uwodebs. kaTarsisi, z. froidis
Teoriis mixedviT, nevrozebisagan gaTavisuflebaa [jer avtori Tavisufldeba
nevrozebisagan maTi mxatvrul saxeebad gardaqmnis meSveobiT, xolo Semdeg
mkiTxveli, romelic am mxatvrul saxeebs eziareba, Tavisi Tavis gaigivebas
(identifikacias) moaxdens nawarmoebis personaJebTan, maTTan erTad daitanjeba da
gaixarebs. oRond isic saTqmelia, rom nevrozi, romlisganac jer avtori unda
gaTavisufldes, xolo Semdeg recipienti, (xelovnebis nimuSis aRmqmeli), ar aris
savaldebulo maincdamainc seqsualuri warmoSobisa iyos]. aristotelesTanac da
froidTanac mxatvrul Semoqmedebas da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis nayofTan ziarebas
fsoqoTerapiuli funqcia aqvs.
zigmund froidisTvis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis nimuSi avtoris pirovnuli
aracnobieris saxecvlili (sublimirebuli, gakeTilSobilebuli) gamovlenaa; misi
mowafisa da misive moZRvrebis ganmaviTareblis, karl gustav iungis (1875-1961)

47
yuradReba ki ufro mxatvrul teqstSi koleqtiuri aracnobieris (arqetipebis)
amocnobiskenaa mimarTuli.
`koleqtiuri aracnobieri~ da `arqetipi~ k. g. iungis mier SemoTavazebuli
cnebebia. koleqtiur aracnobiers igi uwodebs aracnobieris im Sinaarsebs,
romlebic `iseTi warmoSobisaa, pirovnul monapovrad rom ver CaiTvleba. am
Sinaarsebs erTi TvalSisacemi Tavisebureba aqvT _ miTologiuri xasiaTisani arian.
maT Semyures iseTi STabeWdileba gvrCeba, TiTqos isini calkeuli pirovnebis ki
ara, aramed ufro mTeli kacobriobis kuTvnilebas warmoadgenen~ (iungi 1995: 52).
warmodgenaTa am koleqtiur nimuSebs k. g. iungi arqetipebs uwodebs (am
termins igi netar avgustines daesesxa). `arqetipi warmoadgens (...) arqauli
xasiaTis mkacrad SemosazRvrul struqturas, romelic, rogorc formiT, ise
mniSvnelobiT miTologiuri motivebis Semcvelia. wminda saxiT miTologiuri
motivebi zRaprebSi, miTebSi, legendebSi... gvxvdeba~ (iungi 1995: 53).
yvelaze gavrcelebul arqetipul motivTagan k. g. iungi asaxelebs gmiris,
mxsnelis, drakonis (romelic dakavSirebulia mis mZlevel gmirTan), gveleSapis,
gmiris mSTanmTqmeli devis motivebs.
gmirisa da drakonis saxecvlil variantad miiCnevs k.g. iungi katabaziss,
jojoxeTSi Casvlas.
es arqetipebi saTanado pirobebSi (magaliTad, didi sulieri SeWirvebis Jams)
aqtualizdebian da adamianTa farTo masas euflebian.
roca erTmaneTs adarebs pirovnul da koleqtiur aracnobiers, k. g. iungi
ambobs, rom is, rac pirovnul aracnobiers warmoadgens, aseTive warmatebiT
SeiZleboda cnobieric yofiliyo (`am sferoSi araferia iseTi, rac aucileblad
yvelasaTvis aracnobieri unda iyos. arsebobs xalxi, visTvisac TiTqmis yvelaferi
cnobieria, risi gacnobierebac ki SesaZlebelia saerTod adamianisTvis~ (iungi
1995: 61). xolo, rac Seexeba, koleqtiur aracnobiers, amisi Sinaarsebi adamianma
SesaZloa sxvaSi SeniSnos, Tavis TavSi ki maT ver acnobierebs.
amgvarad, k. g. iungis interesis erT-erTi mTavari sagania miTologia rogorc
`wminda~ saxiT, aseve mxatvrul TxzulebebSi gamoyenebuli miTologiuri motivebi.
k. g. iungis azriT, rogorc pirovnuli, aseve koleqtiuri aracnobieri
kompleqsTa ganusazRvreli raodenobisagan Sedgeba (kompleqsebs igi ase ganmartavs:
`kompleqsebi asociaciaTa avtonomiuri jgufebia, romelTac tendencia aqvT,
damoukideblad imoqmedon, Tavis gemoze icxovron, Cvens ganzraxvebs ki Ciradac ar
agdeben~ (iungi 1995: 95). amiT xsnis k. g. iungi im movlenas, rom poets SeuZlia
Tavisi Sinagani unarebis dramatizacia da personifikacia. misi azriT, mxatvrul
saxes mxolod Semoqmedis fantazia rodi qmnis _ mxatvruli saxe, garkveuli
azriT, TviTon qmnis sakuTar Tavs. `arc erTi mwerali Tu dramaturgi ar
daTanxmdeba im azrs, rom mis figurebs raime fsiqologiuri mniSvneloba gaaCniaT,
magram sinamdvileSi amas wyali ar gauva. ase rom, mgosnis mier Seqmnili
figurebis Seswavlisas mis samSvinvelSi vixedebiT~ (iungi 1995: 95).
naSromSi `poeziisadmi analitikuri fsiqologiis mimarTebis Sesaxeb~ (1922)
k. g. iungi SeniSnavs, rom xelovnebis qmnilebaze marTebuli msjelobisaTvis unda
gaviTvaliswinoT ori saxis SemoqmedebiTi procesis arseboba: erTi maTganis
Sedegad vRebulobT nawarmoebs, romelic zustad emTxveva avtoris Canafiqrs,
aRwevs im efeqts, risi miRwevac poets surda. avtori dasaxuli miznis
Sesabamisad amuSavebs masalas, raRacas amatebs, raRacas Slis, angariSs uwevs

48
formisa da stilis moTxovnilebebs. man icis, ra surs, da isic icis, rogor
miaRwios mizans. is srul TanxmobaSia SemoqmedebiT procesTan.
magram, iungis azriT, arsebobs sxva yaidis SemoqmedebiTi procesic, ris
Sedegadac avtoris xelidan nawarmoebi met-naklebad dasrulebuli formiT
gamodis. is TiTqos ise Cndeba, rogorc aTina palada zevsis Tavidan. aseTi
nawarmoebi TviT eufleba avtors, misi kalami wers raRac iseTs, rasac TviTonac
gaocebuli Sehyurebs. raRacis damateba surs, magram nawarmoebi ewinaaRmdegeba am
damatebas, unda raRac waSalos, magram es waSlili kvlav aRidgens Tavs. avtori
iZulebulia aRiaros, rom am ucnaur nawarmoebSi misi (avtoris) Sinagani buneba
warmoaCens Tavis Tavs da iseT rames ambobs, risi Tqmac arasodes ufiqria. igi
emorCileba ucxo Sinagan impulsebs, wers maTi karnaxiT, rameTu grZnobs, rom misi
qmnileba TviT masze (avtorze) metia da es qmnileba aRWurvilia ZaliT, romelic
mas (avtors) ar ekuTvnis da ar emorCileba. aq avtori ukve aRar aris
SemoqmedebiTi procesis identuri, igi daiqvemdebara Tavisive naSromma, romlis
SeqmnaSi TiTqos viRac sxvac monawileobs.
k. g. iungi aRniSnavs, rom misi am Tvalsazrisis msgavsi Sexeduleba
gamoTqmuli aqvs fridrix Silersac. k. g. iungs mxedvelobaSi aqvs literaturul
qmnilebaTa Sileriseuli klasifikacia sentimentalur da naivur teqstebad.
fsiqologi, _ wers k. g. iungi, _ `sentimentalur~ xelovnebas introvertuls
uwodebda, xolo `naivurs~ _ eqstravertuls. introvertuli damokidebuleba,
misi TqmiT, imiT xasiaTdeba, rom am dros subieqti Tavisi cnobieri ganzraxvebisa
da miznebis realizebas axdens da ar emorCileba obieqtis nebas, xolo
eqstravertuli damokidebulebisas subieqti eqvemdebareba obieqtis moTxovnebs.
k. g. iungis azriT, f. Sileris piesebi da poemaTa umetesoba introvertuli
damokidebulebis Sedegad Seqmnili Txzulebebia, vinaidan maTSi masala poetis
gacnobierebul zraxvaTa Sesatyvisad aris organizebuli. eqstravertuli
damokidebulebis sailustraciod igi asaxelebs goeTes `faustis~ meore nawils,
sadac, misi TqmiT, `masala aSkarad gamoirCeva urCobiT~ (iungi... 1996: 18).
eqstravertuli damokidebulebis sailustracio kidev ufro mkafio nimuSad mas
fridrix nicSes `ase ambobda zaratustra~ miaCnia, `sadac avtori TviTonve
akvirdeba, rogor `iqceva erTi orad~ (iungi... 1996: 18).
eqstravertuli damokidebulebisas SemoqmedebiTi impulsi avtoris
aracnobieridan momdinareobs da es impulsi, k. g. iungis daxasiaTebiT, `Wirveuli
da Tavnebaa~ (iungi... 1996: 20). did xelovanTa biografiebidan cnobilia, raoden
Zlieria es impulsi; impulsi, romelic aramarto aiZulebs xelovanT raRacis
Seqmnas, aramed zegavlenas axdens mTel maT adamianur Tvisebebze, misi
zemoqmedebis Sedegad yvelaferi SemoqmedebiTi Sromis process emorCileba, ise,
rom xelovani aRarc Tavis janmrTelobaze fiqrobs da aRarc Tavis yofiT,
adamianur bednierebaze.
SemoqmedebiT process k. g. iungi ganixilavs rogorc cocxal arsebas,
romelic Canergilia adamianis fsiqikaSi. analitikuri fsiqologiis
terminologiiT am cocxal arsebas avtonomiuri kompleqsi hqvia. `es fsiqikas
momsxvreuli natexia, romelic Tavisi cxovrebiT cxovrobs cnobierebis ierarqiis
gareT. Tavisi energetikuli muxtis siZlieris Sesabamisad, man SeiZleba Tavi
iCinos ubralod rogorc Segnebuli aqtiurobis mcireodenma moSlilobam an kidev
rogorc umaRlesma avtoritetma, romelsac ZaluZs `ego~ daimorCilos Tavisi
miznis misaRwevad~ (iungi... 1996: 20).

49
 k. g. iungi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs teqstSi simboluri mxatvruli saxeebis
arsebobas. simbolurs k. g. iungi iseT mxatvrul saxes uwodebs, romelic, garda
imisa, rasac uSualod warmoadgens, kidev raRacas aRniSnavs. simbolur mxatvrul
saxeebze saubrisas k. g. iungi ixsenebs gerhard hauptmanis gamonaTqvams: `poezia
sityvebSi acocxlebs pirvelyofili samyaros eqos~, da Tavis mxriv aseT kiTxvas
svams: `romeli pirvelyofili xati Zevs xelovnebis saxeobriobis safuZvelSi?~
(iungi... 1996: 25). k. g. iungis azriT, simboluri mxatvruli saxeebis saTave
poetis pirovnul aracnobierSi ki ar unda veZeboT, aramed aracnobieri
miTologiis sferoSi, romlis pirvelyofili xatebi mTeli kacobriobis saerTo
memkvidreobas warmoadgens. swored am sferos uwodebs k. g. iungi koleqtiur
aracnobiers. pirovnuli aracnobierisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic cnobierebis
zRurblqveS mdebare SedarebiT Txel fenas warmoadgens, koleqtiuri aracnobieri
Zalian Rrmad aris Camarxuli fsiqikaSi da Cveulebriv pirobebSi ara aqvs
midrekileba, gacnobierebuli Seiqnes da arc misi `gaxseneba~ xerxdeba
analitikuri teqnikis gamoyenebiT, vinaidan is daTrgunuli da daviwyebuli
arasodes yofila. igi Cven uxsovari droidan gadmogvyva mnemonikuri
(damaxsovrebis gasaadvilebeli) xatebis saxiT an memkvidreobad SemorCa tvinis
anatomiur struqturas.
Zalian mniSvnelovania k. g. iungis es debuleba: `ar arsebobs Tandayolili
ideebi, magram arsebobs ideaTa warmoSobis Tandayolili SesaZleblobebi,
romlebic akontroleben yvelaze boboqar fantazias da Cveni fantaziis qmedebas
garkveuli kategoriebis CarCoebSi aqceven: es erTgvari aprioruli ideebia,
romelTa arseboba SeiZleba mxolod maTi zemoqmedebis mixedviT davadginoT. isini
Tavs iCenen mxolod formirebul mxatvrul masalaSi, viTarca maregulirebeli
principebi, romlebic am formas gansazRvraven; sxva sityvebiT, mxolod ukve
dasrulebul nawarmoebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia pirvelyofili xatis uZvelesi
originalis aRdgena~ (iungi... 1996: 26).
mainc ras warmoadgens `pirvelyofili xatis uZvelesi originali~ anu
arqetipi?
arqetipebi, k. g. iungis azriT, erTgvari aCrdilebia demonis, adamianis an
procesisa, romlebic gamudmebiT aRorZindebian istoriis msvlelobaSi da Tavs
iCenen iq, sadac SemoqmedebiTi fantazia axerxebs Tavisuflad gamoxatos Tavisi
Tavi. arqetipebi miTologiuri figurebia. isini SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis
produqtebia, amitom saWiroa maTi `Targmna~ cnebaTa enaze. magram saamiso
`orenovani leqsikonis~ Sedgena jer dasrulebuli ar aris.
arqetipebi zogjer alegoriuli formiT imosebian da ama Tu ideals
gamoxataven. k. g. iungi asaxelebs `deda-samSoblos~ ideals da aRniSnavs, rom igi
aSkara alegoriaa dedisa, iseve rogorc germanuli `Vaterland~ mamis alegoriaa
(Vater _ mama, Land _ qveyana. Sdr. qarTuli `mamuli~). iungis sityviT, am
idealebSi arsebuli Zala, romelic frTebs gvasxams, alegoriismieri Zala ki ar
aris, aramed mSobliuri miwis simboluri Rirebulebidan momdinareobs. arqetips
aq warmoadgens primitiuli adamianis mistikuri ziarebuloba miwasTan, romelzec
is cxovrobs da romelSic ganisveneben misi winaprebi.
arqetipi, k. g. iungis mixedviT, adamianis pirad bed-iRbals akavSirebs
kacobriobis bed-iRbalTan, aRviZebs CvenSi keTilSobil Zalebs, romlebic mudam
exmarebodnen kacobriobas safrTxisgan Tavis daRwevaSi. amaSive xedavs iungi
xelovnebis did misias, esaa xelovnebis Zala, misi socialuri Rirebuleba:

50
`rogorc individualuri cnobierebis poziciis calmxrivoba wonaswordeba
aracnobieris impulsebiT, aseve xelovneba warmoadgens TviTregulaciis process
erebisa da epoqebis cxovrebaSi~ (iungi... 1996: 29).
aq paraleli unda gavavloT sizmarsa da mxatvrul Semoqmedebas Soris. k. g.
iungis ganmartebiT, `sizmrebi TviTregulirebadi fsiqikuri sistemis bunebrivi
reaqciaa~ (iungi 1995: 137). rogorc sizmari awesrigebs pirovnebis fsiqikas, aseve
awesrigebs eris sulier cxovrebas mxatvruli Semoqmedeba.
xelovnebis qmnileba imiTac hgavs sizmars, rom Tumca, erTi SexedviT, Zalian
naTeli da gasagebi Cans, arasodes ganmartavs Tavis Tavs da yovelTvis
orazrovania (`Tu individuumi [sizmarSi] koSmars xedavs, _ wers iungi, _ es an
imas niSnavs, rom SiSs autania, an kidev imas, rom metismetad gularxeinia~. iungi
1995: 52). sizmaric da xelovnebis qmnilebac arasodes gveubneba `Sen ase unda
moiqce~ an `es aris WeSmariteba~; isini xatebs warmogvidgenen, daskvna ki Cven
TviTon unda gamovitanoT.
arqetipebis gamoxmoba individuumis nebaze ar aris damokidebuli, amisTvis
seriozuli gareSe mizezebia saWiro:
`TavisTavad arqetipi arc borotia da arc keTili. is moralurad neitraluria
(...) da boroti an keTili, ufro zustad ki, amaTi ucnauri nazavi is maSin
xdeba, roca Segnebul azrTan amyarebs kontaqts. borotebas Seuwyobs xels Tu
sikeTes, es (...) Segnebul midgomazea damokidebuli. mravali aseTi arqetipuli
xati arsebobs, magram isini ar warmoaCenen Tavs sizmarsa Tu xelovnebis
nawarmoebSi, Tuki saerTo gzidan gadaxveva ar aamoqmedebs maT. roca Segnebuli
cxovreba calmxrivi xdeba an mcdari gziT miemarTeba, es xatebi `instinqturad~
amodian zedapirze sizmrebsa da xelovanis an naTelmxilvelis fantaziebSi,
raTa aRadginon rogorc individis, aseve epoqis fsiqikuri balansi~ (iungi
1995: 52).
ramdenad xelewifeba analitikur fsiqologias mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
fundamenturi saidumlos wvdoma? am kiTxvas k. g. iungi ase upasuxebs:
`ramdenadac aravis ZaluZs SeaRwios bunebis gulis gulSi, nurc
fsiqologiisgan moveliT Semoqmedebis saidumloTa amomwurav amoxsnas. rogorc
yvela sxva mecnierebas, aseve fsiqologiasac mxolod is ZaluZs, rom
SeZlebisdagvari wvlili Seitanos cxovrebis fenomenis Semdgomi, ufro
gaRrmavebuli gagebis saqmeSi; absolutur codnas igi imaze metad ver
miuaxlovdeba, vidre amas mecnierebis sxva dargebi axerxeben~ (iungi 1995: 22).

damowmebani:

iungi 1995: iungi k. g. analitikuri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi. sizmrebi. Tb.: 1995.

iungi... 1996: Юнг К., Нойманн Г. Э. Психоанализ и искусство. RELF-book, Ваклер: 1996.
klemani... 1976: Клеман К. Б., Брюно П., Сэв Л. Марксистская критика психоанализа. М.:
Прогресс,1976.
Saria 1970: Saria p. froidizmis esTetikuri da literaturuli koncefciis mokle kritikuli
mimoxilva. krebulSi: literaturis Teoriisa da esTetikis sakiTxebi. Tb.: `mecniereba~,
1970.

51
irma ratiani

fenomenologiuri kritika

fenomenologia me-20 saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani filosofiuri

mimarTulebaa. misi fuZemdebelia germaneli filosofosi, maTematikosi edmund
huserli (1859-1938 ww.), romlis meTodis mniSvnelobas me-20 saukunis
filosofiuri azris ganviTarebaSi xSirad adareben sokrates makoordinirebel
rolsa da funqcias antikuri epoqis filosofiis formirebaSi. huserlis
filosofiuri meTodi safuZvlad daedo erTmaneTisgan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli
mimarTulebebis – eqsistencializmis, germanuli realontologiis, inglisuri
neorealizmis, filosofiuri anTropologiisa da sxvaTa Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebas.
magram, fenomenologia ar Semoifargla mxolod filosofiis sferoTi, igi
aqtiurad dainerga eTikaSi, sociologiaSi, iurisprudenciaSi, fsiqologiaSi,
esTetikasa da literaturaTmcodneobaSi. swored amitom fenomenologia SeiZleba
miviCnioT erT-erT yvelaze masStabur movlenad me-20 saukunis evropuli
kulturis istoriaSi.

edmund huserlis fenomenologiuri moZRvreba

fenomenologiuri moZRvreba evropuli filosofiis wiaRSi aRmocenda. edmund

huserli myarad idga tradiciul filosofiur niadagze, Tumca arsebuli
memkvidreobis aTvisebas originaluri da Tamami koreqtivebiT axorcielebda.
axalgazrda maTematikosma filosofiis sferoSi Tavis uSualo maswavleblis,
franc brentanos gavleniT gadainacvla da, Sesabamisad, mravalmxriv gaiTvaliswina
misi Teoria, koncentrirebuli fsiqikuri movlenis arsis Ziebaze da dafuZnebuli
huserlis meTodologiisaTvis principulad mniSvnelovan iseT cnebebze, rogoricaa
fsiqologiuri deskrifcia, intencionaloba da eidetoba.
huserlma mdidari filosofiuri memkvidreoba datova, magram mis umTavres
miRwevad, misi filosofiis RerZad da centrad samarTlianadaa miCneuli
fenomenologia _ Teoria da meTodi, romelsac uzarmazari rezonansi mohyva me-20
saukunis evropul azrovnebaSi.
ra aris fenomenologia? ra ZiriTad cnebebs efuZneba igi? riT aixsneba
fenomenologiuri meTodis masStaburad gavrcelebis faqti? am kiTxvebis pasuxi
garkveul warmodgenas Segviqmnis ara mxolod fenomenologiur filosofiaze,
aramed mis intensiur danergvaze literaturaTmcodneobis sferoSi.
huserli TandaTanobiT, nabij-nabij uaxlovdeboda fenomenologiur
moZRvrebas. misi pirveli naSromi `ariTmetikis fsiqologia~ (1891 w.)
erTdroulad iyo rogorc fsiqologiuri, ise logikuri xasiaTis gamokvleva.
mogvianebiT, 1901 wels dabeWdil `logikur gamokvlevebsa~ da `prolegomenebSi~
huserli zurgs aqcevs pirvandel fsiqologizms da upiratesobas aniWebs kvlevis
logikur meTods, romelsac deskrifciul fsiqologias uwodebs. huserli mkveTr
zRvars avlebs empiriul da eidetur mecnierebebs Soris da miaCnia, rom
empiriuli mecniereba, romelsac fsiqologia ganekuTvneba aris mecniereba realuri
faqtebis Sesaxeb da wminda logikis safuZvlad ver gamodgeba. huserlis
yuradReba koncentrirebulia eidetur mecnierebaze, romelic, filosofosis

52
rwmeniT, arsis, Wesen-is TavisTavadobiTaa dainteresebuli. Tu empiriuli
mecniereba faqtze dakvirvebasa da induqcias efuZneba, eideturi mecniereba
intuiciasa da ideaciazea damyarebuli. magram rogor? huserli axali
meTodologiis aucileblobis winaSeE aRmoCnda; meTodologiisa, romelic naTels
mohfenda eideturi mecnierebis funqciebsa da daniSnulebas. amgvar meTodologiad
iqca fenomenologia.
i. lambertidan vidre huserlamde termini `fenomenologia~ xSirad Cndeba
kantis, hegelis, hamiltonis, e. hartmanisa da sxvaTa moZRvrebebSi, magram
terminis gaazreba da funqciuri datvirTva konceptualurad gansxvavdeba
huserliseuli interpretaciisgan. kantisaTvis `fenomeni~ (phenomenon) niSnavs
cdaSi mocemul, grZnobebis saSualebiT aRqmad movlenas, romelic principulad
upirispirdeba `noumens~ (noumenon) _ cdis sazRvrebs miRma arsebul, adamianis
WvretisaTvis muwvdomel movlenas. `fenomenis~ cnebis daxmarebiT kanti mijnavs
arsebas movlenisagan. hegelis filosofiaSi `fenomenologia~ istoriul
perspeqtivas iZens: `fenomenologia~ aris `mecniereba~, romelic mecnierebisa da
filosofiis wiaR (gavliT) aRwers fenomenologiuri SegrZnebebis gadanacvlebis
process codnisa da absolutisaken. huserli sxva gzas irCevs. aaqtiurebs ra
saxelovan winamorbedTa mier damkvidrebul termins, cnebis funqciiT tvirTavs
mas da meTodis mniSvnelobas aniWebs. huserli imTaviTve ukuagdebs fenomensa da
noumens Soris kantiseul `dualistur~ dapirispirebas, da hegeliseul
`konstruqcionizms~, romlis saSualebiTac igi (hegeli) dialeqtikurad moZraobs
fenomenisgan absoluturi gonis mimarTulebiT. Tvalsazrisi, romelsac kantTan da
hegelTan unisonSi iziarebs husreli, aris fenomenis rogorc mocemulobis
gaazreba; oRond erTi pirobiT: fenomenSi da mxolod fenomenSia kodirebuli
misive arsi da raoba.
huserlis fenomenologiis ZiriTad orientirs warmoadgens cnobierebis im
struqturebis ganxilva, romlebic cdisa da istoriuli realobis miRma
arseboben, magram uzrunvelyofen cnobierebis marTebulad funqcionirebas da
emTxvevian fsiqologiur SegrZnebebSi gamoxatul `idealur mniSvnelobebs~.
fenomenologia huserlisaTvis cnobierebis swori geziT warmarTvis erTaderTi
xerxia; meTodia, romelic avlens nebismieri obieqtis Secnobis procesSi
gamokveTil sxvadasxva maxasiaTebels da SesaZlebels xdis obieqtis marTebulad
aRqmas. Tavisi meTodologiuri sistemis Camoyalibebas huserli obieqtis
gansazRvrebiT iwyebs. obieqti huserlisTvis mxolod imdenad arsebobs, ramdenadac
aRiqmeba subieqtis mier: subieqti obieqturi samyaros axsnisa da Semecnebis
WeSmariti gzaa. huserls miaCnia, rom obieqtebi SeiZleba aRqmul iqnen ara
TavisTavad arsebul, aramed gansazRvrul, cnobierebisagan intencirebul sagnebad.
am TvalsazrisiT, cnobiereba irCevs obieqts da mWidrod akavSirebs mas
gacnobierebis aqtTan. Sesabamisad, cnobiereba aRar aris samyaros pasiuri
registracia, aramed aqtiurad moicavs samyaros: garesamyaro daiyvaneba subieqtis
cnobierebis sazRvramde, anu xorcieldeba huserlis fenomenologiuri meTodis
erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli aqti, e.w. fenomenologiuri reduqcia. fenomenologiuri
reduqciis mizans warmoadgens empiriuli cnobierebisaTvis misawvdomi nebismieri
sagnisa Tu movlenis fenomenad gardaqmna. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
fenomenologiuri reduqcia wminda fenomenebzea koncentrirebuli.
`wminda fenomeni,~ huserlis azriT, universaluri arsebiTobebis sistemaa,
sadac mniSvnelobs ara sagnisa Tu movlenis garegnul-zedapiruli xedva, aramed im

53
bazisuri, ucvleli arsebiTobebis warmoCena, romlebic gansazRvravs am sagnisa Tu
movlenis raobas. msgavsi tipis aqts berZnul enaSi Seesabameba sityva eidos da
huserlic mWidrod akavSirebs eideturi abstraqciis meTods fenomenologiuri
reduqciis meTodTan. huserli wminda fenomenis mopovebis saWiroebis winaSeE
dgeba. wminda fenomenis mopovebis Rirebul gzad mas meTodologiuri eWvi esaxeba.
`meTodologiuri eWvis~ principi aTavisuflebs cnobierebas arsebobisadmi
nebismieri poziciis gamoxatvisagan da miznad isaxavs ara `yofisa~ da `arsebobis~,
aramed Tavad `arsis~ definicias. fenomenis mopovebis amgvar aqts huserli
gansazRvravs, rogorc fenomenologiur epoqes. epoqe berZnuli sityvaa da
miuTiTebs arseboba-ararsebobis problemis irgvliv msjelobis Sewyvetis
aucileblobas. `fenomenologiuri epoqe, _ wers huserli `parizul leqciebSi~, _
aris meTodologia, romlis meSveobiTac me Sevimecneb Cems Tavs, rogorc
cnobierebis egosa da sicocxles, romelSic da romlis miRmac CemTvis arsebobs
mTeli obieqturi samyaro da arsebobs ise, rogorc is namdvilad aris~
(rapaporti 1987: 149). `fenomenologiuri epoqe, _ amtkicebs filosofosi, _
gansjis Cemeuli sivrcidan, obieqturi samyaros realobasac da mecnierebasac
samyarosaTvis niSandobliv faqtebad warmoaCens. gamomdinare aqedan, CemTvis ar
arsebobs `me~ da fizikuri qmedebebi, arsebobs mxolod fsiqologiurad
SegrZnebuli fsiqikuri fenomeni. `me~ ar warmovadgen adamianur arsebas da arc
Cemi cogitationes warmoadgens fsiqo-fizikuri samyaros Semadgenel nawils. magram
maT miRma me aRmovaCen WeSmarit `me~-s~ (rapaporti 1987: 149).
huserlis fenomenologiis mizani iyo gadanacvleba TavisTavadi sagnebisaken,
anu xelmZRvaneloba principiT: `davubrundeT sagnebs rogorc TavisTavadobebs!~
sagnebisa da movlenebis siRrmiseuli wvdomiT SeiaraRebuli fenomenologia
pretenzias acxadebda mecnierebaTa mecnierebis statusze, vinaidan, huserlis
rwmeniT, igi amkvidrebda da aviTarebda universalur meTods, vargiss azrovnebis
nebismieri sferos Sesacnobad. fenomenologia ayalibebda deskrifciuli
(aRweriTi) tipis mecnierebas, romelic adamianur cnobierebas moiazrebda ara
rogorc calkeuli adamianebis empiriul eqsperiments, aramed rogorc TavisTavadi
gonis siRrmiseul struqturas. gansxvavebiT sxva mecnieruli meTodologiebisgan,
fenomenologia interesdeboda codnis ara romelime kerZo formiT, aramed im
ganwyobiT, romelsac codnis esa Tu is forma warmoqmnida. misi mizani iyo
cnobierebis WeSmariti struqturebisa da TavisTavad WeSmariti fenomenebis
gaSiSvleba. fenomenologiuri meTodi iTvaliswinebda fenomenis Semecnebas
konteqstis gareSe. huserli anawevrebda fenomens Sreobriv sturuqturebad da
Semecnebis process moiazrebda rogorc Sinaganad organizebul cnobierebis nakads.
huserliseuli fenomenologiuri ganwyoba emijneboda, erTi mxriv, empirizms,
romelic dainteresebuli iyo calkeuli subieqtebis mouwesrigebeli,
frangmentuli gamocdilebis analiziT, meore mxriv ki fsiqologizms, romelic
konkretul individTa mxolod dakvirvebadi mentaluri procesebiT
Semoifargleboda. huserlis meTodi gulisxmobda rogorc empiriuli cnobierebis,
ise empiriuli fsiqologiis amorTvas Semecnebis procesidan, anu _ frCxilebSi
Casmas. misTvis mniSvnelovani iyo cnobierebis mxolod absoluturi forma,
romelic ar emorCileboda cvalebadobasa da negacias (uaryofas) da romlis
ZiriTad maxasiaTebelsac intencia, anu saganze mimarTuloba (mizandasaxuloba)
warmoadgenda. huserlis filosofiuri TvalTaxedviT, samyaro iyo mxolod is,
rasac `me~ gulisxmobda, samyaro gaiazreboda mxolod `me~-s cnobierebasTan

54
mimarTebaSi, romelic, filosofosis rwmeniT, TavisTavad gaxldaT
transcendentaluri da araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ empiriuli. cnobierebis amgvari
subieqtivizacia amkvidrebda subieqtis, rogorc nebismieri faseulobis dasabamisa
da Semoqmedis gagebas.
amrigad, fenomenologiis cnebis gaazreba edmund huserlis filosofiaSi
TandaTanobiTi, etapobrivi da cvalebadi procesia. Tu adreuli periodis
naSromebSi huserli aqtiurad eyrdnoba wminda logikur warmodgenebs
intencionaluri cnobierebis Sesaxeb, mogvianebiT is icvlis pozicias, emijneba
sabunebismetyvelo meTodologias da amkvidrebs ukiduresad subieqtivistur
tendencias, romelic Tavs iCens m. Seleris, a. fenderis, m. haidegeris, r.
ingardenisa da sxvaTa naazrevSi.

fenomenologiuri meTodi da literaturaTmcodneoba

fenomenologiurma meTodma uaRresad didi kvali daaCnia me-20 saukunis

literaturaTmcodneobas. fenomenologiuri filosofiis ZiriTadi postulatebi
misaRebi aRmoCnda araerTi literaturaTmcodneobiTi skolisa da
mimdinareobisaTvis. misi gavlena mkrTalad SeiniSna me-20 saukunis 20-iani wlebis
Teoriul sivrceSi da Zalzed TvalsaCino gaxda 30-iani, 40-iani wlebisa da ufro
gviandeli periodis saliteraturo kritikaSi. fenomenologiuri meTodisagan
davalebulia rusuli formalizmi, praRis struqturalizmi, evropuli
eqsistencializmi, hermenevtika, amerikuli axali kritika, Jenevis kritikuli
skola, struqturalizmi, recefciuli esTetika da sxva. sagulisxmoa erTi
garemoeba: TiToeulma am literaturul-Teoriulma skolam sxvadasxvagvarad
airekla fenomenologiis filosofiuri koncefciis paradigmatuli cvalebadobis
procesi.
fenomenologiuri kritika warmoadgens fenomenologiuri meTodis gamoyenebis
cdas literaturul teqstTan mimarTebiT. fenomenologiuri kritika
literaturul nawarmoebs TavisTavadi fenomenebis mTlianobad ganixilavs.
`rTuli fenomenebi aq preparirebulia calkeul Semadgenel nawilebad, doneebad,
Sreebad, romelTa meSveobiTac vlindeba fenomenis struqtura. fenomenologiuri
aRwera da struqturis gamovlena Seadgens literaturuli nawarmoebis kvlevis
pirvel fenomenologiur safexurs. deskrifciulsa da struqturul analizs
fenomenologebi mihyavs fenomenis ontologiur kvlevasTan;
literaturaTmcodneobiT kvlevebSi ontologiis gamoyeneba Seadgens
literaturisadmi fenomenologiuri midgomis meore umniSvnelovanes aspeqts.
amgvari midgomis mesame arsebiTi sakiTxia xelovnebis nawarmoebis realobisTan
mimarTebis gamovlena, e.i. xelovnebis nawarmoebis fenomenologiur koncefciaSi
mizezobriobis rolis cxadyofa~ (Tanamedrove... 2001: 226).
iseve, rogorc huserli aTavsebda realur obieqtebs `frCxilebSi~,
fenomenologiuri kritika `frCxilebSi~ svams literaturuli nawarmoebis
istoriul konteqsts, avtors, Seqmnis winapirobebsa da kiTxvis process.
fenomenologiuri kritika miznad isaxavs literaturuli teqstis mTlian da
imanentur wakiTxvas, rac ar eqvemdebareba obieqtur ganpirobebulobas. teqsti
daiyvaneba avtoris cnobierebze, anu teqstis stilisturi da semiotikuri
aspeqtebi Tavmoyrilia erT urRvev mTlianobaSi, romlis arsebiT formasac

55
avtoris cnobiereba warmoadgens. am cnobierebis Sesamecneblad saWiro ar aris
biografiuli kritikis daxmareba, sakmarisia mxolod im ZiriTadi aspeqtebis
teqstis doneze Semecneba, romlebSic avtoris cnobiereba vlindeba. avtoris
cnobierebis realizeba literaturul nawarmoebSi warmodgenili ganmeorebadi, e.w.
recidivuri Temebisa da warmosaxviTi modelebis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli. maTi
Tavmoyris, gamTlianebis procesi aRadgens mwerlis mier ganvlil cxovrebis gzas,
mis fenomenologiur mimarTebas sakuTar TavTan rogorc subieqtTan da
samyarosTan rogorc obieqtTan. fenomenologiuri kritikis TvalsazrisiT,
literaturul nawarmoebSi lokalizebuli `samyaro~ warmoadgens ara tipurad
obieqtur realobas, aramed realobas, organizebuls da Semecnebuls
individualuri subieqtis mier. fenomenologiuri kritika fokusirebulia droisa
da sivrcis avtoriseul gancdaze, misi `me~-sTan da `sxva~-sTan mimarTebis
analizze, anu materialuri obieqtebis individualuri percefciis (aRqmis)
procesze. huserlis filosofiis es ganmsazRvreli meTodologiuri kanoni
fenomenologiuri kritikis bazisur sentenciad (Segonebad) iqca.
logikurad ibadeba kiTxva: rogor daveufloT am trancendentalur
struqturebs? rogor SevaRwioT avtoriseuli cnobierebis siRrmiseul SreebSi?
fenomenologiuri kritika cdilobs literaturuli nawarmoebisadmi sruli
obieqturobisa da miukerZoeblobis SenarCunebas; `piraduli~ interesebis daokebas,
teqstis pirobiT samyaroSi CaZirvas da maqsimaluri sizustiTa da samarTlianobiT
nawarmoebis yvela `kuTxe-kunWulis~ aRweras. fenomenologiuri kritika
gulixmobs teqstis ara Semfaseblur analizs, romelic mis konstruqciul da
aqtiur interpretacias warmoadgens da kritikosis subieqtur pozicias avlens,
aramed teqstis `pasiur recefcias (aRqmas)~, misi ideuri arsis miukerZoebel
aRweras. konkretuli literaturuli teqsti ganixileba erTi organuli
mTlianobis Semadgenel nawilad. `mTlianoba~ `avtoris cnobierebis~ Sesabamisi
cnebaa; `nawili~ ki moicavs avtoris SemoqmedebiT gzas da qronologiuri
TanamimdevrobiT dalagebul mis Txzulebebs, romlebic Tematurad gansxvavdebian,
magram mudam mieltvian organul mTlianobas.
fenomenologiurma kritikam udidesi zegavlena moaxdina me-20 saukunis
literaturul-Teoriul sivrceze. pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac huserlis
fenomenologiuri meTodi literaturul teqsts miusadaga, iyo roman ingardeni.
misi Teoria intencionalobis cnebas daefuZna.

roman ingardeni da fenomenologiuri kritika

polonelma filosofosma roman ingardenma gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi

erT-erTma pirvelma Caayena huserlis fenomenologiuri meTodi saliteraturo
kritikis samsaxurSi. ingardenis moRvaweoba SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc
esencialisturi fenomenologiis frTxili da srulyofili gadanergva
literaturul-kritikuli terminologiis sibrtyeze. gansxvavebiT
fenomenologiuri orientaciis sxva wamyvani kritikosebisagan, ingardenis kritika
uSualod huserlis koncefciidan aris amozrdili da mis saukeTeso tradiciebs
emyareba.
roman ingardenis erT-erTi brwyinvale Teoriuli teqsti `literaturuli
nawarmoebi rogorc xelovnebis nimuSi~ (1931 w.) pirdapir ukavSirdeba huserlis

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fenomenologiuri meTodis proeqts da mwvaved svams problemas: ras warmoadgenen
yofierebis im saxeobis arsebiTobebi, is sxvadasxva logikuri kondiciebi,
romlebsac flobs da moicavs literaturuli nawarmoebi? pirvel yovlisa,
ingardeni literaturul nawarmoebs gansazRvravs rogorc fiqciur samyaros,
romelic avtoris fenomenidan momdinareobs da Tavisi kvlevis sferodan
gamoricxavs im elementebs, romlebic uSualod ar ukavSirdebian teqstis
struqturas. teqstis struqtura ingardenisaTvis `Sreebad dayofil~ formulas
warmoadgens, sadac mkvlevari oTx ZiriTad Sres gamoyofs, esenia: 1) lingvisturi
xmovanebis formacia, romelic Sedgeba sityvebis, sityvaTa xmovanebis,
winadadebebisa da winadadebaTa ritmuli organizaciisgan; 2) Rirebul
dajgufebaTa formacia, romelsac qmnian gansxvavebul winadadebaTa kompleqsebidan
momdinare intencionaluri obieqtebi; 3) warmodgenili sagnebis formacia,
romelic meore SreSi gamokveTil intencionalur obieqtebs gardaqmnis
konkretuli nawarmoebisaTvis niSandobliv xasiaTebad da movlenebad; 4)
sqematizebuli aspeqtebis formacia, anu perspeqtiva, romlis wiaRSic aRiwereba
da aRiqmeba teqstis pirobiTi samyaro. am ukanasknelis umniSvnelovanes
maxasiaTeblebs dro-sivrculi modelebi warmoadgens. ingardens miaCnia, rom
literaturuli samyaro SeTxzuli pirobiTobaa da avtorisagan teqstis zogadi
perspeqtivis SerCevisas garkveuli sizustiT airekleba mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi
resursebi da stilisturi Taviseburebebi; magram avtors ar ZaluZs
srulganzomilebiani samyaros Seqmna, is sjerdeba calkeuli fragmentebis
warmoCenas im pirobiT, rom avtoris SemoqmedebiTi intencionaloba swored
aRniSnuli fragmentebis farglebSi gadaikveTeba mkiTxvelis recefciul
intencionalobasTan. gamomdinare aqedan, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom, erTi mxriv,
avtorisa da mkiTxvelis intencionaloba da, meore mxriv, reduqciuli
(SemcirebiTi) strategia, _ romlis miRmac ganirCeva teqstis oTxi ZiriTadi
struqturuli Sre, _ ingardenisaTvis warmoadgens literaturul kritikasTan
SeTavsebad bazisur fenomenologiur koncefciebs.
Tavis momdevno fundamentur naSromSi `literaturuli nawarmoebis
Semecneba~ ingardeni morig aqtualur problemas wamoWris: romeli procesis an
procesebis meSveobiT Seimecneba literaturuli nawarmoebi da rogoria am
Semecnebis Sedegi? ingardeni gamoyofs Semecnebis sam Fformas: esTetikurs, pre-
esTetikurs (winareesTetikurs) da refleqturs (gansjiTs) da miiCnevs, rom
Semecnebis es formebi amarTleben nawarmoebis oTxi struqturuli Sris arsebobis
aucileblobas. literaturuli teqstis Semecnebis Tavisebureba, ingardenis
azriT, ganasxvavebs mxatvrul nawarmoebs samecniero naSromisagan: Tu mecnieruli
narkvevis Semecnebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba an grovdeba codna, romelic aRniSnuli
narkvevisgan damoukideblad arsebobs, literaturuli teqstis Semecneba
safuZvels uyris Rirebuli esTetikuri gamocdilebis dagrovebas.
roman ingardenis kvlevis meTodologia fenomenologiuri literaturuli
kritikis Zlieri gamovlineba, vinaidan mis Teoriul sistemaSi literaturuli
nawarmoebi moiazreba rogorc intencionaluri sagani, konstruqcia, romelic
Sesabamis damokidebulebaSia avtorisa da mkiTxvelis specifikur mentalur
operaciebTan. ingardenis meTodma uaRresad didi gavlena iqonia sruliad
sxvadasxva konceptualuri Rirebulebebis mqone literaturul-Teoriul
skolebze.

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fenomenologiuri meTodis gavlenis masStabebi

recefciuli esTetikis brwyinvale wamomadgenlis v. izeris saprogramo

naSromSi `kiTxvis aqti~ (1978 w.) cxadad ikveTeba recefciuli esTetikis skolis
mimarTeba edmund huserlis fenomenologiur moZRvrebasTan da roman ingardenis
naazrevTan.
teqstis swori interpretaciis gasaRebs izerisaTvis, erTi mxriv,
warmoadgens konkretuli nawarmoebis mxatvrul teqnikasTan da maxasiaTeblebTan
siaxlove, rac teqstis arsebiTi kodebis flobaSi gamoixateba, xolo, meore
mxriv, literaturuli nawarmoebis siRrmesa da efeqturobas gansazRvravs teqstis
unari, CaiTrios mkiTxveli misi Cveuli kodebisaTvis ucxo da sruliad axal
kritikul kondiciaSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, kiTxvis mizans TviTcnobierebaSi
CaRrmaveba da sakuTari `me”-s kritikuli gaazreba wamoadgens. mkiTxveli aqtiurad
erTveba teqstSi da Taviseburad avsebs e.w. bundovan adgilebs, anu teqstualur
gaurkvevlobebs, romlebic, izeris azriT, mravladaa mxatvrul teqstebSi da
Tavad ubiZgebs mkiTxvels maTi ara mxolod gabaTilebis, aramed mniSvnelobebiT
aRvsebisaken. mkiTxveli cdilobs `teqstualuri gaurkvevlobebis~ `normalizebas~,
anu teqstis `anarqiuli, polisemantikuri potencialis~ moTavsebas
`mowesrigebuli~ modelis CarCoSi. garkveuli wesrigis miRwevis mizniT izeri
svams teqstis polisemantikuri potencialis reduqciis sakiTxs.
huserlis filosofiis winaaRmdegobriv SeTvisebas warmoadgens moris merlo-
pontis fenomenologiuri kritika: erTi mxriv, igi iziarebs huserlis
intencionalobis koncefcias, magram, meore mxriv, uaryofs mis cnobierebiT
xasiaTs da gansazRvravs rogorc individualuri precnobierebiTi
(winarecnobierebiTi) percefciis kondicias; erTi mxriv, eyrdnoba huserlis
eideturi struqturis meTods, magram, meore mxriv, mis pirobebSi, aucileblad
miiCnevs enis ambivalenturi (winaaRmdegobrivi) bunebis gaTvaliswinebas da,
Sesabamisad, ufro arsebiT eqsistencialur mimarTebas samyarosTan. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, merlo-pontisaTvis reduqciis ZiriTad daniSnulebas samyarosTan
intensiuri daaxloeba warmoadgens da ara wminda cnobierebis Zieba, _ rogorc es
huserlis Teoriul naazrevSia gadmocemuli.
merlo-pontis fenomenologiuri kritikis ZiriTadi problema percefciis
aqtia. individs perceptualuri mimarTeba aqvs samyarosTan. samyaros percefciis
procesSi sxeuli eqvemdebareba pre-refleqtur gamocdilebas, rac amJRavnebs
individis mier Cafiqrebul nebismier qmedebas. Sesabamisad, fiqri iqceva simbolur
aqtad, romelic cnobierebis enaze gamoxatavs individis siRrmiseul gamocdilebas.
es enobrivi struqtura arc arCeviTobis princips emorCileba da arc gonebrivi
xveulebis meqanizms amzeurebs, igi ukavSirdeba yofierebis asaxvas da Tavisi
arsiT SemoqmedebiTi da intencionaluria. amrigad, merlo-pontis Teoriul
sistemaSi ena gvevlineba `Jestikulaciuri~ funqciis matareblad, rac gamoxatavs
`sxeulismieri~ percefciis aqts da ara mxolod aireklavs sagans an movlenas,
aramed warmoaCens am sagnis an movlenis arss.
moris merlo-pontis kvlevis specifika saliteraturo kritikis sferoSi
SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc samyaros individualuri fenomenologiuri Secnobis
gamocdilebis danergvis meTodi: merlo-ponti `fCxilebSi” svams samyaros, raTa
gamoamJRavnos misi individualuri, pre-cnobierebiTi percefciis arsi.

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 seriozul mimarTebas fenomenologiasTan gamoimuSavebs eqsistencialuri
filosofiis fuZemdebeli martin haidegeri.
saliteraturo kritika haidegerisaTvis yofierebis mTliani procesis nawils
warmoadgens, regularul mcdelobas, warmoaCinos sakuTari Tavi metafizikuri
tradiciebis prizmaSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, haidegerisaTvis saliteraturo
kritika adamianis, anu munyofierebis yofierebis, imave eqsistenciis gansazRvris
erT-erTi WeSmariti gzaa. haidegeri erTdroulad Semoqmedicaa da kritikosic,
subieqturisa da obieqturis sinTezuri nazavi, romelic upirispirdeba samyaros
da gadis mis CarCoebs miRma. am urTules procesSi yalibdeba mimarTeba enas,
fiqrsa da literaturas Soris: Zireuli enis (Sage), rogorc pre-eqsistenturi
movlenis realizacia (Ereignis) SesaZlebelia mxolod yofierebis (Dasein)
farglebSi. ena warmoqnis fiqrs, fiqrs miRma literatura iTvisebs yofierebis
utyuar gamocdilebas da ayalibebs axal yofierebas, romelic aaqtiurebs
movlenaTa xdomilobis albaTobas. Sesabamisad, saliteraturo kritika
haidegerisaTvis adamianis, anu munyofierebis saliteraturo enasTan mimarTebis
dadgenis cdaa, rac, Tavis mxriv, yofierebis wiaRSi adamianis adgilis gansazRvris
saSualebas iZleva.
martin haidegeri uaryofs huserliseul trancendentaluri subieqtis cnebas
rogorc pirvelsawyiss, da amosaval koncefciad eqsistencialur cnobierebas
miiCnevs. Sesabamisad, gza huserlis moZRvrebidan haidegeris moZRvrebamde asaxavs
`wminda cnobierebidan~ `eqsistencialur cnobierebamde~ gadanacvlebis rTul
paradigmas. haidegeris moZRvrebis centraluri Tema aris ara subieqti, aramed _
yofiereba, ara subieqtis kvleva, aramed _ yofierebis fenomenis axsna. am
TvalsazrisiT, xelovneba, da masTan erTad literaturac, samyaros Sesaxeb
fenomenologiuri simarTlis gacxadebis WeSmarit formebad miiCneva.
literaturuli interpretacia, haidegeris koncefciis Tanaxmad, efuZneba ara
adamianis aqtiur qmedebas, aramed mis specifikur damokidebulebas teqstisadmi:
mTavaria ara is, rasac CavdivarT, aramed is, risi Cadenis albaTobasac vuSvebT.
adamiani, miaCnia haidegers, unda gaixsnas teqstis mimarT, daemorCilos teqstis
misteriulad idumal yofierebas da dauSvas masSi sakuTari Tavis Ziebis
albaToba.
am filosofiur iniciativas haidegeri gansazRvravs rogorc yofierebis
hermenevtikas, sadac termini hermenevtika aRniSnavs moZRvrebas ganmartebis,
gamJRavnebis, amoxsnis Sesaxeb. haidegeris hermenevtikuli fenomenologia
gansxvavdeba huserlis transcendentaluri fenomenologiisgan, vinaidan efuZneba
ara transcendentaluri cnobierebis Ziebas, aramed istoriuli interpretaciis
problemis kvlevas.
edmund huserlis esencialisturi fenomenologiidan da martin haidegeris
eqsistencialuri filosofiidan aris amozrdili Jan-pol sartris
eqsistencialuri filosofiaca da kritikac.
gaxmaurebul naSromSi `yofiereba da arara~ (1943 w.) sartri cnobierebis
or dones gamoyofs: pre-refleqtur, intencionalur cnobierebas da refleqtur
TviT-cnobierebas. pre-refleqturi cnobiereba rogorc wminda cnobiereba, sartris
azriT, aris arafris, anu negaciis cnobiereba da am sicarielidan amotivtivebuli
adamianuri Tavisufleba warmodgeba rogorc adamianis unikaluri unari,
arafrisagan Seqmnas sakuTari Tavi da sakuTari samyaro. pre-refleqturi,
intencionaluri cnobiereba, Tvlis sartri, mudmivad miiswrafis miuwvdomeli

59
sicarielisken (en soi), Sesabamisad, adamiani mudmivad imyofeba ambivalentur
poziciaSi yofierebasa da araras Soris da misi SemoqmedebiTi Zalisxmeva
warmoadgens miuwvdomelis wvdomis mudmiv mcdelobas. gamomdinare aqedan,
cnobiereba samyaros transformaciuli procesis mudmivi ukufenaa, romelmac,
TviTrealizebis mizniT, samudamod unda uaryos arsebiTi dasrulebulobis
kondicia.
sartriseuli cnobierebis cneba Zalumad afxizlebs warmosaxvis cnebasa da
funqciur aqtivobas. warmosaxva sartris esTetikaSi cnobierebis tolfasi
segmentia; is aucilebeli elementia, romelic dasaSvebs xdis Tavisuflebis
mopovebas araras, anu negaciis pirobebSi. sartris kritikis ZiriTad problemas
swored adamianis warmosaxvisa da cnobierebis urTierTmimarTeba warmoadgens. (ix.
J.-p. sartri, `ra aris literatura”, `warmosaxvis fsiqologia”). sartri miiCnevs,
rom, sagnis warmosaxvis mizniT, cnobierebam unda uaryos realuri sagani, vinaidan
realuris intencia xels uSlis warmosaxvis srulyofilad funqcionirebas.
warmosaxva aireklavs araras, igi mudmivad uaryofs da uaryofis gziT moicavs
ararealur sagans. warmosaxva cnobierebis bazisur elementad gvevlineba: Tu ar
iarsebebs warmosaxvis uaryofiTi energia, ar iarsebebs cnobierebis
intencionalobac, radgan cnobiereba dakargavs intenciis Tavisuflebas da martivi
aRmricxvelis rols dasjerdeba. warmosaxva SesaZlebels xdis intencionaluri
cnobierebis arsebobas da qmnis, ayalibebs cnobierebas rogorc Tavisuflebas.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, warmosaxva aris cnobiereba rogorc intencionaloba: Tu
ar iarsebebs warmosaxva, ar iarsebebs realuri Semecnebis procesi da fiqri.
Sesabamisad, sartri winaaRmdegobaSi Sedis formaluri reduqciis meTodTan da
transcendentalur egosTan. m. natansoni aRniSnavs: `fenomenologiuri reduqcia da
transcendentaluri ego, Tmoben ra intencionaluri cnobierebis miRma
moxelTebul meyseul samyaros, Zarcvaven intencionalobas misive geniisagan. is,
rasac sartri transfenomenologiurobas uwodebs, reduqciis wiaRSia Cakarguli~
(natansoni... : 41).
amrigad, fenomenologiuri meTodis gavlena me-20 saukunis filosofiur da
literaturaTmcodneobiT azrovnebaze sakmaod Rrma da STambeWdavia.
literaturaTmcodneobam warmatebiT moirgo fenomenologiuri moZRvrebis zogadi
modeli da zedmiwevniT kargad miusadaga misi calkeuli terminebi da cnebebi
literaturuli teqstis specifikas. mizezi amisa iyo, erTi mxriv, huserlis
moZRvrebisaTvis niSandoblivi siRrme da mravalferovneba, ramac arsobrivad
gansxvavebul Teoriul Senakadebs misca dasabami, xolo, meore mxriv, huserlis
rogorc filosofosis midrekileba mudmivi Ziebisa da cvalebadobisaken, ramac
SesaZlebeli gaxada misi naazrevis dinamikuri da speqtruli aTviseba.

damowmebani:

Tanamedrove... 2001: Tanamedrove sazRvargareTuli literaturaTmcodneoba. sjani, Tb.: 2001.

natansoni... : Natanson M. Phenomenology and Existentialism: Husserl and Sartre on Intentionality.
Kockelman’s ed..
rapaporti 1987: Rapaport H. Phenomenology and Contemporary Theory // Tracing Literary Theory. –N.Y.:
1987.

60
manana kvaWantiraZe

enis semiologiuri kvlevis

meTodologiisaTvis

niSnobriv movlenebs, rogorc aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis urTierTobis

Sedegs, jer kidev stoikosebma miaqcies yuradReba. filosofiur, logikur da
lingvistur mecnierebaTa ganviTarebis kvaldakval es yuradReba momdevno
saukuneebSi kidev ufro gaZlierda da me-19 saukunis bolo ocwleulisaTvis
damoukidebeli mecnierebis SeqmniT dasrulda. semiotika, rogorc niSnebisa da
niSanTa sistemebis Semswavleli disciplina aerTianebs signifikatoruli
(niSnobrivi) movlenebis Sesaxeb codnis yvela mimarTulebas. Teoriul midgomaTa
garkveuli sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, niSnis klasikur gansazRvrebad aRiarebulia
amerikeli filosofosisa da logikosis Carlz pirsis definicia: `cnobierebaSi
niSani axdens sagnis reprezentacias da enacvleba mas~. Carlz pirssave xvda
wilad semiotikis, rogorc axali samecniero disciplinis fuZemdeblis pativi,
Zveli berZnebis wvlili ki terminis berZnul warmoSobaSi aRibeWda: semeion -
niSani. niSanTa sistemebis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa aRmniSvnel terminad
`semiotikasTan~ erTad gamoiyeneba `semiologiac~. am ukanasknels, upiratesad,
frangul struqturalizms da poststruqturalistur Teoriebs ukavSireben da
sakuTriv lingvisturi meTodis aRmniSvnel terminad moiazreben, `semiotika~ ki
inglisur-amerikuli samecniero skolebis gamokvlevebTan da formalur logikur-
maTematikur mimarTulebasTan asocirdeba.
semiotikis ganviTareba uSualod daukavSirda me-19_me-20 ss-ebis did
mecnierul aRmoCenebs da maT filosofiur-Teoriul ganzogadebebs
sabunebismetyvelo, zust Tu humanitarul sferoebSi. am droidan logikosebTan da
maTematikosebTan erTad kvlevebSi Caebnen lingvistebi, literaturaTmcodneebi,
fsiqologebi, biologebi da kulturologebi. gamovlinda gansxvavebuli
meTodologiebi da midgomebi. magaliTad, pirsis semiotikisagan gansxvavebiT, lui
elmslevis Teoria struqturalisturi iyo, mogvianebiT ki enisa da literaturis
semiologiaSi gansxvavebuli midgomebi CamoyalibdaQhermenevtikosebsa da
postmodernistebs Sorisac. kvlevebis areali gansakuTrebiT gafarTovda
ukanasknel aTwleulebSi, roca mravali sxvadasxva tipis sakomunikacio `enis~
warmoqmnam maTi regularuli Seswavlisa da sistematizaciis aucilebloba daayena
dRis wesrigSi. amieridan semiotikis yuradRebis areSi moeqca ara mxolod
bunebrivi, aramed bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi arsebuli xelovnuri enebic,
signalizaciis mravalferovani sistemebi: sagzao niSnebidan _ futkrebis niSnobriv
qcevebamde; logikur-maTematikuridan _ ferwerul xatebamde; sametyvelo enebidan
_ metaenebamde. gansakuTrebiT intensiurad mimdinareobs semiotikuri kvlevebi
xelovnebisa da sociokulturul sferoebSi: dRes semiotika Seiswavlis
arqiteqturis, modis, reklamis, ritualis enas. ganuwyvetliv iqmneba axali
metaenebi, romlebic miznad isaxaven saxelovnebo Tu kulturuli ena-obieqtebis
aRweras, miRebuli informaciis Senaxvasa da gadacemas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom enis,
xelovnebisa da kulturis movlenebze simbolur-niSnobrivi koncefciis
gavrceleba dRes drois erTgvar niSnad miiCneva.
Tavisi interesis obieqtebs semiotika sam did jgufad aerTianebs: pirveli _
enisa da literaturis semiologia, romelic Seiswavlis da aRwers sametyvelo

61
enasTan dakavSirebul niSnobriv movlenebs; meore _ xelovnebisa da socialur-
kulturuli sistemebis semiotika (ferwera, musika, arqiteqtura, kino, moda,
ritualebi, wes-Cveulebebi da sxv.); mesame _ cxovelTa komunikaciebi da
biologiur kavSirTa sistemebi adamianis organizmSi.
niSanTa yvelaze srulyofilsa da gavrcelebul sistemas warmoadgens ena.
emil benvenistis mosazrebiT, `igi aris yvela sxva sistemis interpretatori~.
amdenad, niSnobriv movlenaTa SeswavlaSi swored lingvistur semiologias xvda
wilad sanimuSo disciplinaTaSorisi mecnierebis pativi.
Carlz pirsis ganmartebiT, elementaruli niSnuri urTierTobisaTvis, anu
imisaTvis, rom niSani niSnad CaiTvalos, aucilebelia triaduli, anu samwevra
mTlianoba: aRsaniSni sagani, niSani da Semecneba, romelic gonebaSi mimdinareobs.
pirsis TeoriaSi es sami pozicia Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: niSani anu
reprezentanti warmoadgens aRqmisaTvis misawvdom elements, romelic obieqts
enacvleba; interpretanta _ am obieqtis mentaluri (cnobierebis mesatyvisi) xati
da TviT obieqti anu referenti. interpretanta aucilebeli pirobaa imisaTvis,
rom sityva niSnad vaRiaroT. pirsTan igi `mniSvnelobis~ cnebas enacvleba da
warmoadgens ganmartebas, `Targmanebs~, konceptualizacias damokidebulebisa
`niSani-obieqti~ momdevno niSanSi, anu adamianis reaqcias pirvelad niSanze. yoveli
niSani badebs interpretacias da es procesi usasruloa. meore mxriv,
interpretanta TviTonve warmoadgens niSans niSanTa momdevno jaWvisaTvis. ase,
rom semiozisi, romelic rogorc pirsis, ise struqturaluri da
poststruqturalisturi Teoriebis erT-erTi fundamenturi cnebaa, niSanTa
kvlavwarmoqmnisa da maTi uwyveti, usasrulo interpretaciis dinamikur process
warmoadgens.
semiotika samyarosa da obieqtebis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas mxolod maT
mier warmoqmnili niSnebis SemecnebaSi xedavs da niSanTa qceva-moqmedebis sam
ZiriTad sferos Seiswavlis: sintaqtika ikvlevs niSanTa urTierTobas TviT
sistemis SigniT; semantika _ niSnebsa da obieqtebs Soris damokidebulebas;
pragmatika ki _ niSanTa urTierTobas imaTTan, vinc am niSnebiT sargeblobs.
amasTan dakavSirebiT aucilebelia im ori ZiriTadi midgomis zogadi
daxasiaTeba, romlebic TviT semiotikis, rogorc niSanTa Semswavleli mecnierebis
SigniT Camoyalibda: pirvels _ logikur semiotikas, anu metalogikas, romelic
Carlz pirsis saxels ukavSirdeba, ainteresebs niSani TavisTavad, niSani logikaSi,
niSanTa klasifikacia da semiozisi, rogorc araniSnis gardaqmna niSnad. meore
midgoma, romlis mesafuZvledac ferdinand de sosiuri iTvleba, amkvidrebs
sakuTriv lingvistur xazs. semiologias igi ganixilavs rogorc mecnierebas,
romelic Seiswavlis `niSanTa sicocxles sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi~,
lingvistikas ki _ rogorc mis erT-erT Semadgenel nawils. araerTi Tanamedrove
mecnieri-semiologis kvlevis sagania pirsis triaduli (sami poziciisgan Semdgari)
da sosiuris diaduri (or poziciani) modelebis Sepirispirebac.
pirss ekuTvnis niSnis klasikuri ganmarteba, romlis Tanaxmadac, `niSani
enacvleba raRacas, saxeldobr, Tavis obieqts. igi warmoadgens mas ara yvela
damokidebulebaSi da mTeli mocemulobiT (mTlianad, yvela aspeqtiT _ m. k.),
aramed im ideasTan SesabamisobaSi, romelsac me vuwodeb bazisurs, anu niSnis
safuZvels~.
sosiuris azriT, `niSani warmoadgens mTlianobas, romelic gvevlineba
`aRmniSvnelis (akustikuri xati) da aRsaniSnis (azri, warmodgena) asociaciis

62
nayofad~. yuradReba mivaqcioT, rom sosiurisaTvis aRsaniSni sagani ki ar aris,
aramed am sagnis warmodgena, idea. aRmniSvneli ki bgeraTa garkveuli rigis
warmosaxviTi xatia da ara is bgeraTa jaWvi, romelsac fonetika Seiswavlis.
sosiuris kvalad, emil benvenistma da struqturalistebma ganaviTares mosazreba,
rom aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns Soris kavSiri nebismieria da ara determinirebuli
(imTaviTve ganpirobebuli, winaswar gansazRvruli). niSani akustikuri xatisa
(aRmniSvneli) da konceptis (aRsaniSni) Tavisufali asociaciuri kavSiris nayofia
da ara aucilebloba. am koncefciis Tanaxmad, niSnis specifikas gansazRvravs
mxolod misi funqcia metyvelebis aqtSi.
droTa ganmavlobaSi am or alternatiul pozicias Soris (pirsi-sosiuri)
gaCnda gadaulaxavi winaaRmdegoba, romelic xangamoSvebiT filosofiisa da
semiologiis seriozuli kamaTis sagnad iqceoda da `sazRvrebis gadasinjvis~
problemas ayenebda. pirsis xazs aviTarebda hermenevtika, recefciuli esTetika da
sxv. struqturalizmis formalisturma Sexedulebebma ki poststruqturalistur
da postmodernistul TeoriebSi pova gamoZaxili. marTalia, samyaros
lingvisturobas orive midgoma aRiarebs, magram sxvadasxvagvarad: hermenevtikas ena
miaCnia substanciad da amitom interpretacia ontologiuri (yofierebasTan
dakavSirebuli) mniSvnelobis Ziebis, yofierebis ontologiuri ganmartebis, anu
misi kodis amoxsnis operaciaa. igi sxva araferia, Tu ara yofierebis Semecnebis
ganuwyveteli procesi, `ganuwyveteli svla aSkara azridan faruli azrisaken~
(pol rikiori).
struqturalizmisaTvis ena warmoadgens niSanTa formalur sistemas, sadac
sxvadasxva kategoriebi _ gramatikuli, fonetikuri da a.S. _ cal-calke sistemebs
qmnian. sistemis mTlianobas uzrunvelyofs misi nawilebis wonasworoba da
urTierTSesabamisoba. enis TiToeuli done met-naklebad mowesrigebuli sistemaa
da, imavdroulad, sxva doneebTanaa dakavSirebuli. swored aseTi organizacia qmnis
enis, rogorc zesistemis statuss. fonetikuri donis faqtebic ki, romlebic
meqanikuri rigis wminda akustikur-fiziologiur movlenad ganixileba,
sinamdvileSi ganuyreladaa dakavSirebuli enis ufro Rrma doneebTan, maTTan
struqturul mTlianobas qmnis da maT gavlenas ganicdis.
struqturalizmis `pirveli talRisaTvis~ (Jenevis, kopenhagenis, praRis
skolebi) amosavalia realoba. niSnis saSualebiT ena _ zepiric da werilobiTic
_ iswrafvis asaxos realoba, moaxdinos masze gavlena pirdapir an iribad.
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom struqturalizmi pragmatizmisa da pozitivizmis
lingvistur gamoZaxils warmoadgens da masSi bevri ram aRniSnuli
meTodologiebis gavleniT aixsneba. am etapze struqturalizmisaTvis
meTodologiur WrilSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania sosiuris postulati, rom ena
warmoadgens formas da ara substancias, da rom igi mxolod gansxvavebebze
dafuZnebuli wminda formaluri sistemaa. enis substanciurobis uaryofa
meTodologiurad exmianeboda trancendentaluri subieqtisa (miRmuri, cdis
ganmapirobebeli da misgan damoukidebeli, RmerTi) da istoriuli apriorulobis
(ganmapirobebeli, ganmsazRvreli Zala) uaryofas. swored am xazis ukiduresma
ganviTarebam moitana poststruqturalistur da postmodernistul etapebze
avtoris, nawarmoebis, Semoqmedis tradiciuli cnebebis gadafaseba da, sabolood,
maTze uaris Tqmac (magaliTad, e. w. `avtoris sikvdili~, romelic mogvianebiT
TviT am azris `pioneris~, Jerar Jenetis mierve iqna Sefasebuli `gadaWarbebad~).

63
 kopenhagenis skolis warmomadgenlebma l. elmslevma da h.uldalma
neopozitivizmis meTodologiis safuZvelze SeimuSaves e. w. glosematikuri
modeli, romelmac enaTmecnierebas SesaZlebloba misca, mieRwia meti
sizustisaTvis aRniSvnis meqanizmisa da struqturis Camoyalibebis procesis
aRwerisas. am modelis mixedviT, teqsti orplaniania: Sinaarsi warmoadgens
aRsaniSnis, gamosaxva ki _ aRmniSvnelis plans. orive plans Tav-Tavisi forma da
substancia aqvs da orives funqcia yalibdeba, erTi mxriv, gamosaxvis, meore mxriv
ki _ Sinaarsis formis doneTa urTierTobiT.
Sinaarsis forma (aRsaniSnis plani) is gramatikuli wesrigia, romelsac
aRsaniSni emorCileba, Sinaarsis substanciad ki mniSvneloba gvevlineba. Tavis
mxriv, aRmniSvnelSi (gamosaxvis done) gamosaxvis forma aris TiToeuli is forma,
romelsac esa Tu is bgera sxvadasxva enaSi iZens, gamosaxvis substancia ki _
bgeris materiaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom glosematikuri modeli ar iTvaliswinebs
enis socialur aspeqtebs da metismetad formali-zebuli da abstraqtulia,
TavisTavad, Sinaarsisa da gamosaxvis planebis (Sesabamisad, aRsaniSnis da
aRmniSvnelis) es oTxfenovani struqtura Zalze mosaxerxebeli aRmoCnda im tipis
enobrivi movlenebis zusti da mecnierulad sando analizisaTvis, romelTac
humanitaruli mecniereba teqstebs uwodebs.
inglisur-amerikuli semiotikisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic upiratesad
sakuTriv referenciis problemebsa da niSanTa klasifikaciaze amaxvilebs
yuradRebas, struqturalizmi niSnis Sinagan agebulebas da aRniSvnis meqanizmebs
Seiswavlis. amis gamo sul ufro da ufro aqtualuri xdeba sakuTriv poeturi
enisa da mxatvruli teqstis kvleva. teqstis sistemuri struqturuli analizis
pirvel nimuSad miCneulia propis naSromi `zRapris morfologia~ (1928 w).
`praRis skolis~ warmomadgenelTa dakvirvebiT, xelovneba, poezia da sxv.
saukeTeso masalaa, raTa SeviswavloT niSnis Sinagani agebuleba, davinaxoT kavSiri
simbolosa da mis mniSvnelobas Soris, anu SeviswavloT `mniSvnelobis sruli
stratifikacia~ (ganSreveba). enis sistemis yvela is done, romelic sasaubro
enaSi mxolod damxmare rols asrulebs, poetur enaSi met-naklebad damoukidebel
azrs iZens. `eqspresiuli saSualebebi, romlebic sxvadasxva dones ganekuTvnebian,
aseve, maT Soris urTierTkavSirebi komunikaciur enaSi avtomaturobisaken
miiltvian, poeturSi ki _ aqtualizaciisaken~.
struqturalizmis axali talRa 50-iani wlebidan klod levi-strosis
saxels ukavSirdeba. misi struqturuli anTropologia kidev ufro afarToebs
semiologiis sazRvrebs da lingvistur meTods kulturologiis obieqtebs
miusadagebs. miTosur struqturebze dakvirvebiT, igi agebs principulad axal,
mecnierulad uaRresad sarwmuno Teorias arqauli adamianis cnobierebis tipze,
aRwers e.w. mediaciis da brikolaJis meqanizmebs (mediacia _ Suamavloba;
brikolaJi _ inteleqtualuri amocanis amoxsna rikoSetiT), rogorc arqauli
adamianis inteleqtualuri da socialuri problemebis gadasaWrelad mimarTul
aracnobier-logikur operaciebs.
amieridan mTeli kulturuli fenomenebi ganixileba enis, rogorc
formaTwarmomqmneli principis prizmaSi. semiologiis gansakuTrebuli interesi
niSanTa konotaciuri (faruli, asociaciuri) donisa da saerTod teqstis,
rogorc integrirebuli (gaerTianebuli) niSnis, mimarT ganpirobebulia myar
struqturebs miRma dafaruli sociokulturuli Sinaarsis amokiTxvis
moTxovnilebiT. am moTxovnilebam aracnobier niSanTa kerZo sistemebis kvleva

64
mWidrod daukavSira kulturis zogad semiotikas, romelic kulturas ganixilavs,
rogorc zesistemas, niSanTa kodificirebul ierarqias, teqsts, kulturis niSnebs
ki _ rogorc adeaptorebs (aq: damakavSireblebi, momrigeblebi) sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva istoriul etaps Soris.
Sesabamisad, gafarTovda semiologiuri kvlevebis areali. misi nayofiereba
gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia humanitarul sferoSi, roca igi gadalaxavs
sakuTriv lingvisturi meTodis sazRvrebs da samyaros xedvis zogad principad,
erTgvar disciplinaTaSoris meTodologiur sayrdenad gvevlineba. `samyaros
lingvisturobis universalurobas~ (gadameri) aRiareben rogorc e.w.
postklasikuri, ise postmodernistuli Teoriebi, rogorc struqturalistebi,
ise poststruqturalistebi. mas Semdeg, rac Jak lakanma enisa da aracnobieris
struqturaTa msgavseba gamoavlina (`aracnobieri agebulia, rogorc ena~),
semiologiuri kvlevebis areali kidev ufro gafarTovda fsiqolingvistikis,
fsiqologiis, kulturis fsiqologiis da sociologiis, sxvadasxva komunikaciuri
Teoriebis mimarTulebiT. `lingvisturma imperializmma~ semiotikas kvlevis axali
sferoebi Semoumata _ modis, arqiteqturis, TamaSis, politikisa da sxv.
niSanTa sistemebis Seswavla farTo SesaZleblobebs Slis rogorc niSanTa
calkeul sistemaTa ierarqiis, ise calkeuli kulturebis socialuri da
istoriuli fesvebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. meTodologiuri midgoma aseTia:
ena, rogorc erovnuli `yofierebis saxli~, simbolurad asaxavs nacionaluri da
individualuri mentalitetis gaucnobierebel intenciebs (farul midrekilebebs).
amdenad, semiologia kvlevis arealSi aqcevs cnobierebisa da kulturis im
yvelaze farul da siRrmiseul konteqstsac, romelSic niSanTa esa Tu is sistema
Camoyalibda da ganviTarda, magaliTad, droisa da sivrcis dakavSirebis xerxebs,
binarul (orwevra) opoziciaTa gadalaxvis gzebs, Txrobis modelebis
saxesxvaobebsa da a.S. am gziT SesaZlebeli xdeba kulturis tipis gansazRvra,
ramdenadac igi dgindeba ara mxolod mis zogad struqturaSi Semavali saerTo
elementebiT, aramed imiTac, rac TavisTavadi da individualuria calkeuli
kulturebis yovel `enaSi~.
kulturis enis mimarT ZalaSi rCeba sosiuris debuleba sametyvelo enis
Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac, `erTeulTa is sistema, romelic enobriv niSanTa
sistemad gvevlineba, imavdroulad RirebulebaTa sistemas warmoadgens~.
yovel kulturaSi, rogorc enaSi, aRniSvnis specifikuri procesebi
mimdinareobs. nacionaluri kulturebi gansxvavdebian swored kodirebis xerxebis
TaviseburebebiT, magaliTad, obieqtebis SerCeviT, ierarqiiT da sxv. _ da ara TviT
kodirebis funqciiT, romelic saerToa. ernst kasireris azriT, `sulieri
kulturis nebismieri saxe sxva araferia, Tu ara niSnebi, kodebi~. garkveul
momentebSi, konkretuli istoriul-kulturuli epoqis moTxovnilebaTa
Sesabamisad, kultura axdens ara mxolod kodis gaxsnas, aramed ukve gaxsnilis
xelaxal daSifvras, gasaidumloebas misi Senaxvis mizniT. swored amis magaliTia
miTi, klod levistrosis gansazRvrebiT _ `zeena~, rolan bartis azriT ki –
axal-axal mniSvnelobaTa misaRebad miwyiv mzadmyofi niSani.
yvelaze faseulia niSnis `amoxsna~ axal sistemaSi gadatanis gziT, radgan
esTetikuri da emociuri TvalsazrisiT gacilebiT mniSvnelovania ara gaxsnili,
gaSifruli simbolo, aramed iseTi niSani, romelic warmosaxvas amocnobis axal-
axali aqtebis stimuls aZlevs. roca mniSvneloba amowurulia da sabolood
dadgenili, sityva (gamonaTqvami) konvenciur niSnad iqceva da sasaubro enaSi

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ikavebs adgils. Tuki niSan-simbolo zogadkulturuli kodis aucilebeli
elementia, faseulobaTa ierarqiis dacvis mizniT koleqtiuri aracnobieri
`avtomaturad~ axdens mis xelaxal daSifvras. aseTi zogadi niSnebi garkveuli
saxecvlilebebiT kulturaTa kodebis mudmiv binadrebad gvevlinebian, magaliTad,
miToidebi, bibliuri simboloebi, arqetipebi, binaruli opoziciebi da sxv.
xelaxali kodireba aris axali stilebis, axali tipis analitikuri midgomebisa
da interpretaciebis safuZveli.
literaturis semiologia ikvlevs mxatvruli enis im aspeqtebs, romlebic
ganuyofelia enobrivi komunikaciebis zogadi problematikisagan, magram, amave
dros, mas interesTa da obieqtTa sakuTari sferoc gaaCnia. mxatvruli ena, iseve,
rogorc adamianis sulieri moRvaweobis sxva formebi, simboluri xasiaTisaa. igi
warmoadgens msoflmxedvelobriv da kulturul-esTetikur SexedulebaTa,
intenciaTa, survilTa da ltolvaTa kodirebul niSanTa sistemas, romelic masSi
daleqili mravalSriani sociokulturuli Sinaarsis gamo axsnasa da
interpretacias moiTxovs.
literaturasa da xelovnebaSi mxatvrul-esTetikuri niSnebis ganxilvisas,
Tanamedrove semiologia Carlz pirsis klasifikacias eyrdnoba. aRmniSvnelisa da
aRsaniSnis kavSiris mixedviT pirsi niSanTa sam tips ganasxvavebs: 1. ikonuri
niSnebi aRsaniSnTan msgavsebas amJRavneben da masze grZnobad warmodgenas iZlevian;
2. niSan-indeqsebi aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris mizez-Sedegobriv an raime sxva
tipis realur kavSirs asaxaven; 3. niSan-simboloebi pirobiTi niSnebia, SeTanxmebis
Sedegad miRebuli. mxatvruli niSani sagnis (movlenis, azris) grZnobadi aRqmis
substitutia (Semcvlelia) da, lingvisturi niSnisagan gansxvavebiT, swored am
grZnobadi struqturis gaZlierebasa da obieqtivacias axdens. mxatvruli niSnis,
rogorc kodirebuli mxatvruli informaciis gadamcemis SeqmnaSi monawileobs
rogorc aRsaniSnis materialursagnobrivi, vizualuri da smeniTi, ise
aRmniSvnelis azrobrivsemantikuri komponentebi. aRniSvna xdeba rogorc aSkara
vizualuri msgavsebis, ise faruli asociaciuri da funqciuri Sesabamisobis
safuZvelze.
bartis mosazrebiT, mxatvruli teqstis SemTxvevaSi semiologiuri kvlevis
obieqtad niSan-indeqsebi unda ganixilebodnen, radgan swored isini warmoadgenen
im gaucnobierebel aRmniSvnelebs, romlebic enis TviTreferenciisas spontanurad
aRmocendebian semiozisis uwyvet procesSi.
mxatvruli enis semiologiuri kvlevisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT sakiTxis ori
mxare: filosofiuri da filologiuri. pirveli ukavSirdeba Tanamedrove
hermenevtikuli da postmodernistuli filosofiis zemoTnaxseneb fundamentur
mosazrebas samyaros universalur lingvisturobaze. haidegeris mosazrebiT,
yofiereba CvenTan enis meSveobiT saubrobs, yofierebis ideas Cven mxolod enis
gziT vukavSirdebiT. es imasac niSnavs, rom samyaros yofiereba iseve enobrivia,
rogorc adamianisa, magram igi ar warmoadgens `bgeraTa akustikur jaWvs~.
samyaros, rogorc teqstis gageba jer kidev neoplatonikosebTan gvxvdeba.
gvian Sua saukuneebSi sakmaod gavrcelebulia samyarosa da adamianis, rogorc
RvTaebrivi azrebis Semcveli wignis modeli. alan lilskis mixedviT, `yoveli
arseba samyaroSi mxolod wignia da naxati~ (sityva `wignis~ etimologias
korneli kekeliZe berZnul sityvas `signum~-s _ niSans ukavSirebs. sxvaTa Soris,
lilskis es fraza sayuradReboa ikonuri da simboluri niSnebis – naxatisa da
wignis dapirispirebis TvalsazrisiTac).

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 miuxedavad imisa, rom ena `yvela sxva sistemis interpretatoria~, igi mainc
mxolod `kerZo SemTxvevaa semioturi funqciisa~ (piaJe). Tavs nebas mivcemT, am
midgomebis Suqze mxatvruli enis mimarT pirdapir CamovayaliboT Cveni pozicia:
mxatvruli ena warmoadgens universalur enas aracnobieris im uRrmesi Sreebis
gamosavlenad, romlebic uSualod esazRvrebian yofierebis dafarul formebs da
reagireben maTze, anu imaze, rac realobisa da aRqmis miRmaa. mxatvruli ena am
reagirebis meqanizmia. igi am azriT martooden semiotikuri funqciis kerZo
SemTxveva an marto `yvela sxva sistemis interpretatori~ ki araa, aramed enis
muSaobis gansakuTrebuli, afeqturi reJimi, uRrmesi Sinagani funqciiT – aRZras
yofierebisa da arsebobis mTlianobis gancda, gaaZlieros sicocxlis xilul da
uxilav formaTa kavSiris SegrZneba zogadad da, gansakuTrebiT, cnobierebis
krizisul etapebze, iqces kreaciul lokusad sicocxlis formaTa moZraoba-
ganviTarebis Seferxebisa da Segubebis momentebSi. sityvisa da frazis opoziciur
struqturaSi vlindeba yofierebis es cimcimi, es malva da TavisCena, es Suq-
Crdili erTdroulad. niSnis referenciuli funqcia masSi imTaviTve nagulisxmev
orerTianobas avlens, romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara yofierebis orbunebovnebis
dasaxeleba erT struqturaSi.
roca sityvam, RvTiuri nebis niSanma, romelic `pirvelTaganve iyo~ _ ganaRo,
gaapo yofiereba orad _ aRsaniSnad da aRmniSvnelad, manve imav wams gaaCina
ganxeTqilebis aRmkveTi struqturac _ mniSvneloba. samyaros dasaxeleba jerac ar
niSnavda imas, rom adamianma igi Seimecna, magram uTuod niSnavda am gzis dasawyiss.
nagulisxmevi saxiT sityvaSi yofierebis paradoqsuli (moulodneli, uCveulo)
mTlianoba, mTeli sisavse, opoziciis orive sazRvari airekla, anu isic, rac
sinaTleSia da isic, rac sibneleSi Zevs da mxolod xandaxan ixilveba naTelSi
(`naTelxilvaSi~). niSnis mTeli gamocdileba moqceulia mniSvnelobaSi,
interpretacia ki mniSvnelobis gziT samyaros Semecnebis usasrulo procesia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierTa nawili eWvqveS ayenebs binarulobis
universalurobas, Tanamedrove semiologia _ rogorc struqturalistur, ise
poststruqturalistur etapze _ binaruli modelidan amodis. umberto ekos
azriT, `opoziciaTa meqanizmSi sabolood yvelaze mniSvnelovani is aris, rom igi
sistematur SesaZleblobas iZleva vicnoT is, rac ar aris, imis mixedviT, rac
aris~ (anu ararsebuli arsebulis mixedviT da piriqiT _ m.k.). binaruloba,
rogorc gansxvavebaTa kerZo da radikaluri SemTxveva, mxatvrul enaSi
gadailaxeba rogorc TandaTan, mniSvnelobaTa daaxloebis, ise erTbaSad _
semantikuri urTierTSeWris gziT (magaliTad, metafora, oqsimoroni).
sakiTxis meore, filologiuri aspeqti ukavSirdeba teqstis, rogorc
sxvadasxva tipis lingvistur niSanTa integraciis (erT mTlianobad Serwymis)
procesis kvlevas; mxatvruli sistemis elementTa dakavSirebis xerxebis SerCevaSi
mwerlis enobrivi unaris daxasiaTebas; frazis (gamonaTqvamis) Sinagani
struqturuli wesrigis, asociaciur mniSvnelobaTa badis, enis aqtualizaciis
velis _ diskursis, naratiuli figurebis aRweras da a.S. ena ganixileba, rogorc
cnobierebis zogadsimboluri unaris gamovlineba da, imavdroulad _ rogorc
sametyvelo funqcia. dRes ukve aRar davoben imaze, rom zusti meTodebis
gamoyeneba mxatvruli Semoqmedebis sferoebis mimarT, TavisTavad, jer kidev ar
niSnavs miRebuli Sedegebis sizustes. romanis enis struqturis kvlevisas a.
prieto aRiarebs, rom `literaturaTmcodneobiTi analizis dros sustdeba
aRweris lingvisturi sizuste. es niSnavs, rom kvlevis sazRvrebi gafarTovda~.

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ai, am gafarToebul sazRvrebSi semiologia angariSs uwevs mxatvruli enis
sistemaSi Semaval im struqturebsac, romlebic warmoadgenen ara referenciul
(sinamdvilis enobrivad gamomsaxvel) niSnebs pirdapiri gagebiT, aramed
fsiqologiur, socialur, kulturul, eTnikur, istoriul, Janrul niSnebs. isini,
garkveulwilad, inarCuneben Tavdapirvel, Zireul (denotaciur) mniSvnelobasac,
magram teqstSi ukve axal mniSvnelobaTa aRmniSvnelebadac gvevlinebian. cxadia,
filologiuri kvlevis arealSi Semodis logikuri semiologiis is problemebic,
romlebic ukavSirdebian metyvelebaSi saganTa predikatebis gadmotanas, maT zepir
Tu werilobiT gamoxatvas da a.S.
literaturis semiologiisaTvis kvlav problemad rCeba aRsaniSni da
referencia, anu is, Tu ras miemarTeba niSani, ra saxis transformaciebi
(gardaqmnebi) xdeba TviT niSnis struqturis SigniT `pirveladidan~ `meoreul
referenciaze~, anu sasaubrodan mxatvrul enaze gadasvlisas.
aRniSvnis procesSi emil benvenisti or dones gamoyofs: pirvelad
aRmniSvnelebs, anu sityvebs, romlebic identificirdebian aRsaniSn sagnebTan da
meorad aRmniSvnelebs _ winadadebebs, gamoTqmebs, romelTa gagebac SesaZlebelia
mxolod sxva azrebTan Sesabamebisas. pirvelebi martivi niSnebi anu leqsikuri
morfemebia, meoreni ki _ semantikuri interpretaciis niSnebi, anu e.w. diskursuli
niSan-gamoTqmebi. swored am ukanasknelT aRiarebs benvenisti im umcires
erTeulebad, romlebTanac saqme aqvT mxatvruli teqstis mkvlevarebs. iulia
kristevasaTvis teqstis aseT umcires struqturas warmoadgens e.w. aRmniSvneli
diferenciali, anu wertili, sadac mniSvnelobaTa simravle aRmocendeba.
mniSvnelobaTa es simravle, romelsac mxatvruli teqsti aCens,
ontologiuri (yofierebasTan dakavSirebuli) movlenaa da misi amowurva
SeuZlebelia. yovel gamonaTqvamSi arsebobs avtomatizmis elementi, magram
imavdroulad arsebobs Tavisuflebis garkveuli xarisxic. am TavisuflebiT
sargeblobs rogorc avtori, ise mkiTxveli. mkiTxvelis Tavisufleba ukavSirdeba
warmosaxvis gaaqtiurebas, misi zonebis gafarToebas; mwerlis SemTxvevaSi ki _
sityvaTa seleqcias sinonimTa didi wyebidan, formis arCevans, frazis
konstruqcias da a.S. amdenad, literaturis semiologia upiratesad teqstis
konotaciuri (damatebiTi, Tanamdevi, asociaciuri) aRsaniSniT interesdeba da ara
denotaciuriT (ZireuliT, leqsikuriT, pirdapiriT).
semiologiis ganviTarebam daadastura, rom enis gavrcelebis iseT sferoebSi,
rogoricaa miTi, mxatvruli proza, poezia, folklori da a.S., araviTari
sagangebo niSnebi ar arsebobs. roman iakobsonis azriT, `gansxvaveba SetyobinebaTa
Soris gamoixateba ara erTi romelime funqciis monopoliiT, aramed funqciaTa
gansxvavebuli ierarqiiT. Setyobinebis sityvieri struqtura swored imazea
damokidebuli, Tu romel funqcias eniWeba upiratesoba... emociur funqciaSi
vlindeba eqspresiuli da emociuri informacia _ ufro mniSvnelovani mxatvruli
enisaTvis, vidre referenciuli (kognitiuri)~. cvetan todorovi ufro Sors
midis da, rogorc TviTonve uwodebs, ,,enis meore struqturul ganmartebas~
ayalibebs: literatura warmoadgens `sistemurad organizebul enas, romelic
orientirebulia sakuTar Tavze, enas, romelic TviTmiznur bunebas iZens~. rogorc
vxedavT, aq ukve `ufro mniSvnelovan funqciaze~ ki ar aris saubari, aramed
sakuTar Tavze orientirebul, TviTmiznur enaze, romelic semiologiis winaSe
axleburad ayenebs referenciis (enis sinamdvilesTan mimarTebis, aRniSvnis)
problemas.

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 sasaubro da samecniero enis niSnisagan gansxvavebiT, romelsac denotaciuri
gamWvirvaleba axasiaTebs, mxatvruli enis niSani bundovania da asociaciur
mniSvnelobaTa `Sleifs~ moiyolebs. igi uSualod ki ar gvgzavnis aRsaniSnebTan,
aramed arapirdapir. am bunebis gamo mxatvruli ena axdens yvela im simboluri
SesaZleblobis gaaqtiurebas, romelic sityvaSi Zevs.
semiotikis ganviTarebis am etapze (50-iani wlebi) funqcionaluri
lingvistika ukve uars ambobs ena-metyvelebis sosiuriseul mkveTr
dapirispirebaze da aRiarebs `enis~ kvlevaSi miRweuli Sedegebis upiratesobas
`metyvelebis~ sferosTan SedarebiT. gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa, rom
`metyvelebis~ kvleva swored mxatvruli teqstebis magaliTze xdeba.
60-iani wlebidan ukve aSkaraa, rom struqturalisturi meTodi sakmarisi
aRaraa enisadmi axleburi midgomebis fonze, romlebic mas heterogenul (Tavisi
SemadgenlobiT araerTgvarovan) arsad ganixilaven. amieridan literaturis
semiotika aRar moiazreba lingvistikis ubralo gagrZelebad, romelic
lingvisturi modelebiT aRwers mxatvrul enas, aramed meTodologiad, romelic
Seiswavlis imas, rac ar emorCileba struqturul kanons da warmoadgens
`gadacdenas~ enis sistematuri reJimidan. poststruqturalisturma kvlevebma
gaaSiSvla transcendentaluri subieqtis problemac _ cnobierebis gaxleCa, da
masTan erTad semiotikis struqturalisturi xazis uunaroba, gadaeWra
referenciis problema, aexsna warmosaxvisa da SemoqmedebiTi procesis mTeli
siRrme da mravalferovneba, romelic man formaluri da abstraqtuli
struqturebis kvlevas dauqvemdebara. adamianuri arsebobis mTeli rigi segmentebis
arastruqturuloba, struqturalizmis ukiduresi scientizmi (mecnieruloba) da
pozitivizmi mraval kiTxvas aCenda kvlevis am sferos mimarT da axal midgomebsa
da Teoriebs warmoqmnida missave wiaRSi.
struqturalizmis `meore talRa~ _ adrindeli barti, fuko, eko, derida _
teqsts ganixilavs rogorc kulturuli, socialuri, politikuri konteqstis
mqone Ria sistemas da mza mniSvnelobidan aqcenti mTlianad gadaaqvs
mniSvnelobaTa Camoyalibebis procesze, niSanTa gaucnobierebel sistemebze da maTi
integraciis xerxebze.
am etapidan Teoriul-meTodologiuri da praqtikuli kvlevebi ZiriTadad
ori mimarTulebiT viTardeba: hermenevtikisaTvis, romelic postklasikur
(yofierebis filosofia, fenomenologia, eqsistencializmi) filosofias efuZneba,
amosavalia metafizikuri aRsaniSni, romlis gamovlenac ganuwyvetel
interpretaciul procedurebs gulisxmobs. poststruqturalizmisaTvis ki,
romelic mogvianebiT postmodernistul filosofiur paradigmaSi aisaxa, aRsaniSni
sxva araferia, Tu ara referenciuli iluzia. SexedulebaTa rogorc erTi, ise
meore sistemisaTvis samyaros lingvisturi universalizmi ueWvelia, magram
hermenevtika, klasikuri da postklasikuri paradigmisda kvalad, aRiarebs
mniSvnelobis ontologiur gansazRvrulobas, romelic garantad udgas rogorc
transcendentalur subieqts, ise realobis Tundac SefardebiT konstanturobas
(mudmivobas, ucvlelobas). postmodernizmisaTvis ki mniSvneloba piroba ki ara,
procesualuri fenomenia (`mniSvnelobis miRma yovelTvis vgulisxmobdi azris
gamomuSavebis process da ara TviT azrs~ _ barti). teqstis intepretaciisas
postmodernizmi uars ambobs yvela tradiciul meTodologiaze da semiologias
moiazrebs `werilobis~ gansakuTrebuli tipad, gareSe aRsaniSniT ganupirobebel
SemoqmedebiT-refleqsur aqtad, romelic oden `TamaSisa~ da `siamovnebis~

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operaciebs ukavSirdeba. barts semiozisi warmoudgeba sistemis (=Zalaufleba,
Zaladoba) daSlis, dangrevis procesad, maSin, roca hermenevtika saubrobs
sistemis uwyvet saxecvlilebaze gare Tu Sida ganzomilebaSi _ enis, cnobierebisa
da kulturis konfiguraciebis (formebis) saxecvlilebaze istoriis dinamikur
procesSi da ganixilavs maT yofierebis TviTgamovlenis formebad. winaaRmdegobaTa
am fonze, cxadia, simbolos mravalmniSvnelovneba hermenevtikaSi `interpretaciaTa
konfliqts~ warmoSobs (pol rikiori), postmodernizmSi ki _ interpretaciaTa
ukonfliqtobas, nebismieri tipis interpretaciis (sociologiuris,
fsiqoanalitikuris, lingvisturis da a.S.) uflebamosilebas, Tuki igi teqstTan
validurobis (marTebuli damokidebulebis) princips daakmayofilebs (rolan
barti).
postmodernizmis mier warmodgenil samyaros suraTSi arc moiazreba raime
saxis araenobrivi yofiereba. semiozisi, rogorc aRniSvnis uwyveti,
mizanmiumarTavi procesi da rogorc enobrivi cxovreba, yofierebis erTaderT
formad cxaddeba. es meTodologiuri strategia eyrdnoba lakanis
struqturalistur fsiqologias, romlis mixedviTac aracnobieris nebismieri
forma verbalur artikulacias (sityvier gamoxatvas) emorCileba: aracnobierSi
araferia iseTi, rac enobriv xorcSesxmas ar eqvemdebareba. subieqti mTlianad
`gaxsnilia~, gabneulia enobrivi tipis formebSi. kidev erTxel: postmodernizmma
uari Tqva rogorc klasikuri filosofiis pirovnebis koncefciaze (`pirovneba
warmoadgens depersonificirebul instruments enis kulturuli mniSvnelobis
gamosavlenad~), ise niSnis (enis) referenciul Teoriaze da maTTan erTad
ukuagdo mniSvnelobis stabilurobis yovelgvari gageba. es ki imas niSnavs, rom
klasikuri tradiciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aRsaniSn-aRmniSvnelis opozicia _
Tundac asimetriuli gagebis CarCoebSi _ daiSala. amrigad, denotatTa
mniSvnelobis mkacri Sesabamisobis nacvlad, miviReT damokidebuleba, romlis
mixedviTac mniSvneloba Riaa da usasrulo interpretacias eqvemdebareba.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, aRmniSvnelis aRsaniSniT ganpirobebuloba Seicvala
aRmniSvnelis, niSnis RiaobiT. es Riaoba ki, Tavis mxriv, `determinirebulia~ misi
kulturuli interpretaciebis usasrulobiT.
semantikuri gansazRvrulobis ontologiuri safuZveli, rogorc aRniSvnis,
saxeldebis, dasaxelebis garanti, absoluturi fardobiTobis sferoSi inacvlebs
da, Sesabamisad, SeuZlebeli xdeba teqstis utyuarobis an raimesTan Sesabamisobis
mtkiceba rogorc werilobis, ise kiTxvis doneze. sityva, rogorc niSani mxolod
mimTiTebelia da ara raime konkretuli Sinaarsis gamomxatveli. rogorc ukve
vTqviT, enis referenciuli gageba adgils uTmobs teqstis, rogorc
`referenciuli iluziis~ gagebas. es ki, Tavis mxriv, sxva araferia, Tu ara
simulacia. am damokidebulebis fonze qreba referenciuli enis, da saerTod,
referenciis rwmena, masTan erTad ki _ codnis legitimurobis yovelgvari
rwmunebac. aRniSnuli midgomis Sedegi isaa, rom ena da teqsti moiazreba
erTaderT amomwurav TviTkmarobad, romelic Tavis gareT araviTar garants ar
saWiroebs. samyaros xedvis am modelSi yofiereba gvevlineba, rogorc
aRmniSvnelTa TamaSis uwyveti procesi, romelic enis imanenturi (Sinagani,
bunebiTi) kanonebis Tanaxmad mimdinareobs. Tavis mxriv, postmodernizmis mier
teqstis, rogorc Ria sistemis gageba uars ambobs istoriul da sxva tipis
konteqstze da samyaros totalur, horizontalur, sinqronul WrilSi xedvas
akanonebs.

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 rogorc vTqviT, metakritikisaTvis `weriloba~ _ werisa da metyvelebisagan
gansxvavebuli, usubieqto TamaSebrivi Semoqmedebaa da `avtoris sikvdilis~
paradigmul sivrceSi ganixileba. am TamaSebSi ena qmnis qvazisubieqtur (fsevdo
anu viTomsubieqtur) sivrces, ara avtoris, aramed TviT `enis simarTles~.
postmodernizmis mier aRiarebuli es postulati warmoadgens haidegeris im
mosazrebis gadamuSavebul variants, romlis Tanaxmadac `laparakobs ena. adamiani
laparakobs imdenad, ramdenadac srulyofilad flobs am enas~. postmodernizmi
subieqts ontologiur gansazRvrulobas moklebulad ganixilavs, romlis
fundamentur unarebad martooden `TamaSi da moraluri pasuxismgebloba~ rCeba.
aRmniSvnel-aRsaniSnis asimetriulobis Temas, romelsac jer kidev
struqturalizmi amuSavebda, barti usazRvrod ganavrcobs da ayenebs opoziciis
sruli daSlis mosazrebas, sadac aRsaniSni da aRmniSvneli mxolod asimetriulni
ki ar arian, aramed srulad Caenacvlebian erTmaneTs.
postmodernizmis Semdgomi versia aRadgens subieqturobasac da aRsaniSnsac,
rogorc teqstis semantikur determinantebs (apeli, uardi). am gziT igi cdilobs
gadalaxos identifikaciis (gaigivebis) krizisi, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
mniSvnelobisa da obieqtis krizisma ganapiroba. igi ukve saubrobs subieqtze,
rogorc komunikaciis aucilebel figuraze (apeli), mniSvnelobis reanimaciaze
(uardi) _ am sityvebis rogorc denotaciuri, ise aqsiologiuri (RirebulebiTi)
mniSvnelobiT. apeli komunikacias ganixilavs aratradiciulad: ara rogorc
subieqtisa da obieqtis, aramed rogorc subieqtisa da subieqtis urTierTobas,
sadac informaciis mimRebica da gadamcemic Tanabaruflebiani teqstebia _
verbaluri (sityvieri) da araverbaluri. am konteqstSi ena moiazreba ara
informaciis gadacemis saSualebad, aramed urTierTgagebis aucilebeli pirobad.
enobrivi TamaSebis mimarT, sadac monawileebi Tanabaruflebian teqstebs
warmoadgenen, es versia uSvebs wakiTxvis pluralizms, interpretaciebis ara
absolutur, aramed SefardebiT Tavisuflebas. Tavisuflebis xarisxs ki
gansazRvravs subieqtis azris rekonstruqciis (gardaqmna, ganaxleba)
SesaZlebloba, romelic urTierTgagebis aucilebel da udavo pirobad miiCneva.
amgvarad gadailaxeba identifikaciis krizisi. komunikaciis Tanamonawile
meore subieqti, rogorc `Cemiani~ (ara ucxos, ucnobis, aramed `Cemis~, `Cemianis~
statusiT), gvevlineba aucilebel pirobad da gzad imisaTvis, rom `me~-m daZlios
identobis problema. hermenevtikasTan postmodernizmis axali veqtoris es
principuli daaxloeba uTuod dadebiT movlenad unda CaiTvalos, radgan
identifikaciis krizisi aris TviTobis damSleli faqtori rogorc pirovnul, ise
kulturul da erovnul doneebze.
semiologiuri problematikis gafarToeba TviT literaturis semiologiis
winaSe dRes gacilebiT farTo da seriozul problemebs ayenebs, vidre Tundac
aTiode wlis win. mniSvnelobis krizisi, rogorc realobisagan gaucxoebis,
RirebulebaTa aRrevisa da subieqturobis rRvevis xelSemwyobi, TviT `teqstis~
axali versiiT unda gadailaxos. teqstis semiologiis axali versiebi ki
sadReisod aqtualuri problemuri velebis aRdgenis pirobad unda iqcnen.
axleburad unda daisvas rogorc ikonuri niSnis, aracnobieri niSanindeqsisa da
simbolos problema, ise teqstis pragmatikis, recefciisa da mxatvruli enis
referenciis problemebic.

71
 gamoyenebuli literatura:

barti 1989: Барт Р. Избранные работы. Семиотика. Поэтика. М.: `Прогресс~, 1989.
beli... 1996: Бел М., Брайсен Н. Семиотика и искусствознание. `Вопросы искусствознания~, т. IX, №2,
1996.
benvenisti 1974: Бенвенист Э. Общая лингвистика. М.: `Прогресс~, 1974.
eko 1998: Эко У. Отсуствующая структура (Введение в семиологию). M.: б СПбТООТК,
«Метрополис», 1998.
vainSteini 2002-2003: vainSteini o. leopardebi taZarSi. dekonstruqtivizmi da kulturuli
tradicia // `sjani“, 3, Tb.: 2002; 4, 2003.
vaxeki 1964: Вахек Й. Лингвистический словарь пражской школы. М.: `Прогресс~, 1964.
lakani 1988: Лакан Ж. Семинары. Книга 1; Книга 2. М.: «Логос», 1998.
levi-stori 1983: Леви-Стросс К. Структурная антропология. «Наука», 1983.
lotmani 1999: Лотман Ю.М. Внутри мыслящих миров. М.: 1999.
mxatvruli... 1986: Художественная коммуникация и семиотика. «Теории, школы, концепции». М.:
Наука, 1986.
pirsi 2000: Пирс Ч. С. Избранию философские приозведения. М.: 2000.
pirsi... 2001: Пирс Чарлз Сендерсс, Нёт В. Критика и семиотика. Вып. 3/4, 2001.
pirsi 2001: Пирс Ч. С. Принципы философии. т. 2; СПб, 2001.
postmodernizmi... 2001: Постмодернизм. Энциклопедия. Минск, 2001.
rikiori 1995: Рикёр П. Конфликт интерпретации. Очерки по герменевтике. М.: «Медиум», 1995.
semiotika... 1972: Семиотка и искусствометрия. M.: «Мир», 1972.
semiotika 1983: Семиотика. M.: «Радуга», 1983.
sosiuri 1933: Де Соссюр Ф. Курс общей лингвистики. М.: 1933.
struqturalizmi... 1975: Структурализм: «за» и «против». M.: «Прогресс», 1975.

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irma ratiani

hermenevtika

hermenevtika anu teqstis gagebisa da interpretaciis Teoria da praqtika

moiazreba rogorc literaturuli nawarmoebis axsnisa da ganmartebis
universaluri meTodi. mis ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens teqstis swori
interpretacia, anu teqstis ganmarteba misi absoluturi mxatvruli
Rirebulebebis konteqstSi.
Tavad termins _ hermenevtika _ etimologiurad akavSireben antikuri
RmerTis hermesis saxelTan. hermesi, berZnuli miTologiis mixedviT, aris
Suamavali zevssa da adamianebs, zevssa da miwisqveSeTs, agreTve, miwiszeda da
miwisqveSa samyaroebs Soris. Sesabamisad, hermesi mediatoria, romelic gamudmebiT
kveTs ontologiur sazRvrebs da asrulebs `sityvis mimtanis~, `informaciis
gadamcemis~, `ambis ganmmartavis~ funqcias. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom
hermenevtikis upirveles meTodologiur amocanas warmoadgens teqstis gaSifvra,
anu Cveulebrivi, ordinaruli TvalTaxedvisaTvis dafaruli poetikuri kodebis
dekodireba, analogia hermessa da hermenevtikas Soris sakmaod dasabuTebul saxes
iRebs. gamomdinare aqedan, `ramdenad saeWvodac ar unda Candes kavSiri hermessa da
hermenevtikas Soris, ver uarvyofT, rom hermenevtika, rogorc teqstualuri
enigmebis amoxsnis xelovneba, namdvilad aRbeWdilia hermesis niSniT~ (palmeri
1980: 1).
hermenevtikis meTodologiuri SesaZleblobebi iseTive farToa, rogorc
teqstis mniSvnelobisa da Semecnebis SesaZleblobebi, xolo formirebis istoria
_ iseTive Zveli, rogorc Tavad literaturis istoria. teqstis hermenevtikuli
kvlevis safuZvlebi jer kidev homerosis eposisa da bibliuri teqstebis uZveles
interpretaciebSi iCens Tavs da moiazreba rogorc `wminda teqstebis~ `axsnis~
SesaZlebloba, meTodologiuri Suamavloba sakralur da arasakralur teqstebs
Soris. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi hermenevtikuli kvlevis masStabi farTovdeba,
viTardeba, ixveweba da me-20 saukuneSi teqstis interpretaciis fundamentur
Teoriad yalibdeba.
hermenevtikis filosofiuri dafuZneba ukavSirdeba germaneli filosofosis
fridrih Slaiermaxeris saxels, romelmac hermenevtikis filosofiuri da
Teologiuri koncefcia bibliuri teqstebis analizis konteqstSi warmoaCina.
hermenevtikuli kvlevis Slaiermaxeriseuli programa aqcentirebuli iyo ara erTi
romelime konkretuli kanonis Semecnebaze, aramed zogadad Semecnebis aqtze.
Slaiermaxeri Tvlida, rom Semecnebis procesi ukiduresad garTulda da garkveul
meTodologiur daxmarebas saWiroebda. msgavs daxmarebad mas Sesamecnebeli
obieqtis marTebuli axsna da gageba miaCnda. Tumca Tavad gagebis process
Slaiermaxeri sakmaod Tavisebur konteqstSi aTavsebda. `interpretacia
gaugebrobiT iwyeba~, acxadebda filosofosi, da hermenevtikuli kvlevis miznadac
swored am gaugebrobebis Tavidan acilebas Tvlida. misi amocana iyo gagebis
procesis gardaqmna meTodologizebul movlenad.
interpretacia, Tuki mas aqvs marTebuli gagebis pretenzia, Slaiermaxeris
TeoriiT, warmoadgens ukve Seqmnili produqciis Tavidan Seqmnis, anu kvlavSeqmnis
mowesrigebul sistemas. Slaiermaxeris azriT, araferi Rirebuli, maT Soris arc

73
literaturuli teqsti, ar iqmneba avtoris mier winaswar dadgenili wesebis
farglebSi, magram interpretatori, anu kvlav-Semqmneli, romelic axdens teqstis
rekonstruqcias masSi gamokveTili Tu nagulisxmevi wesebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
xSirad ufro swor axsnas aZlevs teqstis dafarul da gaugebar Sreebs, vidre
avtori. amgvari, wesebze dafuZnebuli, rekonstruqcia, filosofosis azriT, veRar
CaiTvleba meqanikur procesad, vinaidan moicavs or, meTodologiurad gamarTul
mimarTulebas. es mimarTulebebia: a) gramatikuli, istoriuli da
komparativistuli rekonstruqcia; b) intuiciuri rekonstruqcia.
rekonstruqciis pirveli tipi teqsts miiCnevs Semecnebis paradigmatul
obieqtad. iseve rogorc TiToeuli sityvis Semecneba teqstSi aris damokidebuli
winadadebaze da, xSirad, frazeologiur konteqstze, teqstis Semecnebis
hermenevtikuli wrec farTovdeba masStaburi konteqstis mimarTulebiT: Tu
teqsti ganixileba avtorologiis kanonebTan mimarTebaSi, avtorologiis kanonebi
ganixileba lingvistur kanonebTan mimarTebaSi, mocemuli enis lingvisturi
kanonebi ganixileba sxva enebis lingvistur kanonebTan mimarTebaSi, enebis
lingvisturi kanonebi ganixileba maTi ganviTarebis etapebTan mimarTebaSi da a.S.
da a.S. rekonstruqciis am tipis Tanaxmad, interpretaciis procesi SeiZleba iyos
sasruli, magram Semecnebis sfero amouwuravi da usasruloa.
rekonstruqciis meore tipi intuiciuria. gansxvavebiT Semecnebis sferosgan,
romelic amouwuravi da usasruloa, Sesamecnebeli obieqtis mniSvneloba
yovelTvis gansazRvrulia, vinaidan warmoadgens konkretuli avtoris Semoqmedebis
produqts misi moRvaweobis konkretul etapze. interpretatori, cxadia, ver
moaxerxebs avtoris msoflmxedvelobrivi Tu stilisturi maneris srulyofilad
aRdgenasa da SeTvisebas, Sesabamisad, interpretaciis procesis warmarTvisaTvis
igi saWiroebs konkretuli masalis intuiciur wvdomas. rekonstruqciis am tipis
Tanaxmad, interpretatori Semoqmedis TanaSemoqmedad iqceva.
Slaiermaxeris mier warmodgenili meTodologiuri koncefcia me-19 saukunis
germanelma filosofosma vilhelm dilTaim…zogadad humanitaruli
mecnierebebisaTvis misaReb interpretaciul Teoriad gardaqmna. dilTais Teoria
iTvaliswinebda `istoriuli skolisa~ da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis
miRwevebs. misi azriT, interpretaciis amocanas warmoadgenda kavSiris damyareba
e.w. `romantikul axirebas~ da `skeptikur subieqtivizmsa~ da realur istoriul
monacemebs Soris, rac iZleoda faseuli interpretaciis saSualebas. filosofosi
Tvlida, rom epistemologiis (Semecnebis Teoriis), logikisa da
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis konteqstSi ganTavsebuli hermenevtikuli
interpretacia asrulebs cocxali sazRvris funqcias filosofiur da istoriul
disciplinebs Soris da Semecnebis universalur meTodad yalibdeba.
martin haidegerma ganavrco dilTais pozicia. mis TeoriaSi hermenevtika
gascda humanitaruli mecnierebebis farglebs da ufro fundamenturi mniSvneloba
SeiZina. kerZod, haidegerma gamokveTa hermenevtikis siRrmiseuli mimarTeba Dasein-
Tan, anu yofierebasTan. misi pozicia iyo ara epistemologiuri, aramed
ontologiuri (yofierebiseuli), sadac gageba rogorc procesi warmoadgenda ara
mxolod codnis, aramed yofierebis gasaRebs. Sesabamisad, misi naSromis `yofiereba
da dro~ mTavar amocanas Seadgenda zogadad yofierebis mniSvnelobis gansazRvra,
xolo gansazRvris erTaderT gzad filosofoss interpretacia miaCnda. dasturad
amisa gvevlineba fenomenis cnebis haidegeriseuli ganmarteba. haidegerma fenomeni
ganmarta rogorc dafaruloba. es mianiSnebda, rom dafarulis Sesamecneblad

74
sakmarisi ar aris aRwera, aramed saWiroa safaris axda, rac mxolod
hermenevtikul interpretacias ZaluZs. haidegeris Teoriis Tanaxmad,
interpretacia mudmivad moqmedebs sazRvarze dafarulsa da gacxadebuls Soris
da, rakiRa hermenevtikuli ontologia safars aclis yofierebis dafarul arss,
maSasadame, SesaZlebels xdis mis Semecnebasac. aRniSnuli procesi, haidegeris
azriT, wriulia, vinaidan wriulia Tavad Dasein-is struqtura. Sesabamisad,
interpretaciis meTodi, hermenevtikuli, emTxveva Sesamecnebeli obieqtis, Dasein-
is, struqturas, anu Dasein-i axorcielebs sakuTar interpretacias. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom haidegeris moZRvrebaSi Dasein-i
mudmivqmnadobas warmoadgens, misi interpretaciis procesi gangrZobadia manam,
vidre Dasein-i Tavad ar Sewyvets sakuTar arsebobas. yovelive zemoTqmuli
adasturebs, rom hermenevtikuli interpretacia haidegerisaTvis warmoadgens
Zireul, upirveles meTodologias, romlisganac gamomdinareobs yvela sxva
interpretacia Tu mecnieruli meTodi.
amgvar safuZvelze amoizarda da ganviTarda hans georg gadameris
hermenevtikuli kritika. gadameris naSromi `WeSmariteba da meTodi. filosofiuri
hermenevtikis ZiriTadi Strixebi~ sruliad samarTlianad miiCneva progresul da
Tvisebrivad axal etapad hermenevtikuli moZRvrebis istoriaSi. h. g. gadamerma
warmatebiT aiTvisa winamorbedi filosofosebis mier SemoTavazebuli
hermenevtikuli sistemebi da brwyinvaled ganavrco sakiTxi literaturis Teoriis
mimarTulebiT.
gadameris Teoriuli koncefcia motivirebulia iseTi arsebiTi problemebiT,
rogoricaa: humanitaruli mecnierebebisaTvis niSandoblivi enis gamomijvna
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa enisagan; SegrZnebisa da intuiciis mimarTebis
dadgena konteqstTan; teqstis, konteqstisa da istoriuli fonis ganxilva
Tanamedrove interpretaciis farglebSi; recefciis (aRqmis) procesTan teqstis
subordinaciulobis (daqvemdebarebulobis) dadgena da sxva.
gadamerisaTvis hermenevtikuli aqti gacilebiT ufro globaluri procesia,
vidre mxolod inteleqtualuri analizi. globaluroba gulisxmobs teqstis
siRrmiseul wvdomas, srul gaxsnilobas teqstis mimarT, rodesac teqsti ki ar
emorCileba individis ukve Camoyalibebul da kristalizebul sistemas, aramed,
piriqiT, Tavad individi integrirdeba teqstSi da ganicdis transformacias.
interpretatoris xedvis horizonti mudmivad esazRvreba teqstis horizonts da
masTan mudmiv dialogs warmoadgens. interpretatori SekiTxvebs usvams teqsts
da, piriqiT, teqsti usvams SekiTxvebs interpretators. msgavs viTarebaSi savsebiT
dasaSvebia interpretatoris gamocdilebis gadanacvleba teqstis doneze, misi
Serwyma teqstis TviTSemecnebasTan da axali gamocdilebis gamomuSaveba.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, teqstis interpretacia gadamerisaTvis warmoadgens mudmiv
dialogs awmyosa da warsuls Soris, sadac awmyos gansazRvruloba mxolod
warsulis miRmaa SesaZlebeli. iqmneba gangrZobiToba, romlis wiaRSic erTmaneTs
erwymis istoriuli da Tanamedrove xedvis horizontebi. principuli mniSvneloba
aq eniWeba ara avtoriseul intenciebs (mizandasaxulobebs), aramed _ teqstis
gadanacvlebis process erTi kulturul-istoriuli konteqstidan meoreSi. am
process gadameri hermenevtikuli aqtis istoriul aspeqts uwodebs, kondicias
(mdgomareobas), romelic warmoaCens istoriis dialeqtikur xasiaTs da
interpretaciis ganpirobebulobas konkretuli kulturul-istoriuli
konteqstiT.

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 teqstualuri dialogis, iseve rogorc yvela tipis dialogis, safuZvels,
gadameris azriT, ena warmoadgens. rogorc interpretatorisaTvis, ise
avtorisaTvis gageba niSnavs am gagebis Sesatyvisi enobriv-gamomsaxvelobiTi
formis dadgenas. avtoris SemTxvevaSi msgavsi formebi originaluria,
interpretatoris SemTxvevaSi ki _ mis enaze gadaTargmnili. `Targmnis~ ra
teqsts, intepretatori, erTi mxriv, adgens teqstis avtoriseul mniSvnelobas,
meore mxriv ki gvTavazobs teqstis miseul gaazrebas, anu interpretatoris
enobrivi horizonti esazRvreba avtorisa da teqstis enobriv horizonts.
hermenevtikuli aqti, gadameris azriT, enis miRma xorcieldeba. msgavsad
haidegerisa, gadameric lingvistur, anu enobriv konteqstSi moiazrebs teqsts,
Tvlis, rom ena, ara rogorc saartikulacio forma, aramed rogorc nebismieri
individisaTvis niSandoblivi faseuli struqtura, uzrunvelyofs Dasein-is
gamorCevasa da gamoxatvas. Sesabamisad, literaturuli interpretaciis
esTetikuri gamocdileba mudmivad transformirdeba ontologiur gamocdilebaSi.
z. konstantinoviCi miiCnevs, rom gadameris SromaSi `WeSmariteba da meTodi~
esTetikuri gageba istoriul-humanisturi codnis paradigmad iqceva. kvlevis
centrSi gadameri esTetikuri obieqtis yofierebis formas ayenebs da askvnis, rom
SeuZlebelia wminda esTetikuri substanciis izolireba araesTetikurisagan.
xelovnebis nawarmoebi ar warmoadgens avtonomiur poetur fsevdosamyaros,
ontologiurad gamijnuls prozauli realobisgan. piriqiT, igi mWidrod
ukavSirdeba realobas da misi mniSvneloba identuria praqtikuli eqsistensis
(arsebobis) faseulobiT struqturasTan.
hermenevtikuli kritikis SesaZleblobebs konceptualur mravalferovnebas
sZens e. d. hirSi.
rogoria avtoris mimarTeba teqstTan? rogor SeiZleba ganisazRvros
interpretaciis procesi? ramdenad misawvdomia avtoriseuli intenciebi
mkiTxvelisaTvis? am da sxva principulad mniSvnelovan problemebs masStaburad
ganixilavs hirSi mis sayovelTaod aRiarebul SromebSi `obieqturi
interpretacia~ (1967 w.), `hermenevtikis ganzomileba~ (1972 w.) da
`interpretaciis amocanebi~ (1976 w.).
pirvel yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom hirSisaTvis miuRebelia azri
mxatvruli teqstis interpretaciis mxolod erTi, avtoriseuli variantis
arsebobis Sesaxeb. hirSisaTvis interpretaciis procesi warmoadgens gaxsnil
perspeqtivas, masalis marTebulad gaazrebaTa sistemas, romelic avtoris mier
SemoTavazebul albaTobebsa da varaudebzea orientirebuli. avtori amkvidrebs
teqstis `azrsa~ da `arss~, miiCnevs hirSi, mravalricxovani mkiTxveli ki
individualurad adgens mis `mniSvnelobas~. amrigad, hirSisaTvis principul
Rirebulebas iZens koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmadac literaturuli nawarmoebis
azri, anu `arsebiToba~ ar emorCileba istoriul cvalebadobas, igi absoluturia
da ucvleli. hirSis koncefciis simyares bevrad ganapirobebs Tavad `arsebiTobis~
cnebasTan kritikosis huserliseuli, e.w. `prelingvisturi~ damokidebuleba.
hirSisaTvis nawarmoebis azri, misi `arsebiToba~ avtoris nebis gamoxatulebaa,
usityvo, gonebrivi aqtia, romelic drois yvela periodSi erTsa da imave
materialur sistemaSia ganTavsebuli da cnobierebis sferos ufro ekuTvnis,
vidre sityvebisas. magram ramdenad SesaZlebelia avtoris am usityvo,
cnobierebiTi `arsebiTobis~ swori ganmarteba kiTxvisa da aRqmis procesSi?
avtors xom mravali azri SeiZleba daebados TavSi konkretul teqstze

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muSaobisas? hirSi iZulebulia moaxdinos avtoris `SesaZlo~ mosazrebaTa mkacri
da gadamwyveti reduqcia (Semcireba), raTa ixsnas teqsti viwro da gamartivebuli
kritikuli gansjisagan. kritikosis interesis sagans, hirSis azriT, unda
warmoadgendes ara konkretuli avtoriseuli wiaRsvlebi, aramed, `arsebiTobis~
zogadtipologiuri sivrce, teqstis e.w. `Sinagani Janri~, romelic warmoaCens
avtoris zogad mosazrebebsa da xedvis ZiriTad perspeqtivas SemoqmedebiTi aqtis
procesSi. hirSi zrunavs avtoris `kerZo mesakuTris~ statusis SenarCunebaze.
misi azriT, teqstis `arsebiToba~ ar unda daeqvemdebaros socializaciis, Aanu
teqstis `saerTo-saxalxo~ sakuTrebad qcevis process: teqsti ekuTvnis avtors
da Tu mkiTxvels ar gaaCnia mowiweba avtoris mier dadgenili normebisadmi, maSin
mas arc interpretaciis norma gaaCnia da meqanikurad axdens kritikuli anarqiis
provocirebas.
hirSis Teoriuli naaazrevi orientirebulia huserlis, haidegerisa da
gadameris moZRvrebebze, Tumca maT individualur aTvisebas warmoadgens. hirSs
aSinebs haidegerisa da gadameris mier SemoTavazebuli koncefcia `arsebiTobis~
istoriuli xasiaTis Sesaxeb, rac, misi azriT, warmoSobs ukidures relativizms.
ukiduresi relativizmisagan Tavis dasaRwevad hirSi huserlis koncefcias
ubrundeba da, huserlis kvaldakval, amtkicebs, rom teqstis arsebiToba
ucvlelia, vinaidan warmoadgens individualuri avtoris intencionalur aqts
drois konkretul momentSi.
pol rikiori swored is kritikosia, romelmac Tavis Teoriul naazrevSi
warmatebulad moaxdina esencialisturi fenomenologiisa da hermenevtikuli
meTodologiis Serwyma da gamTlianeba. SesaniSnav narkvevSi `metafora da
hermenevtikis ZiriTadi problema~ (1974 w.) rikiorma naTlad warmoaCina
kritikuli azris ganviTarebis proeqcia ordinaruli lingvisturi xasiaTis
diskusiidan vidre farTod gaxmaurebul nebis poetikamde.
eyrdnoba ra Cveul dialeqtikur meTods, rikiori erTmaneTs upirispirebs
ganmartebasa da interpretacias, naSromsa da sityvas, SegrZnebasa da SeniSvnas,
mTlian teqstsa da konkretul metaforas, raTa, metaforis aristoteleseuli
koncefciis paralelurad, warmoaCinos misi gaazrebis fenomenologiur-
hermenevtikuli aspeqtebic. rikioris mizania, daasabuTos, rom metaforis
marTebuli gaazreba teqstis marTebuli gaazrebis winapirobaa da, piriqiT,
teqstis swori interpretacia naTels hfens teqstSi arsebul metaforul
modelebs. mijnavs ra `ganmartebisa~ da `interpretaciis~ cnebebs, rikiori
aRniSnavs, rom `ganmarteba~ cxadyofs teqstismier informacias, xolo
`interpretacia~ aRniSnavs teqstze kritikosis reaqciis siRrmes. Sesabamisad,
`SegrZneba~ teqstis obieqtur Tvisebad miiCneva, `SeniSvna~ ki warmoaCens
kritikosis codnis perspeqtivas, mis intencionalobas, romelic gansazRvravs
reaqcias. gamomdinare aqedan, metafora ganixileba ara rogorc mxolod
`grZnobadi~ operacia, aramed rogorc sinTezuri konstruqcia, `semantikuri
movlena~, romelsac gamoarCevs ara imdenad lingvisturi statusi, ramdenadac _
avtoris mier provocirebuli unikaluri konteqstualuri Rirebuleba.
kritikosisagan metaforis marTebuli Semecneba iwvevs teqstis struqturis
marTebul Semecnebas. magram procesi ukuqcevadia: teqstis interpretacia, Tavis
mxriv, naTels hfens metaforuli modelebis arsebiTobas. rikiori uaryofs
interpretaciis tradiciul formebs da warmoadgens interpretaciis axal formas,
romelic dasaSvebs xdis individis gaxsnas teqstSi kodirebuli eqsistencialuri

77
SesaZleblobebis mimarT. teqstis amgvari interpretaciis procesi bunebrivad
transformirdeba (gardaiqmneba) metaforis interpretaciis procesSi. Tavis
novacias rikiori ajerebs metaforis aristoteleseul koncefciasTan.
aristoteles `poetikis~ Tanaxmad, metafora rogorc stilis elementi, gaiazreba
mxolod tragediis rogorc paradigmatuli literaturuli Janris siuJetTan
mimarTebaSi da mkvidrdeba `mimesisis~ saSualebiT. rikiori miiCnevs, rom antikuri
`mimesisis~ cneba Tanamedrove fenomenologiis `samyaros aRmoCenis~ cnebis
ekvivalenturia, Sesabamisad, metaforis funqcia mWidrod ukavSirdeba poeziis
rogorc realobis SemoqmedebiTi imitaciis funqcias. metafora Cveulebriv
sasaubro enas warmosaxvis axal-axal landSaftebad gardaqmnis, warmosaxvis axali
enobrivi struqturebis miRma ki `nebis poetika~ aRmocendeba.
hermenevtikulma meTodma udidesi zegavlena moaxdina me-20 saukunis
humanitarul da, cxadia, literaturaTmcodneobiT azrovnebaze. `hermenevtikul
interpretaciaSi mTavari araa mxolod literaturuli teqstis rekonstruqcia,
arc _ literaturuli nawarmoebis konteqstisa da Cveni istoriuli konteqstis
Tanamimdevruli urTierTgaTanabreba. interpretaciis mizania mkiTxvelis
ganswavlulobis aris gafarToeba da mis mier sakuTari Tavis ukeTesad Secnoba~
(hermenevtika 2000: 201). teqstis kvlevis hermenevtikulma meTodologiam moicva
teqstis xiluli da dafaruli Sreebi da Rrma, globalur konteqstSi gaiazra
igi.

damowmebani:

palmeri 1980: Palmer R. E. The Liminality of Hermes and the Meaning of Hermeneutics // Proceedings of the
Heraclitean Society. A Quarterly Report of Philosophy and Criticism of the Arts and Sciences.
vol.5. –Michigan: 1980.
hermenevtika 2000: hermenevtika, Tanamedrove sazRvargareTuli literaturismcodneoba (Targm. T.
lomiZisa) // sjani, #1. Tb., 2000.

78
irma ratiani

amerikuli `axali kritika~

pirveli msoflio omis periodSi inglisSi Camoyalibda da ganviTarda

`neokritikis~ saxeliT cnobili axali literaturul-Teoriuli skola. igi
daupirispirda me-19 saukunis miwuruls formirebul im ZiriTad meTodologiur
mimarTulebebs, romlebic pretenzias acxadebdnen literaturuli teqstis
kritikul aTvisebaze da, Tavis mxriv, scada axali kriteriumebis dadgena.
neokritikulma meTodma ara mxolod Camoayaliba da daamkvidra
literaturaTmcodneobiTi azrovnebis novatoruli stili, aramed bevrad
gansazRvra me-20 saukunis literaturis Teoriis specifika. neokritikis uSualo
gamovlinebad iqca praqtikuli kritikis meTodi da amerikuli `axali kritika~,
romlebmac saetapo roli Seasrules literaturis Teoriis ganviTarebis
istoriaSi.

tomas sternz elioti da inglisuri literaturis novatoruli kvleva

samarTlianad SeniSnavs e. curganova: `neokritikuli moZraoba, farTo

gagebiT, warmoadgenda mZafr reaqcias me-19 saukunis miwurulisa da me-20
saukunis dasawyisis liberaluri viqtorianuli literaturaTmcodneobis
krizisze~ (curganova 1977: 13). krizisis umTavresi gamoxatuleba iyo
tradiciuli meTodebiT literaturuli nawarmoebis analizi, romlis interesis
sagans avtori da istoriul-socialuri konteqsti ufro warmoadgenda, vidre
uSualod teqsti. miuxedavad viqtorianuli literaturaTmcodneobis lideris m.
arnoldis mcdelobisa, warmoedgina poezia (literatura) cxovrebiseuli
realiebis upirvelesi interpretatoris rangSi, inglisuri literaturis
kritikuli aTvisebis done arc masStaburi iyo da arc srulfasovani. krizisi
TandaTan Rrmavdeboda da mwvavdeboda. Seqmnil viTarebaSi gadamwyveti sityva
axalgazrda amerikel poets t. s. eliots ergo.
elioti I msoflio omis dawyebamde gaemgzavra aSS-dan inglisSi da aqtiurad
Caeba britaneTis mTavrobis mier SemuSavebul gegmaSi, romlis mixedviTac,
inglisuri literaturis kvalificiuri Seswavla saxelmwifos saganmanaTleblo
programis nawilad unda qceuliyo. ram gamoiwvia xelisuflebis esoden
seriozuli daintereseba literaturis problemebiT? h. bertensi miuTiTebs:
`pirvel yovlisa, unda gaviTvaliswinoT is emociuri Soki da sayovelTao
imedgacrueba, rac I msoflio omma moutana evropas. amas daumateT politikuri
aRreuloba da ltolvilTa didi nakadi, rac seriozuli safrTxis saxiT daemuqra
ingliss. am fonze inglisuri literaturis jerovani Seswavla SemaduRabebel
funqcias asrulebda: igi cdilobda inglisuri enisa da kulturis armcodne
emigrantebis gamTlianebas saerTo literaturuli da kulturuli droSis qveS~
(bertensi 2001: 10-11). patriotuli suliskveTebiTEBmotivirebulma kulturuli
integraciis ideam mizans miaRwia: inglisSi ganviTareba iwyo literaturuli
teqstis analizis novatorulma meTodologiam _ neokritikam. igi
CamoyalibebisTanave erTgvar ideologiur dasayrdenad iqca inteligenciis

79
garkveuli wreebisaTvis, romlebic literaturuli teqstisagan moiTxovdnen
gacilebiT mets, vidre maTi Tanamedrove filologiuri koncefciebi.
inglisur-amerikuli neokritikuli skolis erT-erTma fuZemdebelma t. s.
eliotma SeZlo urTulesi Teoriuli proeqtis ganxorcieleba: Camoayaliba
literaturuli teqstis Sefasebis axali kriteriumebi, e.w. kanonebi, romlebsac
met-naklebi warmatebiT akmayofilebdnen literaturuli teqstebi da, gamomdinare
aqedan, met-naklebad Seesabamebodnen `umaRlesi rangis literaturis~ eliotiseul
normebs. sruliad bunebrivia, rom novatori kritikosis upirveles amocanas
tradiciis cnebisadmi sakuTari damokidebulebis SemuSaveba warmoadgenda.
dimitri urnovis SeniSvniT, tradiciis cnebisa da misdami mimarTebis
eliotiseul poziciaze mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia remi de gurmonis saetapo
werilma `tradicia da sxva sagnebi~, romelic problemis axleburad dasmisa da
analizis saintereso suraTs iZleoda. `tradicias, _ werda remi de gurmoni, _
nebismier adgilas aRmovaCen. yvelaferi, rac warsulSia, SeiZleba iqces tradiciis
Semadgenel nawilad. ratom is da ara es? ratom bosiues xelovnuri misticizmi
da ara volteris bunebrivi ironia? aseT SemTxvevaSi tradicia arCevania da ara _
faqti. Tu tradicias ganvixilavT rogorc faqts, is winaaRmdegobrivi
tendenciebis simravled gadaiqceva~ (urnovi 1982: 65). amgvari, garkveulwilad,
araqronologiuri, mimarTeba tradiciasTan, gardasuli literaturuli procesebis
erT mTlianobaSi gaazrebisa da `Tavisufali arCevanis~ SesaZleblobas iZleoda. is
aramarto gasagebi da misaRebi iyo eliotisTvis, aramed konceptualurad
umagrebda zurgs misi Teoriuli moZRvrebis ZiriTadi postulatebis _
antiistorizmisa da depersonalizmis _ damkvidrebas saliteraturo kritikaSi.
eliotma masStaburoba SesZina remi de gurmonis mosazrebas _ gaemijna ra
`tradiciis~ rogorc TaobaTa makavSirebeli da qronologiurad mowesrigebuli
gardamavalobis gagebas, man upiratesoba mianiWa `arCeviTad ganmaaxlebeli~
tradiciis ideas, anu erTian yalibSi moaqcia literaturis ganviTarebis
xangrZlivi istoria, misi warsuli da awmyo. eliotma Tanabar sibrtyeze,
sinqronul WrilSi ganaTavsa tradicia da Tanamedroveoba da maTi sinTezi
ganixila rogorc SemoqmedebiTi integraciisaTvis Rirebuli farTo asparezi. aseT
SemTxvevaSi tradicia warmoadgenda Ria konstruqcias, aqtiur sivrces, romlis
dauflebac individualuri arCevanis prerogativa gaxldaT. amgvar damokidebulebas
tradiciisadmi elioti uwodebda istoriis grZnobas, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi
_ `istorizms~. gansxvavebiT mkacrad qronologizebuli `istorizmisgan~,
`istoriis grZnoba~ gulisxmobda tradiciulisa da Tanamedroves, Zvelisa da
axlis, guSindelisa da dRevandelis Tanasworuflebian urTierTobas. `istoriis
grZnoba, _ aRniSnavda elioti, _ gulisxmobs ara mxolod Cavlili warsulis,
aramed Tanamedroveobis aRqmas, istoriis grZnoba ubiZgebs poets, weros ara
mxolod misi sisxlismieri Taobis ideebiT, aramed imis SegrZnebiT, rom TiTqos,
homerosidan moyolebuli dRemde, mTeli evropuli literatura da, am
parametrebiT, misi mSobliuri literaturac, Tanadroul wesrigs qmnis~ (urnovi
1982: 83). am TvalsazrisiT, poets rogorc TavisTavad arsebul individs ar
eniWeba mniSvneloba, mniSvnelovania saerTo literaturuli procesi, zogadi
proporciebi da faseulobani, romlebTan mimarTebaSic iqmneba `xelovnebis axali
nawarmoebi~ da, Sesabamisad, axali wesrigi. eliotiseuli `axali wesrigi~ aris
mudmivad qmnadi mTeli, romelic inarCunebs saWiro balanss tradiciasa da
Tanamedroveobas Soris. `aucilebelia, _ aRniSnavda elioti, _ rom poeti

80
mudmivad ganagrZobdes da aviTarebdes warsulis Semecnebas da aviTarebdes mas
mTeli Tavisi moRvaweobis manZilze. arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom poeti mudmivad
emijneba Tavis Tavs, iseTs, rogoric is aris drois mocemul momentSi. es
gamijvna ufro mniSvnelovani saqmis sasargeblod xorcieldeba. xelovanis gza
mudmivi msxverplSewirva, individualobis mudmivi uaryofaa~ (elioti 1987: 172).
eliotis mTavar samiznes liberaluri viqtorianuli
literaturaTmodneobis, kerZod ki misi lideris, m. arnoldisagan memkvidreobiT
miRebuli personalizmis Teoria warmoadgenda. literatura da poezia eliotis
TeoriaSi moklebuli iyo `pirianobis~ gagebas da xazgasmulad impersonalur
movlenad aRiqmeboda, Sesabamisad, poezia, Janri, romelic eliots gansakuTrebiT
ainteresebda, mis Teoriul sistemaSi arapersonalizmis niSniT xasiaTdeboda.
gaxmaurebul werilSi `tradicia da individualuri talanti~ (1919 w.), elioti
miuTiTebs: `poeti ar aris persona, is specifikuri mediumia~ (elioti 1987: 174).
eliotis mizans, am SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvelis, anu recipientis yuradRebis obieqtis
Secvla warmoadgens, mkiTxvelis koncentrirebuli mzeris gadatana Tumca
arsebiTi, magram meorexarisxovani planidan wina planze. `meorexarisxovan~
movlenad elioti poetis personalur da socialur ganpirobebulobas miiCnevs,
`pirvelxarisxovnad~ ki _ TavisTavad poezias. problemas, eliotis azriT, am ori
ontologiurad gansxvavebuli rakursis perspeqtiva qmnis: personalizmis, anu
individualuri emociuri nakadis aqcentirebas mkiTxvelis yuradReba avtomaturad
gadaaqvs poetis pirad da cxovrebiseul realiebze, amis Sedegad, CrdilSi eqceva
Tavad poeziis nimuSi. logikurad ibadeba kiTxva: ra mizans emsaxureba eliotis
swrafva literaturuli da, Sesabamisad, poeturi depersonalizaciisaken? elioti,
cxadia, ar uaryofs da verc uaryofs poetis SegrZnebebisa da gancdebis
gamovlinebis gardauvalobas mxatvrul nawarmoebSi, magram uaryofs mis
prioritetulobas literaturuli teqstis esTetikuri Rirebulebis gansazRvris
procesSi. avtobiografiuli xasiaTis mgrZnobeloba, eliotis azriT, viwro
utilitarul (praqtikul) CarCoebSi aTavsebs poeziis nimuSs, aclis mas WeSmarit
siRrmes, ukvecavs gaqanebis masStabs. piradi emocia, Tuki poeti saWirod miiCnevs
mis gamoxatvas, ganzogadebuli formiT unda ganxorcieldes nawarmoebSi, anu
piradma unda SeiZinos globaluri mniSvneloba da Seasrulos e. w. obieqturi
korelatis roli. `poeti sruliadac ar aris saintereso Tavisi subieqturi
emociebiT, _ amtkicebs elioti, _ emociebiT, romlebsac mis cxovrebaSi momxdari
konkretuli movlenebi iwvevs. poetis piradi emociebi SeiZleba gulubryvilo,
primitiuli da usaxuric ki iyos. samagierod, STambeWdavia mis SemoqmedebaSi
gamovlenili uaRresad rTuli emociuri gancdebi~ (elioti 1987: 175).
yovelive zemoT Tqmuli saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom eliotis
depersonalisturi Teoria warmoadgens literaturuli teqstis mecnierul
analizze dayvanis mcdelobas. am mosazrebis seriozul argumentebad miviCnevT: a)
eliotis mtkicebas poetis `mediumuri~ da ara `pirovnuli~ arsebiTobis Sesaxeb.
am SemTxvevaSi poetis piradi emociuri samyaro meorexarisxovan funqcias
asrulebs da wina plans uTmobs SemoqmedebiTi emociurobis princips, romlis
wiaRSic aRiniSneba mosalodneli logikuri wesrigis rRveva: xSirad poetis
uzarmazari piradi emociuri veli ukvalod uCinardeba, xolo umniSvnelo gancda
globalur masStabs iZens; b) eliotis novatorul meTods, daasabuTos Tavisi
literaturaTmcodneobiTi Sexedulebebi TvalsaCino mecnieruli eqsperimentebis

81
magaliTze, anu xazi gausvas literaturis rogorc depersonalizebuli
`obieqturi korelatis~ analogias mecnierebasTan.
amrigad, literaturuli nawarmoebis Sefasebis umaRles kriteriums eliotis
Teoriul sistemaSi emociisa da inteleqtis integracia (gaerTianeba) warmoadgens.
am TvalsazrisiT, eliotisaTvis TiTqmis miuRebelia umaRlesi sinTezis, anu
msoflSegrZnebiTi mTlianobis is rRveva, romelic, misi azriT, me-17 saukunis
miwurulidan ukurnebeli seniviT moedo inglisur poezias. Tu renesansisa da
gviani renesansis epoqis poetebi mowadinebiT inarCunebdnen inteleqtualur da
emociur balanss, Tvlis elioti, me-17 saukunidan moyolebuli, es klasikuri
wonasworoba rRvevis gzas adgeba: me-17 saukuneSi, klasicizmis epoqaSi, saswori
racionalizmis mxares ixreba, me-18-me-19 saukuneebSi, sentimentalizmisa da
romantizmis epoqebSi ki _ impulsuri emociurobis mxares. orive SemTxvevaSi,
eliotis azriT, dazaralebul mxares poezia warmoadgens: racionalizmi
`steriluri pragmatizmiT~ msWvalavs mas, emociuroba ki _ `ironiuli
melanqolizmiT~. gamomdinare aqedan, sakuTari meTodologiis, mogvianebiT,
neokritikul meTodologiad wodebuli sistemis, umTavres amocanad elioti
miiCnevs am `sinTezuri mTlianobis~ rRvevis sindromis daZlevas, anu ltolvas
inteleqtisa da emociis kvlav gamTlianebisaken erTiani poeturi modelis
farglebSi.
`msoflSegrZnebiTi mTlianobis~ aRdgena eliotisa da bevri misi Tanamedrove
kritikosis poetikis ZiriTad principad, qvakuTxedad, arsebiT normad iqca.
Jurnalebis `egoisti~ (Egoist), `mcire mimoxilva~ (Little Review) da `ciferblati~
(Dial) garSemo Semokrebil kritikosTa jgufs, elioti da ezra paundi rom
meTaurobdnen, Rrmad swamda, rom Tanamedrove poezia unda dabruneboda dantes
tradiciebs da kvlavac emoqmeda `msoflSegrZnebiTi mTlianobis~ im Rirebuli
kanonis farglebSi, romelsac ganudga da, Sedegad, srul struqturul qaosSi
CaiZira.
`qaosi~ _ `kosmosi~, es dapirispireba specifikur datvirTvas iZens eliotis
sistemaSi: `kosmosi~ daunawevrebeli `msoflSegrZnebiTi mTlianobis~ sinonimia,
`qaosi~ ki _ danawevrebulisa. qaosi, Tvlis elioti, poeziis logikuri xvedria,
im awewili literaturuli sistemis ganaCeni, romelic ar emorCileba
elementarul standartebs. qaosis gamomwvev mizezad igi Tamamad asaxelebs, erTi
mxriv, sazogadoebis religiur da zneobriv gulgrilobas, meore mxriv _
`samyaros globaluri wesrigis~ rRvevas. Seqmnili viTarebidan eliotisa da
misiATanamoazreebisaTvis mxolod erTi gamosavali arsebobs: inteleqtualuri da
emociuri wonasworobis aRdgena mowesrigebuli poeturi xedvis saSualebiT.
gamomdinare aqedan, gasagebi da misaRebia eliotis seriozuli daintereseba
poeturi teqnikiTa da teqstis formaluri aspeqtebiT. teqstis analitikuri
kiTxva, romliskenac dabejiTebiT mouwodebda elioti Tavis Tanamedroev
literatorebs, gulisxmobda teqstis Rirebuli mxatvruli modelis dadgenas, anu
mis arsebiT kanonzomierebaTa warmoCenasa da kompleqsur damuSavebas. am Teoriis
Tanaxmad, literaturuli teqsti ganixileboda rogorc avtonomiuri
literaturuli faqti, e.w. `analitikuri kiTxvisaTvis~ saWiro masala.

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neokritikuli meTodi _ revolucia inglisur literaturaTmcodneobaSi

miuxedavad imisa, rom eliotis TvalsaCino figuram udidesi roli Seasrula

neokritikuli Teoriuli skolis ZiriTadi principebis formirebaSi, misi naazrevi
erTxmad aRiqmeba rogorc neokritikis filosofiuri, msoflmxedvelobrivi
poziciis dafiqsireba. problemis literaturaTmcodneobiTi anu kritikuli
aTviseba odnav mogvianebiT xorcieldeba da ukavSirdeba a. riCardsisa da f.
livisis saxelebs. rogorc erTi, ise meore kritikosi Tanamimdevrulad nergavs
inglisur literaturaTmcodneobaSi eliotis mier Camoyalibebul meTodologiur
principebs, mxolod, a. riCardsis Teoriul naazrevSi eliotis Sexedulebebi
praqtikul kritikad (Practical Criticism) yalibdeba, livisis TeoriaSi ki teqstis
fetiSizmis saxes iRebs.
d. urnovi miuTiTebs: `70-ian wlebSi, rodesac `taimsis~ literaturulma
danarTma riCardsis moRvaweoba Seafasa da mas mTeli gverdi miuZRvna, araerTxel
gaisma sityva `amaTerizmi~, diletantoba. marTlac, rogorc aq iyo aRniSnuli,
`saliteraturo kritikis principebis~ avtori Tavad arasodes dakavebula
kritikiT. is erT-erTi im mosulTagani gaxldaT, romlebic sxva sferoebidan
SemoiWrnen literaturis TeoriaSi da gadawyvites, eswavlebinaT literaturis
wvdomis unari~ (urnovi 1982: 109). WeSmaritad: riCardsis arc pirveli da arc
meore wigni (Sesabamisad, `saliteraturo kritikis principebi~ da `praqtikuli
kritika~) ar warmoadgenda mwyobr da Tanamimdevrul literaturul-kritikul
naSroms, romelic makoordinirebel rols Seasrulebda me-20 saukunis
literaturaTmcodneobaSi. meore mxriv, a. riCardsis naSromebs mkveTrad
gamoxatuli meTodi gamoarCevda da es meTodi SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc
semantikuri da teqstualur-analitikuri kritika. misi ZiriTadi principebia:
a) orientacia konkretul teqstze;
b) orientacia teqstis enobriv struqturaze;
g) orientacia mkiTxveliseul konteqstze.
maqsimalurad teqstze orientirebuli pozicia mkvlevrisa praqtikuli
kritikis saxes iZenda da kiTxvis process masStaburi inteleqtualuri diskusiis
yalibSi aTavsebda.
riCardsi, msgavsad eliotisa, amtkicebda, rom poeziis arsebiT amocanas
dakarguli `msoflSegrZnebiTi mTlianobis~ aRdgena warmoadgenda. amis misaRwevad
ki, misi azriT, saWiro iyo Tanamedrove fsiqologiisa da semantikis miRwevebis
danergva literaturaTmcodneobaSi. rac ufro Rrma fsiqologiur impulsebs
iwvevs nawarmoebi, miiCnevda riCardsi, miT metia misi mxatvrul-esTetikuri
Rirebuleba. magram, rogor miaRwios avtorma fsiqologiuri impulsebis
dramatizebas? mxolod sworad morgebuli sityvis meSveobiT, amtkicebda riCardsi
da TiToeul sityvas afasebda nawarmoebis zogad konteqstSi, anu
Sidakonteqstualuri mimarTebebis wiaRSi misi funqciis mixedviT. konteqstTa
aqtiuri urTierToba riCardsis semantikuri Teoriis safuZvels Seadgenda da
mudmivad ganisazRvreboda ori kriteriumiT: mkiTxvelis mier nawarmoebSi
Setanili individualuri konteqstebiTa da avtoris mier sityvebis doneze
kontrolirebadi konteqstebiT. riCardsis konteqstualuri Teoria relativistur
xasiaTs atarebda: am Teoriis Tanaxmad, yoveli mkiTxveli avtorisa da sxva

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mkiTxvelebisagan gansxvavebul, originalur rakursSi aRiqvamda nawarmoebs.
aRniSnul konteqstTa sinTezi riCardsisaTvis `mTlianobis~ aRdgenis ueWvel
winapirobas warmoadgenda. konteqstualuri mTlianoba aRemateboda izolirebul
elementTa martiv jams da qaosis daZlevis saukeTeso gza iyo.
amrigad, praqtikuli kritikis yuradReba koncentrirebuli iyo teqstze da
mxolod teqstze, mravaljeradi analitikuri kiTxvis procesze, rac, meTodis
fuZemdeblis, a. riCardsis azriT, yvela tipis winaaRmdegobisa da aRreulobis
mowesrigeba-gamTlianebis saSualebas iZleoda. gamomdinare aqedan, praqtikuli
kritika samarTlianad iqca poeturi harmoniis SesaZleblobisa da aucileblobis
ideis popularizatorad inglisur da amerikul literaturaTmcodneobaSi.
teqstis `analitikuri kiTxvis~ riCardsiseuli koncefcia TiTqmis fanatikur
teqstualur koncefciad Camoyalibda kembrijis universitetis meore metris, f.
r. livisis TeoriaSi. livisis Teoriis ZiriTad cnebebs warmoadgenda `sizuste~,
`obieqturoba~, `seriozuloba~, `mkacri analizi~. magram aqve gamoikveTa
neokritikuli skolisaTvis niSandoblivi tendencia, rac memkvidreobis kritikul
aTvisebaSi mdgomareobda: livisma Tumca aitaca eliotisa da riCardsis mowodeba
teqstis mravaljeradi, koncentrirebuli wakiTxvisaken, magram gaemijna kolegebs
Tavad `wakiTxvis~ procesis gansazRvrebis TvalsazrisiT. gansxvavebiT eliotisa
da riCardsisagan, `wakiTxvis~ livisiseuli varianti gulisxmobda nawarmoebis
moralur-zneobrivi speqtris maqsimalur gaTvaliswinebas. am TvalsazrisiT,
livisis gaxmaurebul naSromSi `udidesi tradicia~ (1948 w.) ver moxvda bevri
genialuri ingliseli mwerali (mag., C. dikensi), samagierod, warmoCinda SedarebiT
`mokrZalebul~ an, ubralod, jerovnad daufasebel avtorTa Rirsebebi. ratom?
`zustad _ `seriozulobis~ specifikuri terminis morgebis Sedegad~ _ xsnis am
faqts d. urnovi (urnovi 1982: 158), Cven ki davumatebT: livisisaTvis
mniSvnelobda ara marto `Sefasebis~, aramed `gadafasebis~ neokritikuli
tendencia. mwerlis, Tundac dikensis, `erTjeradi~ Sefaseba livisis gegmaSi ar
Sedioda: is yovelTvis utovebda `inteleqtualur publicists~ `gadafasebis~
Sanss, rac mravaljeradi, dakvirvebuli, koncentrirebuli kiTxvis Sedegad
miiRweoda (aki, 1970 wels, Tavadve `gadaafasa~ dikensis Semoqmedeba wignSi
`dikensi-romanisti~).
eliotis, riCardsisa da livisis Teoriebma programis saxe miiRo,
programisa, romelic met-naklebi prioritetulobiT ganxorcielda amerikuli
`axali kritikis~ farglebSi.

amerikuli `axali kritika~. gzis dasawyisi

1922 wels, Jurnal `The Fugitive~-is (`ltolvili~) irgvliv Semokrebil

literatorTa jgufis moRvaweoba Tamamad SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc dasawyisi
`axali kritikis~ mimarTulebis gaformebis procesisa.
fujitivistebma, q. neSvilis universitetSi Tavmoyrili literatorebisa da
kritikosebis erTma jgufma, udidesi gavlena moaxdina literaturis Teoriis
amerikuli skolis gadafasebisa da gardaqmnis procesze. am jgufis aqtiuri
wevrebi iyvnen jon qrou rensomi, alen teiti, robert pen uoreni, donald
devidsoni da qlinT bruqsi. fujitivistTa jgufis formireba bevrad ganapiroba
inglisuri literaturaTmcodneobis revoluciurma aRmavlobam da am aRmavlobis

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seriozulma gaxmianebam 20-iani wlebis amerikis saliteraturo sivrceSi. 1912-
1915 wlebSi amerikis CrdiloeTis wignis bazarze gamoCnda seriozuli poetebis
wignebi, daiwyo mTeli rigi saintereso poeturi da publicisturi krebulebis
gamocema. provinciuli neSvili erT-erTi pirveli gamoexmaura
zodagliteraturul mowodebebs, rac aixsneba am regionis ekonomikuri siaxloviT
amerikis CrdiloeTTan. vanderbildis universitetis garSemo darazmulma
inteligenciis jgufma gadawyvita swrafi reagireba moexdina patriarqaluri
samxreTis rRvevis procesze da daecva sakuTari interesebi. maT Camoayalibes
samoqmedo programa da daaarses perioduli gamocema _ `The Fugitive~, rogorc
moqalaqeobrivi da literaturuli poziciis gamoxatvis saukeTeso saSualeba.
fujitivistTa moRvaweoba emsaxureboda axali tipis kritikuli azrovnebis
danergvas amerikul literaturaTmcodneobiT sivrceSi, Tumca maT sakmaod
angariSgasawevi winamorbedebic hyavdaT.
pirvel seriozul avtoritetad joel spinharni unda dasaxeldes. spinharnis
Sromebi Tamamad SeiZleba CaiTvalos gardamaval etapad Zveli da axali tipis
amerikul kritikas Soris. spinharni iyo pirveli amerikeli mkvlevari, vinac wina
planze gamoitana termini axali kritika. 1911 wels niu-iorkSi dabeWdilma
spinharnis leqciam `axali kritika~ (The New Criticism) mravali informaciuli da
struqturuli cvlileba Seitana amerikul literaturaTmcodneobaSi. naSromis
udavo Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos is, rom kritikosi:
a) mimoixilavs mxatvruli nawarmoebis interpretaciis tradiciul da
Tanamedrove meTodebs;
b) aanalizebs am meTodebis Teoriuli dasabuTebebs;
g) adgens maT mimarTebas literaturul nawarmoebTan.
sagulisxmoa spinharnis damokidebuleba Tavad `kritikis~ cnebasa da
daniSnulebasTan: `poetebis meti nawili, _ wers igi, _ ebrZvis nebismieri tipis
kritikas. es gamowveulia maTi gazviadebuli pativmoyvareobiT: poetebi TavianT
Txzulebebs gaukritikebel Sedevrebad miiCneven... isini cdebian, vinaidan poetebi
da kritikosebi erT saqmes emsaxurebian da uerTmaneTod ver iarsebeben~ (spinharni
1917: 3-4).
`kritika~ spinharnisaTvis literaturis Teoriuli dasabuTebaa, Tavad
literatura ki _ `raRacis~ `gamoxatuleba~. es `raRac~ SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva
`ram~ _ kritikosis azrebis, subieqturi gancdebis, xSirad realobis arsis
warmoCena, an piriqiT, kritikosis piradi emociebisa da gamocdilebis kondensacia,
_ magram erTi ram ucvlelia: is `raRac~ mudmivad arsebobs da funqcionirebs
literaturaSi.
sruliad cxadia spinharnis msoflmxedvelobrivi naTesaoba b. kroCes
esTetikur moZRvrebasTan. swored kroCem daayena pirvelad Teoriul azrovnebaSi
`xelovnebis rogorc cnobierebis impulsebis gamomsaxveli~ energiis problema.
kroCe miiCnevda, rom kritikosis mTavari funqcia wakiTxvis procesSi miRebuli
STabeWdilebis Sinagani gadamuSaveba da adekvaturi Teoriuli modelis Seqmnaa.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mxatvruli nawarmoebi kroCesaTvis warmoadgens
imanenturad arsebul avtonomias, `esTetikur faqts~, romlis wiaRSic
xorcieldeba realobis, anu daumuSavebeli emociuri nakadis gadamuSaveba da
gaformeba. `gaformebis~ procesi kroCes moZRvrebaSi mWidrod ukavSirdeba
intuiciis cnebas. spinharni eTanxmeba mwerlis `mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa~ da
kritikosis `analitikuri Semoqmedebis~ urTierTdamokidebulebis kroCeseul

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formulas, magram ver aviTarebs mas masStaburi analizis mimarTulebiT. spinharnis
Teoria `axali kritikis~ Teoriuli kredos mxolod erT aspeqts moicavs _
SemoqmedebiT-intuiciurs _ da mxedvelobis aris miRma rCeba misi meore arsebiTi
aspeqti _ lingvisturi forma. am TvalsazrisiT met siTamames iCens T. hiumi,
romlis TeoriaSic intuicia lingvistur yalibSi Tavsdeba da ar moiazreba
enobrivi struqturis gareSe. e. curganovas marTebuli SeniSvniT, hiumi Seecada
`gaeerTianebina xelovnebis nimuSis rogorc wminda cnobierebis fenomenisa da
rogorc konkretuli enobrivi struqturis cnebebi~ (curganova 1977: 20).
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, hiumma scada kroCesa da spinharnis subieqtivisturi
poziciis dayvana praqtikuli meTodikis donemde. gamomdinare aqedan, hiumi ufro
metad uaxlovdeba t. eliotis Teoriul pozicias, vidre spinharni.
eliotiseuli poeti, romelic `msoflSegrZnebiTi mTlianobis~ aRdgenas
eswrafvis, pirvel yovlisa, axdens sakuTari inteleqtualuri da emociuri
Sreebis integrigebas saguldagulod organizebul enobriv sistemaSi. ena, am
SemTxvevaSi, warmoadgens inteleqtisa da emociis sityvier gamoxatulebas, e. w.
obieqtur korelats, romelic praqtikul funqcias sZens `asaxvis process~.
elioti Tvlis, rom `obieqturi korelatis~ dadgena ganuxrelad emsaxureba
SegrZnebebisa da emociebis praqtikulad mowesrigebis saqmes. `obieqturi
korelati~ eliotisaTvis aris mwerlis mier mxatvruli nawarmoebis struqturis,
mis simboloTa sistemis imgvari lingvisturi realizacia, romlis aRqmac myisve
iwvevs avtoris mier Cafiqrebuli emociis aRdgenas~ (curganova 1977: 21), anu
cxadyofs avtoris emociur mdgomareobas teqstis konkretuli monakveTis Seqmnis
procesSi.
msgavsi postulati savsebiT misaRebi aRmoCnda amerikuli `axali kritikis~
pionerebisaTvis. `axali kritikis~ esTetikur Teoriaze didi zegavlena iqonia
eliotis mier SemuSavebulma `obieqturi korelatis~ doqtrinam, romelic
mWidrod daukavSirda xelovnebis rogorc `arapersonaluri~ movlenis gaazrebas.
eliotis neokritikul koncefciaSi `Sinagani esTetikuri faqti~ `obieqturi
korelatis~ rogorc `Suamavlis~ daxmarebiT iqceva `garegan faqtad~, anu
nawarmoebi kargavs `pirianobis~ gagebas da depersonalizebul fenomenad
transformirdeba (gardaiqmneba).
sakmaod zusti aRmoCnda fujitivistTa mier gamocemuli Jurnalis saTauri
`The Fugitive~ _ `ltolvili~. fujitivistebi Tanabrad gaurbodnen rogorc
amerikis samxreTis Zvel, CamorCenil tradiciebs, ise Tanamedrove burJuaziuli
civilizaciis gzaze Semdgari `axali amerikis~ normebsa da wesebs. Jurnali
eskapistur (Escape _ gaqceva) xasiaTs atarebda, eskapizmis saukeTeso
gamoxatuleba iyo fujitivistTa antiistorizmi, erTnairi undobloba warsulis
`idealebisa~ da Tanamedrove `standartebis~ mimarT. sagulisxmoa is garemobac,
rom Jurnalis arsebobis sakmaod mcire xnis ganmavlobaSi (1922-1926 ww.) cxadad
gamoikveTa skolis damfuZnebelTa poziciebis siWrele: miuxedavad erTiani
Teoriuli placdarmisa, fujitivistebi Tamamad amkvidrebdnen poetikis
individualur principebs, rasac 1926 wels jgufis daSla mohyva Sedegad. magram
fujitivistTa koleqtiuri funqcionirebis Sewyvetam, Cveni azriT, gamoiRo ara
marto uaryofiTi Sedegi, vgulisxmobT jgufis wevrTa pirovnul gaTiSulobas,
aramed dadebiTi rolic Seasrula amerikuli literaturaTmcodneobis istoriaSi:
fujitivistebi gaifantnen mTeli amerikis (da ara marto amerikis, evropisac)
masStabiT da SeZles TavianTi doqtrinis gavrceleba inglisur-amerikul

86
literaturaTmcodneobiT sivrceSi. fujitivisturi moZraoba samarTlianad
miiCneva amerikuli `axali kritikis~ ganviTarebis pirvel seriozul etapad.
termini `axali kritika~ jer kidev spinharnis amave saxelwodebis saleqcio
kursis publikaciis (1911 w.) Semdgom ixmareboda amerikul
literaturaTmcodneobiT wreebSi, magram 1941 wels j. q. rensomis mier
gamoqveynebulma wignma `axali kritika~ sabolood daamkvidra igi ara mxolod
inglisur-amerikuli, aramed msoflio literaturaTmcodneobis masStabiT.

amerikuli `axali kritikis~ ZiriTadi tendenciebi

amerikuli `axali kritikis~ gaformeba 1941 wels ganxorcielda, Tumca

ZiriTadi Teoriuli Sromebi ufro adre daiwera. es gaxldaT j. q. rensomis
`samyaros substancia~, a. teitis `reaqciuli Canawerebi~, q. bruqsisa da r. p.
uorenis `poeziis gagebisaTvis~ da `prozis gagebisaTvis~. garda amisa, gamodioda
Zalze seriozuli da sayuradRebo Jurnalebi: `Southern Review”, `Kenyon Review”,
`Sewanee Review”.
`axali kritikis~ Teoriuli skolis umTavresi problema iyo literaturuli
teqstis arsis gansazRvra da kvleva, anu teqstis analitikuri kiTxva da
invariantuli interpretacia misi formaluri aspeqtebis maqsimaluri aqcentirebis
fonze.
amerikuli `axali kritikis~ arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli eliotis, riCardsis,
spinharnisa da hiumis neokritikul ideaTaA gamTlianeba da gaRrmaveba iyo.
msgavsad zemoT dasaxelebuli avtoritetebisa, `axali kritikis~
warmomadgenlebic mtkivneulad aRiqvamdnen Tanamedrove samyaroSi gamefebul qaoss,
Tvlidnen, rom samyaro CaZiruli iyo Tanamedrove mecnieruli progresisa da
kapitalisturi merkantilizmis morevSi da TandaTan emijneboda saukeTeso
tradiciebs, maT Soris _ poezias. `axali kritika~ uyoymanod daubrunda
`samyaros xsnis~ neokritikul mowodebas.
`axali kritikis~ mesveurebs miaCndaT, rom samyaros `mTlianobisa~ da
`harmoniis~ aRdgenis utyuar gzas poeziis gza warmoadgenda. isini Tvlidnen, rom
poezias, misi Sinaganad organizebuli formaluri struqturiT, Seswevda Zala,
daeZlia winaaRmdegobani da gamoemuSavebina Rirebuli alternativa. calkeul,
izolirebul xangrZlivobebad, paradoqsebad da ambivalentobebad dayofili
teqsti, `axali kritikis~ Teoriuli doqtrinis Tanaxmad, damajereblad
mTliandeboda erT, myar struqturul modelSi, anu qaotur masas poezia
(literatura) mowesrigebul struqturad gardaqmnida. j. q. rensomi werda:
`poeti Tavis TxzulebaSi ukvdavyofs samyaros wesrigs, romelic yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi iZulebis wesiT irRveva. poetis xotbis obieqti realuri,
individualuri da Tvisebrivad ganusazRvreli ram aris~ (rensomi 1941: 34). `es
mTlianoba TvalnaTliv azaralebs mecnierebasac da saR azrsac, _ ganagrZobda q.
bruqsi, _ igi aduRabebs sruliad gansxvavebul da winaaRmdegobriv movlenebs~
(bruqsi 1951: 625). cxadia, rom `axali kritikis~ Teoretikosebi TvalnaTliv
amarTlebdnen eliotisa da riCardsis Teoriul princips _ ganesazRvraT poezia
rogorc cxovrebiseuli peripetiebis amsaxveli kompleqsuri modeli. amasTan,
igrZnoboda gansxvavebac: Tu riCardsis Teoriul sistemaSi gansakuTrebul rols
asrulebda poeti, romlis emociuri da enobrivi energia, Sesabamisad,

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gansazRvravda teqstis emociur da lingvistur models, `axali kritikis~
warmomadgenlebi did yuradRebas uTmobdnen mkiTxvelis faqtorsac. teqstis
analizis procesSi maTTvis mniSvnelobda ara mxolod poeti, aramed mkiTxvelic,
rogorc aRmqmeli. Tvisebrivad, `axali kritika~ koncentrirebuli iyo teqstis
formalur aspeqtze, anu literaturuli nawarmoebis miseuli gaazreba
formalistur xasiaTs atarebda. ramdenad emTxveoda amerikuli `axali kritikis~
formalisturi meTodi evropuli, kerZod, rusuli da Cexuri formalizmis
principebs? mxolod nawilobriv: gansxvavebiT rusi da Cexi formalistebisagan,
romlebic mxatvruli teqstis faseuli literaturuli modelis dadgenaSi
gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen specifikur mxatvrul da enobriv
konstruqciebs, `axali kritikis~ mesveurTa formalisturi interesi sakmaod
limitirebuli (dasazRvruli) iyo: maT imdenad ainteresebdaT forma, ramdenadac
is gansazRvravda teqstis mniSvnelobas, anu arsebiTobas.
magram `axali kritikis~ interesi literaturuli nawarmoebis `arsebiTobis~
mimarT ar Crdilavda mis interess teqstis lingvisturi aspeqtebisadmi. bruqsi
garkveviT werda: `poeturi ena aris specifikuri ena, sadac konotaciebi
(Tanamdevi, damatebiTi mniSvnelobebi) iseTsave did rols asruleben, rogorc
denotaciebi~ (ZiriTadi mniSvnelobebi) (bruqsi 1951: 155). metic, `axali kritikis~
warmomadgenelTa azriT, teqstis mxatvrul-esTetikur Rirebulebas bevrad
gansazRvravda mowesrigebuli enobrivi sistema rogorc poeturi nebis
srulyofili nimuSi. gamomdinare aqedan, `axali kritikis~ mesveurTaTvis
miuRebeli iyo mxatvruli nawarmoebis perifrazireba martiv Sinaarsobriv-Tematur
konteqstSi. isini saWirod miiCnevdnen teqstis koncentrirebul, analitikur
wakiTxvas da mravalmxriv gansjas. am azris aqcentirebis mizniT, `axalma
kritikam~ daamkvidra termini _ intencionaluri cTomileba. `intencionaluri
cTomileba~ aRniSnavda im arev-darevas, Seusabamobas, romelic arsebobda
avtoriseul intenciasa (mizandasaxulobasa) da teqstis vizualur versias Soris.
ufro mniSvnelovnad kritikosebi teqstis vizualur-realur versias miiCnevdnen,
avtoriseul intencias ki meorexarisxovan mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. amrigad,
literaturuli teqstis interpretaciis ganmsazRvrel kriteriums `axali
kritikis~ ideologebisaTvis warmoadgenda Tavad teqsti da ara avtoriseuli
komentarebi. es, cxadia, ar da ver abaTilebda sayovelTaod miRebul azrs
avtoris makontrolebeli funqciis Sesaxeb, magram seriozuli koreqtivi
(Sesworeba) Sehqonda masSi: `axali kritika~ gamoricxavda avtoris `diqtaturas~
teqstSi, vinaidan miiCnevda, rom weris procesSi SesaZlebeli da mosalodnelia
avtoris uneburi wiaRsvlebis `gaJonva~. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, avtoris
kontroli teqstze pirobiT movlenad aRiqmeboda. meore mxriv, mkiTxvelis rolis
gaaqtiurebas daukavSirda `axali kritikis~ wiaRSi SemuSavebuli meore termini _
emociuri cTomileba. mkiTxvels, _ amtkicebdnen terminis avtorebi uiliam q.
uimseti da monro berdzli, _ romelic midrekilia amgvari cTomilebisaken,
teqstSi arsebuli realuri emociuri nakadi mudmivad ereva im emociur
damokidebulebaSi, romelsac Tavad gamoimuSavebs teqstis mimarT. emocia Crdilavs
realobas, mgrZnobeloba _ teqstis mxatvrul Rirsebas. sad aris gamosavali?
mxolod koncentrirebul kiTxvaSi, miiCnevdnen kritikosebi, vinaidan teqstis
analitikuri, mravaljeradi (da ara erTjeradi) wakiTxva ueWvelad ixsnis
mkiTxvels `emociuri cTomilebisgan~. am koncefciis Tanaxmad, avtorisagan
momdinare intenciebi da mkiTxveliseuli reaqciebi meore planze inacvleben da

88
adgils uTmoben literaturuli teqstis teqnikuri da strategiuli aspeqtebis
analizs. efeqti paradoqsulia: teqstis sistemuri kontroli amTlianebs
opoziciebs da aRwevs sasurvel koherentulobas (urTierTdakavSirebulobas).
`kargi literatura~, `axali kritikis~ TeoretikosTa rwmeniT, koherentulia,
radgan koherentuloba uzrunvelyofs teqstualuri paradoqsebis, arsebuli da
SesaZlebeli winaaRmdegobebis mTlianobas. avtoris rogorc teqstis
makoordinebeli elementis funqciis damdableba bevri literaturaTmcodnisaTvis
miuRebel siaxles warmoadgenda, magram `axali kritikis~ Teoriul sistemaSi mas
praqtikuli datvirTva eniWeboda: im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu nawarmoebis avtoris
vinaoba ucnobi iyo, kritikoss saSualeba eZleoda, `koncentrirebuli kiTxvis~
meSveobiT, miukerZoeblad da obieqturad ganexila teqsti. literaturuli
teqstis `koncentrirebuli wakiTxvis~ modeli spobs mijnebs, _ amtkicebdnen
amerikeli kritikosebi, _ da gardaqmnis maT zogadad adamianisaTvis misaReb
koherentul kondiciad.
`koncentrirebuli kiTxvis~ principebi Camoyalibebul iqna iseT seriozul
naSromebSi, rogoricaa q. bruqsisa da r. p. uorenis `poeziis gagebisaTvis~ da
`prozis gagebisaTvis~. q. bruqsi Tvlida, rom idealurad SeiZleba miviCnioT
mxolod formalisturad orientirebuli mkiTxveli, romelic amCnevs da
iTvaliswinebs teqstis xSirad dafarul niuansebs.
`axali kritika~ sruliad axali tipis profesionalizmis flagmanad
(medroSed) iqca. rensomis, teitis, uorenis, uelekis da sxvaTa xedviT,
literatura, gansakuTrebiT ki poezia, vulgaruli samyaros winaaRmdeg mimarTul
TavdacviT fronts warmoadgenda. `axali kritikis~ ideologia realobis
kristalizebul models qmnida: literaturas eniWeboda privilegia, harmoniuli
mTlianobis wiaRSi warmoeCina samyaros winaaRmdegobrivi buneba. am koncefciis
Tanaxmad, literatura (poezia) cxaddeboda erTgvar religiad, mzardi
kapitalizmis, industriuli revoluciebisa da mecnieruli racionalizmisagan
damcvel nostalgiur navTsayudelad. Sedegad, literaturam kerpis ieri SeiZina,
kritikam _ kerpTayvanismcemlis statusi: `axali kritikis~ arsebiT principad
teqstis fetiSizmi (gaRmerTeba, kerpad miCneva) iqca.
`axali kritikis~ Teoretikosebi, kerZod j. q. rensomi, miiCnevdnen, rom
literaturuli teqstis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia mWidro kontaqti
nawarmoebis ideasa da detalebs Soris. aseTi kontaqti uzrunvelyofda teqstis
rogorc samyaros ontologiuri (yofierebismieri) gamocdilebis mini-modelis
aRqmas da, gamomdinare aqedan, literaturasa da poezias gaiazrebda rogorc
codnas. lozungi `poezia aris codna~ gamoxatavda `axali kritikis~
TeoritikosTa meTodologiurad novatorul, fetiSistur mimarTebas poetur
teqstTan: codna da gamocdileba, romelsac literaturuli teqstidan viZenT,
amtkicebdnen isini, `unikaluria~, mis `unikalurobas~ ganapirobebs `adamianuri
gamocdilebis codna~, rac yalibdeba mwerlis mier esTetikuri obieqtis Seqmnis
winaaRmdegobriv procesSi. magram ras warmoadgens Tavad `esTetikuri obieqti~?
`esTetikuri obieqti~ realobidan gamomdinare, magram saguldagulod
filtrirebuli impulsebis meSveobiT Seqmnili mikrosamyaroa, acxadebdnen isini,
damoukidebeli literaturuli faqtia, romelic wyvets yovelgvar kavSirs
garemomcvel realobasTan da arsebobs Caketili, imanenturad (Sinaganad)
ganviTarebadi struqturuli mTlianobis saxiT. teqstis rogorc struqturuli
mTlianobis gaazrebam `axali kritikis~ Teoretikosebi organuli formis ideasTan

89
miiyvana. `organuli forma~ realur gamocdilebaze dafuZnebul organul
koncentracias warmoadgenda, anu xelovnebis nimuSis, am SemTxvevaSi,
literaturuli teqstis gamomsaxvelobiT funqcias enacvleboda realobidan
SemoWrili da formas damorCilebuli SemTxveviTi elementebis damoukidebeli
funqcionireba. `axali kritika~ uaryofda mxatvruli nawarmoebis analizis
tradiciul sqemas da teqstis analizis sawyis orientirad acxadebda
ontologiuri struqturis analizs, romlis poziciidanac mxatvruli nawarmoebi
`avtonomiurad arsebul esTetikur obieqtad~ warmodgeboda da damoukideblad
Tavsdeboda `arsebobis Caketil modelSi~.
amrigad, moaxdina ra xelovnebis cnebis gadatana `sulieri energiis~
sferodan `praqtikuli arsebobis~ sferoSi da literaturis rogorc xelovnebis
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi dargis asaxvis formad miiCnia ra organizebuli
enobrivi sistema, amerikulma `axalma kritikam~ sruliad novatoruli, SeiZleba
iTqvas, revoluciuri cvlilebebic ki Seitana kritikis istoriaSi.
marTebulad SeniSnavs e. curganova: `amerikuli `axali kritikis~ poziciidan
mxatvruli nawarmoebi ganixileba rogorc `esTetikuri obieqti~, gamoxatuli
`poeturi enis~ meSveobiT. `poeturi enis~ modelSi ganTavsebuli `esTetikuri
obieqti~ arsebobs misi Semoqmedis, anu avtorisa da garemomcveli pirobebisagan
damoukideblad, erTi, mTliani `organuli formis~ saxiT. ontologiuri statusiT
aRWurvili literaturuli nawarmoebi formis miRma iZleva codnas realuri
samyaros Sesaxeb~ (urnovi 1982: 35), am codnis aRqma ki nawarmoebis
struqturuli analizis, anu mravaljeradi, `koncentrirebuli kiTxvis~ procesSia
SesaZlebeli. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, `koncentrirebuli kiTxva~ mimarTulia
literaturuli nawarmoebis rogorc damoukidebeli, avtonomiuri organuli
mTlianobis gamovlenisaken.
me-20 saukunis 20_30-ian wlebSi `axali kritikis~ fuZemdebelTa mier
Camoyalibebuli da damuSavebuli Teoriuli koncefciebi 40-50-ian wlebSi
seriozul saganmanaTleblo kampaniad gaformda. gamoica saetapo mniSvnelobis
mqone Teoriuli Sromebi: r. uelekisa da o. uorenis `literaturis Teoria~, u.
uimsetis `sityvis RvTaeba~, q. bruqsisa da u. uimsetis `literaturuli kritika:
mokle istoria~. aRniSnul Teoriul Sromebs daefuZna amerikis (da ara mxolod
amerikis) sauniversiteto humanitaruli programa da literaturaTmcodneobiTi
periodika. am globaluri (yovlismomcveli) procesis gamomwvev ZiriTad mizezebad
unda dasaxeldes Semdegi: pirvel yovlisa, `axalma kritikam~ SeZlo marTebuli
pedagogiuri meTodis SemuSaveba amerikel studentTa Warbi da kvlavac mzardi
populaciisaTvis; da meore, literaturis `axal kritikiseuli~ analizi
amkvidrebda nawarmoebis mTlianobis ideas da aTavisuflebda mas nebismieri tipis
dezorientirebuli winaaRmdegobebisagan. opoziciebis Serigeba, `axali kritikis~
ideologTa azriT, warmoadgenda mxatvruli teqstis arsebiT maxasiaTebels,
msoflSegrZnebiTi `mTlianobisa~ da `harmoniis~ miRwevis utyuar gzas. j. q.
rensomi werda: `poeziis nimuSi~ demokratiul saxelmwifos waagavs.
pluralistur sistemas, romelic aviTarebs qveyanas misi moqalaqeebis piradi
Rirsebis Seulaxavad~ (rensomi 1941: 56). sruliad bunebrivia, rom `axali
kritika~ ara mxolod seriozul Teoriul mimdinareobad, aramed humanizmis
ideebis aqtiur mqadagebladac Seracxes.
magram aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom amave periodSi, anu 40-50-ian wlebSi,
SeiniSneba garkveuli meTodologiuri ekleqtizmis gamovlena `axali kritikis~

90
Teoriul sistemaSi, rac, cxadia, moaswavebda `axali kritikis~ Teoriuli skolis
ara mxolod ganviTarebas, aramed krizisul saxecvlilebasac: kriziss ganicdida
`axali kritikis~ ZiriTadi esTetikuri principi, romlis Tanaxmadac
literaturuli nawarmoebis kvleva gulisxmobda mis wmindad struqturul
analizs. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, `axali kritikis~ Teoriuli skolis zegavlena
amerikul da evropul literaturaTmcodneobaze marTlac STambeWdavi iyo: me-20
saukunis amerikuli kritikis istoria or periodad gaiyo _ `axal kritikamde~ da
mis Semdgom, xolo evropaSi aRmocenebuli Teoriuli skolebis didi nawili
Camoyalibda amerikul `axal kritikasTan~ mimarTebaSi: daeTanxma an gaemijna mas,
magram mudmivad gaiTvaliswina igi rogorc Rirseuli avtoriteti.

amerikuli `axali kritika~ da Tanamedrove literaturis Teoria

msjelobam amerikuli `axali kritikis~ meTodologiuri miRwevebisa Tu

Secdomebis irgvliv am skolis aqtiuri moRvaweobis dasasruls, 60-70-ian wlebSi
iCina Tavi. reaqcia ZiriTadad negatiuri iyo: axali talRis kritikosTa umetesoba
gaemijna amerikul `axal kritikas~ rogorc `tradiciul~, arsiT _
formalistur, xolo meTodologiurad _ eqsplikaciur (ganmmartebel)
mimdinareobas. `axalma kritikam~ `avtonomiuri organuli mTelisa~ da `koncent-
rirebuli kiTxvis~ cnebebis danergvisas, maTi azriT, angariSi ar gauwia iseT
mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs rogoricaa teqstis istoriuli, ideologiuri da
socialuri aspeqtebi. ramdenad samarTliani iyo es kritika da ramdenad zustad
Seafasa man amerikuli `axali kritikis~ damsaxureba literaturaTmcodneobis
winaSe?
`dRes `axali kritika~ ara mxolod gaZevebuli, xmarebidan gamosuli da
usicocxlo gvamia, aramed `mcdar~ da `ugunur~ mimdinareobadac aris miCneuli, _
werda aRSfoTebuli r. ueleki _ pirveli braldeba gaxlavT is, rom `axali
kritika~ `ezoTeruli (gandobilTaTvis gankuTvnili) esTetikis~ amaRorZinebeli
Teoriaa, romelsac ar ainteresebs literaturis sakacobrio mniSvneloba da
socialuri funqcia. am TvalsazrisiT, `axali kritika~ `formalistur~ xasiaTs
atarebs, anu uTanabrdeba marqsistebis mier araerTgzis galanZRul rus
kritikosTa jgufs; meore braldebis Tanaxmad, `axali kritika~ araistoriul
meTodologias qadagebs da mijnavs xelovnebis nimuSs misi warsulisa da
istoriuli konteqstisagan; mesame braldeba xazs usvams `axali kritikis~
mecnierul suliskveTebas da amtkicebs, rom `axali kritikis~ mizans warmoadgenda
literaturuli teqstis analizis dayvana mecnieruli analizis donemde; da
bolos, meoTxe braldebis mixedviT, `axalma kritikam~ gaamartiva pedagogiuri
principebi amerikaSi. me msurs davasabuTo am braldebaTa usafuZvloba. iseTi
STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos Tanamedrove kritikosebs rigianad arc ki aqvT
wakiTxuli `axali kritikis~ anTologia. me Rrmad mwams, rom `axali kritikis~
saxeliT damkvidrebuli araerTi Teoria aqtualuri iyo, aris da iqneba, vidremdis
adamianebi fiqroben literaturisa da poeziis arsisa da funqciis Sesaxeb~
(ueleki 1963: 55).
vfiqrobT, uelekis agresiuli toni safuZvels moklebuli ar iyo. `axali
kritika~ xSirad asrulebda gantevebis vacis rols gamwvavebuli Teoriuli
debatebis procesSi. Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi ara mxolod uaryofiTad

91
afasebdnen `axali kritikis~ ZiriTad principebs, aramed damatebiT, xSirad
sruliad daumsaxurebel codvebsac miawerdnen jer kidev moqmed metrebs.
samarTlianad SeniSnavda u. sparlini: `Tanamedrove komentatorTa garkveuli
nawili mxolod imitom ebrZvis axal kritikas, rom xazi gausvas sakuTar
radikalizms. am mizniT isini xSirad zedmetadac amartiveben axali kritikis mier
wamoyenebul teqstis avtonomiurobis princips~ (sparlini 1995: 3). `axali
kritikis~ moRvaweobis Sefaseba 70-iani wlebis Teoriul sivrceSi `umsgavsi
Svilis~ garozgvas ufro waagavda, vidre seriozuli da saetapo
literaturaTmcodneobiTi mimdinareobis jerovan dafasebas.
`axal kritikas~, iseve rogorc yvela sxva mniSvnelovan Teoriul
koncefcias, hqonda Tavisi nakli, magram hqonda mravali Rirsebac.
`axali kritikis~ arsebiT sisusted, albaT, misi araistorizmi,
depersonalizmi da eqstrateqstualuri (teqstgareSe) faqtorisadmi principuli
gulgriloba unda CaiTvalos. `axali kritika~ qadagebda nawarmoebis avtonomiuri
arsebobis ideas da ontologiur (yofierebiT) statuss aniWebda mas. Znelia
daeTanxmo `axali kritikis~ formulas: `nawarmoebi ar unda niSnavdes, is unda
iyos. mniSvnelovania ara nawarmoebis Sinaarsi, aramed misi arseboba~. msgavsi
Teoriuli radikalizmi, cxadia, seriozul problemebs uqmnis `axali kritikis~
skolis avtoritetul Teoriebs: erTi mxriv, Wirs teqstis analizi wmindad
struqturuli formis konteqstSi, meore mxriv, rTuldeba xelovnebis WeSmariti
raobis dadgena mxolod calkeul elementTa imanenturi (Sinagani) funqcionirebis
rakursSi.
magram, miuxedavad garkveuli sisusteebisa, `axali kritikis~ kontribuciebi
(damsaxureba) Tanamedrove literaturis Teoriis mimarT uaRresad mniSvnelovania.
`axalma kritikam~ SeZlo gardatexis Setana literaturuli nawarmoebis analizis
tradiciul sistemaSi da gezi ucvala kritikosTa interesebs. `axalma kritikam~
win wamoiwia `teqstis~ miviwyebuli cneba da nawarmoebis sulier-fsiqologiuri
analizis relsebze gadasuli kritika praqtikuli analizis samsaxurSi Caayena.
`axali kritikis~ mier damkvidrebulma meTodologiurma simkacrem seriozuli
Sedegebi gamoiRo mxatvruli teqstis globaluri Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT: erTi
mxriv, `axali kritikis~ mier wamoyenebulma teqstis avtonomiurobis ideam
gaamyara teqstis rogorc damoukidebeli diskursis avtoriteti; meore mxriv,
`axalma kritikam~ safuZveli Cauyara teqstis gaazrebis mTel rig praqtikul
meTodebs, romlebic sistematizebul xasiaTs atareben da, gamomdinare maTi rTuli
da saintereso struqturidan, mudmivi reproducirebis (kvlavwarmoebis) obieqtebs
warmoadgenen. samarTlianad SeniSnavs u. e. qeini: `axali kritikis~ mier
literaturuli kvlevis sferoSi Catarebuli gakveTilebi agrZeleben TavianT
arsebobas, ayalibeben efeqturi swavlebis normebs da adgenen sazRvrebs, romelTa
farglebSi damkvidrebasac cdilobs TiTqmis mTeli kritika. swored `axali
kritika~ gansazRvravs da amyarebs praqtikuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi kvlevis
birTvs _ literaturuli teqstebis koncentrirebul kiTxvas~ (curganova 1996:
158-159).
`rac ufro radikalurad ganvsjiT adre arsebuls, _ werda pol de mani, _
miT ufro didia Cveni damokidebuleba masze~ (sparlini 1995: 3). am citatis
parifrazi, albaT, ase gaiJRerebs: amerikuli `axali kritikis~ rogorc `modidan
gamosuli~, `usargeblo~ Teoriuli sistemis Sefaseba mcdaria, vinaidan gagrZeleba
yovelTvis gulisxmobs sawyisi orientiris arsebobas. `axali kritika~ swored is

92
Teoriuli skolaa, romelsac mudmivad unda gaewios angariSi
literaturaTmcodneobis istoriaSi.

damowmebani:

bertensi 2001: Bertens H. Literary Theory. The Basics. London and New York: 2001.
bruqsi 1951: Brooks Cl. Irony as a Principle of Structure // Literary Opinions in America. Ed. by E. D. Zabel. -
New York: 1951.
elioti 1987: Элиот Т. Традиция и индивидуальный талант // Зарубежная зстетика и теория
литературы XIX-XX веков. М.: 1987.
rensomi 1941: Ransom J. C. The New Criticism. Norfolk: 1941.
sparlini 1995: Sparlin W. J. Introduction // The New Criticism and Contemporary Literary Theory. –New
York and London: 1995.
spinharni 1917: Spingarn J. E. The New Criticism // Creative Criticism. Essays on the Unity of Genus and
Taste. New York: 1917.
ueleki 1963: Wellek R. Concepts of Criticism. Yale: 1963.
urnovi 1982: Урнов Д. Литературное произведение в оценкe англо-американской `новой критики~.
М.: 1982.
curganova 1977: Цурганова Е. История возникновения и основные идеи `неокритической“ школы в
США // Теории, школы, концепции (критические анализы). Художественный текст и
контекст реальности. М.: 1977.
curganova 1996: Цурганова Е. Тщательное прочтение // Современное зарубежное
литературоведение. М.: 1996.

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 Tamar lomiZe

struqturalizmi

struqturalizmi, rogorc humanitarul kvlevaTa garkveuli mimarTuleba,

rusuli formalizmis ideaTa memkvidres warmoadgens. rus formalistTa msgavsad,
struqturalistebi miznad isaxavdnen mecnierulad (gareTeoriuli wanamZRvrebis _
f. de sosiuris struqturuli lingvistikis, k. g. iungis fsiqoanalitikuri
Teoriis da a. S. meSveobiT) dafuZnebuli koncefciebis Seqmnasa da maT safuZvelze
konkretuli (eTnografiuli, literaturuli da sxv.) masalis farTo speqtris
gaanalizebas.
meoce saukunis sxva literaturaTmcodneobiT mimarTulebaTagan gansxvavebiT,
struqturalizmi imTaviTve ar warmoadgenda Teoriulad erTian skolas. man
gamoxatuleba pova specialur samecniero kvlevebSi, romlebic xorcieldeboda
humanitaruli codnis sxvadasxva sferoSi. amgvarad, struqturalizmi SeiZleba
ewodos, ZiriTadad, meTods, romelic ar arsebobs specialuri obieqtis gareSe,
romlis mimarTac is gamoyeneba.
struqturalizmis ideebma sagangebo popularoba da sruli ganviTareba pova
safrangeTSi. frang moazrovneTagan struqturalizmis yvelaze saxelganTqmuli da
originaluri warmomadgenlebi iyvnen: eTnologi klod levi-strosi, mecnierebis
istorikosi miSel fuko, fsiqologi Jak lakani da literaturaTmcodne rolan
barti.
klod levi-strosis saxeli cnobilia yvelasTvis, visac ainteresebs
humanitarul mecnierebaTa im mimarTulebis arsi, romelic gansazRvra
struqturalizmis Teoriulma programam. xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi
swored levi-strosi ganasaxierebda humanitarul struqturalizms rogorc am
mimarTulebis momxreTaTvis, aseve _ mis mowinaaRmdegeTaTvis. zogierTi kritikosi
imasac ki miiCnevda, rom levi-strosis gardacvalebasTan erTad damTavrda
`klasikuri struqturalizmis~ xana.
30-ian wlebSi zogierTi amerikeli eTnografis naSromTa gacnobam levi-
strosi daarwmuna, rom adamianTa tipebi da maTi cxovrebis wesebi gacilebiT
ufro mravalferovania, vidre filosofosTa `evropocentristuli~ da, maSasadame,
SezRuduli warmodgena adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb (es ukanaskneli emyareboda
TviTanalizisa da refleqsiis (gansjis) filosofiur meTods, romelic
kerZoobiTsa da subieqturs gaiazrebda sayovelTaosa da absoluturis saxiT).
levi-strosma xeli aiRo filosofiaze da Seudga eTnografiul kvlevebs, maT
Soris _ konkretul, `savele~ kvlevebs samxreT amerikis indielTa tomebs Soris.
am kvlevaTa Sedegad mopovebuli masalis gasaanalizeblad levi-stross unda
gamoeyenebina imgvari konkretul-mecnieruli meTodi, romlis meSveobiT is
SeZlebda, jer erTi, mravalferovani eTnografiuli monacemebis sistematizebas da,
garda amisa, uCveulo ritualebsa da wes-CveulebebSi intuiciurad navaraudevi
wesrigis aRmoaCens.
levi-strosi amgvari meTodiT uzrunvelyo struqturulma lingvistikam. es
ganxorcielda 1941-1945 wlebSi, rodesac aSS-Si myofi levi-strosi dauaxlovda
roman iakobsons. lingvistikis struqturul-semiotikuri meTodi misadagebul iqna

94
axali masalisadmi. amgvarad aRmocenda eTnologiuri struqturalizmi, anu
struqturuli anTropologia.
kvlevis Sedegebma mecniers farTo aRiareba moutana, magram, amave dros,
gamoiwvia mZafri diskusiebi da kritikuli gamoxmaurebebi. isini exeboda ojaxur-
naTesauri damokidebulebebis axal tipologias (`naTesaobis elementaruli
struqturebi~, 1949), totemizmis problemis axlebur gadawyvetas (`totemizmi
amJamad~, 1962), pirvelyofili azrovnebis axal Teorias (`velurTa azrovneba~,
1962), miTebis struqturul-semiotikur ganmartebas (oTxtomiani seria
`miTologiurni~, 1964-1971) da, agreTve, ritualuri niRbebis struqturul-
semiotikur interpretacias (`niRbebis gza~, 1975). amas daemata mecnieruli
kvlevis meTodologiur problemaTa analizi, axal hipoTezaTa SemuSaveba
sazogadoebis funqcionirebisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb da, bolos, filosofiuri
msjelobani `axali humanizmis~ koncefciasTan dakavSirebiT (`sevdiani tropikebi~,
1955; `struqturuli anTropologia~, 1958; `struqturuli anTropologia II~,
1973 da sxva naSromebi).
yovelive amas ewoda `eTnologiuri struqturalizmi~, romelic
enaTesaveboda struqturalizms lingvistikaSi, literaturaTmcodneobasa da
zogierT sxva sferoSi. amasTan, TviT levi-strosi ara marto ar emijneboda
struqturalizms rogorc mimarTulebas, aramed e. w. `araWeSmarit~
struqturalistebsac asaxelebda. ase, magaliTad, 1970 w. 30 maiss is werda k.
klemans: `safrangeTSi aris sami WeSmariti struqturalisti _ benvenisti,
diumezili da me, xolo maT, visac struqturalistebs uwodebT, am mimarTulebas
mxolod gaugebrobis gamo miakuTvnebT~ (klemansi 1974: 196).
codnis humanitarul sferoebSi spekulaturi _ hipoTezebi yovelTvis
(aSkarad an farulad) emyareboda garkveul filosofias. amitom gasakviri araa,
rom miswrafeba spekulaturobis gadalaxvisa da zusti, dasabuTebuli Teoriebis
Seqmnisadmi TiTqmis yovelTvis ukavSirdeboda `antifilosofiur~ tendencias.
struqturalizmSi es tendencia gamovlinda mecnieruli codnis arafilosofiuri
dafuZnebis mcdelobis saxiT.
am mizniT gamoyenebul iqna struqturuli lingvistikis postulatebi. levi-
strosis azriT, struqturuli lingvistika `erTaderTi sazogadoebrivi
mecnierebaa, romelsac SeiZleba hqondes mecnierulobis pretenzia~ (levi-strosi
1958: 37). saqme is ki araa, rom am axal mecnierebas myari avtoriteti da
efeqturi meTodebi gaaCnda, aramed is, rom aq SeiZleba vimsjeloT sruliad sxva,
ufro seriozuli mizezebis Sesaxeb.
jer erTi, lingvistikam miaRwia mecnieruli sizustis ideals, pirvel
yovlisa, enaSi niSnobrivi aspeqtis gamoyofis wyalobiT, anu misi, rogorc niSanTa
sistemis gaazrebis meSveobiT. amasTan, niSanTa sistemebi arsebobs ara marto enaSi,
aramed – kulturis mraval sxva sferoSic. magaliTad, pirvelyofili
sazogadoebrivi cxovreba mTlianad gamsWvalulia niSanTa sistemebiT. `rodesac
vixilavT, - wers levi-strosi, _ ama Tu im religiur sistemas, vTqvaT,
totemizms an socialuri organizaciis romelsame formas... - Cveulebriv, vsvamT
amgvar kiTxvas: `ras niSnavs yovelive es?~ da imisTvis, raTa vupasuxoT mas,
vcdilobT, Cvens enaze gadmovitanoT imTaviTve sxva enaze Seqmnili wesebi~ (levi-
strosi 1958: 19).


fukos, lakansa da altiusers.

95
 garda amisa, lingvistikaSi, iseve, rogorc sxva mecnierebebSi, niSanTa sistema
warmoadgens struqturuli kvlevis privilegirebul obieqts. marTlac, calkeuli
niSani (an, sosiuris terminologiiT, misi grZnobadad aRqmadi nawili _
`aRmniSvneli~), romelic sxva movlenis (sosiuris terminologiiT, `aRsaniSnis~)
Semcvleli an warmomadgenelia, TavisTavad araarsebiTia. mas SeiZleba Caenacvlos
sxva aRmniSvneli. magaliTad, enaSi akustikuri niSnebis (metyveleba) Canacvlebas
axorcielebs grafikuli niSnebi (wera). arsebiTia is mimarTebebi sistemaSi,
romlebsac niSnebi amyareben urTierTTan, anu misi (enis) Sinagani struqtura.
swored amas ukavSirdeba struqturalizmis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri
moTxovna, anu `mimarTebaTa meTodologiuri primati (upiratesoba) sistemis
elementebTan SedarebiT~. `tradiciuli sociologiis, iseve, rogorc tradiciuli
lingvistikis Secdoma, - amtkicebda levi-strosi, _ imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is
ganixilavda elementebs, da ara mimarTebebs elementTa Soris~ (levi-strosi 1958:
57). magaliTad, miTebSi cdilobdnen maTi calkeuli elementebis interpretirebas,
maTive Sida mimarTebebis, maTi specifikuri `enis~ garkvevis gareSe. amis Sedegad
warmoiqmneboda subieqtivisturi da qaoturi interpretaciebi, rac ar iZleoda
obieqturad dasabuTebuli codnis mopovebis SesaZleblobas.
iracionaluri winarelogikuri azrovnebis Sesaxeb l. levi-briulis mier
SemuSavebuli koncefciis kritikis safuZvelze da struqturul-semiotikuri
meTodebis meSveobiT levi-strosi aaSkaravebs, rom pirvelyofil azrovnebas
klasifikatoruli xasiaTi aqvs da is viTardeba igiveobis, dapirispirebisa da
gamoricxuli mesamis iseTive logikuri kanonebis mixedviT, rogorsac emyareba
Tanamedrove azrovneba. amasTan, pirvelyofili azrovneba ara ubralod asaxavs
samyaros, aramed _ cdilobs kidec, mas meti harmoniuloba mianiWos. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom aq safuZveli eyreba im ideologias, romelic sasurvels sinamdviled
miiCnevs.
levi-strosi miTebs daSlili sistemis nawilebad miiCnevs. mkvlevris
amocanaa am sistemis rekonstruireba. levi-strosis azriT, sul erTia, drois
nakads aRma mivadevnebT Tvals, Tu daRma davyvebiT. im zogad doneze, sadac kvleva
xorcieldeba, istoriul transformaciaTa mniSvneloba nivelirdeba an, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, Zalze sustdeba. maSasadame, miTi isaa, rac anadgurebs dros, miTi _
maradisobis zedroulobaa. amitomac miTebi SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogorc
dakarguli drois Zieba da, amasTan erTad, rogorc drois ganadgureba.
gamovyoT levi-strosis Teoriuli koncefciis is sayrdeni punqtebi,
romlebic ganapirobebs rogorc eTnologiur kvlevaTa Tavdapirvel miznebs,
amocanebsa da principebs, aseve maT Semdgom xorcSesxmas. esenia: 1.
inteleqtualuri racionalizmi; 2. lingvisturi meTodologia; 3.
transcendentaluri subieqturobis uaryofa da mis nacvlad socialurobisa da
komunikatiurobis postulatis aRiareba; 4. bunebisa da kulturis SemaerTebeli
`xidis~, agreTve `socialurobis nulovani xarisxis~ Zieba; 5. eTnologiisa da
istoriis urTierTgamomricxavi Sepirispireba, rodesac istoria mTlianad
eqvemdebareba struqturuli meTodis meSveobiT ganxorcielebul interpretaciebs.
levi-strosis koncefcia ar ganmartavs struqturaTa urTierTmonacvleobas
istoriul procesSi, magram Zalze zustad da amomwuravad aRwers kulturis
moqmed meqanizmebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofs mis funqcionirebas garkveuli
istoriuli periodis ganmavlobaSi.

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 `struqturuli fsiqoanalizis~ koncefciis avtorma, frangma
fsiqoanalitikosma da filosofosma Jak lakanma, levi-strosis msgavsad, ganicada
sosiuris lingvisturi Teoriisa da rusuli formalizmis zegavlena. garda amisa,
lakanis SexedulebaTa Camoyalibeba mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra levi-strosis
`struqturulma anTropologiamac~. Tavdapirvelad lakani Tavs orTodoqs
froidistad miiCnevda da acxadebda: `me var is, vinc waikiTxa froidi~.
sinamdvileSi ki man ganaxorciela froidiseuli fsiqoanalizis sruli gadaazreba,
froidis triadas _ id, ego, superego _ lakanTan enacvleba fsiqikis aseve
samwevra struqtura _ warmosaxuli, simboluri, realuri.
`simboluri~ - esaa enis mowesrigebuloba anu, ufro zustad, TviT wesrigi.
simboluri win uswrebs adamianis dabadebas da Tavs axvevs mas konkretul saxels,
gvars, agreTve _ socialur garemos, romlis wiaRSic is daibadeba da gaizrdeba.
`warmosaxuli~ _ esaa mocemuli wesrigis CarCoebSi warmoqmnili sagangebo
variaciebi, romlebic ganapirobebs TiToeuli individis ganumeorebel
Taviseburebebs. warmosaxulis safuZvelia subieqtis ojaxis istoria, adreuli
bavSvobisas mosmenili ambebi winaparTa Sesaxeb, aRzrdisa da kulturuli
ganviTarebis Tanmxlebi detalebi.
`realuria~ is, rac codnis miRma arsebobs da miuwvdomelia
fsiqoanalitikuri kvlevisTvis. simbolurisa da warmosaxulis urTierTqmedeba
warmoqmnis erTgvar ekrans, romelic icavs subieqts realobisgan. rodesac (ama Tu
im mizezis gamo) es ekrani qreba, realoba iWreba subieqtis gancdaTa samyaroSi da
maSin warmoiSveba halucinaciebi, pirovnebis gaoreba, ukontrolo qmedebebi, saSiSi
iluziebi.
am koncefciis amosavali debulebebi warmodgenili iyo lakanis naSromSi
`sarkis stadia da misi roli `me~-s funqciis CamoyalibebaSi~ (1949).
mecnieris azriT, adamiani naadrevad ibadeba. Cvili bavSvi jer kidev ar
gaxlavT damoukidebeli individi da is fragmentulad aRiqvams sakuTar sxeuls.
mxolod 6-18 Tvis asakSi, rodesac bavSvi sarkeSi cnobs Tavis gamosaxulebas, es
ukanaskneli mas mTlianobis saxiT warmoudgeba. amis Semdeg bavSvi swrafad
eufleba sakuTari sxeulis gamoyenebas.
amgvarad, warmosaxulis safuZvelia `sarkuli xati~ (anu `Cemi me~, imago).
subieqtSi me (ego) da interiorizebuli `Cemi me~ yovelTvis Tanaarsebobs da,
aseve, mis mexsierebaSi samudamod aRibeWdeba imTaviTve aRqmuli distancia maT
Soris, es ki pirovnebis Sinagani gaorebis, `gaxleCis~ mizezad gvevlineba.
sarkis stadiaze subieqts uyalibdeba warmodgena sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb,
romelic warmosaxulicaa da, imavdroulad, simboluric, radgan misi Camoyalibeba
ganuyoflad ukavSirdeba enas _ am ukanasknelis gareSe SeuZlebelia adamianis
arseboba samyaroSi.
mas Semdeg, rac 1953 wels lakanma romis saerTaSoriso fsiqoanalitikur
kongresze waikiTxa moxseneba `metyvelebisa da enis funqcia da veli
fsiqoanalizSi~, mecnieris yuradRebis centrSi aRmoCnda ukve ara warmosaxuli,
aramed _ simboluri, e. i. aracnobieris enobrivi gamovlinebebi. amasTan, Tu
sosiuri xazgasmiT aRniSnavda aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis ganuyoflobas, lakani,
piriqiT, amtkicebs, rom mTavaria TviT aRmniSvnelTa urTierTmimarTebebi.
aRmniSvnelTa urTierTqmedeba, romelsac aracnobieri gansazRvravs,
xorcieldeba kondensaciis an Senacvlebis principis Tanaxmad, rac enobriv planSi
Tavs iCens metaforis an metonimiis figuraTa saxiT. fsiqoanalitikosis amocanas

97
warmoadgens pacientis metyvelebaSi gamoyenebuli aRmniSvnelTa nakadis analizi da
misi aracnobieris struqturis rekonstruireba.
lakanis koncefcia ganapirobebs subieqtis imgvar gaazrebas, romelic
upirispirdeba klasikuri racionalizmis mier SemuSavebul Tvalsazriss. dekartis
formulas `vazrovneb, maSasadame _ varsebob~, sadac azrovnebis obieqti da
arsebobis subieqti erTmaneTs emTxveva, lakani unacvlebs formulas: `vazrovneb
iq, sadac ar varsebob da varsebob iq, sadac ar vazrovneb~, e. i. aq azrovnebis
obieqti da arsebobis subieqti urTierTgansxvavebulia.
amgvarad, lakanis mixedviT, aracnobieri `sxvaa~ (e. i. is gansxvavdeba `me~-
sgan, cnobierisgan, subieqturobisgan), magram – iseTi `sxva~, romelsac ZaluZs
`metyveleba~ da romlis struqturac emTxveva enis struqturas (`aracnobieri
struqturirebulia, rogorc ena~, lakanis cnobili postulatis Tanaxmad), xolo
subieqti warmoadgens sxvadasxvagvari Caketili `simboluri konturebis (ojaxis,
mezoblobis, korporaciis, eris) cvlads, gardamaval rgols. `subieqti isaa, rasac
erTi aRmniSvneli warudgens meore aRmniSvnels~, aRniSnavda lakani.
lakanis uSualo mowafeTa _ s. lekleris, m. manonis, J. b. pontalesisa da
sxvaTa garda, `struqturuli fsiqoanalizis~ cnebebsa da meTodebs ikvleven da
aqtiurad iyeneben Tanamedrove filosofosebi da kulturis Teoretikosebi _ l.
malvi, k.silvermani, s. JiJeki da sxvebi.
miSel fukos epistemologiurma koncefciam mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina
XX saukunis meore naxevarSi humanitaruli codnis ganviTarebis mTel procesze.
fukos ideuri evolucia saSualebas iZleva, misi Semoqmedeba sam periodad
daiyos. 60-ian wlebSi fukom Seqmna `SeSlilobis istoria klasikur epoqaSi~
(1961), `raimon ruseli~ (1963), `klinikis aRmoceneba~ (1963), `sityvebi da
sagnebi~ (1966), `codnis arqeologia~ (1969). 70-iani wlebi ukavSirdeba iseTi
naSromebis gamoqveynebas, rogoricaa `metyvelebis wesrigi~ (1971), `me, pier
rivieri...~ (1973), `zedamxedveloba da sasjeli~ (1975), `codnis-ken mimarTuli
neba~ (`seqsualobis istoria~, t. I, 1976). bolos, 80-iani wlebis ori ZiriTadi
da ukanaskneli naSromi `siamovnebiT sargebloba~ da `zrunva sakuTar Tavze~
(seqsualobis istoria, t. 2, 3. 1984 w.).
fukos Semoqmedebis pirvel periods ganekuTvneba saxelganTqmuli Txzuleba
`sityvebi da sagnebi: humanitarul mecnierebaTa arqeologia~, romelSic
gamokvleulia codnis im sami sferos paraleluri istoria, romlebic XIX
saukunis dasawyisisTvis Camoyalibda filologiis, politikuri ekonomiisa da
biologiis mecnierebaTa saxiT. am istoriaSi fuko gamoyofs sam
urTierTdamoukidebel SemecnebiT vels, anu epistemas _ aRorZinebis epoqas,
klasikur racionalizmsa da Tanamedroveobas. TiToeuli epistemis Sida kavSirebi
fukosTvis ufro mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa, vidre am epistemaTa
urTierTmimarTebebi. erTaderTi ram, rac aer-Tianebs epistemebs, esaa maTi
organizebis xerxi: `sityvebisa~ da `sagnebis~ semiotikur
urTierTdamokidebulebaTa esa Tu is tipi, romelic nebismieri istoriuli
periodis kulturaTa yvela sxva gamovlinebebis safuZvels warmoadgens.
aRorZinebis periodSi, fukos mixedviT, funqcionirebda epistema, romelic
emyareboda sityvebisa da sagnebis, samyarosa da misi aRmweri teqstebis
erTianobas. aRorZinebis epoqis epistema agebuli iyo wriuli principiT. sityvebi,
romlebic gvamcnobdnen sagnebis Sesaxeb, emyareboda sagnebs (radgan sityvebi
sagnebis nairsaxeobaa), xolo sagnebi, Tavis mxriv, dafuZnebuli iyo sityvebis

98
meSveobiT (radgan sagnebi SeiZleba wavikiTxoT sityvebis msgavsad). fuko ar eZebs
aRorZinebis epoqis epistemaSi momavali codnis Canasaxobriv formebs, is cdilobs
TviT am epistemis Sinagani wesrigis warmoCenas.
analogiurad ganixilavs fuko klasikuri racionalizmis epistemas. aq
sityvebisa da sagnebis kavSiris sferoa ara ontologia, aramed _ azrobrivi
warmodgenebis samyaro, romelic amieridan asabuTebs Semecnebisa da ama Tu im
saxis TeoriaTa SesaZleblobas. warmodgenaTa Sinagan kavSirs uzrunvelyofs ena,
romelic saganTa samyaros ki aRar erwymis, aramed _ Suamavlis funqcias
asrulebs Semecnebis sferoSi. es axali semiotikuri principi _ sityvisa da
sagnis kavSiri warmodgenis meSveobiT _ safuZvelia klasikuri epoqisdroindeli
Semecnebis im sami sferosi, romelTac fuko irCevs da urTierTs adarebs:
`simdidreTa analizi~, `sayovelTao gramatika~ da `bunebrivi istoria~. magaliTad,
sayovelTao gramatika ikvlevs enis mxolod im Tvisebebs, romlebic enas aqcevs
logikuri azrovnebis iaraRad; simdidreTa analizi afiqsirebs saazrovno
warmodgenaTa kavSirebSi simdidreTa dagrovebisa da brunvis, ekonomikis mTeli
funqcionirebis stimuls.
mesame etapi _ Tanamedrove epistema _ aigeba axal principze: warmodgenis
erTiani sivrce, romelic urTierTTan akavSirebda sityvebsa da sagnebs (klasikur
epistemaSi), ingreva da adgils uTmobs iseT ontologiur faqtorebs, rogoricaa
cxovreba, Sroma, ena. cxovrebis, Sromisa da enis TviTmyofadobisa da enamde maTi
dayvanis SeuZleblobis gamovlena Tanamedrove mecnierebaTa _ biologiis,
politikuri ekonomiisa da filologiis _ safuZvelia.
Semoqmedebis pirvel periodSi fuko dainteresebuli iyo agreTve Semecnebis
socialuri ganpirobebulobis problemiT, romelsac man miuZRvna Tavisi
sadoqtoro disertacia `SeSliloba da ugunureba: SeSlilobis istoria klasikur
epoqaSi~ (1961) da sxva naSromebi.
`SeSlilobis istoria~ emyareba normisa da paTologiis antiTezas, romelic
evropuli kulturis gansxvavebul epoqaTa kriteriumis saxiT gvevlineba. am
naSromSi istoria ise mkafiod araa dayofili periodebad, rogorc `sityvebsa da
sagnebSi~, magram aqac moniSnulia Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli etapebi. Sua
saukuneebsa da aRorZinebis epoqaSi `norma~ da `paTologia~, `racionaluri~ da
`iracionaluri~, `gonivruli~ da `ugunuri~ jer kidev myarad araa gamijnuli.
iracionaluri warmoadgens poeziisa da fantaziis sferos, romelic ara marto
ucxo araa gonisTvis, aramed mis umaRles gamovlinebasac warmoadgens.
racionalurisa da iracionaluris gamijvna, fukos azriT, ganxorcielda
ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi, romelic gamoricxavs maTi erTianobis, dialogis,
Senacvlebis SesaZleblobas. SeSlilebi imyofebodnen saerTo saavadmyofoebSi,
stacionarebSi, sadac, XVIII s. Sua xanebidan moyolebuli, aTavsebdnen ara marto
suliT avadmyofebs, aramed _ imiTac, visi qcevac scildeboda burJuaziuli
moralis farglebs: loTebs, mflangvelebs, muqTaxorebs, RvTis mgmobelebs,
umadur Svilebs da sxv. fukos azriT, fsiqikuri daavadeba, rogorc fenomeni,
warmoiSva ara medicinis ganviTarebis Sedegad, aramed - garkveuli socialuri
garemoebebis karnaxiT: jer erTi, es iyo SiSi epidemiebis winaSe, romelTa buded
iTvleboda swored `saerTo saavadmyofoebi~. garda amisa, es iyo ganviTarebadi
kapitalizmis socialur-ekonomikuri moTxovnilebebi, muSaxelis nakleboba, rac
moiTxovda SromisunarianTa ganTavisuflebas patimrobidan (da, Sesabamisad,
gamoiyofoda avadmyofTa kategoria, e. i. Sromisuunaroni). amgvarad, swored

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socialurma mizezebma aqcia fsiqikuri avadmyofoba damoukidebel kategoriad,
medicinam ki mxolod daafiqsira Tavis cnebaTa sistemaSi is damokidebuleba
SeSlilobisadmi, romelic Camoyalibda sazogadoebaSi.
kvleviTi muSaobis zemoaRniSnulma orma mimarTulebam – codnis
ganpirobebulobam socialuri mizezebiT, enis problemasTan aSkara kavSiris gareSe
(`fsiqikuri daavadeba da pirovneba~, `SeSlilobis istoria~, `klinikis
aRmoceneba~) da enis gamokvlevam farTo kulturuli mniSvnelobiT, misi
socialuri ganpirobebulobis analizis gareSe (`raimon ruseli~, `sityvebi da
sagnebi~) _ erToblivi xorcSesxma pova traqtatSi `codnis arqeologia~ (1969),
xolo momaval kvlevaTa programa aisaxa moxsenebaSi, romelic fukom waikiTxa
koleJ de fransSi, saxelwodebiT `enobrivi wesrigi~ (1971).
Semoqmedebis meore periodSi (70-iani wlebi) fuko cdilobs upasuxos
kiTxvas: rogor warmoiSoba codna adamianis Sesaxeb, mecnierebebi adamianis
Sesaxeb? mas ainteresebs, rogor warmoiqmneba adamianis individualoba, romelsac
Tanamedrove kultura ukavSirebs amden humanistur imeds. orive maTgani, SeniSnavs
mecnieri, zogjer ganimarteba rogorc socialuri wesrigis, burJuaziuli
socialuri mimarTebebis miuxedavad warmoSobili mocemulobebi. magram codna ar
warmoadgens socialuri meqanizmebis funqcionirebisTvis ucxo movlenas; piriqiT,
is warmoiSoba konkretuli socialuri wesrigis, `Zalauflebis mimarTebaTa~
konkretuli tipis wyalobiT. adamianis Sinagani samyaro, misi xelSeuxeblobiTa da
suverenulobiT _ metad iluzoruli TavSesafaria, vinaidan sxeulica da sulic
`igegmeba da warmoiSoba rogorc Zalauflebis meqanizmebis swored rom
warmosaxuli TavSesafrebi sayovelTao zedamxedvelobis sistemisgan~.
Semoqmedebis mesame periodSi fukos TxzulebebSi Tavs iCens axali
konceptualuri aqcentebi da axali cnebebi: am wignebSi kvlevis sagans
warmoadgens adamiani, rogorc vnebebis, ltolvebis, survilebis, tkbobis subieqti.
rogor ayalibebs adamiani sakuTari Tavisgan tkbobis subieqts? rogor da
ramdenad gansazRvravs mis qcevas moraluri cnobierebis struqturis wesebi da
kanonebi? amas fuko ikvlevs antikurobis masalaze. kerZod, is aRiarebs, rom
seqsualobis istoria Rirebulia ara TavisTavad, aramed _ rogorc saSualeba,
gansazRvrul iqnas im pirobaTa farTo speqtri, romlebSic adamiani moqmedebs da
qmnis Tavis cxovrebas Tavisuflebis sakmaod farTo gagebis safuZvelze. es
Tavisufleba ki gulisxmobs cvlilebaTa SesaZleblobas, qcevis stilistikis
SerCevas, sakuTar TavTan brZolas `askezis~ meSveobiT da a. S.
fukos ideuri evolucia Sinaganad kanonzomieri da Tanmimdevrulia, Tumca
misi bevri aspeqti jer kidev gasarkvevia.
XX s. 60-ian wlebSi franguli struqturalizmis erTgvar sakulto
figurad iqca rolan barti, romlis Sesaxeb daiwera mravali statia da
monografia, pamfleti da panegiriki.
aRiarebulia, rom barti yvelaze araTanmimdevruli iyo struqturalistTa
Soris misi interesebisa da naSromebis Tematikis mixedviT, magram moRvaweobis
`struqturalistur~ periodSi is Zalze Tanmimdevrulad icavda im tradicias,
romelmac biZgi misca jer rusuli formalizmis, Semdeg ki struqturalizmis
ganviTarebas. vgulisxmobT mecnieris miswrafebas misi koncefciis Te-oriuli
dafuZnebisadmi.

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 1953 wels bartma gamoaqveyna wigni `werilobis nulovani xarisxi~, sadac
gamoiyena da originalurad gaiazra amJamad sayovelTaod cnobili termini
weriloba (écriture).
barti mravalferovnad (da, zogjer, winaaRmdegobrivadac ki) ganmartavs am
termins, magram mTavari isaa, rom weriloba warmoadgens erovnuli enisa da
individualuri samwerlo stilis SemaerTebel rgols. erovnuli ena, bartis
mixedviT, ganasaxierebs socialur determinacias (ganpirobebulobas), xolo
individualuri stili _ bunebriv, biologiur determinacias. maSasadame, weriloba
warmoadgens bunebrivisa da socialur-kulturulis Suamavals adamianSi.
rac Seexeba werilobis nulovan xarisxs, esaa zRvari, romelic acilebs
mocemuli socialuri koleqtivisTvis SesaZlebels imisgan, rac am
koleqtivisTvis arc mizanSewonilia da arc gonivruli. ufro viwro gagebiT,
nulovani xarisxi _ esaa literaturuli Semoqmedebis SesaZlebloba mocemul
periodSi, misi safuZveli da amosavali wertili.
werilobis evoluciis bartiseuli interpretacia waagavs enobrivi da
stiluri fenomenebis avtomatizaciisa da deavtomatizaciis gaazrebas rusul
formalizmSi. kerZod, weriloba istoriulad ganicdis TandaTanobiTi gamyarebis
etapebs, rodesac, erTi mxriv, mimdinareobs misi dogmatizacia da `sakralizacia~,
meore mxriv ki _ mwvavdeba enis totalitarizmisgan misi ganTavisuflebis
aucilebloba. am ukanasknelis gamovlinebis erT-erT formas warmoadgens `TeTri~,
`neitraluri~, `gamWvirvale~ weriloba, anu misi nulovani xarisxi, romelic
Tavisufalia individualuri stilis yovelgvari gamovlinebebisgan (`nulovan
xarisxze dayvanili weriloba, arsebiTad, sxva araferia, Tu ara aramodaluri we-
riloba... weriloba aseT SemTxvevaSi daiyvaneba erTgvar negatiur modusze, sadac
nadgurdeba enis yvela socialuri da miTologiuri niSanTviseba, romlebic
adgils uTmobs neitralursa da inertul formas~ (barti 1983: 343)).
droTa ganmavlobaSi es `deavtomatizebuli~ (Tu rus forma-listTa
terminologias mivmarTavT) nulovani xarisxis weriloba, Tavis mxriv,
avtomatizacias ganicdis da mas enacvleba werilobis axali tipi.
60-ian wlebSi bartma scada `werilobis~ difuzuri cnebis dakonkreteba
niSanTa urTierTmimarTebebis sami saxeobis safuZvelze. esenia _ simboluri,
sintagmaturi da paradigmaturi mimarTebebi.
pirveli maTgani warmoadgens aRmniSvnelis motivirebul mimarTebas
aRsaniSnisadmi (es sakiTxi semiotikaSi ukve sakmarisad iyo gamokvleuli). rac
Seexeba sintagmatur mimarTebas, esaa, bartis Tanaxmad, Setyobinebis niSanTa
specifikuri asociacia aRmniSvnelis doneze, xolo paradigmatuli mimarTeba sxva
araferia, Tu ara elementTa niSnobrivi mimarTeba aRsaniSnis doneze, rodesac
TiToeuli niSani erTiandeba sxva, monaTesave niSanTa potenciur erTobliobasTan.
mecnieris azriT, urTierTmimarTebaTa am sam saxeobas Seesabameba mxatvruli
cnobierebis (da, Sesabamisad, nawarmoebTa) sxvadasxva saxeobebi.
es semiotikuri debulebebi saWiroebda Semdgom ganviTarebasa da dazustebas,
magram 1960-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi bartma Sewyvita literaturaTmcodneobiTi
kvlevebi da dainteresda masosbriv komunikaciaTa analiziT. man miznad daisaxa,
aRmoeCina formalur funqciaTa struqtura kulturis iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa
kino, radio, televizia, reklama, tansacmeli, sakvebi, qalaqis struqtura da,
pirvel rigSi,moda. bartis miTiTebiT, sazogadoebis semiologiur sistemebSi

101
`sagnebi~ iZenen `sityvebisa~ da `niSnebis~ Tvisebebs, magram, amasTan, sazogadoeba
niRbavs am elementTa semiotikur bunebas da maT `racionalur~ xasiaTs miawers.
Semdgom periodSi bartis yuradRebas iqcevs ara niSanTa sistemebi da
denotaturi mniSvnelobebi, aramed _ konkretuli `konotaciebi~, romlebic
ganasxvavebs ama Tu im sazogadoebas sxva sazogadoebebisagan. Sesabamisad, barti
ugulebelyofs struqturalizmis fundamentur princips (orientacias
struqturul lingvistikaze) da inacvlebs poststruqturalizmis poziciaze.

* * *

struqturalizmi iyo meoce saukunis ukanaskneli Teoriuli mimdinareoba,

romelic miznad isaxavda zusti codnis mopovebasa da aqsiomaturi mecnieruli
Teoriebis Seqmnas. rodesac struqturalizmma, rogorc garkveulma mimdinareobam,
arseboba Sewyvita, mas Seenacvlnen radikalurad gansxvavebuli mizandasaxulebebis
mqone axali literaturaTmcodneobiTi koncefciebi.

damowmebani:

barti 1983: Барт Р. Нулевая степень письма. kreb. "Семиотика". М.: 1983.
klemansi 1974: Baskes-Clement C. Claude Levi-Strauss ou la structure et le malheur. 1974.
levi-strosi 1958: Levi-Strauss C. "Anthropologie structurale". 1958.

102
malxaz xarbedia

poststruqturalizmi da dekonstruqcia

gasuli saukunis pirvel naxevarSi literaturis Seswavlis tradiciuli

meTodebis mimdevarTagan xSirad gaismoda pretenziebi e.w. `formaluri meTodis~
misamarTiT. maTi azriT, klasikuri filologia saukuneebis manZilze sargeblobda
metrisa da stilis analizis im mza formebiT, kategoriebiTa da terminebiT,
romlebic `formalur meTodTan~ erTad gabatonda literaturaTmcodneobaSi da,
Sesabamisad, XX saukunis 20-iani wlebSi SemuSavebuli meTodologiuri
principebic TiTqos arafriT gansxvavdeboda tradiciuli filologiisgan. arada
rusma formalistebma swored am ori, erTi SexedviT msgavsi mimdinareobis
erTmaneTisgan mkveTri gamijvniT Cauyares safuZveli axal mecnierebas
literaturis Sesaxeb.*
am droidan moyolebuli literaturis Teoriam didi gza ganvlo, praReli
struqturalistebidan da germaneli fenomenologebidan moyolebuli _
feminizmiTa da `axali istorizmiT~ damTavrebuli.
gansakuTrebuli Zvrebi 60-iani wlebis safrangeTSi moxda. rusi
formalistebisa da `axali kritikis~ Semdeg es iyo pirveli mniSvnelovani
gadaazreba im meTodologiuri principebisa, romlebic ukve myarad iyo
fesvgadgmuli anglo-amerikul kritikaSi. Semoqmedebis fsiqologiis kvlevaSi
CaZirul frangul kritikas ki namdvilad esaWiroeboda amgvari ganaxleba.
am dros pirvelad ganisazRvra cneba `literaturis Teoria~: pol de manis
azriT, igi maSin Cndeba, roca literaturuli teqstebis ganxilva aRar efuZneba
istoriul an esTetikur faqtorebs, roca gansjis sagnad iqceva ara sazrisi an
Rirebuleba, aramed am sazrisisa da Rirebulebis gamomuSavebis xerxebi. rolan
bartic literaturis Teoriis (anu rogorc Tavad igi uwodebda, `mecniereba
literaturis Sesaxeb~) amocanad sazrisis warmoqmnis zogadi wesebis Seswavlas
saxavda.
60-70-ian wlebSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, axlidan gaiazres `literaturis
Teoriis~ cneba da igi faqtobrivad gaigivda imasTanac, rasac dRes Cven
poststruqturalizmsa da dekonstruqtivizms vuwodebT (miuxedavad im
Taviseburebisa, rac erTi mxriv dekonstruqciis deridaseul versias gamoarCevs,
meore mxriv e.w. `tel kelis~ jgufs, amerikel dekonstruqtivistebs da a.S.).
amgvar gadaazrebas win uZRoda struqturalizmis mravalwliani periodi da
safrangeTSi swored klasikuri struqturalizmis ZiriTad debulebebTan
urTierTobaSi acnobierebda `literaturis Teoria~ Tavis mowodebas.

* formalistebs dauSveblad miaCndaT axali meTodologiisa (romelic ZiriTadad enaTmecnierebis miRwevebs

efuZneboda) da Zveli, naivuri fsiqologizmis meqanikuri gaigiveba; cdilobdnen, rom `meTodologiuri
ZonZi~ axal terminologiaSi ar gaparuliyo; anu isini ZiriTadad axali cnebebis SemuSavebiT iyvnen
dakavebulni da Zvel cnebebs axal mniSvnelobebs aniWebdnen, gaurbodnen akademiur ekleqtizms, sqolastur
`formalizmsa~ da terminologias, romelic analizis iluzias qmnida.
rusul formalizms (iseve rogorc anglo-amerikul `axal kritikas~) impresionistul kritikaze
reaqciad miiCnevdnen. igi marTlac upirispirdeboda tradiciul filologias, sosiuris cnebebiT
operirebda da cdilobda sabolood moexsna dapirispireba sinqroniasa da diaqronias, sistemasa da
evolucias Soris. `sistema aucileblad evoluciis saxiT gveZleva, evolucia ki mudam sistematur xasiaTs
atarebs~ _ aRniSnavdnen TavianT TezisebSi r. iakobsoni da i. tinianovi.

103
 Zalze sainteresoa, erTi mxriv, am moZraobis TanamedroveTa damokidebuleba
struqturalizmTan (igulisxmeba meoce saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi gamoqveynebul
teqstebi) da, meore mxriv, 90-iani wlebis gadasaxedidan Sefasebuli e.w.
struqturalisturi periodi. sanimuSod ori adamianic ikmarebda, rolan barti da
Jerar Jeneti. barti, romelic Cveuli gatacebiT `ganZarcvavda~ burJuaziul
miTologias da arsebiTad poststruqturalizmamde daafuZna literaturis
Teoriis rogorc ideologiis kritikosis statusi, da Jeneti, vinc aTi wlis win
Zalze skeptikurad afasebda gamoTqmis _ `struqturalizmis batonobis xanis~ _
marTebulobas.
misi sityviT, struqturalizms arasodes ubatonia safrangeTSi, man vera da
ver daafuZna sakuTari Zalaufleba da Zveleburad marginalur institucionalur
CarCoebSi darCa: `oficialuri universiteti, Tavisi Zalisa da masis wyalobiT,
ara mxolod mkveTrad antistruqturalistur dawesebulebad rCeba (aRaravin
uwyis, ra aris struqturalizmi, sorbona ki agrZelebs masTan brZolas), aramed
eWviT uyurebs yvelafer imas, rasac odesRac `axal kritikas~ uwodebdnen.
sorbona dRemde rCeba literaturuli istoriisa da biografizmis burjad;
gviwevs imis aRiareba, rom universiteti, literaturaTmcodneobis TvalsazrisiT,
iseTive darCa, rogoric iyo igi 50-ian wlebSi, roca mis garSemo viTardeboda,
vTqvaT, sartris kritika, formalizmi, struqturalizmi, poetika...
struqturalizms arasdros ubatonia; da metsac vityvi, yovelgvari pesimizmis
gareSe _ igi arc arasdros ibatonebs, radgan Tavad struqturalistebic aRar
aRniSnaven Tavs am saxeliT~ (interviu... 1999).
Jenets mohyavs Tavisi da cvetan todorovis magaliTi, roca maT, 1970 wels,
TavianTi daarsebuli JurnalisTvis safirmo iarliyad ara meTodis
(`struqturalizmi~), aramed disciplinis saxelwodeba (`poetika~) airCies
(interviu... 1999) da es magaliTi upirveles yovlisa am wlebSi Seqmnil erTgvar
revoluciur ganwyobilebaTa sapirispirod, wminda poetikuri kvlevebis
reanimaciis mcdelobazec metyvelebs. arada es ganwyobilebebi, romlebic
ZiriTadad ideologiebTan da sxvadasxva gareliteraturul movlenebTan
urTierTobebSi zustdeboda, swored literaturis kritikaSi arsebuli
problemebidan iRebda dasabams.
Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavis droze struqturalizms ubralo
modad aRiqvamdnen, razec barti acxadebda: saboloo epistemologiuri
(SemecnebiTi) statusi, romelic enam SeiZina bolo dros, swored imiTaa
ganpirobebuli, rom maT (struqturalistebma) enaSi paradoqsuli struqturebi
aRmoaCines da daaskvnes, rom esaa sistema miznisa da centris gareSeo.
faqtobrivad am periodidan iwyeba bartis e.w. poststruqturalistuli periodic,
roca ramdenime cnebis dazustebis Semdeg man erTmaneTisgan gamijna nawarmoebi da
teqsti (statiaSi `nawarmoebidan teqstamde~).
misi azriT, nawarmoebi nivTieri fragmentia, romelsac garkveuli sivrce
ukavia (magaliTad biblioTekaSi), teqsti ki meTodologiuri operaciebis velia.
nawarmoebi SeiZleba xelSi dagvetios, xolo teqsti enaSi Tavsdeba, mxolod
diskursSi arsebobs (ufro sworad igi teqstia imdenad, ramdenadac acnobierebs,
rom teqstia) da amitomac teqsti mxolod muSaobis, qmnadobis procesSi aRiqmeba.
nebismieri teqsti Sorisi-teqstia romeliRac sxva teqstTan mimarTebaSi,
magram es interteqstualoba ar unda gavigoT ise, TiTqos teqsts raime
warmoSoba hqondes; `wyaroebisa~ da `gavlenebis~ nebismieri Zieba nawarmoebis

104
filiaciis (Tanmimdevruli ganviTarebis) Sesaxeb miTs Seesabameba, teqsti ki
iqmneba anonimuri, mouxelTebeli da amasTanave, ukve wakiTxuli citatebisgan,
ubrWyalo citatebisgan.
nawarmoebi filiaciis procesSia CarTuli. aqsiomuria nawarmoebis
sinamdviliT ganpirobebulobac, garkveuli avtorisTvis mikuTvneba da a.S. xolo
rac Seexeba teqsts, misi warmoSoba ucnobia (barti 1984: 413-424).
meore mniSvnelovani cneba, romelic bartma gadaafasa, gaxlavT avtoris cneba.
misi (avtoris) gaqrobis tendencias ukve 60-ian wlebSi hqonda Tavisi
winaistoria. magaliTad, im periodSi Jeneti imowmebda borxesis erT-erT teqsts,
romelic gacilebiT adre iyo Seqmnili da mas, Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro Soreul
warsulSi gadavyavdiT _ pol valerisTan. pol valeri xom jer kidev 30-ian
wlebSi amtkicebda, rom literaturis istoria saxelebis gareSe unda vweroTo,
arada valerim ar icoda (60-ian wlebSi es arc JenetisTvis iyo cnobili), rom
igi literaturis mimarT iyenebda velflinis azrebs xelovnebis Sesaxeb. erTi
sityviT, 60-iani wlebis safrangeTSi ukve arsebobda Zveli tradicia, romelic
axali Taobis literaturaTmcodneebma axleburad gaaformes.
avtorze saubrisas literaturaTmcodneebi ZiriTadad intenciis problemas
utrialeben, anu avtoris Canafiqrs da mis pasuxismgeblobas teqstis sazrissa da
mniSvnelobaze. konfliqti avtoris momxreebsa da mowinaaRmdegebs Soris SeiZleba
daxasiaTdes rogorc konfliqti literaturuli eqsplikaciis (ganmartebis)
momxreebsa (isini ZiriTadad avtoris intenciis, misi Canafiqris ZiebiT arian
dakavebulni) da literaturuli interpretaciis momxreebs Soris (es
ukanasknelni Tavad teqstis `saTqmels~ arkvevdnen, avtoris Canafiqrisgan
damoukideblad*).
am sakiTxs sagangebo werili uZRvna rolan bartma, visi azriTac, 60-ian
wlebSi avtoris Zalaufleba jer kidev mtkice safuZvelze idga, miuxedavad imisa,
rom zogierTma mweralma ukve didi xnis win scada Seeryia es Zlevamosileba da
maT Soris erT-erTi pirveli malarme iyo, vinc srulad dainaxa da winaswar
ganWvrita imis aucilebloba, rom Tavad ena daeyenebinaT am enis mflobelis
adgilas. bartis sityviT, malarmes mTeli poetikis arsi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom
gaeuqmebina avtori da es kategoria weriT Seecvala, rac Tavis mxriv mkiTxvelis
uflebaTa aRdgenas niSnavda.

* am sakiTxs mTeli Tavi miuZRvna antuan kompanionma Tavis wignSi `Teoriis demoni~, sadac igi aRniSnavda,
rom avtoris problemasTan dakavSirebiT, postruqturalistebis `banakSi~ bevri sxva skolis
warmomadgeneli SegviZlia warmovidginoT: magaliTad, posthaidegerul hermenevtikaSic ukve aRar arsebobda
pirveli recefciis (aRqmis) primati, anu `imis, risi Tqmac surda avtors~. yovel SemTxvevaSi es
`survili~ da pirveli recefcia CvenTvis verafer realurs ver aRadgens. gadameris mixedviT, teqstis
mniSvneloba arasdros amoiwureba avtoris intenciebiT (mizandasaxulobebiT). roca teqsti erTi
istoriul-kulturuli sivrcidan meoreSi xvdeba, mas axali intenciebi ukavSirdeba, romelic arc avtors
gauTvaliswinebia da arc pirvel mkiTxvelebs. meore mxriv, SeadareT maikl rifateris azri: `mkiTxvelTa
pirvelma Taobam unda gadawyvitos gacilebiT naklebi problema, vidre momdevno Taobebma. samwuxarod,
istorikosebi am mizeziT upiratesobas aniWeben swored teqstis pirvandel wakiTxvas, rogorc garkveul
standarts, xolo gviandeli interpretaciebi arasrulfasovan wakiTxvebad miiCneva. es arsebiTi Secdomaa.
teqst-monumentis urTierTgansxvavebuli ganmartebebi ganuyofelia misi monumenturobisgan. Tu monumentis
buneba mdgomareobs mis xangamZleobaSi, maSin is gulisxmobs axal-axal reaqciebs mkiTxvelTa yoveli
momdevno Taobis mxriv. amasTan, nebismieri gviandeli wakiTxva iseve legitimuria, rogorc Tavdapirveli
intepretacia: orive maTgani warmoadgens erTiani fenomenis nawils~ (m. rifateri, formaluri analizi da
literaturis istoria. ibeWdeba).

105
 `Tanamedrove lingvistikam gvaCvena, rom gamonaTqvami, rogorc aseTi, fuWi
procesia da TavisTavadac SesaniSnavad sruldeba, ise rom, arc aris saWiro
mosaubris piradi SinaarsiT SevavsoT igi. lingvistikis mixedviT, avtori mxolod
isaa, vinc wers, iseve rogorc `me~ aris mxolod is adamiani, romelic `me~-s
ambobs; ena icnobs `subieqts~, magram ara `pirovnebas~ da es subieqti - romelic
sametyvelo aqtiT ganisazRvreba da mis gareSe Sinaarsisgan icleba _ sakmarisi
xdeba, raTa Tavis TavSi `daitios~ mTeli ena da amowuros misi yvela
SesaZlebloba~ (barti 2002: 53).
aqedan gamomdinare, wera zmnis azri amieridan raRacis dafiqsirebaSi,
asaxvaSi, aRbeWdvaSi, `daxatvaSi~ (rogorc klasikosebi ambobdnen) ki ar
mdgomareobs, aramed imaSi, rasac lingvistebi, oqsfordis skolis filosofosebis
kvalad, performativs uwodebdnen*, igi citatebisganaa moqsovili da kulturuli
pirvelwyaroebis uzarmazar maragze migviTiTebs. bartis sityviT, wera arasdros
warmoadgens raRac pirvelads, igi ganuwyvetliv baZavs imas, rac manamde daiwera,
da es baZvis saganic, Tavis mxriv, araa pirveladi.
avtoris sikvdiliT, misi gauqmebiT, barti safuZvels aclis teqstis
`gaSifvris~ aucileblobasac. teqstisTvis avtoris miCena Seferxebas niSnavs, amiT
teqsts saboloo mniSvnelobas vaniWebT da weras vaferxebT, vketavT am
mravalmniSvnelian, gantotvil qmedebas. wera mravalganzomilebiani fenomenia,
weraSi saWiro xdeba yvelafris gamorkveva, magram iq araferia gasaSifri;
`struqturas SeiZleba nebismier doneze adevno Tvali, `amoWimo~ (rogorc windis
CamoSvebuli Rilkilo) igi mTeli Tavisi gameorebebiT, magram SeuZlebelia fskers
miaRwio~ (barti 2002: 56).
dabolos, `teqsti weris mravali sxvadasxva saxeobisgan Sedgeba, romelTac
gansxvavebuli kulturuli warmoSoba aqvT da erTmaneTTan dialogis, parodiis,
kamaTis urTierTobaSi modian, Tumca mTeli mravlobiToba garkveul wertilSi
fokusirdeba, romelsac avtori ki ar warmoadgens _ rogorc aqamde amtkicebdnen
_ aramed mkiTxveli~.
90-ian wlebSi Jerar Jenetma aRniSna, rom amgvari gataceba SesaZlebeli
poetikiT saxelebis gareSe, polemikur da lamis Terapevtul moments Seicavda,
romelic aucilebeli iyo literaturis maSindeli, oficialuri skolis tiraniis
dasamxobad, sadac istoriul-literaturuli kategoriebi da biografizmi
batonobda. igi sabrZolo manqana iyo gadametebuli biografizmis winaaRmdeg. es
aucilebeli etapi iyo, magram Jenetma isic dasZina, rom aseTi teqstebis avtorebi

* gamonaTqvami, romelic moqmedebis, qcevis ekvivalenturia (laT. performo _ vmoqmedeb). performativi qmnis
socialur, komunikatiur situacias, romelsac, rogorc wesi, garkveuli qmedeba mohyveba xolme (ficis
micema, omis gamocxadeba, anderZi). erTi sityviT, igi avtoreferentuli movlenaa, radganac Tavis mier
Sesrulebul (Tu Sesasrulebel) moqmedebaze migviTiTebs (me vwer, me davwer) da amiT, garkveulwilad,
magiur formulebs gvagonebs.
cneba `performativi~ jon ostinma Semoitana 40-ian wlebSi; am terminis ganmartebas mieZRvna misi
leqciebis kursi saxelwodebiT `sityva, rogorc qmedeba~.

frangma literaturaTmcodnem, Jerar Jenetma erT-erT kolokviumze (1966 wels) teqsti mebiusis lents
Seadara, sadac Sida da gareTa, aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis, werisa da kiTxvis mxareebi ganuwyvetliv
brunaven da adgilebs icvlian, wera mudam ikiTxeba, kiTxva ki wers da Tavs aRbeWdavs... sainteresoa, rom
oponentebma arasworad gaiges cneba da faces-s (mxare) nacvlad phases (faza) miiCnies am `diqotomiis~
safuZvlad. Jenetma ki daazusta: `mebiusis lenti, romelsac nawarmoebi Sevadare, moicavs werisa da
kiTxvis ara or `fazas~ (phases) (rac absurduli iqneboda), aramed or mxares (faces). es Secdoma araa
SemTxveviTi, radganac Tqven sivrce drois enaze gadagyavT; TqvenTan yvelafers Tavis rigi aqvs: jer
avtori, Semdeg mkiTxveli. Cven ki swored am Tanmimdevrobaze vambobT uars. CvenTvis wera da kiTxva
erTdroulia da Seqcevadi~.

106
amas xSirad Zalze agresiuli formebiTac akeTebdnen, rac mogvianebiT zogjer
Tavad am teqstebis avtorebs eCvenebodaT gadaWarbebulad.
amasTan dakavSirebiT erT-erT rusul internetJurnalSi gamoqveynebul
statiaSi cnobil rus filologs, sergei zenkins mohyavda frangi mecnieris, J. l.
diazis magaliTi. 1984 wels daweril statiaSi mecnieri aRniSnavda, rom bartis
gviandel teqstebSi mis mier gauqmebuli avtori `axlidan iqna gamogonebuli~,
oRond ukve ara rogorc `wyaro da pirvelsawyisi~, aramed rogorc `meoreuli
struqtura, romelsac xSirad nawarmoebis centriskenuli Zala izidavs.~ anu esaa
e.w. `nagulisxmevi avtori~, romelic araa gaigivebuli realur-biografiul
pirTan.
Tumca gavida 15 weli da diazma gacilebiT ufro mwvaved Seafasa es
problema. 1999 wlis maisSi, parizSi gamarTul kolokviumze _ `ra viTarebaa
literaturis TeoriaSi~, man aRniSna, rom avtorsa da istoriul midgomaze uaris
Tqmas literaturuli nawarmoebebis sferos katastroful Semcirebamde SeuZlia
migviyvanos, im nawarmoebebisa, romlebic literaturis TeoriisTvis SeiZleboda
yofiliyo gamosadegi. am katastrofis mTavar wyaros igi `avtoris sikvdilis~
ideaSi xedavs da am yvelafers igi `wakiTxvis crudemokratias~ uwodebs: `amas
mivyavarT istoriulobaze uaris Tqmamde, istoriulobaze, romelic swored
avtoris instanciis mier xorcieldeba. aucilebelia avtoris aRdgena.
SeuZlebelia, magaliTad avtoris cnebis gareSe romantikosebis Seswavla...~. anu,
Tuki Teoria ar konstruirdeba rogorc literaturis istoriis zogadi
struqtura, aramed agresiulad postulirdeba rogorc misi uaryofa (safrangeTSi
Teoria iZulebuli iyo ZaliT gaesufTavebina TavisTvis inteleqtualuri sivrce,
romelic manamde mdare xarisxis, ararefleqsirebul `literaturul istorias~
ekava), Tuki istoriuli da Teoriuli diskursebis urTierToba garegnul-
meqanikur Tanaqmedebad iqceva, maSin literaturaTmcodneobis winaSe Cndeba imis
saSiSroeba, rom igi ramdenime `moduri~, `TviTinterpretirebadi~ teqstiT TamaSSi
gadaizardos.
unda iTqvas, rom poststruqturalistebisTvis Zireuli paTosi iyo amgvari
TamaSi gasaanalizebeli nawarmoebis konteqstiT ganpirobebul sazrissa da
`msoflio literaturis~ usasrulo konteqsts Soris, rac saSualebas aZlevdaT
maT nebismieri sazrisis principuli gaurkvevlobis idea wamoeWraT*.
literaturis Teoriis garegnulad mecnieruli metaena funqcionirebs
rogorc `romanis~ ena, mxatvrul-orazrovani. 60-70-iani wlebis frangma
Teoretikosebma (Jeneti, barti) faqtobrivad aRmoaCines, rom saukeTeso masala
analizisTvis aris ara `Cveulebrivi~ literaturuli teqstebi, aramed
metaliteraturuli teqstebi, avtometateqstebi, teqstebi, romlebic Tavis Tavs
aRweren, TamaSoben sakuTar `sazrisTan~ (erTgvari axali, alternatiuli
`klasika~).
swored aseTi TamaSebi iqca deridas mier SemuSavebuli dekonstruqciuli
strategiebis safuZvlad. igi, iseve rogorc poststruqturalitebi, nicSeanuri
tradiciebis memkvidreebad miiCneodnen. orivesTvis mniSvnelovani iyo filosofosi-

* SeiZleba gavixsenoT nicSes relativizmi `WeSmaritebis~ cnebasTan mimarTebiT da germanuli recefciuli

esTetikis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis, volfgang izeris koncefcia literaturuli nawarmoebis gaurkveveli
sazrisis, rogorc misi mxatvrulobis mTavari winapirobis Sesaxeb..

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Semoqmedis, poeti-filosofosis* koncefcia da orive filologiisa da ritorikis
kaTedridan usvamda kiTxvebs filosofiis istorias.
Tavad deridasve sityvebiT, dekonstruqciis sakiTxi Tavidan bolomde
Targmanisa da e.w. `dasavluri~ metafizikis cnebiTi korpusis sakiTxs utrialebs.
Jak deridam specialurad dekonstruqciasTan dakavSirebuli gaugebrobebis gamo
dawera `werili iaponel megobars~, sadac xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom Tavdapirveli
misi dekonstruqtivistuli cdebi haidegeris terminebis, Destruktion da Abbau-s
Targmnasa da Tavisi miznisTvis Sesabamebas iTvaliswinebda. orive es sityva
garkveul operacias gulisxmobda, romelic tradiciuli struqturisa da
dasavluri ontologiisa Tu metafizikis ZiriTadi cnebiTi arqiteqturis mimarT
gamoiyeneboda, Tumca ki deridas sityviT, germanulis Sesatyvisi franguli cneba
garkveul negatiur reduqcias gulisxmobda da ufro metad nicSeseul `ngrevas~
ukavSirdeboda (derida 1992: 53).
es sityva deridam litres leqsikonSi aRmoaCina da misi ZiriTadi
mniSvneloba mTelis danawilebis garSemo trialebda da iqve leqsis
dekonstruqcia ganimarteboda, rogorc sazomis gauqmebiT misi prozaizeba. Tumca
ufro saintereso mniSvnelobebi ipova man Dictionnaire Bescherelle-Si, swored aq
miagno deridam im `mTargmnelobiT~ semantikas, romelic saTargmneli teqstis
dekonstruirebasa da mTargmnelis enaze mis konstruirebas gulisxmobda:
dekonstruqcia esaa `Canacvleba, romelsac ganicdian ucxo enaze dawerili
winadadebis Semadgeneli sityvebi. aseTi Canacvlebis dros zemoqmedebas ganicdis
am enis sintaqsi, romelic imavdroulad mTargmnelis mSobliuri enis sintaqss
uaxlovdeba, raTa kidev ukeT moixelTos sazrisi~ (derida 1992: 54).
dekonstruireba struqturalisturi Jestic iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, igi
garkveul struqturalistur problematikas gulisxmobda. Tumca igi
imavdroulad antistruqturalisturi Jestic iyo da misi bedi mniSvnelovanwilad
swored am orazrovnebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. igi ngrevas ki ar gulisxmobda,
aramed rekonstruqcias, romelic iTvaliswinebda imis garkvevas, Tu rogoraa esa
Tu is `ansambli~ konstruirebuli. aq ufro metad garkveuli genealogiuri
derivacia (warmoqmna, gadaxra) igulisxmeboda, vidre ngreva. dekonstruqciuli
samuSaos Sesrulebisas derida Tavis dazRvevis sxvadasxva xerxebs mimarTavs, misi
e.w. dekonstruqtivistuli windaxeduleba yvela tradiciuli filosofiuri
terminis gverdze gadadebas gulisxmobs, imisTvis, raTa imavdroulad kvlav
gaCndes am `uaryofil~ cnebaTa moxmobis aucilebloba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, es
aucilebloba maSin Cndeba, roca am terminebs ukve xazi aqvT gadasmuli.

* bartma Tavis wignSi, ~S/Z~ (1970) aRiara, rom literaturuli teqstis semiologiuri analizi
SeuZlebelia intuiciur-subieqturi gadawyvetilebis gareSe, da imavdroulad ganacxada ori tipis
teqstebis gamijvnis Sesaxebac - 1. klasikuri `sakiTxavi teqstebi~, romelTa Seswavlac SesaZlebelia ase
Tu ise mecnierulad kodificirdes da 2. avangardistuli `saweri teqstebi~, romlebTan mimarTebaSic
mxolod kvazimecnieruli arsebiTad literaturuli damokidebulebaa dasaSvebi. anu am SemTxvevaSi
TanaSemoqmedi xdebi. aseTi dayofiT xazi gaesva ara imdenad literaturis principul araerTgvarovnebas,
ramdenadac Tavad Teoriis orsaxovan, naxevradmecnierul bunebas. Teoriisa, romelic am literaturas
Seimecnebs. sazrisqmnadobis pluralizms xom mTel literaturaSi aqvs adgili, misi formebis mecnieruli
aRwera ki literaturis arqaul nawilSia SesaZlebeli. da es SesaZlebloba moqmedebs rogorc teqstis
sazrisiseuli pluralizmis SemzRudveli faqtori. anu, rac ufro `literaturulia~ Teoriis obieqti,
miT ufro `aramecnieruli~ xdeba Tavad Teoria.

miSel fukom deridas stili daaxasiaTa, rogorc `obscurantisme terroriste~. misi teqstebi imdenad bundovania,
rom SeuZlebelia gaarkvio, ras `amtkicebs~ avtori (aqedan: obskurantizmi, bnelmetyveleba), Semdeg ki,
roca teqsts akritikebT, avtori geubnebaT: `Tqven Cemi cudad gesmiT, Tqven idioti xarT~ (aqedan:
teroristi).

108
 romelime struqturis demontaJi ar warmoadgens regress martivi elementis,
garkveuli ganuyofeli pirvelsawyisis mimarTulebiT, aramed Tavad es arqe-
Rirebulebebi, iseve rogorc zogadad analizi, warmoadgenen garkveul
filosofemebs, romlebic unda dekonstruirdnen. Krinein-isa da Krisis-is
(gadawyvetileba, arCevani, gansja) instanciebi, iseve rogorc transcendentaluri
(cdis gareSe arsebuli) kritikis mTeli aparati, dekonstruqciis erT-erT
yvelaze arsebiT `obieqtsa~ da `Temas~ warmoadgens.
dekonstruqtivistebi `logocentrizmSi~ WeSmaritebiT, racionalizmiT,
logikiTa da `sityviT~ gatacebas gulisxmoben. da dekonstruqciac unda
ganvixiloT (yovel SemTxvevaSi mis Tavdapirvel stadiaze), rogorc teqstis
ganxilvis sxvadasxva meTodis nakrebi, rogorc teqstualur strategiaTa
garkveuli simravle, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, logocentruli tendenciebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTul ZirgamomTxrel samuSaos gulisxmobs.
`garkveuli diskursis dekonstruireba niSnavs aCveno is, Tu rogor SeiZleba
daSalo am diskursis mier dafuZnebuli filosofia, anda is ierarqiuli
opoziciebi, romelsac igi efuZneba. gansaxilvel teqstSi igi ritorikul
operaciebs eZiebs da maT identificirebas axdens, operaciebisa, romlebic
argumentis savaraudo safuZvels uzrunvelyofen _ sakvanZo cnebasa Tu mesijs~
(kaleri 1983: 86).
dekonstruqtivists surs gaauqmos es opoziciebi da Sesabamisad
logocentrizmic. Tavdapirvelad igi cdilobs piri ucvalos ierarqias, aCvenos,
rom marjvena termini sinamdvileSi pirveladia, marcxena ki mxolod kerZo
SemTxvevaa, marjvenasgan gamomdinare. amis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom metyveleba
weris garkveul formas warmoadgens, gageba _ gaugebrobisas da is, rasac
gaazrebul enad miviCnevT, mxolod niSanTa Tavisufali TamaSia an erTi
kategoriis teqstebis meoresTan SerTvisa da dakavSirebis usasrulo procesi.
Tumca arsebobs meore strategiac, igi teqstSi e.w. ZiriTad terminebs eZiebs,
im sityvebs, romlebic, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, struqturis TamaSis wesebs
gascemen. es sityvebi teqstis argumentaciisTvis, misi dasrulebulobisaTvis
aucilebel opoziciebSi ideben binas, magram amis miuxedavad, maTi funqcionireba
arRvevs am opoziciebs.
dekonstruqcia Tavdayira ayenebs mizezobriobis sqemis ierarqiul opozicias.
mizezisa da Sedegis gansxvaveba mizezs pirvelsawyisad aqcevs, da igi pirveladia
logikuri da droiTi TvalsazrisiT. dekonstruqcia ki amxobs amgvar ierarqias.
jonaTan kaleris sityviT `Sedegia imis mizezi, rom mizezi mizezad iqceva, amitom
pirvelsawyisad (pirvelad erTeulad), Sedegi unda miviCnioT da ara mizezi~ da
iqve dasZens, `mizezis mxardamWeri argumentis Sedegis sasargeblod gamoyenebiT
Cven ierarqizaciis ritorikul operacias vaaSkaravebT da amiT mis anulirebasac
vaxdenT~ (kaleri 1983: 88).
deridasTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens werisa da zepirmetyvelebis
dapirispirebac. zepiri metyvelebisTvis `privilegiebis miniWeba~ weris dakninebis
xarjze _ misi azriT, swored esaa logocentrizmis erT-erTi umTavresi niSani,
epoqis fundamenturi maxasiaTebeli, epoqisa, romelic platonidan iwyeba da
Tanamedrove filosofiaSi grZeldeba.
deridas kritikis erT-erTi obieqtia huserlic, romelic im filosofosTa
ricxvs miekuTvneba, vinc zepir metyvelebas aniWebda upiratesobas daweril
teqstebTan SedarebiT. deridas azriT, ara mxolod huserlis, aramed mTeli

109
dasavluri filosofiisTvisaa arsebiTi is, rom metyvelebas ufro
privilegirebuli statusi eniWeba, vidre weras.
cnobili amerikeli mecnieris, j. r. serlis azriT, sakmarisad bevri
kontrargumenti arsebobs imisTvis, raTa vaCvenoT, rom Suasaukuneebis
sqolastikidan dawyebuli (laibnicis, fregesa da raselis gavliT) Tanamedrove
simboluri logikiT damTavrebuli, saqme sul sxvagvaradaa. logikasa da
racionalizmze aqcentis gakeTebiT es filosofosebi daweril teqsts aniWebdnen
upiratesobas, rogorc logikuri urTierTobebis yvelaze naTlad gamomxatvel
saSualebas (serli 1992: 62).
serli saerTo Sefasebasac aZlevs werisa da metyvelebis
dekonstruqtivistul dapirispirebas. pirvel rigSi, misi azriT xazgasasmelia
deridas mier dasavluri filosofiis eqscentruli interpretacia, romlis
mixedviTac filosofosebi, TiTqos weras akninebdnen zepir metyvelebasTan
SedarebiT. serlis sityviT, es Tvalsazrisi mxolod ramdenime filosofosis
teqstebis wakiTxvas efuZneba, platonisas, rusosas da huserlisas. `rogorc Cans,
deridas ufro metad itacebs Tavisi Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom
logocentrizmSi yvelaferi am sakiTxzea damokidebuli... derida fiqrobs, rom
Tuki igi axlidan gaiazrebs weris cnebas da mas filosofiuri sakiTxebisTvis
(WeSmariteba, sinamdvile da a.S.) ganmsazRvrel rols mianiWebs, Seusabamebs maT,
igi am filosofiuri cnebebis dekonstruirebasac SeZlebs~, aRniSnavs serli
(serli 1992: 64). mas usafuZvlod eCveneba deridas mtkicebac imis Sesaxeb,
TiTqos wera sinamdvileSi metyvelebaze pirveladi iyos. misi azriT, aseTi
meTodiT nebismieri ramis damtkiceba SeiZleba, magaliTad imis, rom Raribi
sinamdvileSi mdidaria, WeSmariti ki mcdaria. anu aseTi operaciis SemTxvevaSi
mxolod motivaciaa xolme saintereso, is, ris safuZvelzec avtori adgilebs
ucvlis xsenebul cnebebs.
dekonstruqcia xdomilebaa, romelsac ar ainteresebs gansja, cnobiereba,
subieqtis organizeba da Tanamedroveoba. is dekonstruirebs. da is (ça) aq ar
niSnavs raime usaxurs, romelsac romelime egologiur subieqturobas
davupirispirebdiT.
roca cdilob erTi sityva meoreTi ganmarto (Tumca ganmarteba qarTulad
garkveulad erTyofas gulisxmobs), raTa ukeT Targmno igi, amiT ufro met
sirTuleebs qmni, esaa mTargmnelis `SeuZlebeli amocana~ (beniamini) _ ai ras
niSnavs dekonstruqcia.
deridas sityviT `dekonstruqciis~ gansazRvrebisa da Targmnis sirTule
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yvela predikati, yvela ganmsazRvreli cneba, yvela
leqsikuri mniSvneloba da sintaqsuri artikulaciebic ki, romlebic raRac
momentSi geCveneba, rom mzad arian amgvari gansazRvrebisTvisa da TargmanisTvis,
aseve dekonstruirebuli an dekonstruirebadia _ pirdapir an iribad.
sityva `dekonstruqcia~, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva sityva, Tavis
mniSvnelobas mxolod misi SesaZlo substitutebis (Semcvlelebis) rigSi Caweris
Semdeg moipovebs, anu `konteqstSi~ moTavsebis Semdeg. am sityvam gaamarTla
garkveul mkacrad gansazRvrul situaciebSi. imisTvis, raTa gavigoT, Tu ram
aiZula es sityva SesaZlo substitutebis mwkrivSi CarTuliyo, swored is
`mkacrad gansazRvruli situacia~ unda gaanalizdes da dekonstruirdes.
deridas azriT, Targmani araa raRac meoreuli aqti Tu movlena amosaval
enasTan Tu teqstTan mimarTebaSi. `dekonstruqciis~ Sansic swored imaSi

110
mdgomareobs, rom igi nebismier enas saSualebas aZlevs Taviseburad gadaweros es
termini.
deridas moRvaweobis safuZvelSi arsebuli impulsebi sxva
poststuqturalistebis paTosTan aaxloebs mas. esaa ganZarcvis, dezavuirebis
paTosi, anu igi burJuaziuli azrovnebis Sinagani iracionalobis damtkicebas
cdilobs, romelsac logikurobaze, racionalurobaze da saboloo jamSi,
mecnierulobaze aqvs pretenzia da mecnierulobis swored am tradiciul formas
upirispirdeba `gramatologia~, deridas mier Seqmnili specifikuri forma
mecnieruli kvlevisa, romelic pozitivizmisa da metafizikuri scientizmis
(mecnierulobis) miRma gasvlis aucileblobas mianiSnebs da yvelafer imis
konsolidirebas da gagrZelebas gulisxmobs, rac mecnierul praqtikaSi ukve
gavida logocentristuli karCaketilobis sazRvrebs miRma. deridas sityviT,
dazustebiT ver ityvi mecnierebaa Tu ara gramatologia, igi ufro CarTulia
mecnierebaSi da mis delimitirebas (gamijvnas, sazRvris dadebas) axdens. man unda
uzrunvelyos mecnierebis normaTa mkacri funqcionireba Tavis sakuTar farglebSi,
anu Tavis weraSi. igi adgens mecnierulobis klasikuri formis arsebobis sferosa
da sazRvrebs.
analizis deridaseuli manera, upirveles yovlisa gansaxilveli teqstis
argumentaciis, misi cnebiTi stilistikis analizs gulisxmobs*. igi frazis ki
ara, sityvebis doneze arCevs da gamocdis teqstis `logikur gamZleobas~, mis
Tanmimdevrulobas ama Tu im postulatis gamyarebisas. derida araa mxolod
filosofosi, igia filosofosi lingvistikidan da literaturaTmcodneobidan,
radgan swored am sferoebidan iRebs igi Tavisi analizis meTodikas da
specifikur interdisciplinarul pozicias.
deridas cnebebi ki ara _ sityvebi Semoaqvs da saSualebas aZlevs maT
TandaTan gaixsnan teqstis ganmavlobaSi. masTan termini gansazRvrebiT ki ara,
gamoyenebiT ganimarteba.
deridas mTeli Semoqmedeba esaa uzarmazari da usasrulo komentari da misi
`meoreuloba~ imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sxva teqstebisa da sxvisi mosazrebebis
gareSe misi arseboba warmoudgenelia.
igive principebi udevs sfuZvlad dekonstruqciis amerikul versias, oRond
im gansxvavebiT, rom Tuki derida an frangi poststruqturalistebi, Tavisi
dekonstruqtivistuli analizis centrSi, rogorc wesi, `sayovelTao teqstis~
farTo vels aTavsebdnen, _ romelic mTels `kulturul interteqsts~
gulisxmobda, ara mxolod literaturuls, aramed filosofiurs, sociologiurs
da a.S. _ amerikelebma yuradReba filosofiur-anTropologiuri sakiTxebidan,
mxatvruli nawarmoebis analizis praqtikul problemebze gadaitanes.
amerikuli dekonstruqtivizmi 70-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda franguli
poststruqturalizmis ideaTa aqtiuri gadamuSavebis Sedegad, romelic amerikuli
litmcodneobiTi tradiciis poziciebidan xorcieldeboda da sabolood 1979
wels Camoyalibda, roca deridas, pol de manis, harold blumis, jefri
hartmanisa da sxvaTa statiebis erToblivi krebuli gamovida, saxelwodebiT

* riCard rortis azriT, yvelaze Sokis momgvreli deridas naSromebSi, esaa `multilingvisturi
kalamburebis, saxumaro etimologiebis, nebismieri saxis aluziebisa da aseve, foniuri Tu tipografiuli
oinebis gamoyeneba~. derida cdilobs filosofiuri statusi mianiWos sityvebs, romlebsac araferi aqvT
saerTo saazrovno sferosTan.

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`dekonstruqcia da kritika~, romelsac `ielis manifesti~ daarqves
(dekonstruqcia... 1979).
swored amerikuli dekonstruqtivizmis `wiaRSi~ SemuSavda is cnebiTi
aparati, romelic dekonstruqcias ukavSirdeboda. rogorc ukve vTqviT, es cneba
haidegeris SemoTavazebuli iyo, mimoqcevaSi 1964 wels Semoitana Jak lakanma da
Teoriulad deridam daafuZna igi. ingliseli literaturaTmcodne e. isThoupi
dekonstruqciis xuT tips gamoyofs:
1. kritika, romelic miznad isaxavs realistur moduss daupirispirdes,
sadac teqsti naturalizdeba da Tavis aqtualuri konstruirebulobis
demonstrirebas axdens.
2. dekonstruqcia fukos mixedviT _ romlis mizania diskursis
interdiskursiuli ganpirobebulobis dadgena (igulisxmeba fukos koncefcia
diskursebis aracnobieri urTierTganpirobebulobis Sesaxeb, roca codnis
sxvadasxva sfero _ mecniereba, filosofia, religia, xelovneba _ Tavis
diskursiul praqtikas gamoimuSavebs, magram sinamdvileSi Tavis argumentacias
codnis sxva sferoebidan sesxulobs).
3. e. w. `memarcxene dekonstruqtivizmi~, romelic literaturis kategoriis
ganadgurebas isaxavs miznad im diskursiuli da institucionaluri praqtikebis
gamovleniT, romelic am kategoriis arsebobas uwyobs xels.
4. amerikuli dekonstruqcia _ analitikuri xerxebisa da kritikuli
praqtikebis erToblioba, romelic ZiriTadad deridas pol de maniseul
wakiTxvebs efuZneba. es praqtikebi gvaCveneben, rom teqsti kritikuli wakiTxvisas
yovelTvis gansxvavdeba sakuTari Tavisgan. ukve wakiTxvis teqsts ki (anu
mkiTxvelis teqstis) TviTrefleqsiuri ironiis wyalobiT aporiamde, anu
garkveul amouxsnel situaciamde mivyavarT.
5. deridaseuli dekonstruqcia, romelic tradiciuli binaruli opoziciebis
analizs warmoadgens. aq mTavar mizans ara imdenad binaruli opoziciebis
RirebulebiTi gadafaseba, adgilebis Secvla warmoadgens, ramdenadac maTi
dapirispirebulobis gauqmeba am opoziciaTa urTierTobis relativizirebis
(fardobiTad qcevis) gziT (isThoupi 1988: 187-188).
ingliseli mecnieri semuel ueberi amerikul dekonstruqcias specifikurad
amerikul liberalur tradicias ukavSirebs, romelsac evropulisgan
absoluturad gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba aqvs konfliqtTan, igi am konfliqtis
`delegitimirebas~ axdens pluralizmis saxeliT~ (ueberi 1983: 249),
pluralizmi ki uSvebs erTmaneTisadmi dapirispirebuli interpretaciebis,
Tvalsazrisebisa da midgomebis Tanaarsebobasac; Tumca pluralizmi ar
iTvaliswinebs im faqts, rom sivrce, sadac es interpretaciebi arsebobs, Tavad
SeiZleba konfliqtur sivrced CaiTvalos.
deridas, lakanis, fukosa da sxvebis naSromebi, amerikul niadagze gadmotanis
Semdeg, amgvari liberaluri universalizaciis obieqti gaxda da ueberis sityviT
`gaTavisuflda konfliqturi da strategiuri elementebisgan da calkeuli
damoukidebeli meTodologiis saxiT warmogvidga.~
amerikel dekonstruqtivistebs analizis konkretika aiZulebT bolomde Tqvan
is, risganac ase moxerxebulad iZvrenda Tavs derida da amiT mudam inarCunebda
orazrovnebis im xarisxs, romlis gareSec igi ar uaxlovdeba filosofiur
problematikas. amitom, is, rasac deridasTan yuradRebiani analiziT amovikiTxavT,
amerikelebTan zedapirze devs.

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 v. leiCi wers: `deridas evolucia, romelic de manisa da mileris naSromebSi
Cans, problematikis SezRudvasa da SeviwroebaSi mJRavndeba. dekonstruqciis
sagani icvleba: dasavluri filosofiis mTeli sistemidan igi konkretul
literaturul da filosofiur teqstebamde reducirdeba, dawyebuli
aRorZinebisSemdgom kontinentur tradiciaSi Seqmnili teqstebiT _ damTavrebuli
XIX-XX saukuneebis inglisuri da amerikuli literaturiT. marTalia diapazoni
daviwrovda da aRarc midgomaa iseTi gabeduli, samagierod azris gadmocemis
sicxade analizis axali meTodikis efqturobasa da garkveul progreszec
metyvelebs~ (leiCi 1983: 52).
de mani principulad aridebs Tavs Ria Teoretizirebas kritikis,
ontologiis, metafizikis, semiologiis, anTropologiis, fsiqoanalizisa da
hermenevtikis Sesaxeb. igi zedmiwevniT teqstualur analizs arCevs, sadac Zalze
mcire adgili eTmoba Teoriul ganzogadebebs. Tavis wignSi, `sibrmave da
gamWriaxoba~ (1971) igi wers: `Cemi hipoTeturi ganzogadebebi sulac ar isaxavs
miznad kritikis Teoriis Seqmnas, aramed _ literaturuli enis rogorc aseTis~
(de mani 1971: 8). Tavisi erTguleba enisa da ritorikis problemebis mimarT man
`wakiTxvis alegoriebis~ daskvniT nawilSic daadastura, roca aRniSna, rom misi
wakiTxvebis mTavari mizani iyo is sirTule eCvenebina, romelsac ufro
lingvisturi xasiaTi aqvs, vidre ontologiuri an hermenevtikuli. arsebiTad,
wakiTxva aRiqmeba rogorc or ritorikul kods Soris fundamenturi
dapirispirebis demonstrireba.
`wakiTxva esaa weris gagebis cda, romelic teqstis referenciul da
ritorikul modusebs sazRvravs, figuraluri bukvalurSi gadahyavs da cdilobs
gaauqmos yvela winaaRmdegoba, romelic mTelis aRqmaSi gviSlis xels. Tumca
Tavad teqstis konstruqcias _ gansakuTrebiT ki literaturuli nawarmoebisas,
sadac pragmatuli konteqstebi ar gvaZleven imis saSualebas, raTa saimedo
sazRvrebi davudginoT bukvalursa da figuralurs, referenciulsa da
arareferenciuls - SeuZlia blokireba gaukeTos gagebis process~ (kaleri 1983:
81).
70-iani wlebis bolos, roca de manis `wakiTxvis alegoriebi~ iwereboda,
literaturaze saubrisas sul ufro xSirad gaismoda saubrebi referenciis,
`garesamyaros~ Sesaxeb, im realobis Sesaxeb, romelic enis miRma Zevs da
romelzec ena mianiSnebs, ganpirobebulia misiT da misi gardaqmniT aris
dakavebuli. de manis azriT gansakuTrebuli interesis sagani gaxda ara imdenad
literatura rogorc gamonagoni (am Tvisebas, SesaZloa Zalze naCqarevadac,
aRiqvamdnen rogorc TavisTavad cxad rames), aramed am gamonagonis TamaSi
sinamdvilidan aRebul iseT kategoriebTan, rogoricaa TviTneba, adamiani,
sazogadoeba da a.S. aqedan gamomdinare gaizarda interesi hibriduli teqstebis
mimarT, romlebic nawilobriv literaturad aRiqmebian, nawilobriv ki
referenciul, popularul sityvierebad, romlebic Riad eltvian sazogadoebriv
da fsiqologiur `qveteqstebs~, literaturul avtobiografiebs da a.S.
formalisturi kritikis mravalwliani batonobis Semdeg iseTi STabeWdileba
Seiqmna, TiTqos mogvarda literaturis mTeli Sida saqmeebi Tu wyoba da
kritikosebma da Teoretikosebma literaturis sagareo politikas mihyves xeli.
pol de manis sityviT, aseTi ram xSirad xdeba xolme literaturaSi, roca raRac
moraluri imperativi moiTxovs literaturuli enis Sinagani, formaluri, kerZo
struqturebisa da referenciuli, sazogadoebrivi qmedebebis SeTanxmebas. misTvis

113
Tanamedrove literaturul-Teoriul sivrceSi forma ukve TviTrefleqsiis
solifsistur (mxolod da mxolod `me~-sTan dakavSirebul) kategoriad
aRiqmeboda, referenciuli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ki ambobdnen, rom igi garegania.
Sidasa da gares polusebma adgilebi gacvales, magram isini isev iseT polusebad
darCnen, oRond Sinagani sazrisi iqca gare referenciad, garegani forma ki _
Sinagan struqturad (de mani 1999: 11).
iseve rogorc bebias prustis romanidan, romelic amaod cdilobda ymawvili
marseli avadmyofuri TviTCaRrmavebidan gamoeyvana (es yvelaferi daxurul
sivrceSi kiTxviT iyo gamowveuli) da baRSi gamoetyuebina igi, kritikosebsac
sjeraT, rom referenciuli mniSvnelobis sufTa haeri aucileblad waadgeba
kritikas.
Tumca amis Semdeg de mani terminebis gansxvavebuli jgufis Sesaxeb saubrobs
da aRniSnavs, rom am jgufis farglebSi mimdinare mravalsaxovani Sinagani
urTierTobebis gamo, masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi arc ise martivia, rogorc
mkacri polaruloba, Sinaganisa da gareganis binaruli (orwevra) opozicia. igi
erTmaneTs upirispirebs semantikasa da semiologias. misi sityviT, es ukanaskneli
ikvlevs niSnebs rogorc aRmniSvnelebs; igi imis Sesaxeb ki ar svams kiTxvas, Tu
ras aRniSnaven sityvebi, aramed imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRniSnaven. amerikuli
`axali kritikisgan~ gansxvavebiT, romelic formis interiorizebas (gaSinaganebas)
axdens da romelic ukiduresad TviTkritikuli Tanamedrove mwerlebis
praqtikebis kvlevas efuZneba, franguli semiologia modelis Ziebisas
lingvistikas mimarTavs da Tavis maswavleblebad sosiursa da iakobsons saxavs da
ara valerisa da prusts. franguli istoriuli da Tematuri kritikis fonze
semiologia ZiriTadad demistifikaciazea mimarTuli. man gvaCvena, rom enis
literaturuli aspeqtebis aRqma ukiduresad garTulebulia referenciis
avtoritetis arakritikuli gamoyenebiT da isic aRmoaCina, Tu rogori mondomebiT
icavs igi dResac am avtoritetis uflebebs. igi sxvadasxva niRbis miRma imaleba _
Ria ideologiiT dawyebuli, esTetikuri da eTikuri gansjebis yvelaze daxvewili
formebiT damTavrebuli, Tumca praqtikul frangul kritikaSi gamovlenili
Sedegebi imdenadaa nayofieri, ramdenadac calmxrivi.
franguli (da ara mxolod) literaturuli semiologiis yvelaze
damaxasiaTebeli niSania, de manis azriT, gramatikuli (pirvel yovlisa
sintaqsuri) struqturebis gamoyeneba ritorikulTan erTad. literaturuli
nawarmoebis gaanalizebisas barti, Jeneti, todorovi, greimasi da maTi mowafeebi
amartiveben iakobsonis Teoriebs. maTTan dasaSvebia, rom gramatika da ritorika
srul TanxmobaSi funqcionirebdnen da adviladaa SesaZlebeli gramatikuli
struqturebidan ritorikulze umtkivneulod gadasvla. marTlac, radganac
gramatikuli struqturebis kvleva generatiuli, trasformatiuli da
distributiuli gramatikis Tanamedrove Teoriebma srulyo, tropebisa da
figurebis kvleva gramatikuli modelebis ubralo gafarToebas warmoadgens.
am skolis yvelaze gamWriaxi warmomadgenlis, Jerar Jenetis mier
warmoebuli figuraluri enis modusebis kvleva ritorikuli transformaciebisa
da kombinaciebis sintaqsur, gramatikul nimuSebTan Serwymas warmoadgens. de mans
magaliTad mohyavs Jenetis vrceli statia `metafora da metonimia prustTan~
(wignidan `figurebi 3~), sadac naCvenebia, rom prustis mTel rig CaxlarTul da
grZel monakveTebSi erTdroulad paradigmatuli metaforuli figurebicaa da
sintagmaturi metonimiuri struqturebic. am ori movlenis urTierToba JenetTan

114
mxolod aRweriTia, aradialeqtikuri da ganixilavs SesaZlo logikur
Seusabamobebs.
xSirad ritorikas mxolod darwmunebis xelovnebad aRiqvamen xolme, rogorc
sxvebze zemoqmedebis xerxs (da ara rogorc Sidaenobriv figuras an trops),
amitomac gramatikis ilokuciuri (komunikaciuri miznis gacxadeba metyvelebaSi)
da ritorikis perlokuciuri (adresatze zegavlena) sferoebis erTianoba
TavisTavad cxadi xdeba, swored es iqceva axali ritorikis safuZvlad, romelic,
imavdroulad axal gramatikasac warmoadgens.
pol de mani axsenebs kenet berkis termins gadaxra (romlis struqturasac
igi froidiseul Canacvlebas adarebs). berki am termins ganmartavda rogorc
`nebismier, Tundac Znelad SesamCnev gadaxras an uneblie Secdomas~ da mas enis
ritorikul safuZvels uwodebda. aseT SemTxvevaSi gadaxra ganixileba rogorc
dialeqtikuri uaryofa niSnisa da mniSvnelobis ganuyoflobisa (es kavSiri ki,
Tavis mxriv, gramatikuli nimuSebiT imarTeba). aqedan gamomdinare berki
kategoriulad iTxovda gangvesxvavebina gramatika da ritorika. rogorc gvaxsovs,
Tanamedrove semiologiis erT-erTi mesafuZvle, Carlz sanders pirsi
aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis garda mesame elementsac gulisxmobda, romelsac
interpretants uwodebda. Tuki gvsurs gavigoT idea, romelsac niSani gadmogvcems,
misi interpretireba unda movaxdinoT, radganac niSani sagani araa, mniSvneloba ki
sagnidan gamomdinareobs. igi im procesis Sedegs warmoadgens, romelsac
reprezentacia hqvia da araa ubralod generatiuli procesi, anu ar
gamomdinareobs martivi pirvelsawyisisgan. pirsis azriT, niSnis interpretacia
sulac araa mniSvneloba, aramed sxva niSania; esaa wakiTxva da ara dekodireba da
Tavad wakiTxva SegviZlia ganvmartoT rogorc mesame niSani da a.S. ad infinitum.
pirsi am process, romlis meSveobiTac `erTi niSani sicocxles aniWebs meores~,
wminda ritorikas uwodebs, gansxvavebiT wminda gramatikisgan, romlis mTavari
postulati araproblematuri, diaduri mniSvnelobis SesaZleblobaa. esaa wminda
logikis sfero, roca mniSvnelobaTa sayovelTao WeSmaritebaa SesaZlebeli. ai
niSans mniSvnelobebi igive xerxebiT rom eSva, riTac obieqti Sobs niSans (anu
reprezentaciis gziT), amgvar SemTxvevaSi aranairi aucilebloba ar iqneboda
erTmaneTisgan gagverCia gramatika da ritorika.
de manis azriT, roca gramatikasa da ritorikas Soris gansxvavebis sakiTxs
vwyvetT, Cven dilemas vawydebiT: gramatika kiTxvis dasmis saSualebas gvaZlevs,
magram winadadebam, romlis meSveobiTac Cven am kiTxvas vayalibebT, Tavad kiTxvis
dasmis SesaZleblobac SeiZleba uaryos. radganac, rogor unda gamoiyeno kiTxva,
Tuki Cven avtoriteti ar gvyofnis imis saTqmelad, svams winadadeba kiTxvas Tu
ara? de manis azriT, sruliad cxadi sin-taqsuri nimuSi (kiTxva) warmoSobs
winadadebas, romelsac minimum ori mniSvneloba aqvs da amaTgan erTi amtkicebs,
meore ki uaryofs Tavis ilokuciur moduss. saqme marto is ar gaxlavT, rom aq
ori mniSvneloba gvaqvs, erTi bukvaluri, meore ki figuraluri (Cven ki unda
gadavwyvitoT romelia maT Soris ufro swori garkveul viTarebaSi), aramed is,
rom es gaugebroba mxolod teqstis gareT arsebuli sazrisiT SeiZleba daiZlios.
kiTxvis gramatikuli modeli maSin ki ar iqceva ritorikulad, roca, erTi
mxriv bukvaluri mniSvneloba gvaqvs meore mxriv ki figuraluri, aramed maSin,
roca SeuZlebelia gramatikuli an sxva lingvisturi xerxebiT gaarkvio, romelia
am or mniSvnelobas Soris ufro saWiro. ritorika radikalurad aCerebs logikis
moqmedebas da referenciuli cdomilebis Tavbrudamxvev SesaZleblobebs

115
gvTavazobs. swored amitomac, pol de mani enis ritorikul, figuralur
potencials Tavad literaturasTan aigivebs.
Tavisi werilis daskvniT nawilSi de mani SeniSnavs: `nebismieri kiTxva
literaturuli teqstis ritorikuli modusis Sesaxeb, yovelTvis ritorikuli
kiTxvaa. amis Sedegad Cndeba ucodinrobis SiSi da ara referenciis SiSi, rogorc
prustis romanis Tematika gvarwmunebs amaSi. radganac wakiTxva dramatizirdeba
marselisa da albertinas urTierTobebSi ara rogorc emociuri reaqcia enis
qmedebebze, aramed rogorc emociuri reaqcia misi gagebis SeuZleblobaze.
amitomac literatura, iseve rogorc kritika, samudamodaa ganwiruli, iyos
yvelaze mkacri da Sesabamisad yvelaze naklebad sando ena, romlis meSveobiTac
ena saxels debs da cvlis sakuTar arsebas~ (de mani 1999: 29), anu, de manis
sityviT, enis ritorikuli buneba `gadaulaxav winaRobas qmnis nebismieri
wakiTxvisa da gagebis winaSe~.
dekonstruqtivistebi, rogorc wesi, protests acxadeben, roca
dekonstruqcias ubralo destruqciad warmoadgendnen, maTi azriT igi araa
gasaanalizebeli teqstis Teoretikuli `daSlis~ wminda negatiuri aqti. hilis
mileris sityviT, `dekonstruqcia araa teqstis struqturis demontaJi, aramed
imis demonstrireba, rac ukve demontirebul iqna~.
dekonstruqtivistebisTvis `dekonstruqcia ar niSnavs nawarmoebis
struqturis destruqcias. dekonstruqcia esaa Zveli struqturis demontaJi da
misi mizania aCvenos, rom teqstis pretenziebi ueWveli prioritetis Sesaxeb
ubralod adamianis Zalisxmevis Sedegia da SesaZlebelia am pretenziebis
gadafaseba. dekonstruqcias ar ZaluZs efeqtur Sedegebs miaRwios am
struqturebis moxelTebis saqmeSi, Tuki winaswar ar gaiTavisebs da analizisTvis
ar isesxebs maTgan yvela strategiul da ekonomikur resurss. amis gamo
dekonstruqciis procesi analizis mxolod winaswari da strategiuli
TvalsazrisiT privilegirebuli etapia. igi ar aRiqmeba rogorc saboloo
instancia da imdenad warmoadgens winaswar analizs, ramdenadac yovelTvis
sakuTari analizis msxverplad iqceva xolme~ (saldivari 1984: 150).
roca Tavisi `ritorikulobis~ Sesaxeb gvesaubreba, teqsti imavdroulad
Tavisi araswori wakiTxvis aucileblobis postulirebas axdens, anu man icis da
amtkicebs, rom arasworad iqneba gagebuli. de manis sityviT, igi `Tavisi, anu
teqstis arasworad gagebis, rogorc alegoriis, istorias hyveba~ (de mani 1999:
136) da mas es istoria SeuZlia mogviTxros mxolod rogorc gamonagoni,
radganac teqstma icis, rom gamonagons miiReben rogorc faqts da piriqiT.
radganac aseTia literaturuli enis ambivalenturi buneba.
`kritikosis sibrmave aucilebeli korelatia literaturuli enis
ritorikuli bunebisa~ (de mani 1999: 141), ambobs de mani da iqve ganixilavs
kritikas rogorc gansjas dabrmavebuli (brma) xedvis paradoqsuli efeqturobis
Sesaxeb, da es xedva mxolod intuitiuri gamWriaxobis magaliTebiT Tu SeiZleba
gamoswordes.
`nebismieri teqstis auareba interpretaciis arseboba mowmobs imaze, rom
wakiTxva arasdros araa obieqturi procesi saz-risis aRmosaCenad, aramed esaa
sazrisis Cadeba, miniWeba teqstisTvis, romelsac TavisTavad aranairi sazrisi ara
aqvs~ (mileri 1972: 12).
cnobili amerikeli kritikosis, stenli fiSis sityviT, axla aravis
ainteresebs simarTle, mTavaria saintereso iyo. amitomaa cnobili memarcxene

116
dekonstruqtivisti, frenk lentrikia rom upirispirdeba neokonservatuli
orientaciis amerikel dekonstruqtivistebs, romlebmac, misi sityviT, uRalates
poststruqturalizmis principebs, `interpretaciaTa SeuzRudavi TavisuflebiT~
gaerTnen, gasaanalizebeli teqstebis sazrisTa nebismierobiT tkbebian da mTlianad
daSordnen `socialur landSafts~. lentrikias azriT, literaturuli diskursis
interteqstualoba aramxolod literaturis aucilebel istoriulobaze
migvaniSnebs, aramed yvela danarCen diskursTan mis aRrevasac mowmobs. amerikeli
dekonstruqtivistebis xelSi ki nebismieri epoqisa da kulturuli sivrcis
teqsti meoce saukunis meore naxevris `tipur modernistul teqstad~ iqceva.
Zalze zustad Seafasa leiCma es viTareba Tavis wignSi `deonstruqciuli
kritika~: `saboloo jamSi dekonstruqciis Sedegi aRmoCndeba azrovnebis
tradiciuli wesis revizia. yofiereba `me~-s mier dekonstruirdeba, teqsti iqceva
diferencirebul nakvalevTa velad, interpretacia ki sazrisis ganadgurebaa
diseminaciis gziT da Sesabamisad, WeSmaritebis sazRvrebs miRma gayavs igi.
yvelafer amis mere, kritikuli analizi sxva araferia Tu ara gansxvavebebsa da
metaforebs Soris boriali~ (leiCi 1983: 261).
aqedan gamomdinare, e.w. `literaturis Teoriis epoqam~, de-konstruqtivizmma
da poststruqturalizmma Zlieri konceptualuri da meToduri ganxeTqileba
gamoiwvia saSualo da umaRles ganaTlebas Sorisac. man aramxolod kanonizebuli
idea da masTan dakavSirebuli humanitaruli Rirebulebebi daayena eWvqveS, aramed
es gansjis daxuruli, Jargonuli formiT gaakeTa, romelic Znelad gasagebi,
zogjer ki sruliad gaugebari iyo. ukve 90-ian wlebSi derida aRniSnavda, rom
dekonstruqtivizmma pirvel rigSi safuZveli unda gaimyaros, magram ar unda iqces
meTodad an skolad. swored amis gamo iyo, 90-iani wlebis bolos iulia kris-
teva rom aRniSnavda: `intensiuri frankofiliis Semdeg, roca SeerTebuli
Statebis inteleqtualebi franguli azrovnebis garkveul mimdinareobebs
eyrdnobodnen, dadga dro, roca Statebi namdvilma frankofobiam moicva~- o.

damowmebani:

barti 1984: Барт Р. Избранные работы. Семиотика, Поэтика. М.: 1994.

barti 2002: barti r. avtoris sikvdili//sjani, III, Tb.: 2002.
de mani 1971: De Man P. Blindness and Insight: Essay in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism. N.Y.:
1971.
de mani 1999: Де Ман П. Аллегории чтения. Фигуральный язык Руссо, Ницше, Рильке и Пруста.
Екатеринбург: 1999.
dekonstruqcia... 1979: Deconstruction and Criticism. N.Y.: 1979.
derida 1992: Деррида Ж. Письмо Японскому Другу//Вопросы философии. 1992.
interviu... 1999: `aRaravin uwyis ra aris struqturalizmi~. interviu Jerar JenetTan. J. `arili~,
N 131, 11-14 marti, 1999.
isThoupi 1988: Easthope A. British Post-structuralism Since 1968. L.-N.Y.: 1988.
kaleri 1983: Culler J. On Deconstruction: Theory and Criticism After Structuralism. L.: 1983.
leiCi 1983: Leitch V. Deconstructive Criticism. L.: 1983.
mileri 1972: Miller J. H. Tradition and Difference // Diacritics. Vol. 2, N 2. 1972.
saldivari 1984: Saldivar R. Figural Language in the Novel... Pr. 1984.
serli 1992: Серль Дж. Р. Перевернутое слово//Вопросы философии. #4, 1992.N
ueberi 1983: Weber S. Capitalism History: Notes on... // The Politics of Theory. 1983.
http://www.russ.ru/ist_sovr/20000413_zen-pr.html.

117
levan bregaZe

recefciuli esTetika

recefciuli, anu aRqmis esTetika, romlis principebi damuSavebulia hans

georg gadameris, roman ingardenis, hans robert iausis, feliqs v. vodiCkas,
volfgang izeris da sxva maTi Tanamoazre mkvlevarebis SromebSi,
poststruqturalisturi epoqis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
literaturaTmcodneobiTi mimdinareobaa, mWidrod dakavSirebuli hermenevtikasTan
_ interpretaciis xelovnebasTan. literaturaTmcodneTa yuradRebis centrSi
eqceva mxatvruli teqstis aRmqmeli subieqti _ recipienti, mkiTxveli. es
gansakuTrebuli interesi mkiTxvelis mimarT im faqtis Segnebam ganapiroba, rom
literaturuli teqstis realizeba, gacocxleba mxolod misi aRqmis procesSi,
aRmqmeli subieqtis cnobierebaSi xdeba. amis gareSe mxatvruli teqsti mxolod da
mxolod mkvdari sqema, ConCxi, mkiTxvelis fantaziis gamRizianebel pirobiT
niSanTa erTobliobaa.
revaz yaralaSvilis naSromSi `wigni da mkiTxveli~ (1977), romelSic
safuZvlianad, uxvi sailustracio magaliTebis moxmobiT aris ganxiluli
recefciuli esTetikis ZiriTadi principebi, vkiTxulobT: `aRmqmel cnobierebas
nawarmoebisadmi aqtiuri damokidebuleba moeTxoveba, vinaidan mkiTxveli sagnis
pasiuri momxmarebeli ki ar aris, aramed SemoqmedebiTi procesis aqtiuri
monawilea. aqtiuria igi Tundac imitom, rom konstruqciuli principi, kodi,
nawarmoebis gasaRebi aRmoCenas moiTxovs misgan, da kiTxvis procesSi aRmomCenis
adgils miuCens. xolo aRmoCena ukve esTetikuri kategoriaa da udides tkbobas
aniWebs adamians~ (yaralaSvili 1977: 34-35).
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis qmnilebaTa recipientebs Soris am
TvalsazrisiT literaturuli teqstis aRmqmeli yvelaze aqtiuria da es,
mniSvnelovanwilad, im masalis TaviseburebiT aris gamowveuli, romliTac mwerali
muSaobs; es masala _ anu sityva, enobrivi niSani _ yvelaze abstraqtulia
xelovnebis sxva dargTa (mxatvrobis, Teatris, musikis, kinos...) mier gamoyenebul
masalasTan SedarebiT (Tu poeti dawers sityvas `vaSli~, mkiTxvelma TviTon unda
warmoidginos am vaSlis zoma, forma, jiSi, feri, gemo, surneli... fermweris mier
daxatuli vaSlis aRqmisas Cvens fantazias am mimarTulebiT naklebi muSaoba
uwevs).
mniSvnelovanwilad swored am specifikuri mwerluri ma-salis Taviseburebis
gamo xdeba, rom nebismier teqstSi yovelTvis arsebobs uamravi ganusazRvreli
adgili, romelTa `Sevseba~, konkretizacia da rekonstruqcia teqstisa da
mkiTxvelis Sexvedris, anu kiTxvis procesSi xdeba. konkretizaciis da re-
konstruqciis winapiroba ki aris aqtualizacia, anu `nawarmoebis detalis an
epizodis gacocxleba, gasagneba mkiTxvelis mier, _ wuTieri scenis gardasaxva
gaSlil suraTad, romelic warmoqmnis asociaciaTa da emociaTa gantotvil
qsels~ (Tanamedrove... 2002: 213).
xazgasmuli terminebi recefciuli esTetikis erT-erT fuZemdebels, roman
ingardens, ekuTvnis.
ganusazRvrel adgils (Unbestimmtheitsstelle) r. ingardeni uwodebs `asaxuli
sagnis im mxares an im adgils, romlis Se-saxeb teqstis safuZvelze zustad ver
vityviT, rogor aris es sagani gansazRvruli am TvalsazrisiT~ (Smidi 2003: 44).

118
xolo konkretizacia da rekonstruqcia am ganusazRvreli adgilebis Sevsebaa
mkiTxvelis fantaziiT.
r. ingardenisave magaliTi: `Tuki, vTqvaT, `budenbrokebSi~ ar iqneboda
naxsenebi konsul budenbrokis Tvalebis feri (rac me ar Semimowmebia), maSin es
personaJi am TvalsazrisiT ver iqneboda gansazRvruli, Tumca konteqstisa da im
faqtis safuZvelze, rom is adamiani iyo da Tvalebic Tavis adgilze hqonda,
igulisxmeba, rom misi Tvalebi raRac ferisa unda yofiliyo; magram ra ferisa, es
gaurkveveli darCeboda~ (ingardeni 1994: 44).
am gaurkvevlobis likvidacia (ufro sworad, amgvar gaurkvevlobaTa raRac
nawilis likvidacia, vinaidan gaurkveveli, ganusazRvreli adgilebi uTvalavia!)
unda moxdes da xdeba kidec kiTxvis procesSi (an mxatvruli nawarmoebis
inscenirebis procesSi, an misi kinoversiis Seqmnisas, an kidev mxatvris mier
literaturuli nawarmoebis ilustrirebis dros). amas uwodebs r. ingardeni
konkretizacias da rekonstruqcias.
nawarmoebSi mocemul warmodgenaTa zogad sqemebs mkiTxveli avsebs
detalebiT, romlebic Seesabamebian mis alRos, misi aRqmisTvis damaxasiaTebel
Cvevebs. am dros is Tavis adrindel gamocdi-lebas eyrdnoba da nawarmoebSi
warmosaxul samyaros im msofl-gancdis WrilSi warmoidgens, romelic man
cxovrebaSi SeimuSava. Tu is TxzulebaSi iseT sagans waawydeba, romelTan
urTierTobis gamocdileba mas ar aqvs da arc is icis, rogoria is garegnulad,
igi Seecdeba es sagani sakuTari fantaziiT warmosaxos.
erTi da imave mxatvruli qmnilebis mravalgvari konkretizaciaa SesaZlebeli.
erTi mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi ganxorcielebuli konkretizacia gansxvavdeba sxva
mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi ganxorcielebuli konkretizaciisagan, metic _ erTi
aRmqmeli subieqtis mier erTi da imave teqstis xelaxali wakiTxvisas
adrindelisgan gansxvavebul konkretizacias miviRebT. es aris mizezi imisa, rom
nacnobi teqstis interesiT wakiTxva ramdenjermea SesaZlebeli. r. ingardenis
mixedviT, `imis gamo, rom mkiTxvelis mier warmodgenaTa aqtualizeba da
konkretizeba mravalgvarad xdeba, SesaZloa erTi da imave nawarmoebis esTetikuri
aRqma am TvalsazrisiT sul sxvadasxvagvari iyos. amis Sedegad mxolod zogierTi
esTetikuri aRqma, anu konkretizacia emTxveva nawarmoebis arss. nawarmoebis TviT
marTebuli esTetikuri konkretizaciebic SesaZloa am TvalsazrisiT
erTmaneTisagan Zlier gansxvavdebodnen da sul sxvadasxva esTetikurad Zvirfasi
Tvisebebi da sxvadasxva esTetikuri Rirebulebebi warmoaCinon~ amaSi xedavs igi
`erT-erT mizezs imisas, rom mkiTxvelebi _ zogjer sworedac rom didad
ganaTlebuli da mgrZnobiare kritikosebi _ erTi da imave literaturuli
mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sefasebisas ver Tanxmdebian~ (ingardeni 1994: 56).
amasTan sagangebod aRsaniSnavia isic, rom `am `ganusazRvrelis gansazRvrisas~
yovelTvis arsebobs mkiTxvelis mier sakuTari Tavis `gansazRvris~, e.i. misi
cnobierebisTvis aqamde miuwvdomeli movlenebis aRmoCenis SesaZlebloba~
(Tanamedrove... 2002: 218).
es ki imas niSnavs, rom kiTxvis procesSi, anu ganusazRvreli adgilebis
konkretizaciis da rekonstruqciis procesSi, mkiTxveli sakuTari Tavis
formirebas axdens. aqedan isic cxadia, rom raki yvelaze meti ganusazRvreli
adgili sityvieri xelovnebis nawarmoebSi moipoveba, pirovnebis formirebas
sityvieri xelovne-bis nawarmoebi ufro metad uwyobs xels, vidre xelovnebis
sxva dargTa qmnilebani.

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 (cxovrebis xelovnebis filosofiis axlad damfuZnebeli, Tanamedrove
germaneli filosofosi vilhelm Smidic wers: `teqstis interpretaciis procesSi
Cven sinamdvileSi sakuTari Tavisa da sakuTari cxovrebis interpretacias
vaxdenT~ da `metadre enobrivi masalis formirebisas axdens individuumi sakuTari
Tavis fo-rmirebas: am garegan qsovilTan urTierTobaSi, romelsac erTi
kulturis individebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qsovdnen, pirovneba Tavis sakuTar
struqturas poulobs, da rac ufro ukeT axerxebs igi am masaliT SemoqmedebiT
TamaSs, miT ufro meti ramis Seqmna SeuZlia mas Tavisi Tavisagan~ _ (Smidi 2003:
11).
unda ganvasxvaoT ganusazRvreli adgilebis ori tipi: erTi, romlis
konkretizacia (Sevseba) mkiTxvels nebismierad SeuZlia (TumcaRa yvela SesaZlo
konkretizacia esTetikurad TanabradRi-rebuli ver iqneba) da meore _ iseTi
ganusazRvreli adgili, romelic sagangebo mxatvruli efeqtis mosaxdenad aris
datovebuli ganusazRvrelad da umjobesia ganusazRvreladve darCes. anu am meore
yaidis ganusazRvrelobas mxatvruli funqcia akisria.
r. ingardenis mixedviT, yovel literaturul mxatvrul nawarmoebSi da
gansakuTrebiT namdvil refleqsiur lirikaSi, arsebobs arTqmulis, dafarulis,
ganusazRvrelis, Riad datovebuli azris Semcveli adgilebi. es arTqmuli, es
ganusazRvreli azrebi, miuxedavad TavianTi ucnauri aryofnisa da aseve ucnauri
SeumCnevlobisa, mainc arsebiT rols TamaSoben nawarmoebis mxatvrul
struqturaSi. nawarmoebze analitikuri dakvirvebis procesSi isi-ni gamoxmobil
unda iqnen am TavianTi SeumCnevlobidan, periferiis bnelSi arsebobidan. Tanac
unda gavicnobieroT, rom maTi mxatvruli funqcia moiSleboda, Tuki amgvari
ganusazRvrelobis ama Tu im saxiT Sevsebas SevecdebodiT. aseTi adgilebis
pozitiurad gan-sazRvruli monacemebiT Sevsebisas yovlad zedmet laybobas
miviRebdiT. grZnobadaxvewili mkiTxveli amgvar ganusazRvrel adgi-lebs dumiliT
uvlis gverds da swored es aZlevs mas SesaZleblobas, xelovanis mier
Cafiqrebuli esTetikuri sagnis formireba miaxloebiT mainc moaxdinos. naklebi
kulturis mqone mkiTxveli, romelsac mxolod personaJTa bed-iRbali
ainteresebs, uyuradRebod tovebs aseTi ganusazRvreli adgilebis likvidaciis
akrZalvas, wyalwyala laybobiT avsebs imas, risi Sevsebac ar aris saWiro, da amis
Sedegad Cinebulad formirebul xelovnebis qmnilebas iaffasian, saeWvo
esTetikuri Rirebulebis mqone teqstad aqcevs. r. ingardenis sityviT, aseTi ram
marto rigiT mkiTxvelebs ki ara, araiSviaTad profesional literatorebsac
mosdiT, rodesac, vTqvaT, hiolderlinis, rilkes an Traklis `grZnobadaxvewil,
Rrma, magram amavdroulad mxolod miniSnebebze damyarebul refleqsiur lirikas
metafizikur traqtatebs miuTxzaven xolme da imas wamoayrantaleben, rasac
xelovnebis qmnilebaSi gamarTleba aqvs mxolod rogorc perspeqtivas, mxolod
rogorc miniSnebas, winaTgrZnobas, da rac aseTadve unda darCes~ (ingardeni 1994:
61).
ganusazRvreli adgilebis raodenoba teqstSi mniSvnelovnad aris
damokidebuli Janrze da weris stilze (maneraze). naturalisturi weris maneris
momxreni cdilobdnen, rac SeiZleba naklebi ganusazRvreli adgili daetovebinaT
teqstSi, naklebi gasaqani miecaT am mxriv mkiTxvelis warmosaxvis unarisTvis, da
egonaT, rom amis Sedegad mkiTxvelze nawarmoebis zemoqmedeba ufro
mizanmimarTuli da Zlieri iqneboda. magram aRmoCnda, rom `yvelaze mZafr
aqtualizacias iwvevs ara dasrulebuli, yovlismomcveli suraTi an aRwera,

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aramed _ swored fragmentebi an sxvaTaSoris, ucabedad naTqvami sityvebi~
(Tanamedrove... 2002: 213).
r. ingardeni naSromSi `konkretizacia da rekonstruqcia~ gamoTqvams
mosazrebas, rom Zalze saintereso iqneboda sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebTa,
sxvadasxva literaturul mimdinareobaTa warmomadgenlebis TxzulebaTa, anu
gansxvavebuli stiliT Sesrulebul mxatvrul qmnilebaTa am TvalsazrisiT
urTierTSedareba. kerZod, igi ase svams sakiTxs: `erT romelime nawarmoebSi
arsebuli ganusazRvreli adgilebis mravalferovneba da aseve maTi tipebis SerCeva
xom ar aris TviT am literaturuli Janris an Sesabamisi literaturuli
mimarTulebis damaxasiaTebeli, da am problemis gamokvleva mniSvnelovan wvlils
xom ar Seitanda am JanrTa an literaturul stilTa arsis wvdomis saqmeSi, im
monacemebTan erTad, romlebsac mxatvruli qmnilebis srulad gansazRvrul
mxareze dakvirvebiT movipovebT. winaswar Znelia Tqma, ra Sedegebamde migviyvanda
aseTi kvleva. magram saintereso iqneboda saTanado kvleva-Ziebis Catareba,
magaliTad, Tanamedrove romanebze da am TvalsazrisiT, vTqvaT, zolas romanebis
prustis romanebTan, joisis `ulises~ golzuorTis romanebis ciklTan (...)
Sedareba. anda ra Sedegs miviRebdiT, Tu, magaliTad, Tomas manis nawarmoebebs am
TvalsazrisiT SevadarebdiT folkneris qmnilebebs? Tuki moxerxdeboda imis
warmoCena, rom am SemTxvevebSi literaturul nawarmoebebSi ganusazRvreli
adgilebis gamoyenebis mxriv damaxasiaTebeli kanon-zomierebani SeimCneva, maSin isic
SesaZlebeli iqneboda, SerCeuli literaturuli Janris an literaturuli
mimdinareobis nawarmoebTa SesaZlo esTetikuri konkretizaciisTvis damaxasiaTebel
mravalferovnebazec gvelaparaka~ (ingardeni 1994: 60).
recefciuli esTetikis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi cnebaa molodinis
horizonti. h. r. iausis mixedviT, axlad gamoqveynebul literaturul
nawarmoebebs sulac ara aqvT pretenzia, TavianTi Tavi informaciul vakuumSi
gaCenil absolutur siaxled warmogvidginon. piriqiT, isini mkiTxvels awvdian
aSkara Tu farul signalebs, romlebic recipientebs nawarmoebis aRqmis garkveul,
maT-Tvis ukve cnobil wesze mianiSneben. axali nawarmoebi aRZravs mogonebas adre
wakiTxul nawarmoebebze, uqmnis mkiTxvels garkveul emociur ganwyobas, aRviZebs
masSi raRac nacnobis, adre wakiTxu-lis msgavsis molodins, rac Semdgom, kiTxvis
procesSi, an gamarTldeba, an gamtyundeba: `axali teqsti mkiTxvelSi (msmenelSi)
aRviZebs adre aRqmuli teqstebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebul molodinis da
TamaSis wesTa horizonts, romelic mere [axali teqstis aRqmis procesSi. _ l.b.]
variirebas, koreqcias, ganaxlebas ganic-dis an mxolod ucvlelad meordeba~
(iausi 1994: 131).
h. r. iausi ganasxvavebs mkiTxvelis molodinis horizonts da molodinis
horizonts, romelic nawarmoebSia warmodgenili. es ukanaskneli myaria da
ucvleli, mkiTxvelis molodinis horizonti ki cvlilebas ganicdis nawarmoebis
kiTxvis procesSi. magaliTad, servantesi `don kixotSi~ Tavdapirvelad mkiTxvels
aRuZravs am ukanasknelisTvis kargad nacnob saraindo romanTan morigi Sexvedris
molodins, magram sabolood am yaidis TxzulebaTa Rrma-azrovan parodias
sTavazobs mas. deni didro `Jak fatalistSi~ Tavidan mkiTxvels iseT
STabeWdilebas uqmnis, TiTqos mas am teqstis saxiT im droisaTvis modur
samogzauro romanTa msgavs TxzulebasTan eqneba saqme, magram Semdeg `Sepirebuli~
samogzauro da satrfialo romanis nacvlad recipienti istoriis WeSmaritebis
Taobaze Seqmnili teqstis pirispir aRmoCndeba.

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 sxvaobas nawarmoebisa da mkiTxvelis molodinis horizontebs Soris
h. r. iausi esTetikur distancias uwodebs. recefciuli esTetikis TvalsazrisiT,
es distancia gansazRvravs literaturuli nawarmoebis rogorc xelovnebis
qmnilebis xasiaTs. rac ufro mcirea es distancia, rac ufro nakleb moeTxoveba
mkiTxvels nawarmoebis kiTxvis procesSi sakuTari molodinis horizontis Secvla
misTvis manamde ucnobi gamocdilebis zegavleniT, miT ufro uaxlovdeba Txzuleba
e. w. gasarTob (`kulinariul~) literaturas.
`kulinariul~ literaturad gadaqcevis safrTxe emuqreba siaxlis Semcvel
nebismier teqsts mas Semdeg, rac is klasikad iqceva. es safrTxe unda daiZlios
klasikis axleburi wakiTxviT, klasikur qmnilebebSi axal-axali, manamde
SeumCneveli siRrmeebis warmoCeniT.
Sesabamisad, rac metia distancia nawarmoebisa da mkiTxvelis molodinis
horizontebs Soris, miT ufro maRali xarisxis mxatvrul teqstTan gvaqvs saqme.
amgvarad, avtori yovelTvis iTvaliswinebs (cnobierad Tu gaucnobiereblad)
mkiTxvelis molodinis horizonts, zogjer cdilobs gaamarTlos recipientis
molodini, miawodos mas TamaSis Cveuli wesebiT Sesrulebuli teqsti _ amis
Sedegad igi qmnis kiCs, nacadi, magram ukve gacveTili xerxebis gamoyenebiT
Sesrulebul nawarmoebs, romelic savsebiT akmayofilebs dabali mxatvruli
gemovnebis mqone mkiTxvels, an kidev raRac momentSi uxvevs nacnobi (gatkepnili)
gzidan, sTavazobs recipients moulodnel siaxles, anu arRvevs misi molodinis
horizonts, ris Sedegadac WeSmarit (gemovnebian) `mkiTxvels aReZvreba ara
kritikuli reaqcia, aramed _ Rrmad poeturi grZnoba, romelsac badebs WeSmariti
siaxlis migneba~ (Tanamedrove... 2002: 221).
amrigad, molodinis horizontis meSveobiT, mkiTxveli Tanaavtori xdeba im
azriT, rom avtorTan erTad isic gansazRvravs nawarmoebis struqturas.
potenciuri recipientis makonstituirebeli (safuZveldamdebi) roli mxatvruli
nawarmoebis Seqmnis procesSi sruliad aSkaraa maSinac ki, roca amis Sesaxeb
pirdapir araferi migvaniSnebs (vTqvaT, teqstSi ar aris avtoris uSualo mimarTva
mkiTxvelisadmi da sxv.).
recefciuli esTetikis adeptebi nawilobriv eTanxmebian rus formalistebs
imaSi, rom literaturaSi evoluciis mizezi avtomatizacia da deavtomatizaciaa,
romlis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: esa Tu is literaturuli xerxi xSiri
gamoyenebis Sedegad cvdeba da aRar iwvevs mkiTxvelSi im efeqts, rac
Tavdapirvelad miiRweoda misi meSveobiT. amitom periodulad unda moxdes
mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis `deavtomatizacia~, ganaxleba. magram amgvari,
oden diaqroniuli midgoma, recefciuli esTetikis poziciaze mdgar mkvlevarTa
azriT, srulyofilad ver warmoaCens literaturuli evoluciis meqanizmis arss
_ am movlenis ukeT gasagebad aucilebelia sinqronul mimarTebaTa, anu im epoqis
literaturuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebac, romel epoqaSic nawarmoebi iqmneba,
da bolos, arc istoriis zogad processa da imanentur literaturul
ganviTarebas Soris arsebuli damokidebuleba unda dagvrCes yuradRebis miRma
(iausi 1994: 140-141).
mxatvruli teqstis recefciuli esTetikis TvalsazrisiT ganxilvam
nayofieri zegavlena moaxdina literaturis Semswavleli mecnierebis
ganviTarebaze, naTeli mohfina literaturuli procesebis mraval `saidumlos~,
literaturuli Janrebis ganviTarebis, mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis xerxTa
evoluciis Sinagan mizezebsa Tu motivebs. garda amisa, am moZRvrebam

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mniSvnelovnad aamaRla mkiTxvelis statusi, miapyro ra yuradReba aramarto mis
did rols teqstis aRqmisas nawarmoebis `gacocxlebis~ saqmeSi, aramed mis
idumal Tanamonawileobasac teqstis Seqmnis procesSi. amave dros am koncefciam
mniSvnelovani Sedegebi moitana mxatvruli teqstis sazogadoebrivi funqciis
kvlevis sferoSic.

damowmebani:

Tanamedrove... 2002: Tanamedrove sazRvargareTuli literaturismcodneoba. enciklopediuri

cnobari. m.: 1996. citirebas vaxdenT Tamar lomiZis mier Sesrulebuli qarTuli
Targmanidan: `sjani~, III. Tb., 2002.
iausi 1994: Jauß H. R. Literaturgeschichte als Provikation der Literaturwissenschaft. in: Rainer Warning,
Hrsg., Rezeptiosästhetik. Theorie und Praxis. Wilhelm Fink Verlag. München: 1994.
ingardeni 1994: Ingarden R. Konkretisation und Rekonstruktion. in: Rainer Warning, Hrsg., Rezeptiosästhetik.
Theorie und Praxis. Wilhelm Fink Verlag. München: 1994.
yaralaSvili 1977: yaralaSvili r. wigni da mkiTxveli. Tb., 1977.
Smidi 2003: Smidi v. cxovrebis xelovnebis skola. Tb., 2003.

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malxaz xarbedia

naratologia

farTo xmarebaSi, termini `naratologia~ rolan bartis, klod bremonis,

cvetan todorovisa da sxvaTa novatoruli naSromebis Semdeg Semovida. Tumca
rogorc literaturaTmcodneobis dargs, naratologias xangrZlivi istoria
hqonda (rusul tradiciaSi _ a. veselovski, v. propi, b. tomaSevski, o.
freidenbergi, v. Sklovski, m. baxtini da sxva; germanulenovanSi _ o. ludvigi, k.
fridemani, k. hamburgeri, f. k. Stanceli, v. kaizeri, h. miuleri; inglisurenovanSi
_ p. laboki, n. fridmani, k. bruqsi da r. p. uoreni).
naratologiis (termini Semoitana cvetan todorovma) sagani Txrobis
fundamenturi principebis kvlevaa. pol rikioris sityviT, naratologia, wesiT,
unda gvewodebina mecnierebisTvis, romelic TxrobiT struqturebs Seiswavlis, im
gansxvavebis gauTvaliswineblad, rac istoriul da gamogonil monaTxrobs Soris
arsebobs. Tumca, am terminis Tanamedrove interpretaciis Tanaxmad, naratologia
Tavisi yuradRebis koncentrirebas, ZiriTadad, mainc gamonagonze axdens.
warmodgenebi narativis arsis, struqturis, socialuri da fsiqologiuri
funqciebis Sesaxeb, jer kidev antikur xanaSi Camoyalibda. SemTxveviTi araa, rom
narativis wamyvani Teoretikosebi, pirvel rigSi ki pol rikiori da Jerar Jeneti,
dawvrilebiT ganixilaven TavianT teqstebSi antikur ideebs. pol rikiorma Tavisi
umniSvnelovanesi naSromis, `dro da Txrobis~ pirveli wigni mTlianad am ideebs
miuZRvna, erTi mxriv aristoteles `poetikas~, meore mxriv _ netari avgustines
`aRsarebebs~. Jerar Jeneti ki Tavis `TxrobiT diskursSi~ dawvrilebiT ganixilavs
platonisa da aristoteles ideebs.
Cv. w. pirvel saukunemde laTinuri termini narratio (Txroba – misi berZnuli
Sesatyvisia diegesis, zmnidan diago _ gadayvana, aRsruleba) gamoiyeneboda rogorc
teqnikuri termini. oratori narratio-s Tezisis gamoTqmis Semdeg mimarTavda, anu
igi ergvar ilustracias warmoadgenda. aqamde ki antikur literaturaSi
TxrobiTi strategiebis Zalze saintereso sistema arsebobda, risi mokle
mimoxilvac, vfiqrobT, naTels mohfens bevr sakiTxs.
jer kidev Zvel indoevropul tradiciaSi xSiri iyo enis arahomogenurobis
SemTxvevebi, romlebic RvTaebebisa da adamianur enaTa gamijvnasTan erTad,
stilisturad markirebuli da Cveulebrivi metyvelebis dapirispirebasac
emsaxureboda. saqme is gaxlavT, rom es e.w. diglosia (orenovneba) teqstis
struqturaSi ormagi kodirebis funqcias iZenda, rac imas niSnavda, rom erTi da
igive Sinaarsi SesaZloa orjer yofiliyo teqstSi gadmocemuli, or sxvadasxva
doneze.
magaliTad homerosTan, epikuri moqmedeba or planSia gadmocemuli: 1)
nawarmoebs gamsWvalavs teqstualuri winaswarmetyvelebebi, anticipaciebi,
romlebic zustad gansazRvraven mTeli poemisa da konkretuli simRerebis
amocanas, Txroba ki garkveuli gegmisa da am gegmis ganxorcielebis saxiT
warmogvidgeba. `iliadas~ pirvel simReraSi aTenas rCeva aqilevsis mimarT (`mova
dro, samjer uZvirfases jildos miiReb, damcirebisTvis~ (mileri 1998: 212-214)
winaswar ganWvrets mecxre da mecxramete simReras, `elCobasa~ da `risxvis
dacxromas~; 2) konkretul epizodSi informacia ori saxiT formdeba: diegeturi,
anu TxrobiTi diskursiT da mimeturi, e.w. citaturi diskursiT. `iliadas~ imave

124
pirvel simReraSi zevsisa da Tetisis saubars (anu e.w. mimetur, baZviT monakveTs)
CarCoTi kravs avtoris frazebi (anu e.w. Txroba) da mxolod misi wakiTxva
iqneboda sakmarisi am dialogis Sesaxeb informaciis misaRebad; 3) avtori
informacias ganvrcobili, detalizebuli TxrobiTa da e.w. wanamZRvrebiT
gadmogvcems (magaliTad, wanamZRvars, `ukuaqcies troelebi danaelebma, / marjved
ibrZodnen beladebi~ (redfildi 1975: 37-38) mosdevs am Serkinebis detalizacia,
46 striqoniani aRwera imisa, Tu rogor dasca agamemnonma – odiosi, menelaosma –
skamandriosi da a.S.).
antikur dramaSi es ormagi kodireba melikisa da iambikis, qoros patiebisa
da dramatuli dialogis urTierTobaSi gaformda. aq ukve miTi iRebs
gansakuTrebul funqciebs da es urTierToba ganimarteba rogorc diaqronulisa da
sinqronulis dapirispireba, precedentis (erTgvari pramiTis) axal pirobebSi
eqsplikaciis, amosavali situaciis konkretul movlenebSi ganfenis procesi. miTis
gageba swored precedentisa da konkretuli ambis (anu im movlenebis, rac scenaze
viTardeba) mimarTebaTa wesebis codnazea damokidebuli da dramaSic, scenaze Tu
mis miRma mimdinare movlenebi mxolod qoros miniSnebaTa wyalobiT iReben
dasrulebul saxes, qoro ki swored am precedentze mianiSnebs an mis `diaqronul
variantad~ miiCnevs momxdars.
iambur nawilSi, naraciis princips yvelaze ukeT macnes monaTxrobi
ganasaxierebs, igi dawvrilebiT yveba imas, rac es-esaa moxda, rac Tavisi TvaliT
ixila _ gansxvavebiT qorosgan, romelic am movlenaze mxolod raRac amorfuli
SeniSvnebiT reagirebs, mas warsulSi momxdarTan aigivebs da xSirad garkveuli
paradigmis saxesac aZlevs konkretul SemTxvevas, anu precedentis moxmobiT
Taviseburad ganmartavs viTarebas.
aseTi magaliTebis moyvana sakmarisad SeiZleba antikuri literaturis sxva
Janrebidanac, filosofiuri dialogi iqneba es Tu romani, sadac aSkara xdeba
Txrobis rogorc ganmartebis funqcia.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, berZnul enaSi, termin `narativis~ etimologiuri
winapari teqnikuri termini, diegesis-i iyo, romelsac sofistebi oratoris mier
warmoTqmuli sityvis im nawilis gansamartavad iyenebdnen, uSualod ZiriTadi
argumentis Semdeg rom modioda, xolo rac Seexeba termin narratio-s, am sityvis
etimologiaSi narativis SemecnebiTi funqcia pirdapiraa dafiqsirebuli. termini
`narativi~ laTinur sityvas, gnarus-s ukavSirdeba, rac `mcodnes~ niSnavs da am
sityvas, Tavis mxriv, indoevropul fuZesTan, gno (codna)-sTan mivyavarT.
amerikeli literaturaTmcodne, jon hilis mileri Cvens yuradRebas miaqcevs
imaze, rom igive fuZe devs sityvaSi `anagnorisisi~, riTac aristotele `gaxsnis~,
`aRmoCenis~ moments gansazRvravda Tavis `poetikaSi~. sityva `naracia~ (zepiri an
werilobiTi ambavi, vinmes mier moTxrobili) im sityvaTa ojaxis wevria, romelic
moicavs cnebebs: `kongitiurs~, `gnoziss~, `diagnozs~, `gnomons~, `fiziognomias~
(xasiaTis gansazRvris xelovneba saxis nakvTebis mixedviT), `normas~. mileri
samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom `naraciis cnebaSi faruladaa miniSnebuli gansjisa da
interpretaciis~, aseve temporalobis ideebi (mileri 1998: 47). anu Txrobisas,
adamiani aramxolod movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobas icavs, aramed am movlenaTa
interpretirebasac axdens.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, Zalze sainteresoa aristoteles `poetikis~ zogierTi
cnebis jeims redfildiseuli ganmarteba. misi azriT, Semecneba, gamocnoba da
daskvnebis gakeTeba aris safuZveli im siamovnebis, romelsac baZvis (anu

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reprezentaciis) dros viRebT. igi xazs usvams baZvis SemecnebiT funqcias, ris
mixedviTac miToss, intrigas gagebamde mivyavarT. am TvalsazrisiT, `poetika~
mWidro kavSirSia V saukunis ritorikasTan da misTvis damaxasiaTebel
argumentaciis kulturasTan. redfildis sityviT, `gamonagoni aris Sedegi
erTgvari kvlevisa da igi ikvlevs moqmedebis Sualedur motivebs da moTxrobili
istoriis meSveobiT igi gadmogvcems SesaZleblisa da aucilebelis zogierT
universalur models, romelic adamianur cxovrebas axasiaTebs~ (redfildi 1975:
59-60). amgvarad, gamonagoni garkveuli kvlevis Sedegia, anu baZvis meSveobiT
movlenebi reducirdeba da formad iqceva, iwmindeba da advili xdeba sawvdomad.
Zalze zustad SeniSnavs jerald elsi, rom avtori, anu poeti `movlenaTa
realurobas ki ar qmnis, aramed maT logikur struqturas, maT sazriss: is faqti,
rom es movlenebi realurad iyo, meorexarisxovania imasTan SedarebiT, rom isini
SeTxzes~ (elsi 1957: 331).
meoce saukuneSi, uamravi sxvadasxva Teoria Seiqmna narativis Sesaxeb. hilis
mileris azriT, yvelaze principuli maT Soris iyo rusi formalistebis Teoriebi
(propi, eixenbaumi, Sklovski); narativis dialoguri Teoria, romlis saTaveebTanac
mixail baxtini idga; `axali kritikis~ Teoriebi (r. p. blekmeri);
neoaristotelianuri Teoriebi (Cikagos skola: r.s. greini, u. buti);
fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriebi (z. froidi, k. berki, J. lakani, n. ebrehemi);
hermenevtikuli da fenomenologiuri Teoriebi (r. ingardeni, p. rikiori, J.
pule); struqturalisturi, semiotikuri da tropologiuri Teoriebi (k. levi-
strosi, r. barti, c. todorovi, a. greimasi, J. Jeneti, h. uaiti); marqsistuli da
sociologiuri Teoriebi (f. jeimsoni); mkiTxvelTa aRqmis Teoriebi (v. izeri, h.
iausi); poststruqturalisturi da dekonstruqtivistuli Teoriebi (J. derida, p.
de mani).
meoce saukuneSive dadginda sabolood natarologiis ZiriTadi analitikuri
komponentebi – suJeti, xma, dro, TvalTaxedva, personaJi, roli. Tavad narativi,
anu Txroba ki zogadad ganisazRvra rogorc ambis gadmocemis, moyolis Sedegi,
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, narativizaciis procesis Sedegi. `naratiulobis~
kategoria sxvadasxvanairad ganimarteba xolme; yvelaze farTo gageba a. greimasma
da J. kurtem SemogvTavazes, roca naratiuloba gansazRvres rogorc `nebismieri
diskursis maorganizebeli principi~. naratologiis centraluri problema ki
SegviZlia a. dantos sityvebiT CamovayaliboT: `nebismieri moTxroba esaa
struqtura, romelSic movlenebi moeqcevian da romelic ajgufebs am movlenebs
erTmaneTTan, zogierTebs ki gamoricxavs rogorc arasakmarisad arsebiT movlenebs~
(danto 1965: 132).
amgvar gansazRvrebas isev aristoteles `poetikamde~ mivyavarT, sadac
movlenebi aucileblobiTa da albaTobiT jgufdeba. zemoT struqtura vaxseneT da
aristoteles mixedviTac `miTosi~ esaa `faqtebis sistematizacia, mowesrigeba~
(`he ton pragmaton siustasis~ (1450 a5)). Tumca igi sistemas ki ar gulisxmobs
`siustasis~-Si, aramed faqtebis mowesrigebas, garkveul procesualur operacias,
romelic `poetikis~ yvela cnebas moqmedebasTan akavSirebs. swored amitomac,
aristoteles `poetikis~ pirvelive striqonebSi sityva `miTos~-i, damatebaa
zmnisa, romelic `Txzvas~ aRniSnavs, rikioris azriT ki es yvelaferi imisTvis
keTdeba, raTa poetika miTosis (rikiori am cnebas Targmnis rogorc intrigas)
Txzvis xelovnebasTan gaigivdes (1447 a2).

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 r. kerni SeniSnavs, rom sityva poiesis-is (qmna, keTeba) gamoyenebisas ZiriTadi
gansxvaveba antikurobasa da Tanamedroveobas Soris imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tuki
antikurobaSi igi nebismieri saxis qmedebas gulisxmobda (qoTnis Zerwva Tu Subis
damzadeba), TanamedroveobaSi poiesis-Si pirvel planze gamodis is, rasac pol
rikiori `semantikur inovacias~ uwodebs. narativTan dakavSirebiT semantikuri
inovacia intrigis mofiqrebas niSnavs, romelic garkveuli sinTezis Sedegs
warmoadgens. intrigaSi (anu miTosSi) mizezebi, Sedegebi da SemTxveviTobebi
dasrulebuli, mTliani moqmedebis droiT erTianobaSi eqceva, anu inovacia
movlenaTa rigis axlebur wyobaSi gamoixateba.
komentatorebi Zalze sainteresod ganmartaven kaTarsisis cnebasac. elsis
azriT, ganwmenda Tavad baZvis procesiT xdeba. radganac intriga baZvaa (anu
cocxali droiTi gamocdilebis SemoqmedebiTi baZva), ganwmenda swored misi,
intrigis meSveobiT xdeba. redfildi kidev ufro azustebs situacias, misi
sityviT, roca xelovneba srulyofilebas, anu saboloo formas miaRwevs, igi
iwmindeba. roca nawarmoebi sruldeba (formis xelovnebis wyalobiT), aRmovaCenT,
rom iq arafris mokleba-momateba ar SeiZleba. ganwmenda imdenadaa ganwmenda,
ramdenadac Semoqmedi qmnis formas `reduqciis~ (anu klebis) meSveobiT, da am
reduqciis niSans warmoadgens mxatvruli dasrulebuloba. amis gamo mxatvrul
nawarmoebs, romelic cxovrebas baZavs, SeuZlia inteligebeluri gaxados
(reduqciis wyalobiT) situaciebi, romelic arainteligebeluria cxovrebaSi
(redfildi 1975: 161-166). erTi sityviT, ganwmenda kompoziciis SeqmnaSi
mdgomareobs da igi pirvel rigSi poeturi kompoziciis SeqmnasTanaa
dakavSirebuli.

* * *
`kiTxulobde literaturul nawarmoebs, niSnavs monawileobas iRebde
TamaSSi, romelic saSualebas mogvcems gaviazroT movlenaTa usasrulo
mravalferovneba, romelic moxda, xdeba an moxdeba realur samyaroSi.
literaturuli teqstis kiTxvisas, Cven gavurbivarT uxerxulobasa da SiSs,
romelic maSin gveufleba xolme, roca vcdilobT raRac WeSmariti vTqvaT
garesamyaros Sesaxeb. swored amaSi mdgomareobs literaturis manugeSebeli
funqcia, swored amitom yvebian adamianebi istoriebs da yvebodnen mudam, uZvelesi
droidan moyolebuli~ _ ase axasiaTebs narativis zemoqmedebas umberto eko Tavis
wignSi `gaseirneba literatutul tyeeebSi~ (eko 2002: 162-163). ra Tqma unda eko
am SemTxvevaSi rigiT mkiTxvels gulisxmobda, magram saqme isaa, rom
naratologiis saTaveebTan mdgomi literaturaTmcodneebic upirveles yovlisa
swored konkretul, e.w. `manugeSebel~ teqstebs irCevdnen (teqstebs, sadac
urTulesi droiTi gamocdileba Txrobis ostatobiT iyo `daZleuli~). rigorc
zemoT iTqva, Tanamedrove naratologia Tavisi yuradRebis koncentrirebas,
ZiriTadad mainc gamonagonze axdens da narativis erT-erTi wamyvani Teoretikosi,
Jerar Jenetic xazs usvamda Teoriis (poetikis) da kritikis mWidro kavSirs.
Tavis wignSi `naratiuli diskursi~ (1972) man aCvena, rom poetika, rogorc
`formaTa Teoria~, mxolod konkretuli teqstidan unda amodiodes da Semdeg
unda SemuSavdes zogadi principebi. aseT konkretul teqstad Jenetma marsel
prustis romanebis cikli (`dakarguli drois ZiebaSi~) amoirCia. sxvaTa Soris,
unda aRiniSnos, rom sami wigni, romelic naratiuli struqturalizmis klasikas
warmoadgens, agebulia rogorc Teoretikuli modelis `damateba~ teqstis

127
analizze: greimasis `mopasani~, bartis `S/Z” (balzakis Sesaxeb) da zemoxsenebuli
Jenetis `TxrobiTi diskursi~.

* * *
narativi, anu Txroba xorcieldeba ZiriTadad sami TvalsazrisiT: procesis
TvalsazrisiT, romelsac mTxrobeli axorcielebs, obieqtis TvalsazrisiT, anu im
movlenebis mixedviT, romelsac hyvebian, da sinTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, romelic
pirvel ors aerTianebs.
istoriis moyola, naracia, upirispirdeba reprezentacias. pirveli _ esaa
naratiuli diskursi, meore ki `komunikatiuri~, anu aranaratiuli diskursi.
rogorc cvetan todorovi aRniSnavs `prozis poetikaSi~ (1977), narativi
aris diskursi da ara movlenaTa seria, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ar arsebobs
diskursamdeli, anu araartikulirebuli istoria. movlenebi aseve istoriis
komponentebia, anu movlenaTa seria istoriad iqceva imis wyalobiT, rom isini
diskursSi arian warmodgenilni.
ar unda dagvaviwydes pol rekioriseuli ganmartebac, romlis Tanaxmadac,
samyaro, romelic nebismier TxrobiT nawarmoebSi iqmneba, esaa droiTi samyaro, anu
dro iqcva adamianur drod imdenad, ramdenadac igi naratiuli xerxebiT
artikulirdeba, da, piriqiT, Txroba imdenadaa mniSvnelovani, ramdenadac masSi
ikveTeba droiTi gamocdilebis Tavdapirveli naratiuloba. anu warsuls, awmyosa
da momavals ukve aqvs winarenaratiuli struqtura.
maSin, roca literaturis Teoretikosebi narativs ZiriTadad globaluri
niSnebiT gansazRvraven, lingvistikaze orientirebuli naratologebi yuradRebis
koncentrirebas narativis Sinagan struqturaze axdenen: makrostruqturaze
(tipiuri istoriis ZiriTadi nawilebi) da mikrostruqturaze (organizeba
gamonaTqvamebisa da winadadebebis doneze). maTi azriT, `minimaluri~ narativi esaa
winadadebaTa nebismieri Tanamimdevroba, romelsac Tundac erTi droiTi kavSiri
gaaCnia (ori winadadeba, romlebic temporalurad arian mowesrigebulni
erTmaneTis mimarT, anu maT aerTebT, vTqvaT, sityva, `amis Semdeg~, ukve narativs
warmoadgens).
rac Seexeba isev struqturalizms, frenk kermoudis azriT, Tuki arsebobs
erTi romelime publikacia, sadac axali poetikis ZiebaTa Sedegebia
koncentrirebuli, es parizuli Jurnalis, `komunikaciebis~ merve gamoSvebaa, sadac
naratiuli analizisadmi miZRvnili Svidi umniSvnelovanesi ese daibeWda: k.
bremonis, a. greimasis, u. ekos, k. metcis, c. todorovis, J. Jenetisa da r. bartis
statiebi. kermoudi bartis `TxrobiTi teqstebis analizis Sesavals~
struqturalisturi tradiciis sakvanZo teqstad miiCnevs. meTodma, romelic
bartma warmoadgina am naSromSi, mWidrod daakavSira stuqturuli analizi
kritikul avangardTan.

* * *
Jenetis azriT, radgan nebismieri saxis Txroba mxolod garkveul enobriv
movlenas warmoadgens, romelic erTi an ramdenime movlenis gadmocemiTaa
dakavSirebuli, sruliad dasaSvebia narativi erTi konkretuli zmnuri formis
ritorikul ganviTarebad miviCnioT (anu, rasac gramatikaSi zmnis ganvrcobas
uwodeben). JenetisTvis, vTqvaT, `me mivdivar~, `pieri movida~, Txrobis minimalur
formebs warmoadgens da piriqiT, `odisea~ da prustis `dakarguli drois ZiebaSi~

128
sxva araferia Tu ara ritorikuli amplifikacia gamonaTqvamebisa `odisevsi
brundeba iTakaze~ da `marseli mwerali xdeba~ (Jeneti 1998: 68).
Jeran Jeneti wignSi `TxrobiTi diskursi~ Tavdapirvelad Txrobis (recit) sam
tips gamohyofs:
1. TxrobiTi gamonaTqvami, zepiri an werilobiTi diskursi, romelic
garkveul movlenas an movlenaTa rigs gadmogvcems;
2. realuri an gamogonili movlenebis Tanmimdevroba, romelic mocemuli
diskursis (Txrobis) obieqts warmoadgens;
3. Txrobis mesame tipi aRniSnavs ara movlenas, romlis Sesaxebac yvebian,
aramed imas, rom viRac raRacas hyveba – anu aRniSnavs Tavad Txrobis aqts
rogorc aseTs.
da, Sesabamisad, sami cneba Semoaqvs Txrobis am sami tipis aRsaniSnad:
1. istoria (an ambavi) – esaa TxrobiTi aRsaniSni anu Sinaarsi;
2. Txroba – aRmniSvneli, gamonaTqvami, diskursi an sakuTriv TxrobiTi
teqsti;

3. naracia – es cneba ZiriTadi TxrobiTi aqtis aRsaniSnad gamoiyeneba da

ufro farTod ki, mTeli gamogonili da realuri situaciisTvis, romelSic es
aqti xdeba.
Jenets TxrobiTi diskursis analizi dahyavs Txrobasa da istorias, Txrobasa
da naracias, istoriasa da naracias Soris urTierTobaTa kvlevaze da
naratologiis problematikas sam kategoriad hyofs. pirveli esaa drois
kategoria, `sadac gamoixateba urTierToba istoriis (anu ambis) drosa da
diskursis dros Soris~; aspeqtis kategoria, `anu mTxrobelis mier istoriis
aRqmis xerxebi~ da modalobis kategoria, `anu diskursis tipi, romelsac
mTxrobeli iyenebs~.
DdRes erT-erTi umTavresi tendencia naratologiis ganviTarebaSi aris
gadasvla misi `klasikuri~ versiidan (romelic cdilobda narativis mkacr,
mecnierul Seeswavlas, ZiriTadad lingvisturi xerxebiT; umTavres yuradReba
narativis formalur-sintaqsur niSnebs, pirvel rigSi ki siuJets eqceoda da amiT
bevrs kargavda misi sazriswarmoqmnis kanonzomierebaTa kvleva) `Tanamedroveze~,
romelic, pirvel rigSi, Txrobis sazrisismier momentebsa da mis farTod gagebul
pragmatikazea mimarTuli.
Tu `klasikuri” naratologebis centraluri cneba siuJeti iyo, Tanamedrove
naratologTa did yuradRebas iqcevs iseTi cneba, rogoricaa `Tema~, romelic
naratiul struqturaTa garkveul tipebs Soris naTesaobas gulisxmobs; e.i. aq
Semodis siuJetis ama Tu im artikulaciis Tematuri Sinaarsi.
siuJeturi arqiteqturis sazriss ikvlevs t. pavelic. misi koncefciis
Tanaxmad, nebismieri ambis safuZvelSi Zevs: a) wonasworoba, romelsac unda
miaRwio; b) danaklisi, romelic unda Seavso; g) moTxovnileba, romelic
dakmayofilebas saWiroebs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, es yvelaferi energiis
mobilizacias moiTxovs. Tavis naSromSi `siuJetis poetika...~ (1985) t. paveli
aanalizebs damokidebulebas TxrobiT dinamikasa da energiis Cadebas Soris da
siuJetebis tipologiis monaxazs gvTavazobs. igi protagonistis energiasa da im
winaaRmdegobazea dafuZnebuli, romelic man unda daZlios, raTa konkretul
mizans miaRwios.

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 e.w. naratologiuri revoluciis pirvel etapze (80-iani wlebi), narativi,
romelSic ZiriTadad literaturuli teqsti igulisxmeboda, semiotikuri kvlevis
obieqti gaxldaT. Semdeg ki (90-ianebSi) teqsturTan erTad narativis arateqstur
formaTa kvlevac daiwyes. narativTa funqcionirebis kanonzomierebebiT
komunikaciis TeoriaSic dainteresdnen, pedagogikaSic, sociologiaSic, kognitiur
TeoriaSic, mexsierebis TeoriaSic da xelovnuri inteleqtis TeoriaSic.
anu naratologiis obieqtad iqceva kulturuli sivrce, romelsac garkveuli
ritorikuli modalobis mqone teqstebi qmnis, misi wvdomis sagans ki naratiuli
intencionalobis komunikaciuri strategiebi da diskursiuli praqtikebi
warmoadgens. Tumca, dResdReobiT, arc literaturuli siuJetologia, arc
literaturuli Txrobis Teoria, _ romlebic naratologiis nawils Seadgenen, _
ar kargaven arc TavianT specifikas, arc aqtualobas. piriqiT, Janrebis,
siuJetebis, Txrobis kvlevis mdidari literaturaTmcodneobiTi gamocdileba,
aramxatvrul naratiul teqstebze eqstrapolirebis Semdeg, mkvlevarTa winaSe
axal evristikul SesaZleblobebs xsnis.

naratologiis ZiriTadi terminebi

siuJeti da fabula (cneba Semoitanes rusma formalistebma v. Sklovskim, b.

eixenbaumma, b. tomaSevskim. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes, am opoziciis gamoyeneba
ukiduresad SezRudulia, swored am cnebam moaxdina gansakuTrebuli gavlena
naratologiis ganviTarebaze) – aRniSnavs or naratiul instancias: fabula –
movlenaTa Tanmimdevroba, rogorc is `sinamdvileSi moxda~, siuJeti – is, Tu
rogor hyvebian mis Sesaxeb teqstSi. mTxrobelis fantazias iqamde mivyavarT, rom
siuJetis Tanmimdevroba SesaZloa sulac ar daemTxvas fabulas. SemdgomSi,
axlidan gaiazres siuJetis cneba. erTmadaimave istoriam (fabulam) gansxvavebuli
formebi SeiZleba miiRos, anu narativi iqmneba imiTac, rasac yvebian da rogorc
yvebian.
Txroba, istoria (story) da diskursi (cnebebi Semoitana emil benvenistma
(benvenisti: 1974), ganaviTares r. bartma, c. todorovma, a. greimasma, J. Jenetma).
benvenistis mixedviT diskursi gulisxmobs gamonaTqvamis pirovnul formebs, igi
subieqturia, anu masSi mosaubreze miniSneba Cans. Txroba im gagebiTaa obieqturi,
rom masSi araa (idealSi ar unda iyos) miTiTebuli mTxrobeli: igi ise
funqcionirebs, rom iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos `movlenebi Tavad Yyvebian
TavianT Sesaxeb~. benvenistis ideebis dazustebisas, J. Jeneti evropuli romanis
ganviTarebas masSi diskursisa da Txrobis urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT ganixilavs
da yuradRebas amaxvilebs sxvadasxva variantebze imisa, Tu, 1) rogor emorCileba
Txroba `xan erT, xan meore mTavari gmiris Sinagan diskurss~ (ruso, laklo,
joisi, folkneri); 2) Txroba Tanabrad mihyveba diskurss (XIX saukunis
realisturi romani); 3) Txroba ukuduresad dawmendilia (hemeti, heminguei); 4)
STanTqmulia `mwerlis imwamieri diskursiT~ (f. solersi).
is, rasac hyvebian, istoriis cnebaSi fiqsirdeba; Tu rogor hyvebian, amas
diskursis cneba aRniSnavs. magram, Tuki `istoria~ Tavisi arsiT Zalian waagavs
`fabulas~, samagierod `diskursi~ ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre “siuJeti”. s.
Cetmeni, struqturalisturi praqtikis kvalad, istorias `Sinaarss an movlenaTa
jaWvs~ uwodebs, romlis Sesaxebacaa moTxrobili narativSi. diskurss ki igi

130
uwodebs `xerxebs, romlis meSveobiTac am Sinaars gvawvdian~. amasTanave Cetmeni
aristoteles logos-sa da mythos-s, aseve siuJetsa da fabulas adarebs am cnebebs.
istoria, esaa Txrobis sagani, misi logika ki personaJebis qceviTaa
ganpirobebuli. diskursi am logikas specifikuri xerxebi asaxavs, pirvel rigSi
ki drois, kilosa da gvaris kategoriebiT.
funqcia (cneba Semoitana v. propma `zRapris morfologiaSi~) _ `moqmedi
piris saqcieli, romelic imis mixedviT ganisazRvreba, Tu ra rols TamaSobs igi
moqmedebis ganviTarebaSi~ (propi 1969: 25; rikiori 2000: 41-46). sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, funqciebi _ esaa kategoriebi, romlebSic SegviZlia gavaerTianoT rusuli
zRapris mTeli mravalsaxovneba. teqstSi funqciebi erTi da imave
TanmimdevrobiTaa dalagebuli: maTi qronologiuri jaWvi Txrobis logikas
ganapirobebs. zRapris funqciebi misi siuJetis elementebia, romlebic mWidrod
aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni.
funqcia da indeqsi [cneba Semotana rolan bartma, naSromSi `TxrobiTi
teqstis struqturuli analizis Sesavali~ (1966)] _ funqcia esaa TxrobiTi
erTeuli, an siuJetis erTeuli, romelic mis sxva elementebs ukavSirdeba.
funqcia SesaZloa yvelaze umniSvnelo detalic iyos. Tuki propTan funqciaTa
rigi mkacradaa daculi, barti maT nairgvar variaciebsac gulisxmobs. bartTan
funqciebi ZiriTad (kardinalur) da damxmare (katalizatorebi) nawilebad iyofa.
pirveli warmoadgens `teqstis dispeCerul punqtebs~, isini gansazRvraven
siuJeturi kvanZebis Sekvras, qmnian an xsnian daZabul situacias: gmiri akeTebs
arCevans. meore ki avsebs kvanZTa Soris sivrces, teqstSi `usafrTxoebis,
simSvidisa da sulismoTqmis zonebs qmnis~ da aRwers Tu rogor ganviTardeba esa
Tu is moqmedeba. indeqsi (anu niSan-Tviseba) `gvexmareba personaJis xasiaTis
gaxsnaSi, gvixatavs mis emociur mdgomareobas da atmosferos, sadac moqmedeba
ganviTarda~ (barti 1987: 399).
Tanmimdevroba (cneba Semoitana klod bremonma, ganaviTara bartma) _ esaa
ZiriTadi, birTvuli funqciebis jgufi, romelic personaJTa moqmedebis logikas
afiqsirebs (ar unda avurioT qronologiur TanamimdevrobaSi). Tanmimdevroba
garkveuli saxis rubrikebs warmoadgens da sakmarisia davasaxeloT romelime es
rubrika (`danaSauli~, `sasjeli~, `Secdena~), rom CvenTvis ukve cnobili xdeba im
mikroqmedebaTa Tanmimdevroba, romlebisganac Sedgeba es ZiriTadi moqmedeba
(bartis magaliTis mixedviT, Tanmimdevroba, romelsac sityva `Sexvedra~ aRniSnavs,
Sedgeba iseTi wevrebisagan, rogoricaa `miaxloveba~, `SeCereba~, `mimarTva~,
`misalmeba~, `dasxdoma~.
personaJebi, moqmedi pirebi (am cnebebis klasifikacia ganaxorcieles propma,
greimasma, bremonma da sxva avtorebma) – Txrobis, ambis moqmedebis subieqtebi. Tu
propTan klasifikacia agebulia personaJTa klasifikaciebis mixedviT (mCuqebeli,
damxmare, mavne da a.S.) da yoveli personaJi mxolod TiTo moqmedebas asrulebs,
bremonTan (visTanac personaJebi Tanmimdevrobis agentebi arian) moqmedeba, romelic
erTi personaJis mier pozitiurad aRiqmeba, meorisaTvis uaryofiTia; anu
mniSvnelovania personaJTa perspeqtivebs Soris gansxvaveba.
TxrobiTi roli (cneba Semoitana bremonma, ganaviTara a. greimasma). bremoni
gamoyofs rolis or tips _ aqtiurs, romelsac asruleben isini, vinc moqmedebis
inicirebas axdenen da pasiurs _ vinc ganicdis am sxvaTa moqmedebas. bremoniseul
tipologiaSi misTvis amosavali isaa, Tu ras akeTeben personaJebi, ra saxis aqtebs
Cadian (amitomac igi mas aqtantebs uwodebs). aqtanti – esaa roli TxrobaSi,

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aqtiori ki moqmedebis piri, romelic am rols asrulebs. aqtantebisa da aqtioris
Sesabamisoba saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT nawarmoebis Janri.
naratiuli figurebi (cneba Semoitana Jerar Jenetma) _ maTi tipologia
zmnis gramatikis ZiriTad cnebebs eyrdnoba - drois, modalobisa da gvaris
kategoriebs.
dro, droiTi struqtura TxrobiT teqstebSi (cnebebi SeimuSaves e.
benvenistma, p. rikiorma, f. kermoudma, k. hamburgerma, h. vainrihma da sxv.)
urTierTobis urTules problemas afiqsirebs, pirvel rigSi, realuri cxovrebis
dros, meore mxriv, drois fenomenologiur gancdas, mesame _ drois zmnur
sistemas da bolos – e.w. `drosTan TamaSs~ Soris urTierTobas (p. rikiori).
saubaria TxrobaSi movlenaTa wesrigze, gangrZobiTobasa da ganmeorebiTobaze,
imaze, Tu rogor aRadgenen realuri cxovrebis movlenebs ubralo, miamituri
xerxebiT, Tu rogor aRadgenen realuri cxovrebis movlenebs, ubralo, mimeturi
xerxebiT, qmnian Txrobis gansakuTrebul dros, sadac adamianis drosTan
damokidebulebis im maxasiaTebel niSnebs aaSkaraveben, romlebic cxovrebaSi
dafarulia.
e. benvenisti Txrobisa da diskursis diqotomiaze msjelobisas eyrdnoba
azrs, rom Txroba droTa sistemas gulisxmobs, Tanac zogi dro CarTulia
TxrobaSi, zogi ki gamoricxuli. Txroba gamoricxavs awmyos, diskursi ki
warsuls.
k. hamburgeri aCvenebs, rom mxatvrul literaturaSi zmnuri droebis sistema
radikalurad icvleba, radgan iq gansakuTrebuli logika mefobs, romelsac
gamogonili personaJebis Sinagani cxovreba da qmedebebi ganapirobebs (hamburgeri
1973: 17). magaliTad, gramatikis TvalsazrisiT, dro SeiZleba warsuli iyos,
magram `sinamdvileSi~ igi personaJis cxovrebaSia awmyo. J. Jenets Semoaqvs
Txrobis droiTi logikis rTuli modeli da aRwers droiTi Tanamimdevrobebis
darRvevis xerxebs (anaqroniis literaturuli xerxi).
anaqronia gulisxmobs, sul cota, prolefsiss (monaTxrobi, romelic win
uswrebs movlenebs) da analefsiss (monaTxrobi, romelic ukan gvabrunebs), aseve
maT sxvadasxvagvar kombinacias.
Txrobis tempi, aseve cxadia, arasdros emTxveva im temps, romelSic
moTxrobili movlenebi moxda. Jenetis azriT, tipiuri SemTxvevebi Semdegia:
reziume (`gavida garkveuli dro da am drois ganmavlobaSi Cveni gmiri
daqorwinda~), deskriptiuli pauza (Txroba Cerdeba, viTarebis, peizaJis,
interieris an sagnis aRwera iwyeba), scena (Txroba adgils uTmobs `Cvenebas~,
sadac movlenaTa gadmocema da dialogebis tempi maqsimalurad uaxlovdeba
realurs), elifsisi (Txroba mTlianad wydeba dam is adgils ikavebs fraza,
vTqvaT `gavida ramdenime weli~).
TvalTaxedva (cneba Semoitana henri jeimsma, ganaviTara b. uspenskim da
`axalma kritikam~) – xedvis kuTxe, romlis saSualebiTac gadmoicema movlenebi
da gancdebi. es xedvis kuTxe sxva poziciebsac gulisxmobs, sxva TvalTaxedvas.
kidev erTi gansazRvreba _ `mkiTxvelisadmi mimarTuli `winadadeba~, raTa man
Tavisi yuradReba imave mxares mimarTos, saiTac avtori an personaJi~ (rikiori
2000: 107) _ gvcems pasuxs kiTxvaze: `saidan, ra kuTxidan aRiqmeba is, rac
moTxrobaSia naCvenebi~. TvalTaxedvaTa simravlezea damokidebuli nawarmoebis
mravalplanianoba. avtoris, mTxrobelebisa da personaJebis TvalTaxedvaTa
varirebiT, mwerali qmnis nawarmoebis rTul kompozicias.

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 henri jeimsis azriT, avtorma adgili unda dauTmos personaJebs; misi amocana
mxolod imis Cvenebaa, rac personaJebma ician an rasac isini ganicdian. henri
jeimsis proza gamoirCeva TvalTaxedvebis simravliTa da eqsperimentirebiT,
xerxebiT, romelTa saSualebiTac gadmoicema gmirTa azrebi, grZnobebi da sityvebi.
zog romanSi igi Txrobis sceniurobas aniWebda upiratesobas, sadac gamoricxuli
iyo gmirebis Sinagani monologi, zogan ki mTxrobels gmiris Tanamedroved aqcevda
da misi Sinagani cxovrebis dramatizebas axdenda. man Semoitana `amreklavis~ cneba,
esaa personaJi, romelic xels uwyobs mkiTxvels, rom movlenebs uyuros ara
`yovlismcodne avtoris~ TvaliT (romelic ase iyo damaxasiaTebeli me-19 saukunis
e.w. realisturi romanisaTvis), aramed personaJis TvaliT (gamomdinare im
codnidan, romelic am personaJisTvisaa xelmisawvdomi).
boris uspenski ganarCevs Sinagan da garegan TvalTaxedvas: 1. roca avtori
Txrobis centrSi ayenebs Tavis Tavs rogorc movlenaTa uxilav damkvirvebels,
romelic moqmedebis adgilas imyofeba, an erT-erTi personaJis TvalTaxedvas
iRebs; 2. gareSe TvaliT aRwers movlenebs (uspenski 2000: 215).
fokalizacia (cneba Semoitana J. Jenetma `TvalTaxedvis~ cnebis nacvlad,
manamde termins r. barti iyenebda) _ Jeneti xazs usvamda imas, rom unda
ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan `vin laparakobs~ da `vin xedavs~: metyveleba, romelic
teqstSi ismis, yovelTvis rodi Seesabameba imas, rac avtorma da mTxrobelma icis.
roca Tavis saxeliT laparakobs, avtorma SeiZleba moixmos cnobebi, romlis
Sesaxebac mxolod ramdenime personaJma icis. Jenetis mixedviT, Txrobis fokusi
SeiZleba daefuZnos romelime personaJis pozicias, Tumca, amasTanave, aucilebeli
araa, rom Txroba im personaJis saxeliT mimdinareobdes. Jeneti gamoyofs
fokalizaciis Semdeg saxeobebs: nulovani (e.w. yovlismcodne avtori), garegani
(personaJebi mxolod garedan arian danaxuli), Sinagani (movlenebi presonaJebis
TvaliT aRiqmeba). yvela es saxeoba erT nawarmoebSi SeiZleba iyos Tavmoyrili.
xma (cneba Semoitana m. baxtinma, ganaviTares p. rikiorma, u. butma) _ iZleva
pasuxs kiTxvaze `vin laparakobs~ (rikiori 2000: 106). TxrobiTi xma, rikioris
gansazRvrebiT, `teqstis intencionalobis matarebelia~, igi mkiTxvels mimarTavs
sapasuxo reaqciis imediT. teqstis intencionaloba swored maTi Sexvedrisas
Cndeba. zogadad ki xma dakavSirebulia komunikaciasTan, romelSic Txroba
monawileobs.
baxtini xmis cnebas imisTvis iyenebda, raTa xazi gaesva `polifoniuri~
romanis novatorobisaTvis `homofoniur~, anu monologur (yovlismcodne avtoris
poziciiT daweril) romanTan SedarebiT.

damowmebani:

barti 1987: Барт Р. Введение в структурный анализ повествовательных текстов // Зарубежная

эстетика и теория литературы XIX-XX вв. М.: 1987.
benvenisti 1974: Бенвенист Э. Обшая лингвистика. М.: 1974.
danto 1965: Danto A.C. Analytical Philosophy of History. Cembridge. 1965.
eko 2002: Эко У. Шесть прогулок в литературных лесах. М. 2002.
elsi 1957: Else G. F. Aristotl’s Poetics: The Argument. Harvard. 1957.
mileri 1998: Miller H. Reading narrative. University of Oklahoma Press. 1998.
propi 1969: Пропп В. Морфология сказки. М.: 1969.
Jeneti 1998: Женетт Ж. Повествовательный дискурс // Фигуры. Т.2. М.: 1998.
redfildi 1975: Redfield J. M. Nature and Culture in the IIiad: The Tragedy of Hector. The University of
Chicago Press. 1975.

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rikiori 2000: Рикер П. Время и рассказ.Т.2. М.-СПБ. 2000.
uspenski 2000: Успенский Б. Поэтика композиции. СПб. 2000.
hamburgeri 1973: Hamburger K. The Logic of Literature. Ann Arbor: Indiana Yniversity Press. 1973.

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gaga lomiZe

miTologiuri kritika

wignSi `RmerTis niRbebi: primitiuli miTologia~ jozef qemfbeli saubrobs

frinvelTa erT saintereso fenomenze. axladgamoCekili wiwilebi maSinve safars
eZeben, roca qori gadaufrens maT. sxva frinvelebze msgavsi reaqcia ar aqvT.
wiwilebs qoris xis gamosaxulebac ki afrTxobs. `saidan unda momdinareobdes wi-
wilebis SiSi am gamosaxulebis danaxvisTanave?~ _ kiTxulobs qemfbeli. `cocxali
Toliebi da ixvebi, yanCebi Tu mtredebi maT srulebiT ar aRelvebT, magram qoris
xelovnuri gamosaxulebac ki maTi mgrZnobelobis uRrmes simebsac ki arxevs~.
qemfbelis igavuri analogia literaturisadmi miTologiuri midgomis
dasaxasiaTeblad gamodgeboda. miTologiuri kritika cdilobs gamoavlinos ama Tu
im literaturul teqstSi arsebuli dafaruli elementi. miTologiur kritikas
surs zedapirze amoitanos, esa Tu is literaturuli nawarmoebi rogor
warmosaxavs sinamdvilis ama Tu im mxares, romelzec mkiTxveli yovelTvis
erTnairad reagirebs. metaforulad rom vTqvaT, miTologiuri kritikis
warmomadgeneli Rrmad swavlobs klasikuri literaturis `qoris xis
gamosaxulebebs~, an arqetipebs, arqetipul modelebs, romlebic mwerals Tavis
teqstebSi Semohyavs. aqedan naTelia, rom miTologiur kritikasa da fsiqologiur
midgomas Soris mWidro kavSiria: orive dainteresebulia im motivebiT, romlebic
safuZvlad udevs adamianis qcevas. Tumca fsiqologia eqsperimentsa da
diagnostikas gulisxmobs da biologiur mecnierebas ukavSirdeba. miTologia ki
spekulatiuri da filosofiuria. igi ufro metad axlosaa reliagiasTan,
anTropologiasa da kulturis istoriasTan. amgvari ganzogadeba, bunebrivia,
sakiTxis gamartivebis safrTxis winaSe dgeba. mag., zigmund froidma Tavis
eqsperimentuli da klinikuri gamokvlevebi gaafarTova da miTis sferoSic SeiWra,
xolo karl gustav iungi miTologiuri kritikis erT-erTi mowinave moRvawe
gaxda. amis miuxedavad, es ori midgoma erTmaneTisgan ganirCeva. miTologia ufro
farToa, vidre fsiqologia. mag., fsiqoanalitikosi cdilobs pirovnebis buneba
gamoavlinos, miTis Semswavleli ki fardas xdis xalxis azrovnebasa da xasiaTis
Taviseburebebs. da vinaidan sizmrebi gamoxataven pirovnebis aracnobier survilebs,
miTebi xalxis imedebis, faseulobebis, SiSisa da miswrafebebis simboluri
proeqciebia. mcdari mosazrebis Tanaxmad, romelsac xSirad vxvdebiT, miTebi
mxolod da mxolod primitiuli moTxrobebia, iluziebia, an mcdar gansjaze
dafuZnebuli Sexedulebebis erTobliobaa.
Tavisi arsiT, miTebi koleqtiuri xasiaTisaa. isini aerTianeben tomebs an
erebs, fsiqologiuri da sulieri moRvaweobis erTobliobis TvalsazrisiT. sityva
miTi berZnuli miTosidan (mythos) momdinareobs da niSnavs sityvas, an ambavs.
miTebi ukavSirdeba metaforas, romelSic obieqti an movlena Sedarebulia misgan
gansxvavebul obieqtsa Tu movlenasTan ise, rom mis auxsnel arss sxvagvarad
naTelyofen. mag., zamTarTan dakavSirebuli dakargvis an sikvdilis asociaciebi
gamoxatulia persefones motacebis miTSi. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom miTi
literaturis pirdapiri winaparia. funqciuri TvalsazrisiT, miTi adamianis
warmosaxvis nayofia, romelic garkveuli viTarebidan warmoiSoba. filip
uilraiTis TqmiT, `miTi Sexedulebisa da moqmedebis, arsebobis mTlianobis
gamoxatulebaa~. miTi droisa da sivrcis miRmaa. igi sazogadoebaSi dinamikuri

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faqtoria da aerTianebs warsuls (rwmenis tradiciuli modelebi), awmyos
(axlandeli Rirebulebebi) da momavals (sulieri da kulturuli miswrafebani).
yovel ers Tavisi miTologia aqvs, rac gamoxatulia legendebSi, folklorsa
da ideologiaSi. maSasadame, miTebi gansakuTrebul formas iRebs imis mixedviT, Tu
romel kulturul sivrceSi viTardeba. magram, amis miuxedavad, miTi
universaluria. ufro metic, msgavs motivebsa da Temebs SeiZleba mivakvlioT
sxvadasxva miTologiebSi. miTebis ama Tu im saxes SeiZleba erTi da igive
mniSvneloba hqondes sruliad sxvadasxva xalxebis kulturaSi, romlebsac
erTmaneTisgan dro da sivrce aSorebs. amgvar motivebsa Tu Temebs arqetipebs
uwodeben. erTi sityviT, arqetipebi universaluri simboloebia. rogorc filip
uilraiTi wers wignSi `metafora da sinamdvile~, arqetipebi iseTi simboloebia,
romelTac erTi da igive an msgavsi mniSvnelobebi aqvs, Tu mTeli kacobriobisTvis
ara, misi didi nawilisTvis mainc. cnobilia, rom ama Tu im simbolos,
rogorebicaa cis RmerTi Tu miwis qalRmerTi da borblis mana, erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebul kulturebSi vxvdebiT da am SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia raime
istoriul gavlenaze an maT Soris raime kavSirze saubari.
arqetipebs SeiZleba mivakvlioT iseT rTul sistemebSic, rogoricaa
literaturuli Janrebi. norTrop frai Tavis wignSi ~kritikis anatomia~
weliwadis oTx dros literaturis oTx Janrs usadagebs:
1. gazafxulis miTi: komedia;
2. zafxulis miTi: romani;
3. Semodgomis miTi: tragedia;
4. zamTris miTi: ironia.
frai, gasaocari siTamamiT, miTebs literaturas ukavSirebs da amtkicebs, rom
miTi `literaturuli formis struqturulad maorganizebeli principia~, xolo
arqetipi _ `misi literaturuli gamocdilebis elementi~. frais TqmiT,
`miTologia, rogorc mTli-anoba, diagramas mogvagonebs imisas, rasac
literatura, rogorc mTlianoba, gvTavazobs. igi adamianis mdgomareobis
warmosaxviTi kvlevaa Tavidan _ bolomde~.

miTologiuri kritika praqtikaSi

frais mosazrebebs mivyavarT literaturis miTologiur analizamde.

tradiciuli kritikisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ZiriTadad mwerlis biografias da
istorias ganixilavs, miTologiuri kritika ufro metad yuradRebas amaxvilebs
winareistoriul periodze da RmerTebis warmomavlobaze. formalisturi
kritikisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic koncentrirebulia nawarmoebis formasa da
simetriaze, miTologiuri kritika ikvlevs teqstis Sinagan struqturas, rac mas,
rogorc formas, sicocxles da mimzidvelobas aniWebs. da bolos, froidistuli
kritikisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic nawarmoebSi seqsualuri nevrozebis nakvaleviT
interesdeba, miTologiuri kritika teqsts mTlianobaSi aRiqvams, rogorc
macocxlebel, gamaerTianebel Zalebs, romlebic kacobriobis koleqtiuri
fsiqikidan momdinareobs.
miTi metaforulobas gulisxmobs. magaliTad, sityva `mze-RmerTi~, sadac
predikatis nacvlad defiss viyenebT, wminda wylis ideogramaa. miTSi SeiZleba
iyos mze-RmerTi an xe-RmerTi, magram gamonagonSi (moTxrobaSi, romanSi) SeiZleba

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Segvxvdes pirovneba, romelic asocirebulia mzesTan an xesTan. norTrop frai
literaturaSi miTebisa da arqetipuli organizebis sam saxeobas gamoyofs. igi
kritikis sxvadasxva saxeobas sagamofeno darbazSi suraTis daTvalierebis
sxvadasxva rakurss adarebs. mag., suraTis axlodan Tvalierebisas, funjiTa da
mastixiniT namuSevris Sedegebs vaanalizebT, rac, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, axali
kritikosebis ritorikul analizs mogvagonebs. suraTidan odnavi distancirebisas,
konstruqcia ufro naTeli xdeba da Cven ufro metad Sinaarss vakvirdebiT. esaa
suraTis wakiTxva. Tu kidev davcildebiT suraTs, ufro ukeT SevicnobT mis
maorganizebel konstruqcias; xolo, vTqvaT, madonas gamosaxulebis Soridan
mzerisas, Cven mxolod da mxolod madonas arqetips davinaxavT. asea literaturis
analizisasac. miTologiuri kritikis analizi swored aseT distancirebul
midgomas Seesabameba.
miTis adreuli formebidan aRsaniSnavia mzis an miwisqveSeTis RmerTebis
ambebi, sadac RmerTebs adamianuri Tvisebebi eniWebaT da, imavdroulad, bunebis ama
Tu im Zalas asaxiereben. am adreuli ambebiT an, gnebavT, amoqmedebuli
metaforebiT, adamiani cdilobda samyaroseuli movlenebi aexsna. gonebisa da gare
samyaros dakavSirebis es SemoqmedebiTi unari SemdgomSi literaturaSi
gamovlinda, sadac esa Tu is movlena erTmaneTs Sedarebisa da metaforis
saSualebiT ukavSirdeba. analogiis saSualebiT movlenaTa gaazreba miTiuri
impulsidan momdinareobs, sadac adamianuri samyaro mis gareT arsebul
samyarosTan aris dakavSirebuli.
sagulisxmoa martin fosis mosazrebebi, romelic ernst kasireris simbolur
determinizms daupirispirda. igi gvTavazobs wyvils `simbolo/metafora~, sadac
erTmaneTisgan mijnavs maT da upiratesobas meores aniWebs. simbolo erTi da igive
rCeba sxvadasxva konteqstSi, metafora ki yovelTvis gamorCeulia. mas esa Tu is
konkretuli konteqsti qmnis. Semdeg foss Tavisi msjeloba lingvistur aspeqtSi
gadaaqvs da am dapirispirebis nimuSs TviT enaSive poulobs. enobriv doneze zmna
procesis gamomxatvelia da, amdenad, metaforis Tvisebebi aqvs, xolo simbolos
Seesabameba arsebiTi saxelebi, romlebic statikurni arian. bolos igi ritualis
da miTis gagebas upirispirebs erTmaneTs da aqac `simbolo/metaforis~ models
mimarTavs. rituali mas simbolur formad miaCnia, xolo miTi _ metaforul
procesad. miTs cxovelmoqmedi Zala aqvs, romelic sinamdviles mniSvnelobas
aniWebs, rituali ki simboluri formisaa da sinamdvilis gamartivebas isaxavs
miznad; masSi standartuli sqemebia mocemuli, rac mudam erTnairad meordeba da
upirispirdeba magiur qmedebebs. fosis TqmiT, `marTalia rituali miTidan ibadeba,
magram igi cdilobs moawesrigos miTis SemoqmedebiTi procesi gamartivebuli da
standartuli simboloebiT~. rituali cdilobs kanonebis SemuSavebas, maSin roca
miTi araa SezRuduli moraluri Tu religiuri CarCoebiT. evropul civilizacias
axasiaTebs miTis metaforuli anarqizmis (uwesrigobis) SezRudvis tendencia da
cdilobs cxovreba ritualis sayovelTaod miRebuli standartuli modelebiT
warmarTos. fosi ritualad miiCnevs saxelmwifoebriv wesrigs, reli-giur
dogmebsa Tu zust mecnierebebs. literaturul nawarmoebTa, kerZod, dramis
analizisas, fosi imave `simbolo/metaforis~ modelis momarjvebiT, erTmaneTs
tragediasa da komedias upirispirebs da upiratesobas pirvels aniWebs. komedia ki,
misi azriT, xelovnebis dabali gamoxatulebaa, sadac moqmedeba tipuria,
pirovnebebic _ tipebad iqcevian da formulebic standartulia.

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 miTologiuri kritika, nawilobriv, axali kritikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
formalisturi midgomis sapasuxod warmoiSva. am mimdinareobis upiratesoba isaa,
rom literaturisadmi universalisturi midgoma axasiaTebs da ikvlevs, Tu ratom
uZlebs esa Tu is nawarmoebi dros. gansakuTrebiT efeqturia simboluri
nawarmoebebis analizisas. xolo mis naklad imas miiCneven, rom literatura garda-
iqmneba arqetipTa nakrebad da ugulebelyofilia literaturis Rirsebebi.

anTropologia da misi wvlili

Tanamedrove anTropologiis mzardma ganviTarebam XIX s-is dasasrulidan

mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina miTologiur kritikaze. am gavlenam Tavi iCina
maSin, roca gamoqveynda kembrijis universitetis elinisturi kulturis
mkvlevarTa naSromebi. isini am naSromebSi anTropologiur aRmoCenebs berZnuli
klasikuri nawarmoebebis interpretaciisTvis iyenebdnen da maTSi miTologiur da
ritualur nakvalevs gamoavlendnen. maTgan gamorCeulia britaneli swavluli ser
jeimz j. freizeri, romlis wignma `oqros rto~ udidesi gavlena iqonia XX s-is
literaturaze, ara marto kritikosebze, aramed mwerlebzec _ jeimz joisze,
Tomas manze da Tomas eliotze. freizers am naSromiT surda eCvenebina `adamianis
ZiriTad miswrafebaTa arsebiTi msgavseba qveynierebis nebismier wertilSi da
nebismier dros~; gansakuTrebiT naTelia, roca antikur miTologiebSic asaxulia
adamianis es miswrafebebi. osirisis, Tamuzis, adonisis, atisis saxelebis
moxmobiT, egviptesa da dasavleT aziaSi mcxovrebi xalxi weliwadis droTa
ciklurobaze, cxovrebis ganaxlebaze (gansakuTrebiT bostneul mcenareTa)
miuTiTebdnen da maT RmerTebad warmosaxavdnen, _ RmerTebad, romlebic
yovelwliurad kvdebian da isev mkvdreTiT aRdgebian. saxelebisa Tu detalebis
mixedviT, ritualebi Tu wes-Cveulebebi dedamiwis sxvadasxva mxareSi
gansxvavebulia, magram arsebiTad isini erTni arian.
centraluri motivi, romelzec freizeri amaxvilebs yuradRebas, aris
jvarcmisa da aRdgomis arqetipi, romelSic gadmocemulia `RvTaebrivi
warmomavlobis mqone mefis mkvlelobis~ miTi. primitiuli xalxis warmodgeniT,
mbrZanebeli RvTaebrivi, an naxevrad RvTaebrivi arseba iyo, romlis sicocxles
bunebisa da adamianis cxovrebis ciklurobasTan aigivebdnen. amitomac xalxis da
samyaros usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba damokidebuli iyo mefe-RmerTis
sicocxleze. Zlieri, janmrTeli mmarTveli karg niSnad iTvleboda, xolo
avadmyof da dasaxiCrebul mefes ubedurebis momtanad racxdnen. Tu bunebrivi
movlenebis cvla damokidebulia RmerTkacis sicocxleze, maSin mefis daZabunebasa
da sikvdils xom uamravi gansacdelis motana SeuZlia. am gansacdelis Tavidan
asacileblad, RmerTkacs _ mefes klavdnen, sanam igi daberdeboda, xolo misi
suli amiT Zlevamosil mbrZaneblad gardaiqmneboda. zogierT tomSi mefis
mkvlelobas periodulad mimarTavdnen, riTac xalxis keTildReobas
uzrunvelyofdnen; Tumca mogvianebiT, mefis nacvlad msxverplad cxovelebs an
mefis gamosaxulebian nakeTobebs wiravdnen.
freizerisa da kembrijis elinistebis dakvirvebebma xeli Seuwyo
miTologiuri kritikis ganviTarebas, gansakuTrebiT dramis miTologiuri kuTxiT
analizs. araerTi mecnieri miiCnevs, rom tragedia primitiuli ritualebidan
momdinareobs. mag., sofokles da esqiles tragediebi dionisesadmi miZRvnil

138
dResaswaulebze warmosadgenad daiwera. sofokles `oidipos mefe~ miTisa da
literaturis kavSiris naTeli magaliTia. sofoklem genialuri piesa dawera,
magram siuJeti mas ar ekuTvnis. `oidipos mefis~ siuJeti momdinareobs cnobili
miTiuri ambidan, romelic am tragediaze gacilebiT adre Seiqmna. miTic da piesac
araerT msgavs arqetips aerTianebs. oidiposis miTSi SegviZlia, sul cota, ori
arqetipuli motivi gamovyoT: (fosi 1991:) Ziebis motivi, roca oidiposi xvdeba
lomistanian da qalisTavian sfinqss da mis gamocanaze pasuxis Semdeg oidiposis
xelSi gadadis samefo da dedofali; (dasavleTevropuli... 1990) mefis
msxverplSewirvis motivi, roca mefe Tvalebs iTxris, radgan saxelmwifos bedi
mmarTvelis bedTan aris dakavSirebuli.

iungis fsiqologia da arqetipis miseuli gageba

miTologiur kritikaze didi gavlena moaxdina aseve karl gustav iungis

naSromebma. fsiqologi da filosofosi iungi erT dros froidis moswavle iyo,
romelic bolos daupirispirda maswavlebels, vinaidan misi midgoma metismetad
viwrod CaTvala. iungi libidos (fsiqiur energias) ufro met mniSvnelobas
miawerda, vidre ubralod seqsualobas; amasTan, froidis Teoriebs negatiurad
miiCnevda, vinaidan froidi wina planze wamoswevda fsiqikis nevrozul da ara
janmrTel mxareebs.
upirvelesad, iungis wvlili miTologiur kritikaSi misi rasobrivi
mexsierebisa da arqetipebis Teoriis SemuSavebiT ganisazRvreba. Tavisi ideebis
ganviTarebisas, iungma gaafarTova froidiseuli individualuri (pirovnuli)
aracnobieris Teoria da miuTiTa, rom individualur aracnobiers win uswrebda
koleqtiuri aracnobieri, romelic yvela adamianisTvis saerToa. iungi naSromSi
`fsiqikis struqtura da dinamika~ wers: `aracnobieri rom davaxasiaToT da misi
personificireba movaxdinoT, igi SeiZleba warmovidginoT koleqtiuri adamianis
saxiT, romelic aerTianebs orive sqesis Tvisebebs, asakis, dabadebis da sikvdilis
miRmaa da vinaidan igi adamianis erT an ormilioniani wlis istorias moicavs,
faqtobrivad ukvdavia. aseTi individi rom arsebobdes, igi yovelgvar temporalur
(droismier) cvlilebebze maRla idgeboda; awmyo misTvis mxolod da mxolod
qristemde 100 000 weliwadSi romelime erTi weli iqneboda; igi saukunovan
sizmrebs ixilavda da misi uzomo gamocdilebis wyalobiT, igi winaswarmetyveli
iqneboda. igi uamravgzis icxovrebda erTi adamianis, ojaxis, tomis an eris
cxovrebiT; cxovlad SeigrZnobda zrdis, ganviTarebis da gardacvalebis ritms~.
cxovelebis msgavsad, romelTac esa Tu is instinqti gadaecemaT, adamianebi
memkvidreobiT bevrad ufro rTul fsiqikur midrekilebebs iReben. XIX s-Si
lokis fsiqologiisgan gansxvavebiT, iungi miiCnevda, rom `goneba dabadebidan
tabula rasa (sufTa dafa) rodia. sxeulis msgavsad mas winaswar gansazRvruli
individualuri Tvisebebi gaaCnia; mag., qcevis formebi. isini fsiqikis moqmedebis
ama Tu im saxeSi vlindeba~. amitom is, rasac iungi `miTis makonstruirebel~
struqturul elementebs uwodebda, aracnobierSi mudam arsebobs; iungi am
elementTa manifestaciebs pirvel-xatebis, an arqetipebis saxeliT moixseniebs.
iungi aseve miuTiTebda, rom arqetipebi memkvidreobiT miRebuli azrovnebis
nimuSebi an ideebi ki ar aris, aramed isini winaswari ganwyobebia, romlis
Tanaxmadac ama Tu im viTarebaSi vmoqmedebT: `sinamdvileSi isini instinqtTa

139
moqmedebis sferos ekuTvnis da amdenad isini fsiqikuri qmedebis memkidreobiTi
formebia~. iungis Tanaxmad, `es fsiqikuri instinqtebi ufro Zvelia, vidre
istoriuli adamiani. mxolod maSinaa srulyofili cxovreba SesaZlebeli, roca
Cven am simboloebTan TanxmobaSi vimyofebiT. amitom umjobesia davubrundeT maT~.
arqetipebis `memkvidreobiT formad~ aRiarebiT iungi anTropologTa
umravlesobaze Sors wavida. isini am formebs miiCnevdnen socialur formebad,
romlebic Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda ama Tu im saidumlo ritualis gziT da
ara TviT fsiqikis struqturis wyalobiT. amas garda, `arqetipebsa da koleqtiur
aracnobierSi~ igi aRniSnavs, rom miTebi iseTi garegani faqtorebisgan ki ar
momdinareoben, rogoricaa weliwadis dro an solaruli cikli, aramed
Tandayolili fsiqikuri fenomenis gamovlinebebia: `bunebis nebismieri
miTologizebuli movlena, rogoricaa zafxuli an zamTari, mTvaris fazebi, wvimis
sezoni da a.S. araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris am obieqtur movlenaTa alegoriebi;
isini ufro metad fsiqikis Sinagani, aracnobieri dramis simboluri
gamoxatulebebia, romelTac adamianis cnobiereba bunebis movlenebSi gamovlinebiT
aRiqvams~.
erTi sityviT, miTebi is saSualebebia, romlebiTac arqetipebi, aracnobieris
arsebiTi formebi vlindeba da cnobier gonebas ukavSirdeba. arqetipebi individTa
sizmrebSi vlindeba da amdenad, sizmrebs SeiZleba personalizebuli miTebi, xolo
miTebs depersonalizebuli sizmrebi vuwodoT.
iungi mWidro kavSirs aRiarebda sizmrebs, miTebsa da xelovebas Soris,
vinaidan maTi saSualebiT cnobiereba `moixelTebs~ arqetipebs. didi xelovani,
iungis TqmiT, aris pirovneba, romelsac `pirvelxilva~, arqetipuli modelebis
mimarT gansakuTrebuli mgrZnobeloba da iseTi unari gaaCnia, romlis
saSualebiTac pirvelxatebiT metyvelebas axerxebs da `Sinagani samyaros~
gamocdilebebi xelovnebis saSualebiT gadmoaqvs. xelovanis `nedleulis~ bunebis
ganxilvisas, iungi miuTiTebs, rom ~xelovanma miTologias unda mimarTos imisTvis,
rom sakuTari gamocdileba saTanadod gamoxatos~. es imas rodi niSnavs, rom
xelovani meoreuli masaliT sazrdoobs: `pirvelgancda misi Semoqmedebis nayofia;
misi wvdoma SeuZlebelia da amdenad, miTologiuri xatebis gamoyenebas saWiroebs,
rom mas forma mieniWos~.
Tumca iungi SedarebiT cotas werda iseT Temaze, rasac literaturuli
kritika SeiZleba vuwodoT, misi teqstebis mixedviT mainc SegviZlia davaskvnaT,
rom literaturas da xelovnebas, zogadad, adamianuri civilizaciis arsebiT
elementebad miiCnevda.

miTologiuri kritikis kritika

miTologiuri kritika cdilobs Caswvdes esTetikuris da istoriulis miRma

arsebul sferoebs _ kacobriobis uZveles ritualebs da rwmenebs, adamianebis
cnobierebaSi arsebul mxareebs. fsiqologiuri kritikis msgavsad, miTologiuri
kritikac xSirad yuradRebis miRma tovebs ama Tu im literaturuli nawarmoebis
esTetikur faseulobas da Tu fsiqoanalitikur kritikaSi warmmarTvelia
seqsualuri simbolizmis gamovlena, miTologiuri kritika yuradRebas amaxvilebs
arqetipebsa da ritualebze. maT xSirad aviwydebaT, rom literatura upirvelesad
xelovnebaa.

140
 fsiqoanalitikuri feminizmis erT-erTi saxea feministuri miTologiuri
kritika. am mimarTulebis gamorCeuli warmomadgenelia anis prati, romelic,
marTalia, akritikebs iungs qalebis fsiqikis ugulebelyofisTvis, magram
erTmaneTs ukavSirebs feminizmsa da iungiseul arqetipul kritikas. prati
cdilobs SeimuSavos Zalauflebrivi arqetipebi, rac sabolood patriarqaluri
tradiciisgan Tavis daRwevas iTvaliswinebs.
miTologiuri kritikis warmomadgenlebi TavianTi msjelobis centrSi aqceven
did dedas da qalTa sxva adreul xatebsa da qalRmerTebs da maT qalTa
patriarqalur represias upirispireben. gansakuTrebiT popularulia meduzas,
kasandras, araqnes da izidas saxeebi. anis prati da adrien riCi miTs ganixilaven,
rogorc qalTa ZiriTad kritikul Janrs. miTologiuri kritikis mamakaci war-
momadgenlebis kritikisas (rogoricaa, mag., norTrop frai), romelTac miTebisa da
arqetipebis klasifikaciisas genderuli sakiTxebi ugulebelyves, isini Cvens
yuradRebas genderisa da gansxvavebuli eTnikuri jgufebis praqtikebisken
mimarTaven. miTebis umravlesoba Seqmnili da Seswavlilia mamakacTa mier da
amitom yuradRebis miRma darCenilia rTuli sakiTxebi, romlebic miTebSi qalebis
reprezentacias ukavSirdeba. am naklis Sevsebas iTvaliswinebs miTologiuri
kritikis qali warmomadgenlebis naSromebi. isini uaryofen berZnul-romauli
tradiciis upiratesobas da eZeben iseT winareberZnul miTebs, rogoricaa izidas
an dedamiwis sxvadasxva mxaris xalxTa miTebi. riCi am strategiebiT xelmZRva-
nelobs, magram igi dedebis saxes Seiswavlis miTebsa da literaturul
nawarmoebebSi. imis miuxedavad, rom zogierTi feministi erTmaneTTan ver aTavsebs
dedobas da feminizms, riCi miTebis saSualebiT amtkicebs, rom dedoba
feminizmisTvis srulebiT araa ucxo. isini imaze miuTiTeben, rom axali kulturis
(ideologiis, rwmenis) wiaRSi, bevr kulturaSi matriarqaluri sazogadoebis pat-
riarqaluriT Secvlas qalRmerTebis jadoqrebad Seracxva mosdevs.

damowmebani:

dasavleTevropuli... 1990: Западноевропейские эсте-тические концепции XX в. M.: 1990.

iungi 1991: Юнг К. Г. Архетип и символ. М.: 1991.
iungi 1996: Юнг К.Г. Структура психики и процесс индивидуации. М.: 1996.
kempbeli 1959: Campbell J. The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology. New York: 1959.
miTi... 1966: Myth and Literature. University of Nebraska Press, 1966.
miTologiuri... 1969: Мифологическoе направлениe в западноевропейском литературоведении. М.:
1969.
uilraiTi 1960: Wheelwright Ph. The Language of Poetry. New York: 1960.
fosi 1991: fosi m. simbolo da metafora adamianis gamocdilebaSi // Tb.: "saunje", 1991.
frei 1957: Frye N. Anatomy of Criticism. Princeton, NJ. 1957.
freizeri 1985: Фрейзер Дж. Дж. Золотая ветвь: Исследование магии и религии. М.: 1985.

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gaga lomiZe

marqsistuli kritika dasavleTSi

marqsizmi _ es saazrovno Tu analitikuri sistema XIX s-Si Camoayaliba

karl marqsma, dasavluri industriuli revoluciisa da industriuli
kapitalizmis, gabatonebuli ekonomikuri modelis, ganviTarebis sapasuxod.
marqsistuli Teoria socialuri cvlilebebiskenaa midrekili. misi mimdevrebi
sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs maTi Secvlis mizniT aanalizeben da cdiloben, maTi
TvalsazrisiT, kapitalisturi ekonomikuri sistemis uTanasworobani Tu
ukanonobani gamoasworon. marqsma ganaviTara filosofiis axali mimarTuleba _
dialeqtikuri materializmi.
materializmi, zogadad, dasavluri filosofiis dargia, saidanac saTaves
iRebs mecniereba. materialisturi filosofia empirizms efuZneba da xilul
fenomenTa kvlevas iTvaliswinebs. materialisturi filosofia Seiswavlis, Tu
rogor Seimecnebs adamianis goneba, grZnobaTa meSveobiT garegan sinamdviles.
dialeqtikurobis marqsistuli gageba hegelidan momdinareobs, romelic
miiCnevda, rom arcerTi idea Tu socialuri formacia maradiuli an ucvleli
saxiT ar aris mocemuli. isini mudmivad icvlebian. hegelis Tanaxmad, es cvlileba
opoziciur ZalTa Soris dapirispirebis Sedegia, anu viRebT Semdeg models:
Tezisi-antiTezisi-sinTezi. Semdeg sinTezic Tezisad gardaiqmneba, romelsac Tavisi
opozicia, anu antiTezisi gamouCndeba da ase usasrulod.
amas garda, istoriis marqsistuli gageba _ esaa istoriuli materializmi,
sadac istoria, an socialuri sinamdvile adamianTa ZalisxmeviT icvleba da ara
RmerTis Tu bedisweris nebiT. istoriuli materializmi `materialisturia~,
vinaidan igi Seiswavlis, Tu rogor Seqmna adamianma materialuri kultura. aseve,
istoriuli materializmis Tanaxmad, adamianis Sromas socialuri xasiaTi aqvs.
adamianebi socialur jgufebad iyofian da, erTgvar `patara saxelmwifos~ qmnian.
marqsizmSi arsebiTia ideologiis cnebac. ideologia aris is, Tu ras
fiqrobs sazogadoeba sakuTar Tavze, sazogadoebis cnobierebis formebze ama Tu im
istoriul monakveTSi. ideologia gulisxmobs im cnebaTa, struqturaTa Tu
mosazrebaTa erTobliobas, romlis saSualebiTac individi sakuTar kulturas
acnobierebs. marqsTan ideologia, rogorc zednaSenis nawili, bazisis ganmtkicebas
emsaxureba. aqedan gamomdinare, zednaSenis TiToeuli nawili _ religia, politika
Tu xelovneba, arsebuli ekonomikuri sistemis samsaxurSia. amdenad, literaturac
zednaSenia da mas ekonomikuri bazisi ganapirobebs rogorc formis, ise Sinaarsis
mxriv. marqsisti literaturaTmcodneebi ikvleven imas, Tu rogor aris
dakavSirebuli ideologia da literatura; rogor gansazRvravs literaturis
formas Tu Sinaarss ama Tu im kulturis ekonomikuri bazisi; ra mimarTeba aqvs
literaturas ideologiis sxvadasxva gamoxatulebasTan; ra rols asrulebs
literatura socialuri cvlilebebis mosaxdenad, an arsebuli viTarebis
SesanarCuneblad.
fridrix engelsis Tanaxmad, ideologia iluzias hgavs; igi adamianebs
miuTiTebs, Tu rogor warmarTon sakuTari cxovreba. igi sinamdviles niRbavs da
adamianebs Tavs axvevs faseulobebs, ideebsa Tu xatebs, rac maT TavianT socialur
funqcias miajaWvavs da sawarmoo urTierTobaTa WeSmariti Semecnebis saSualebas
arTmevs. erTi sityviT, ideologia sinamdvilis SemniRbavi iluziaa. mag.,

142
kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi mSromels arwmuneben, rom kapitalisti mis
interesebs icavs da ara sakuTars. engelsi ambobs, rom ideologiis mier Seqmnili
iluzia adamianebSi mcdar cnobierebas warmoSobs. am TvalsazrisiT, literaturac
erTgvari iluzia, ideologiaa, romelic adamianebs WeSmariti sawarmoo
urTierTobebis xilvaSi xels uSlis. e.w. vulgaruli marqsizmis Tanaxmad, lite-
ratura `mcdar cnobierebas~ warmoSobs, vinaidan kapitalisturi sazogadoebis
literaturas mxolod am sazogadoebis ideologiaTa gamoxatva ZaluZs.
gviandeli xanis maqsisti kritikosebi ki emijnebian am e.w. `vulgarul~
marqsizms da imis garkvevas cdiloben, Tu ra mimarTebaa literaturasa da
ekonomikur formaciebs Soris. maTi azriT, kapitalisturi faseulobebis martivi
`arekvlisgan~ gansxvavebiT, literatura ufro rTuli fenomenia. mag., pier maSeri
Tvlis, rom literatura ekonomikur baziss an raime sxva ideologias ki ar
asaxavs, aramed igi zemoqmedebs arsebul ideologiebze da cvlis, axal formas da
struqturas aniWebs maT. amdenad, maSeris Tanaxmad, literatura ideologiis sxva
formebisgan (mag., religiuri ideologiisgan) gansxvavdeba da misi saSualebiT
SesaZlebelia ideologiaTa struqturisa da sazRvrebis dadgena. imave
Tvalsazriss aviTarebs georg lukaCic, romelic amtkicebs, rom literaturuli
nawarmoebi ideologiuri struqturis nawilia, magram, imavdroulad, igi
xelovnebis saSualebiT gardaqmnis mas.
marqsistuli kritikis sxva warmomadgenlebi (vTqvaT, bertolt brexti,
valter beniamini Tu lui alTiuseri) literaturul nawarmoebs ideologias
adareben da literaturas sinamdvilisadmi sakuTari damokidebulebis
gamomuSavebisken mimarTul saSualebad miiCneven. am TvalsazrisiT, literatura
ara mxolod asaxavs sinamdviles, aramed sakuTar mimarTebas amyarebs masTan.
amasTan, literatura SedarebiT avtonomiuria ideologiis sxva formaTa da
ekonomikur bazisTan mimarTebaSi.
sagulisxmoa gviandeli marqsizmis kritikosTa siuzan zontagiseuli Sefaseba:
`istoriuli progresis rwmenisadmi neomarqsistebis erTgulebis miuxedavad, am
kritikosebma ver SeigrZnes ara-socialisturi qveynebis Tanamedrove xelovnebis
araerTi saintereso da SemoqmedebiTi mxare. avangarduli xelovnebisadmi
indiferentulobiT, Tanamedrove mimarTulebebis kritikiT da `gaucxoebulad~,
`dehumanizebulad~ da `meqanizebulad~ maTi SeracxviT, isini, TavianTi ganwyobiT,
emsgavsebian XIX s-is iseT konservator kritikosebs, rogorebicaa arnoldi,
reskini da burqhardti~.
maSin, roca neomarqsisti kritikosebi ama Tu im nawarmoebs Sinaarsis
TvalsazrisiT ganixilavdnen (rom araferi vTqvaT istoriul konteqstTan
mimarTebis analizze), Tanamedrove xelovneba am dros formiseul mxareebze
koncentraciiT xasiaTdeba. marqsisti kritikosebi ki formasac `Sinaarsis~
gamoxatulebad miiCneven. es naTelia lukaCis `romanis Teoriidanac~, sadac
literaturuli Janrebi _ eposi, lirika da romani _ ganxilulia mxatvrul
formaze socialuri cvlilebebis gavlenis TvalsazrisiT.
karl marqss da fridrix engelss ar SeumuSavebiaT literaturis Tu
xelovnebis sistemuri Teoria. arc Semdgomi periodis marqsistul kritikaSi
momxdara es. ufro metad, es iyo politikuri aucileblobiT gamowveuli
reaqciebi. es reaqciebi zogjer erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego iyo, ris gamoc man
dinamikuri saxe (da ara dasrulebuli sistemis statikuri Tanmimdevroba) miiRo,
erTdroulad _ politikuri motivaciisa da literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb

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marqsisa da engelsisagan momdinare wanamZRvrebis mudmivi gadamuSavebis Sedegad. es
wanamZRvrebi aseTia:
1. hegelis kvalad, maT uaryves `individualobis~ gageba da amis Sedegad is
Tvalsazrisic, romlis Tanaxmadac SeuZlebelia nebismieri obieqti (maT Soris
literatura) arsebobdes damouki-deblad. am esTetikis Tanaxmad, literatura
SeiZleba gagebul iqnas mxolod ideologiasTan, klassa da ekonomikur bazisTan
erTobliobaSi;
2. Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, e.w. obieqtur samyaros mniSvnelobas
aniWebs adamianTa koleqtivi. is, rac WeSmaritebad aRiqmeba, aris ara maradiuli,
aramed instituciuradaa Seqmnili. mag., `kerZo sakuTreba~ burJuaziis erT-erTi
elementia, magram mas rodi gaaCnia maradiuli Zala. TviT enac ki, rogorc marqsi
wers `germanul ideologiaSi~, aris ara TviTkmari sistema, aramed komunikaciis
saSualeba, socialuri praqtika;
3. xelovnebis, rogorc nawarmis gageba, romelic sxva nawarmTan erTad,
warmoebis materialur urTierTobaSia CarTuli. Tu, rogorc marqsma Tqva, Sromam
Seqmna adamiani, xelovnebis nawarmi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc, zogadad,
warmoebis erT-erTi saxe;
4. isini yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen klasobriv brZolasa (rogorc istoriis
Sinagan dinamikas) da literaturas (rogorc am brZolaSi mniSvnelovan faqtors)
Soris kavSirze. zogjer literaturas Sesabamis ideologiur receptebs
aZlevdnen.
am wanamZRvrebs SeiZleba davumatoT, vTqvaT, engelsis komentarebi tipurobis
Sesaxeb, sadac aRniSnulia, rom xelovnebam unda gamoxatos is, rac tipuria ama
Tu im klasis Tu istoriuli tendenciebisTvis. amasTan, SegviZlia gavixsenoT
agreTve engelsis komentarebi, romelmac `SedarebiTi avtonomia~ mianiWa
xelovnebas, sadac naTqvamia, rom xelovnebas SeuZlia gascdes Tavis ideologiur
pirobebs, xolo zednaSenis Semadgenel nawilebs `ukanasknel instanciaSi~
ekonomikuri urTierTobebi gansazRvravs. naSromis `politikuri ekonomiis
kritikisaTvis~ SesavalSi xelovnebaze, gansakuTrebiT berZnul xelovnebaze
saubrisas, marqsic aRiarebs: cnobilia, rom xelovnebis ayvavebis ama Tu im xanaSi
igi SesabamisobaSi modis sazogadoebis zogad ganviTarebasTan da aqedan
gamomdinare, materialur bazisTan.
rac Seexeba gviandel marqsistul literaturaTmcodneobas, igi SeiZleba,
axal kritikosTa mkacr Teoriebze reaqciad miviCnioT. axal kritikosTagan
gansxvavebiT, romlebic teqsts TviTkmar, TavisTavad sidided miiCnevdnen,
marqsistebi koncentracias axdenen literaturul teqstebSi arsebul
winaaRmdegobebze. Tumca marqsistul kritikaze gavlena moaxdina
struqturalizmma da poststruqturalizmma. maT Soris mainc didi sxvaobaa erT
rameSi _ marqsistebi uars amboben literaturisa da enis sazogadoebisgan
gamijvnaze. marqsistuli kritika materialisturia da amitom ufro meti saerTo
aqvs im TeoriebTan, romlebic Seiswavlian, Tu rogor arsebobs literatura ama
Tu im socialur, politikur da ekonomikur struqturaSi, vidre im TeoriebTan,
romlebic mxolod teqstis Seswavlaze arian koncentrirebulni. marqsistulma
kritikam udidesi gavlena iqonia feministur kritikaze, axal istorizmsa da
kulturis istoriaze.

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 georg lukaCi da bertolt brehti. socialistur realizms mniSvnelovani
gavlena hqonda sabWoTa kavSiris gareTac da Tavisi Teoriuli gamoxatuleba pova
ungreli filosofosis, georg lukaCis naSromebSi. lukaCis Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove
kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi disonansi (uTanxmoeba) Seaqvs winaaRmdegobebs,
ufskruls sazogadosa da calkeuls, inteligibelursa (gonebiT aRsaqmelsa) da
grZnobads, nawilsa da mTels Soris. realisti xelovani am winaaRmdegobaTa
momcveli SesaZlo totalurobis (yovlismomcvelobis) reprezentacias
(warmodgena, gamosaxvas) axdens, _ im totalurobisa, romelic gansxvavebul
istoriul moZraobaTa `tipurobis~ SesisxlxorcebiT miiRweva. mag., individi
SeiZleba istoriul ZalTa mTeli kompleqsis matarebeli iyos.
lukaCis gansakuTrebuli daintereseba mimarTuli iyo goeTes, balzakis,
skotis, tolstois Semoqmedebisken. Tanamedrove mweralTagan igi afasebda maT,
romelnic XIX s-is romanis tradicias agrZelebdnen _ Tomas mans, jon
golzuorTis, gorkis, roJe martin diu gars. zontagis Tanaxmad, `lukaCi awmyos
ganixilavs zneobrivi standartis mixedviT da es standarti warsulidan
momdinareobs. roca lukaCi `realizmze~ saubrobs, warsulis xedvis mTlianobas
gulisxmobs~. is, rom lukaCi Tavis naSromTa umravlesobas germanul enaze werda,
TiTqos miuTiTebs, rom amiT nacionalizms sakuTar komunistur orientacias,
evropul TviTSegnebas da humanizmis faseulobebs upirispirebda.
lukaCis literaturul-kritikuli naSromTagan mniSvnelovania `evropuli
realizmis sakiTxebi~, sadac Sesulia esseebi balzakze, stendalze, tolstoize,
zolasa da gorkize. es eseebi iwereboda 1930-iani wlebis bolos, ruseTSi.
lukaCis wigni `Tanamedrove realizmi~ aseve literaturis problemebs exeba. es
wigni naklebad akademiuria da masSi sami eseia Sesuli. maTSi lukaCi uaryofs
`modernistuli~ da `socrealisturi~ literaturis Rirebulebas da
upiratesobas aniWebs `kritikul realizms~, rac mas XIX s-is romanis tradiciis
gagrZelebad miaCnia. lukaCi uaryofda dostoevskis, prustis, kafkas, beketis da
mTel modernistul mwerlobas, rasac georg Staineri Tavis axsnas uZebnis:
`lukaCi radikali moralistia da am mxriv viqtorias xanis kritikoss
mogvagonebs... am udidesi marqsistis arsebaSi Zvelmoduri puritani cxovrobs~.
erTi sityviT, lukaCi literaturas zneobriobis erTgvar gamoxatulebad miiCnevs.
da es arc aris gasakviri, Tu gavixsenebT lukaCis Tvalsazriss, rom `kritikosis
amocanaa gamoavlinos ideologiasa (msoflmxedvelobis [Weltanschauung] gagebiT)
da mxatvrul nawarmoebs Soris urTierTkavSiri~. lukaCi xelovnebis mimeturi
Teoriis momxrea, romlis Tanaxmadac nawarmoebi `aRwers~ sinamdviles.
wignis `Tanamedrove realizmi~ pirvel TavSi `modernizmis ideologia~
akritikebs modernistul literaturas (kafkas, joiss, moravias, bens, bekets da
a.S.) da aRniSnavs, rom aseTi literatura alegoriuli xasiaTisaa, rac
istoriuli cnobierebis uaryofasac gulisxmobs. meore eseiSi igi erTmaneTs
upirispirebs kafkasa da Tomas mans. mesameSi _ `kritikuli realizmi da
socrealizmi~ _ uaryofs xelovnebis marqsistuli gagebis im ZiriTad doqtrinebs,
romlebic stalinis xanaSi batonobda.
realizmis lukaCiseul gagebas ewinaaRmdegeboda bertolt brexti. maTi
debatebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, ubralod, rogorc or pirovnebas _ mweralsa
(brexti) da kritikoss (lukaCi) Soris kamaTi, vinaidan socialisturi realizmis
maTeuli definiciebi (gansazRvrebebi) zogjer erTmaneTs Tanxvdeba.

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 Tavis CanawerebSi brextic realizms `tipuris~ Tu `istoriulad
mniSvnelovanis~ `moxelTebis~ unarTan aigivebs. brextis Tanaxmad, realistebi
gamoavlenen rogorc winaaRmdegobebs adamianTa urTierTobaSi, aseve maT gamomwvev
mizezebsac. ufro metic, socialistebi realobas proletariatis TvalTaxedviT
uyureben. brehti Tvlis, rom realisturi xelovneba ebrZvis realobaSi arsebul
yalb Sexedulebebs, riTac saR azrs amkvidrebs.
SesaZloa, am or moazrovnes Soris konfliqtis mizezi iyos lukaCis
antipaTia modernistTa da eqsperimentuli xelovnebis mimarT im mosazrebiT, rom
maT mier warmodgenili kacobriobis ontologiuri (yofierebiseuli) saxe
fragmentuli, dekadenturi da politikuri TvalsazrisiT sustia. amis
sapirispirod, brextis eqsperimentalizmi gadamwyveti aRmoCnda misi
mcdelobebisTvis, romelic Teoriis da praqtikis marqsistul esTetikaSi
gaerTianebas iTvaliswinebda. dramatuli Teatris (aristoteleseuli gagebiT)
sakuTar `epikur nawarmoebebTan~ Sepirispirebisas, brexti amtkicebs, rom Teatrma
saWiroa mayurebelSi gaaRviZos qmedebis unari. igi Sors iyo kaTarsisis ideisgan
da aucileblad miiCnevda, rom mayurebelSi unda aReZra gadawyvetilebis miRebis
survili, nawilobriv gacruebuli standartuli molodinis wyalobiT. am
proceduras brexti gaucxoebis efeqts uwodebda. scenaze mimdinare moqmedeba
farulad unda miuTiTebdes mis sxva, alternatiul versiebzec.
bertolt brexti daupirispirda Teatris aristoteleseul gagebas, rac
mayureblis gmirTan gaigivebas da SiSisa da Tanagancdis gziT mayureblis
kaTarsiss iTvaliswinebda. brehts, amis sapirispirod, ar ainteresebda mayurebelSi
emociis aRZvra. mas aqcenti gadahqonda fiqrze, azrovnebaze, gansjaze, rac
Teatris iluziuri samyaros ngrevas gulisxmobda. brexti am mcdelobebma miiyvana
`gaucxoebis~ Teatralur efeqtamde. misi mizani iyo mayurebelSi kritikuli
damokidebulebis gamomuSaveba. am miznis gansaxorcieleblad dramis Sesabamis
formad man epikuri Teatri dasaxa, sadac yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo ideebsa da
didaqtikur mxareze.
`gaucxoebis efeqti~ emociebisgan gaTavisuflebas isaxavda miznad; igi piesis
gmirebisgan mayureblebis distancirebas da msaxiobebis rolisgan gamijvnas
iTvaliswinebda. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli politikuri
WeSmaritebis wvdoma. erTxel brextma kidec aRniSna: `araferia civi gonebiT
gansjaze mniSvnelovani. civi gonebiT gansja did adamianTa xvedria~. adorno ki
brehtis Sesaxeb werda: `misi gaucxoebis Teatri mayurebels fiqrisken ubiZgebda...
misi didaqtikuri stili Seubralebelia fiqrisTvis imTaviTve niSandoblivi
orazrovnebis mimarT. erTi sityviT, es stili avtoritarulia~.
brextis Teoriuli nawerebi, ZiriTadad, georg lukaCTan polemikis nayofia.
misTvis miuRebeli iyo lukaCiseuli diferencireba karg realizmsa da cud
naturalizms Soris. igi balzakisa da tolstois naratiul formebs SezRudulad
miiCnevda. aseve, uaryofda kaTarzisis aristoteleseul koncefcias da siuJetis,
rogorc iseTi ambis gagebas, romelsac Tavisi dasawyisi da dasasruli aqvs.
marqsisgan man aiRo zednaSenis idea, rasac xelovnebac miekuTvneba. magram misTvis
miuRebeli aRmoCnda ideologiis araerTi mxare.
brextis azriT, `fiqri, wera an Teatraluri warmodgenis dadgma
sazogadoebis kritikul gansjas gulisxmobs~. aqedan momdinareobs brextis
interesi epikuri Teatris mimarT, xolo gaucxoebis efeqti mayureblis gmirTan
gaigivebis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs da mas gansjisken ubiZgebs da miaxvedrebs,

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rom ama Tu im adamianis xasiaTs Tu beds socialuri garemo ganapirobebs.
amasTanave, ama Tu im gmirs mayurebeli ara mxolod awmyoSi xedavs, aramed
perspeqtivaSic – rogori aris is da rogori SeiZleba gaxdes. igive SeiZleba
iTqvas garemoebebzec. aqedan gamomdinare, mayurebels TeatrSi uyalibdeba axali
Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmadac mas SeuZlia Caerios mimdinare procesebSi da
Secvalos arsebuli viTareba; anu igi pasiurobidan aqtiurobisken midis.

antonio gramSi. gramSis praqtikis filosofia cdilobs xelaxla

ganamtkicos marqsizmi (rogorc yvelaze mZlavri Teoria; socialuri, politikuri
da kulturuli revolucia) idealizm/materializmis, voluntarizm/ekonomizmis,
bazi/zednaSenis diqotomiis miRma. praqtikis filosofia aseve gulisxmobs, rom
momavali dRevandelobaSivea mocemuli; esaa procesi da ara movlena.
gramSiseuli cnebebi (gansakuTrebiT hegemonia) sazogadoebis da samyaros
radikalur cvlilebas iTvaliswinebs da gzaa Tavisuflebisken. kulturisa da
ganaTlebis gramSiseuli gageba, praqtikis filosofiis fonze, cocxal Sromad
aRiqmeba, romelic cdilobs gaTavisufldes gabatonebuli ideologiisgan, Seqmnas
axali momavlis filosofia da sazogadoeba. gramSis azriT, Sroma aris Suamavali
`sazogadoebriv da bunebriv wesrigTa Soris urTierTobaSi~. masTan cocxali
Sroma gansxvavdeba ekonomisturi da produqtivistuli Tvalsazrisisgan. Sroma
aris ara politekonomiuri, aramed ontologiuri (yofierebiseuli) kategoria,
romelsac Tavisi safuZveli aqvs ganaTlebaSi. amitom cxadi xdeba, Tu ratom ar
miiCnevs gramSi kulturas da ganaTlebas zednaSenis ubralo danamatad, aramed
revoluciis Teoriis ZiriTad elementebad saxavs maT. isini efuZneba Sromas,
romelic SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc mTliani socialuri cneba, romelic
ekonomikuri sferosgan gamijnuli ar aris.
SemoqmedebiTi cocxali Sroma gulisxmobs sazogadoebis, kulturisa da
istoriis qmnadobas. gramSis CanawerebSi literaturis kritikis Sesaxeb, igi
erTmaneTisgan gamoarCevs SemoqmedebiT, poetur Sromas an saqmianobas da
praqtikuls, instrumentuls. misi TqmiT, aris periodebi, roca mSromeli Zalebi
sazogadoebaSi koncentrirebulia mxolod produqtivizmze. erTi SexedviT, amgvar
sazogadoebaSi praqtikuli saqmianobis buneba Seicvleba da poetur suliskveTebas
moipovebs. faqtobrivad ki, gramSis Tanaxmad, aSkaraa, rom mSromeli Zala aq
biurokratiuli da represiuli Zalebis saSualebiT maTSivea moqceuli, rac
aneitralebs SemoqmedebiT da poetur aspeqts. mxolod is cocxali mSromeli
Zala SeZlebs cocxali kulturis Seqmnas, romelic am logikis miRma darCeba.
istoriis sxvadasxva monakveTSi Zlieri SemoqmedebiTi Zalebi praqtikul
saqmianobaSi iyo CarTuli. am dros pozitiuri adamianuri energia, garkveulwilad,
bazisur samuSaoebzea koncentrirebuli da ara zednaSenis sferoze. magram
SemoqmedebiTi warmoeba aucileblad rodi gamoricxavs instrumentul warmoebas
(mag., piramidebis mSenebloba da a.S.). xelovnebis nimuSi, misi Semqmnelis
TvalsazrisiT, SesaZloa iyos, ubralod, warmoebis nayofi, rasac piramidebis
Seqmnac mowmobs. magram Sromis cneba gulisxmobs warmoebis da qmnis koncefciaTa
daaxloebas. marTlac, produqtivizmis kritika ar gulisxmobs warmoebis, rogorc
aseTis, kritikas. warmoebis da qmnis erToblioba bazisis da zednaSenis
mTlianobaa. produqtivizmis logikiT, zednaSeni (adamianuri neba da subieqturoba)
Cakargulia struqturaSi, politika da kultura ki dayvanilia ekonomikamde.
qmnileba qreba warmoebis procesSi. Tumca produqtivizmis daZlevas Sedegad rodi

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mohyveba struqturis, ekonomikis an warmoebis gaqroba. sinamdvileSi marTalia,
rom ekonomikuri bazisi mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs mas, rac ekonomika ar aris;
aseve isic marTalia, rom ekonomikuri struqtura meqanizmia, romelic
gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebebisTvis moqmedebs, subieqtis nebis Tanaxmad. erTi
sityviT, ekonomikur struqturas ayalibebs zednaSeni, anu gramSis gagebiT,
subieqtis neba.

lui alTiuseri. alTiuseri struqturalisti marqsistia, romelSic

gaerTianebulia ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego principi: erTi mxriv, marqsizmi Tavisi
socialur/istoriuli analiziT; da meore mxriv, struqturalizmi
araistoriul/asocialuri analiziT. magram alTiuseris Tanaxmad, maT Soris
saerToa gansxvaveba ideologiebsa (istoriuli/socialuri) da ideologias
(struqturuli) Soris. alTiuseri erTmaneTisgan ganarCevs ideologiebsa da ideo-
logias. ideologiebi specifikuri, istoriuli da erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulia.
arsebobs qristianuli, demokratiuli, feministuri, marqsistuli da a.S.
ideologiebi. ideologia ki – struqturulia. igi struqturaa da `maradiulia~,
sinqronul Seswavlas eqvemdebareba. amitomac ambobs alTiuseri, rom ideologias
ar aqvs istoria. ideologiis, rogorc struqturis idea momdinareobs me-
qanizmidan, romlis Tanaxmadac ideologia zednaSenis nawilia. igi ganixilavs
literaturasa da ideologias Soris urTierTobas. am kavSirSi moiazrebs igi
hegemoniasac. misi azriT, ideologia da hegemonia, literaturis msgavsad,
sinamdvilis konstruirebuli saxea, romelic sulac ar aris aucilebeli, rom
cxovrebiseul viTarebas asaxavdes. amdenad, literatura arc ideologiis ubralo
asaxvaa da arc aqamde daiyvaneba. literatura SeiZleba ideologiis nawilad
CavTvaloT, magram igi SeiZleba dascildes kidec ideologias. mag., romanSi
SeiZleba ise iyos viTareba warmodgenili, rom ganamtkicebdes arsebul
ideologiebs, magram, rogorc mxatvrulma nawarmoebma, SeiZleba amxilos kidec es
ideologiebi. amdenad, Tumca literaturas ar ZaluZs sazogadoebis Secvla, mas
mainc SeuZlia cvlilebebSi aqtiuri monawileoba miiRos. magram alTiuseri
ideologiis struqturas aracnobieris froidistul da lakaniseul gagebas
ukavSirebs. vinaidan ideologia struqturaa, misi Semadgeneli nawilebi
gansxvavdeba. misi Sevseba SeiZleba yvelafriT, magram misi forma, rogorc amas
aracnobieris struqturasTan mimarTebaSi vxvdebiT, _ ucvlelia. erTi sityviT,
ideologia moqmedebs `aracnobierad“. enis msgavsad, ideologia struqturuli
sistemaa, romelSic vcxovrobT da igi gviqmnis iluzias, rom Cven vmarTavT mas,
Tavisuflad virCevT mrwamss. alTiuseris pirveli wanamZRvari aseTia: `ideologia
yofierebis realur pirobebTan individTa warmosaxviTi damokidebulebis
`reprezentaciaa“. igi am problemis saTaveebs XVIII s-Si xedavs da ideologiis
gagebas samRvdelo pirTa da despotTagan momdinared miiCnevs. esaa konspiraciis
Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac erTi muWa gavleniani adamianebi danarCenebs atyueben
da arwmuneben ama Tu im yalbi ideis WeSmaritebaSi.
alTiuseris Tanaxmad, literaturul teqstze SegviZlia visaubroT, rogorc
ideologiis nawarmze, romelic subieqtebad gvayalibebs. interpelaciis naTeli
magaliTia iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca mTxrobeli pirdapir mogvmarTavs: mag., `Cemo
mkiTxvelo“ da a.S. amasTanave, yoveli teqsti subieqturi damokidebulebis
SesaZleblobas qmnis, zogjer aSkarad, zogjer farulad an nagulisxmevi saxiT.

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 valter beniamini. valter beniamins Tavisi Teoriuli naSromebis wera mouwia
im epoqaSi, roca masobrivi warmoebis axalma teqnologiebma udidesi adgili
daikava yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. sxva sakiTxebis garda, igi yuradRebas
amaxvilebda dabali da maRali kulturis, romantizmisa da modernizmis Tu
literaturisa da kinematografis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebze. SesaZloa
ucnauradac mogveCvenos, rom beniamini kinematografs tradiciisa da is-toriuli
cnobierebis kvdomis maniSnebel movlenad miiCnevda. misma naSromebma udidesi
gavlena moaxdina kulturis istoriis, rogorc disciplinis Camoyalibebaze da mis
mier warmoWrili sakiTxebi am disciplinis safuZvlad iqca.
`faqtobrivad, xelovnebis nimuSis kvlavwarmoeba yovelTvis SesaZlebeli
iyo“, _ werda igi. – `adamianis mier Seqmnili arti-faqtebis mibaZva meore adamians
yovelTvis SeuZlia... Tumca, xelovnebis nimuSis meqanikuri kvlavwarmoeba axali
movlenaa... yvelaze srulyofil aslsac ki erTi elementi aklia yovelTvis: drosa
da sivrceSi misi `aqmyofoba~. beniamini drosa da sivrceSi `aqmyofobaSi~
gulisxmobs auras koncefcias, romelic originalTan mimarTebaSi, manZilis
unikaluri fenomenia. xelovnebis nimuSis arsebobis am erTaderTobas gansazRvravs
istoria, romlis ganmavlobaSic xelovnebis nimuSi arsebobda. aq igulisxmeba is
cvlilebebic, romlebic mas, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, garegnuli TvalsazrisiT
SeiZleboda ganecada...
beniaminis azriT, mTxrobelma Txrobis procesSi fsiqologiuri analizisgan
Tavi unda Seikavos da rac ufro bunebrivad mimdinareobs es procesi, miT ufro
STambeWdavia ambavi. naambobs beniamini Semgroveblis koleqciis miseul gagebas
ukavSirebs da aRniSnavs, rom igi gadacemadia. gadacemadobaSi beniamini gulisxmobs
imas, rom naambobi, koleqciis msgavsad, subieqtTaSoris urTierTobas ayalibebs,
ris saSualebiTac ama Tu im ambis amJamindeli msmenelebi/mTxrobelebi da
warsulSi am ambis msmenelebi/mTxrobelebi erTiandebian. ambis xelaxla Txrobisas
mas SesaZloa daematos mTxrobelis piradi gamocdilebis elementebi da am
elementTa msmenelis gamocdilebaSi Serevis Sedegad mTxrobeli imavdroulad
sakuTar msmenelTa nawilad gardaiqmneba. rogorc beniamini wers: `Txroba ar
iTvaliswinebs sagnis wminda arsis gadmocemas, informaciis an reportaJis
msgavsad. Txrobis procesSi sagani mTxrobelis cxovrebiseul brZmedSi gadis da
mis arsebaSi gavliT xelaxla ibadeba~. naambobi citatas hgavs, romelic SeiZleba
msmenelis diskursis nawilic gaxdes, roca msmeneli, Tavis mxriv,
konteqstualuri diskursidan amoiRebs mas da sxva diskursSi CarTavs. es
usasrulod grZeldeba, magram citata, ambavi sakuTar nakvalevs tovebs.
daaxloebiT msgavsi ram xdeba Targmnis procesSic. beniaminTan, rogorc wesi,
mTlianoba nawilisgan, mTeli _ fragmentebisgan iqmneba.
Semgroveblisa da mTxrobelis msgavsad, mTargmnelic iRebs gansakuTrebul
obieqts (ucxoenovan teqsts) da masTan garkveuli mimarTebiTi moqmedebis Sedegad
(Targmani) igi mas sakuTar gamocdilebad gardaqmnis. mTargmnelisTvis esaa
obieqtis kvlavwarmoeba sakuTar enaze, roca obieqti da misi meore, naTargmni
`piri~ TviTidenturni ar arian, magram TargmanSi mainc igrZnoba `originalis eqo~.
imavdroulad, am procesSi mTargmnelis ena, gamocdileba da `me~-c icvleba. es
procesi dialeqtikuria, sadac Tezisi (ucxoenovani teqsti) da antiTezisi
(Targmani) erTad qmnian sinTezs _ `wminda enas~, romelic ar daiyvaneba arc
ucxoenovan teqstze/enaze, romelSic datyvevebulia is (`wminda ena~) da arc
mTargmnelis enaze, romelic aTavisuflebs mas. mTargmneli azris ubralo

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gadmocemisken ki ar unda miiswrafodes, rac farTo moxmarebis saqonlis SefuTvas
hgavs, aramed ufro rTul mizans _ ufro Rrma, `wminda~ enis Seqmnas unda
emsaxurebodes. (beniaminis TqmiT, `Targmnadoba gasnaxilvelia maSinac ki, roca
adamianebi aRiareben Targmnis SeuZleblobas~. igi Tvlis, rom Targmanis Rirsebas
amcirebs damatebiTi informacia. `Targmanma raRacis gadmoce-mis Tu mniSvnelobis
mowodebis survilisgan unda Seikavos Tavi~. beniamini mTargmnelisgan
transcendencias moiTxovs. misTvis arsebiTia `wminda enis gulisgulSi~ SeRweva).

Teodor adorno da maqs horkhaimeri. Teodor adorno amtkicebda, rom

kapitalizmi xalxs kulturis industriis nawar-miT kvebavs, rac `WeSmariti“
xelovnebis principebs ewinaaRmdegeba. `kulturis industriis~ nawarmi xalxis
pasiur kmayofilebas da politikur umoqmedobas uwyobs xels. adorno Tvlida,
rom ar gamarTlda marqsis winaswarmetyveleba kapitalizmis marcxis Sesaxeb.
piriqiT, man ufro metad gaimagra poziciebi. Tu marqsi ekonomikaze amaxvilebda
yuradRebas, adornom msjelobis centri kulturaze gadaitana, _ kulturaze,
romelic arsebuli mdgomareobis SenarCunebas uwyobs xels. popularuli
kultura mis naSromebSi xalxis pasiur kmayofilebasTan da kapitalisturi
sistemis Secvlis mimarT yovelgvari interesis dakargvasTanaa gaigivebuli.
kulturis industria avrcelebs iaffasian nawarms, ramac xelovnebis `rTuli“ da
kritikuli formebis adgili daikava da amiT sazogadoebis ukeTesi cxovrebisTvis
brZola Seferxda. kulturis industria xalxSi nergavs mcdar moTxovnilebebs,
romlebic kapitalisturi sistemis farglebSi moqmedebs. es moTxovnilebebi ena-
cvlebian adamianis `WeSmarit“ moTxovnilebebs – Tavisuflebas, adamianis
SesaZleblobaTa sruli gamovlenis unarsa da SemoqmedebiT aqtivobas, WeSmariti
SemoqmedebiT moniWebul sixaruls.
Teodor adorno da maqs horkhaimeri erTobliv naSromSi `ganmanaTleblobis
dialeqtika“ (`kulturis industria: ganmanaTlebloba, rogorc masebis motyuebis
saSualeba~) masobrivi kulturis winaaRmdeg gamoTqvamen sakuTar azrs. filmebi,
radio da Jurnalebi, rogorc masebamde misvlis saukeTeso saSualebebi, qmnian
sistemas, romelic erT Targze Wris TiToeul maTgans. kinematografsa da radios
ukve aranairi pretenzia ar gaaCnia xelovnebaze da Riadaa gacxadebuli, rom es
saqmianobani mxolod da mxolod momgebiani biznesia, romelic ideologias
emsaxureba. sulac, isini sakuTar Tavs industriis (kino Tu radio)
warmomadgenlebad moixsenieben. meore mxriv, produqcia momxmarebelTa interess
iTvaliswinebs da amiT cdiloben, erTgvarad, aicilon pasuxismgebloba.
momxmareblebi statistikur monacemebad gardaiqmnebian, sadac maT sxvadasxva
jgufad yofen; xolo xelovnurad diferencirebuli (danawilebuli) produqcia ki
srulebiT erTnairia. maT Soris gansxvavebebis gamovlena (mag., manqanebSi
cilindrebis raodenoba Tu sxva maxasiaTeblebi) iluzorulia an,
adorno/horkhaimeris TqmiT, TanamedroveobaSi `sruli msgavseba absoluturi
gansxvavebaa~.
adornos werilSi `mTxrobelis pozicia Tanamedrove romanSi~ saubaria
Tanamedrove romanSi mTxrobelis damokidebulebis cvlilebaze. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom aq gamijnulia prozaSi sinamdvilis mibaZvis ori aspeqti: movlenaTa
damajerebeli da Tanmimdevruli aRweris praqtika Tanamedrove romanSi
mTxrobelis subieqtivizmma Secvala. Tanamedrove romans bevr rames daesesxnen
reportaJi, radio/televizia/informaciis saSualebebi da kinematografi. amitomac

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romanis winaSe dgas amocana, rom igi gaemijnos dokumentur Txrobas da
sagnobriobisgan gaTavisufldes. Tumca sagnobriobisgan gaTavisufleba garkveul
sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli, vinaidan, ferwerisgan gansxvavebiT, igi enis
saSualebiT gamoxatavs Canafiqrs. amitomac romani mimarTavs Txrobis fiqcias.
joisTan realizmisadmi dapirispireba enobrivi formiT gamoixata. aq warsuls
Cabarda aRwerili ambebis Sinagani mowesrigebuloba, _ anu is, rac mTxrobels
naambobisadmi Tavisi azris gamoxatvis saSualebas aZlevda.
romanSi arsebuli pozitivisturi da xelSesaxebi mxareebi sulmTlad
miiTvisa informaciam da mecnierebam. romanis tradiciis gagrZelebis winapirobad
adorno yalbi realizmis uaryofas da universaluri gaucxoebis da
TviTgaucxoebis mxatvrul asaxvas miiCnevs. igi wers: `axali romanis
antirealistur xasiaTs, mis metafizikur ganzomilebas Tavad misive realuri
sagani, _ sazogadoeba gansazRvravs, sadac adamianebi erTmaneTisganac gaTiSulni
arian da sakuTari Tavisganac~.
adorno umTavres problemad Tvlis imas, rom avtoris fsevdo-gulaxdili
pozicia unda iqnas ukugdebuli. Semdeg mas prustis magaliTi mohyavs, romelTanac
`Sinagani monologis~ saSualebiT gare samyaro Sinagan sivrceSi SeumCnevlad
Sedis.
tradiciul romanSi refleqsia (gansja) moralisturi iyo, mTxrobeli
garkveul damokidebulebas gamoxatavda gmirebis mimarT; axla ki refleqsia
ebrZvis siyalbes.
Tanamedrove romani upirispirdeba mTxrobelis da mkiTxvelis mimarTebis
tradiciul pozicias – esTetikur distancias mTxrobelsa da mkiTxvels Soris.
`axla igi ise icvleba, rogorc filmis planebi: mkiTxveli xan mis miRma rCeba,
xan komentaris meSveobiT scenaze gadis, zogjer kulisebSi an meqanikur
saamqroSic aRmoCndeba~.
Tavisi ukiduresi gamoxatulebiT, Tanamedrove romanis nimu-ad adorno kafkas
teqstebs miiCnevs, sadac distancia sabolood gauqmebulia da Sokis saSualebiT,
katastrofis molodinSi myofi mkiTxveli Wvretas veRar axerxebs.

herbert markuze. revolucia da, zogadad, sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebi

arsebiTia gviandeli marqsisti kritikosebisTvis. markuzes azriT, xelovnebis
revoluciuroba mxolod ideuri TvalsazrisiT ar Semoifargleba, aramed aq
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs stilur Taviseburebebsac. markuzes Tanaxmad,
nawarmoebi revoluciuria, Tu masSi esTetikur xorcSesxmas ganicdis sazoga-
doebaSi arsebuli problemebi. am mxriv, xelovnebas garkveuli reformatoruli
funqcia ekisreba. WeSmariti xelovneba yovelTvis revoluciuria, vinaidan igi
Zirs uTxris arsebul msoflaRqmas da misi gamoxatvis formebs, akritikebs
sinamdviles da gvisaxavs sasurvel momavals. socialuri garemoebebi ama Tu im
nawarmoebSi SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas, rogorc safuZveli an rogorc ena da
saxeobrivi sistema. am TvalsazrisiT, revoluciuria ara mxolod brextis piesebi,
aramed kafkas da beketis nawarmoebebic, sadac Sinaarss formiseuli Canafiqri
ganapirobebs. markuzes azriT, xelovnebisa da praqtikis urTierTmimarTeba
gaSualebulia. ama Tu im teqstis politikuri angaJirebuloba (dakavSirebuloba
romelime politikur ZalasTan) cxovelmyofelobas arTmevs mas. amitomac, rembosa
da bodleris poeziis revoluciuri potencia ufro efeqturia, vidre brextis an
Tundac sartris didaqtikuri piesebi.

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 teri igltoni. teri igltoni Tavis naSromebSi oTxi sakiTxis ganxilvis
aucileblobaze saubrobs. esenia: literaturis mimarTeba istoriasTan, Sinaarsis –
formasTan, mwerlis politikuri angaJirebulobis sakiTxi da xelovnebis, rogorc
warmoebis erT-erTi saxeobis gageba. igi literaturuli nawarmoebis analizze
saubrisas aRniSnavs, rom ama Tu im nawarmoebis forma, stili da azri
konkretuli istoriuli epoqis Sedegia.
igltonis azriT, XIX s-is xelovneba gabatonebuli burJuaziuli
ideologiis damcveli iyo. marTalia, xelovanis Semoqmedeba yovelTvis mis
filosofiur Sexedulebebze ufro mdidaria, magram es sulac ar niSnavs, rom
literaturis sociologiuri kuTxiT analizisas, ugulebelvyoT mwerlis Tu
xelovanis politikuri Sexedulebebi.
teri igltoni cdilobs gaarkvios, materialuri da ideologiuri pirobebi
rogor axdenen gavlenas xelovnebaze da, piriqiT, xelovneba rogor zemoqmedebs
maTze. Tavis wignSi `esTetikis ideologia~ (1990) igi aRniSnavs, rom esTetikuri
Rirebulebis mqone nawarmoebi karg sazogadoebas hgavs, sadac nawili harmoniul
mTels qmnis, xolo mTeli nawilebis ZaliT mowesrigebas ar axdens. erTi sityviT,
esTetikuri wesrigi socialurs hgavs da isini ganuyofelia. maT Soris
Tanxvedris intensivoba ki damoki-debulia faseulobebze, romlebic esTetikuri
da, imavdroulad, politikuria.

fredrik jeimsoni. Tavis naSromSi `politikuri aracnobieri~, jeimsoni

marqsizmis upiratesobas aRiarebs da aRniSnavs, rom misi istoriuli da socio-
ekonomikuri mTlianobis horizonti yovlismomcvelia, erTgvari CarCoa, romlis
saSualebiTac SegviZlia vikvlioT genderuli, rasobrivi, klasobrivi, seqsualuri,
miTologiuri, simboluri, alegoriuli da sxva sakiTxebi. igi xSirad imowmebs ama
Tu im marqsistis naazrevs da sakuTar mosazrebebs usadagebs maT. amis gamo,
masTan klasikuri marqsizmiseuli koncefciebi (Sexedulebebi) axal sunTqvas
iZenen. igi dasavluri kulturisa da politekonomiis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxze
Tavis Sexedulebebs gvTavazobs da xazgasmiT miuTiTebs xelovnebasa da misi
Seqmnis istoriul garemoebaTa (konteqstis) damokidebulebisa da recefciis
mniSvnelobaze.
fredrik jeimsoni `politikur aracnobierSi“ gvTavazobs literaturul-
istoriuli analizis models, sadac ideologiis warmoqmnaSi literaturul
JanrTa funqciaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. aq esa Tu is Janri Tavis Sesafer,
Tanamedrove socialuri formaciis konteqstSi moiazreba. jeimsoni miuTiTebs
gardauval urTierTkavSirze literaturuli teqstis esTetikur Rirebulebasa da
mis specifikur istoriul konteqsts (ideologiuri funqciebis gagebiT) Soris.
ideologia ar aris is, rac simbolur produqcias warmoqmnis; esTetikuri an
naratiuli (TxrobiTi) forma TavisTavad ideologiuri aqtia, romelsac ekisreba
mougvarebeli socialuri winaaRmdegobebis `warmosaxviTi“ mogvareba. vinaidan
literatura ayalibebs sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobas, igi warmoSobs (da ara
ubralod asaxavs) ideologias. esTetikuri Rirebulebis mqone sawyisebis teqstSi
ganTavsebiT, rasac ZaluZs socialur winaaRmdegobaTa mogvareba, jeimsoni TiTqos
upiratesobas aniWebs garkveuli saxis teqstebs. amiT igi farulad uaryofs iseT
lite-raturul teqstTa faseulobas, romlebic arsebuli esTetikur-
ideologiuri formulirebebis ganmtkicebas emsaxureba da ar warmoaCens arsebul

152
winaaRmdegobebs. Tumca jeimsoni aRiarebs lite-raturul teqstTa mniSvnelobas,
igi ar gvTavazobs literaturul da araliteraturul teqstTa Soris
gansxvavebaTa safuZvlebs, romlebic aseve ayalibebs axal ideologiebs da
socialur winaaRmdeobebs agvarebs.

***
bolos SeiZleba erT paralels mivmarToT, marqsistul kritikas, rogorc
sistema, romelic sazogadoebis formirebis mizezebis Ziebas emsaxureba, bevri
saerTo aqvs fsiqoanalitikur kritikasTan. Tu uxeS analogias mivmarTavT,
bazis/zednaSenis marqsistuli da cnobier/aracnobieris froidistuli modeli
erTmaneTs waagavs. aqedan gamomdinare, literaturaTmcodneobis problemisa da
misi erT-erTi, marqsistuli midgomis mimarTebis Sesaxeb saubari SegviZlia
davamTavroT teri igltoniseuli metaforiT, roca igi froidisa da lakanis
Teoriebs literaturis kvlevis problemebs ukavSirebs. froidisa da lakanis
naazrevSi mama warmodgenilia, rogorc represiuli Zala, rac SeiZleba religiur
da socialur instituciebs SevadaroT; xolo roca igi `oidiposis kompleqsze~
saubrobs da aRniSnavs, rom dedasTan mTlianobis dakargviT gamowveuli travma
mesames, represiul Zalas, an mamas ukavSirdeba, literaturaTmcodneobis
problemasac gulisxmobs, romlis krizisic sinamdvilisgan literaturis
gamijvniTaa gapirobebuli.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

adorni 1979: adorno T. mTxrobelis pozicia Tanamedrove romanSi. J. `saunje~, # 5, Tb.: 1979.
adorno... 2002: Adorno Th. Horkheimer M. The Dialectic of Enlightenment. Stanford: Stanford University
Press, 2002.
alTiuseri 1971: Althusser L. Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses // Lenin and Philosophy, and Other
Essays. New Left Books, London: 1971.
beniamini 1976: Benjamin W. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction // Film Theory and
Criticism. London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1976.
beniamini: Беньямин В. Задача переводчика. http://photounion.by/klinamen/fila10.html.
brexti 1982: brexti b. patara organoni TeatrisaTvis. Tb.: 1982.
burJuaziuli... 1972: Кризис буржуазной культуры и музыка. М.: 1972.
gramSi 1980: Грамши А. Избранные произведения. М.: 1980.
dasavleTevropuli... 1990: Западноевропейские эстетические концепции XX в. M.: 1990.
igltoni 1976: Eagleton T. Criticism and Ideology: A Study in Marxist Literary Theory. London: Verso, 1976.
igltoni 1990: Eagleton T. The Ideology of the Aesthetic. Blackwell Publishers, 1990.
igltoni 1996: Eagleton T. Literary Theory: An Introduction. University of Minnesota Press, 1996.
lukaCi 1994: Лукач Г. Теория Романа. Новое литературное обозрение, #9. M.: 1994.
marqsi... 1967: Маркс K., Энгельс Ф. Oб искусстве. т. I, II. М.L 1967.
msoflio... 1984: Зарубежное литературоведение 70-х годов. M.: 1984.
sontagi 1990: Sontag S. Against Interpretation. New York-London-Toronto: 1990.
jeimsoni 1981: Jameson F. The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. Cornell University
Press, London: 1981.
jeimsoni 1991: Jameson F. Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Duke University Press,
1991.

153
solomon tabucaZe

harold blumis `gavlenis Teoria~

Tanamedrove amerikuli literaturaTmcodneobis saxis gansazRvrasa da

CamoyalibebaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis `ielis kritikosTa~ saxeliT cnobil
jgufs, romlis erT-erT Rirseul warmomadgenladac (pol de mansa da jefri
hartmanTan erTad) harold blumia miCneuli. literaturuli dideba mas
literaturuli urTierTobebis Teoriam moutana, romelsac mTeli Tavisi
karieris ganmavlobaSi xvewda, amowmebda da dRes `gavlenis SiSi~-s saxeliT aris
cnobili. gavlenis blumiseuli koncefciis, romelsac `antiTeturi (antiTezisis
Semcveli) kritikis~ saxelwodebiTac moixsenieben, safuZvlebi 70-ian wlebSi
gamoqveynebul oTx naSromSia damuSavebuli. esenia: `gavlenis SiSi: poeziis
Teoria~ (1973 w.), `gadakiTxvis ruqa~ (1975 w.), `kabala da kritika~ (1975 w.)
da `poezia da represia: revizionizmi bleikidan stivensonamde~ (1976 w.).
Zalze mokled, harold blumis gavlenis Teoriis arsi aseTia: literatura
Tavisi Sinagani bunebiT antagonisturia (winaaRmdegobrivia), rac vlindeba imiT,
rom yoveli avtori Tavis winamorbed Semoqmeds ejibreba da ebrZvis. `Zlieri~
poeti axdens winamorbedTa teqstebis radikalur transformacias, rasac blumi
`araswor wakiTxvas~ uwodebs da rac, Tavis mxriv, ganpirobebulia `gavlenis
SiSiT~. es SiSi, ritorikasTan nazavi Taviseburi tropebis (saxeobrivi
gamonaTqvamebis), anu `gavlenis SiSis~ tropebis saxiTaa Casaxlebuli axal
teqstSi. amitom winamorbed teqstebTan WidilSi Seqmnil axal nawarmoebSi
yovelTvis ritorikulad aris Cawerili SiSi, SfoTva da egzistencialuri
kaeSani.
rogorc amerikeli literaturaTmcodne sara prati wers, am naSromis
(`gavlenis SiSi. poeziis Teoria~) mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, blums ori mizani
aqvs: pirveli, rom unda moxdes Camoyalibebuli warmodgenebis deidealizacia
imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor uwyobs xels erTi poeti meore poetis formirebas da,
meore, _ igi cdilobs imgvari poetikis Seqmnas, romelic ufro adeqvaturi
gamoyenebiTi kritikis safuZveli gaxdeba. pirvel mizans blumma marTlac miaRwia,
xolo meoris SemTxvevaSi marcxi da warumatebloba ganicadao – wers mkvlevari
da dasZens, rom literaturis TeoretikosTa Soris blumis Teoria didi
aJiotaJisa da gansjis sagnad iqca, magram misi praqtikuli gamoyeneba mxolod
`gavlenis SiSis~ xsenebiT amoiwura, Tan arc Tu mkafio konteqstSi, romelSic
arc am Teoriis sirTule Cans da arc misi sistemis ganviTarebisa igrZnoba rame.
sakuTar mizandasaxulobas Tavad harld blumi amgvarad ayalibebs: poeziis
Teoria aris poeturi gavlenis aRwera da Txroba Sidapoetur mimarTebebze.
Teoria miznad isaxavs damkvidrebuli da idealizebuli Sexedulebebis koreqcias
(gasworebas) anu arsebuli warmodgenis Secvlas poetis rolze sxva poetis
formirebaSi. amas daerTvis meore amocana, romelic aseve Cveul warmodgenaTa


ingl.: "A Map of Misreading"; rus.: "Карта перечитывания"; `araswori gadakiTxvis ruqa~.

ingl.: "Poetry and Repression: Revisionism from Blake to Stevens"; rus.: "Поэзия и подавление:
Ревизионизщм от Блеика до Стивенса".

misreading cdomilwakiTxva.

anxicty of influence.

154
gasworebas exeba da imgvari poetikis Seqmnas isaxavs miznad, romelic
literaturuli kritikis ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels.
erTi sityviT, blumis naSromSi poeziis istoria da gavlenis Teoria
erTmaneTisgan praqtikulad gaumijnavi cnebebia da erTurTs `faravs~, radgan
poeziis istoria sakuTari poeturi, Zalmosili warmosaxvebisaTvis sivrcis
gamoTavisuflebisaken ltolvis Jams, anu poetTa urTierTgadakiTxvisas, erTgvar
pirovnebaTSoris `sivrceSi“ iqmneba. ukve vaxseneT `Zlieri poeti~ da blumi
swored masze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, radgan Teoretikosis interesis sagans
poeturi warmosaxvis Zalmosileba, warmoadgens: SedarebiT sust talants
winapris mxolod idealizebis unari aqvs, maSin roca mdidari warmosaxvis mqone
Semoqmedi mTlianad aiTvisebs winamorbed poets. amrigad, poeziis istoriis gmiri
Zlieri poetia, romelic oden SemoqmedebiTi gadarCenisTvis ki ar aris mudmiv
kveTebaSi winaprebTan, aramed sikvdilisTvisac mzada, swored im Tavisi
Zalmosilebisa gamo, radgan sesxebisa da winaparTa poeturi aTvisebis Jams mudam
gamTangavi SiSis winaSe dgas.
bevri poeti amtkicebs, rom sinamdvilis miseuli warmosaxva, miuxedavad
imisa, rom msgavsi kompleqsi, SesaZloa, sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSic Candes, _ mxolod
misi kuTvnilebaa da amdenad _ originaluria, magram saqmec is aris, rom poeturi
gavlena sulac araa nakleboriginalurobis maniSnebeli. metic, xSirad swored
gavlena ganapirobebs originalurobas, Tumca ki yovelTvis ver uzrunvelyofs
srulqmnilebas. poeturi gavlenis siRrmeTa Zieba ar daiyvaneba wyaroebsa Tu
ideaTa istoriaze da arc poetur saxeTa nimuSebis kvlavwarmoebaze. poeturi
gavlena, anda, rogorc mas xSirad uwodebs blumi, poeturi nairTqma aucileblad
gulisxmobs poetis, rogorc poetis cxovrebiseuli ciklis Seswavlas. rodesac
amgvari Seswavlis veqtori im konteqstzea mimarTuli, sadac cxovrebis es cikli
gaTamaSdeba, maSin dakvirvebisa da kvlevis areSi eqceva poetTa Soris
urTierTmimarTeba, rac froidis ojaxuri romanis analogiur SemTxvevadac
ganixileba da Tanamedrove anu postganmanaTleblobis epoqis revizionizmis
istoriis calkeul Tavebadac. Tanamedrove poeti im melanqoliuri sulis
memkvidrea, romelic ganmanaTlebluri epoqis skepsisidan amoizarda. TviT
ganmanaTlebloba ki Zveli da aRorZinebis xanis ostatTa jansaRi warmosaxvis
memkvidre iyo, magram TavisTavad am saintereso sakiTxs blumi bolomde aRar
Casdevs, radgan miznad isaxavs konkretul, Sidapoetur mimarTebebsa da ojaxur
romans Soris paralelebis daZebnas. swored am paralelebis Ziebisas gvevlineba
igi froidis ramdenime mniSvnelovani debulebis revizionistad.
blumis gavlenis Teoriaze didi gavlena moaxdines nicSem da froidma. nicSem
_ antiTeturobis winaswarmetyvelma – Tavisi Rrma revizionistuli da asketuri
suliskveTebis mqone gamokvleviT _ `moralis genealogia,~ Zlieri kvali daaCnia
blumis naSroms; xolo froidiseuli damcavi meqanizmebisa da maTi ambivalenturi
(ormxrivi/orgemage) funqcionirebis analogs blumi Sidapoetur
urTierTmimarTebaTa ganmsazRvreli reviziis proporciebSi xedavs. da mainc
blumis gavlenis Teoria arc gavlenis nicSeanuri Teoriis gadamuSavebaa da arc
froidiseuli bednieri da Svebis momgvreli SesaZlo Canacvlebis optimisturi


rus. Поэетическое недонесение _ gadmogvaqvs `nairTqmad~, radgan, klinamenis reviziul
proporciaSi (romelsac tropulad `ironia~ Seesabameba~) `недонесение~ `uaryofad~ unda gavigoT.
SeiZleboda `TviTneboba~, radgan igi `romantikuli ironiis~ konteqstSi adeqvaturad aRwers
viTarebas, magram vamjobineT ufro neitraluri _ `nairTqma~ (s.t.).

155
gadamRereba. poetisaTvis rogorc poetisaTvis yovelgvari Canacvleba miuRebelia
da igi mudam pirveli Sansis dabrunebisTvis ibrZvis. blumis azriT, nicSe da
froidi saTanadod ver afasebdnen poets da gadaWarbebul rols aniWebdnen
fantazias da miuxedavad TavianTi moraluri realizmisa, Zalze aidealebdnen
adamianis warmosaxvis unars. nicSes mowafe uiliam batler ieitsi da froidis
mowafe oto ranki gacilebiT siRrmiseulad swvdebodnen da ganixilavdnen
mxatvar-Semoqmedis xelovnebis winaaRmdeg amboxs da imas, Tu ra mimarTebaa am
brZola-kveTebasa da bunebasTan mxatvris antiTetur Widils Soris.
asea Tu ise, harold blumi didad aris davalebuli `oidiposis kompleqsisa~
da `ojaxuri romanis~ Teoriisagan. froidis cnobili mtkicebiT, ymawvili baZavs
mamas da, imavdroulad, misi dajabnis survili amoZravebs. e. i. erTsadaimave dros
igi aRfrTovanebulia mamiT da eSuRleba kidec mas; Surs da eSinia, radgan
froidis mier aRweril samyaroSi didi roli eniWeba instinqts. aqedan
logikurad gamomdinareobs, rom Svils swadia mamis mokvla, raTa daeuflos
dedas. am sqemis eqstrapolireba rom movaxdinoT blumis samyaroze, sadac
poeturi avtoritetis gavlenis SiSiT Sepyrobili gviani poeti, gindac poeziis
samyaros umcrosi moqalaqe anu efebosi, rogorc mas blumi uwodebs, cdilobs da
mieltvis winamorbedis gadaWarbebas da dajabnas. efebosi aRfrTovanebulia
winapriT, magram misi Surs da eSinia kidec. mas surs Tavisi upiratesobis Cveneba
da warmoCena, swadia misi – rogorc mxatvris _ mokvla da amas igi sCadis kidec
winamorbedi poetis teqstebis qvecnobierad Tu gamiznulad usworo wakiTxviTa da
maTi sakuTar maneraze gadaweriT. ase eufleba yvelaze antiTeturi
(winaaRmdegobaTa Semcveli) adamiani – efebosi – xelovnebas: igi preteqstebs
(winare teqstebs), sakuTari pirobebisdakvalad, gadaxrebiT kiTxulobs da amiT
afarToebs sakuTar warmosaxvaTa vels da gasaqans aZlevs mas.
fsiqologiuri konfliqtis produqtiul gadawyvetilebad froidTan
sublimacia gvevlineba, romelic sxva adamianze, sxva obieqtze gadarTvas
gulisxmobs. froidi mas adamianis umaRles miRwevad miiCnevs da es mosazreba mas
erTdroulad platonis, iudaisturi tradicisa da qristianuli moralis
mokavSired aqcevs. sublimacia aris `martivi~ siamovnebis modusis Canacvleba
keTilSobiluriTa da amaRlebuliT. ase rom, adgili aqvs erTi fsiqologiuri
mijaWvulobis Canacvlebas meoreTi, erTis amaRlebas meoreze, erTis daTrgunvas
meoriT – dakmayofilebas ufro daxvewili saSualebiT. froidTan saqme
instinqtebs exeba da es yvelaferi met-naklebad gasagebi da misaRebia, magram roca
poetzea saubari, maSin sxvagvar viTarebasTana gvaqvs saqme; poetisaTvis, rogorc
aseTisaTvis, Canacvleba miuRebelia da igi iZulebulia dausrulebel brZolasa da
kveTebaSi iyos winamorbedTan. blumis azriT, poetobis kandidats fsiqologiuri
da emociuri mowifvisas warmoSobil sirTuleebze gacilebiT meti riskis gaweva
da maRali fsonis dadeba uxdeba. igi Tavis mxatvrul ukvdavebaze TamaSobs da es
maRali fsoni imdenad eZvirfaseba, rom advilad xels ver Caiqnevs da brZolis
vels ver miatovebs. amitomaa, rom avtoritetis aCrdilis SiSi da masTan Widili
grZeldeba ad infinitum (dausruleblad).
amrigad, gavlenis koncefcias blumi warmoidgens froidis struqturis
saxiT, magram mas sxva SinaarsiT avsebs. Tu froidis mTavari saidumlo libidoSi
Zevs, blumisTvis igi droSi moiazreba. poeti imas ki ar cdilobs, rom xelaxla
moiflos deda, aramed eswrafvis mamis gaswrebas. amdenad misi problema Jinis

156
dacxroma ki ara, _ dagvianebaa. amitom ewodeba mas agviani poeti. saqme exeba
winaukmobas da ara droiT distancias.
blumi efebossa da winamorbeds Soris brZolis konkretul formebs
reviziul mimarTebebs uwodebs: `froidis mier gamokvleuli meqanizmebi da maTi
ambivalenturi funqcionireba gvevlineba, Cemi azriT, reviziuli mimarTebebis
TvalsaCino analogebad, romlebic warmarTaven poetTSoris kavSirebs~ _ wers igi
da amgvari mimarTebis eqvs saxeobas warmogvidgens. es aris Zlieri poetis
cxovrebiseuli ciklidan aRebuli eqvsi nabiji, romelic sruliad sakmarisia imis
gasagebad Tu rogor gadaixreba erTi poeti meorisagan. reviziis am eqvsi
saxeobis saxelwodeba, rogorc blumi ambobs, TviTneburia da sxvadasxva
tradiciidan aris aRebuli. yoveli maTgani sakmarisi sacnaurobiT aireklavs
poetTSoris mimarTebebis fsiqoliteraturul pozicias.
CamovTvliT reviziul mimarTebaTa am eqvs saxeobas:
1. klinameni anu poeturi gadakiTxva, gadaxra;
2. tesera anu gansruleba da antiTeza;
3. kenozisi anu gameoreba da memkvidreobiTobis wyveta.
4 daimonizacia anu amaRlebulis sapirispiro, _ personalizebuli
kontramaRlebuli.
5. askeza anu ganwmenda da solipsizmi (idealuri subieqtivizmi);
mizanmimarTuli qmedeba martoobis mdgomareobis misaRwevad.
6. apofradesi anu micvalebulTa dabruneba.

vidre srulad warmovadgenT reviziuli proporciis tipebs, saWirod

migvaCnia, sxava waxnagebidanac SevxedoT poeturi gavlenis arss.
rac Seexeba zogadad gavlenis meqanizms.
poetis TviTganxorcielebis gzaze, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, pirveli etapi, sxva
poetebiT gakvirvebaa, romelic erTgvar Wmunvasa da wuxilTanaa wilnayari.
poeturi ZaliT aRWurvisas anu SemoqmedebiTi ZalSemosvisas igi xvdeba, rom
winaparTagan swavlis gareSe ver ganxorcieldeba da bediswera ZvelTa Zlevisa da
gadalaxvis wiaR saval rTul gzas umzadebs. mxolod winamaval `sxvebTan~
interaqciiT adgens da poulobs igi Tavis Tavs, magram, imavdroulad, igi am
TviTdadginebisaken swrafviT ganaxorcielebs winaparsac. am poeturi gavlenis
aRsawerad harold blumi moixmobs soren kirkegoris maqsimas _ `is, vinc
Sromobs, sakuTar mamas warmoSobs~.
aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi, homerosidan moyolebuli ben jonsonamde,
poeturi gavlena `mama-Svilis~ urTierTmimarTebis analogiiT aRiwereboda, magram
axalma drom anu ganmanaTleblobam `Svilobis~ Tema ukuagdo da poeturi gavlena
kartezianuli dualizmis erT-erT aspeqtad gamoacxada.
rac Seexeba Tavad sityva `gavlenas~, romelmac `vinmeze meufebis~ sazrisi
jer kidev laTinuri sqolastikis epoqaSi SeiZina, misi pirvandeli mniSvneloba _
`SerTva~, aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi ar gauqmebula. misi dasabamieri mniSvneloba
miuTiTebda im `gadmoRvraze~ da emanaciaze, romelic varskvlavebidan gadmodioda
kacobriobaze da zemoqmedebda adamianTa bedsa da xasiaTze.


zmnis fuZe `Swcrve~ (anglosaqsuri `Sweoorfan~) – gada-ixreba // gadaxra niSnavs
`gawmenda//gaxvewa, polirebas (mogluveba, moprialeba). xolo TviTon zmna niSnavs: Semouxvio
gverdze, daagdo pirdapiri gza, gadauxvio kanons, movaleobas, wesCveulebas.

157
 `gavlenasTan~ Sewyvilebul `SiSze~ ukve iTqva, magram am konteqstSic
gavimeorebT, rom igi didi xania aRar gamoiyeneba mamisadmi Svilis erTgulebis,
moraluri idiliis aRsawerad da miT ufro poetTaSorisi mimarTebis modelad.
sinamdviles rom ufro davuaxlovdeT, viTareba amgvarad unda aRvweroT: erTi
poeti gavlenas axdens meoreze; Tu ganvavrcobT, erTi poetis leqsi Tavisi
sidiadiT gavlenas axdens meorisaze, anda, TavianTi maRalsulierebiT isini
zemoqmedeben erTmaneTze. magram, amgvari idealizmi _ didsulovnebisa da am rigis
cnebebiT apelireba _ yovelTvis sust poetTa mimarTebiT xdeba da didsulovnebis
gamovlinebis formebic mravalferovania. am SemTxvevaSi araTu Segnebul,
qvecnobier gavlenazec rom visaubroT, msjeloba mainc bundovani iqneba. amitom
blumi imTaviTve ayalibebs sakuTari Teoriis mTavar princips, romelic, misive
SeniSvniT, SesaZloa, sworia, Tumca mainc SedarebiTiao.
ai, es mTavari principebic – romelic poeturi gavlenis Teoriis werilobiT
formulirebul ganmartebad unda miviCnioT: poeturi gavlena – roca igi or
Zlier, WeSmarit poets akavSirebs – yovelTvis mimdinareobs rogorc pirveli
poetis gadakiTxva, misi SemoqmedebiTi gamosworeba. sinamdvileSi es araswori
ganmartebaa. nayofieri poeturi gavlenis istoria, aRorZinebis xanidan
moyolebuli, wamyvani tradiciaa dasavlur poeziaSi, _ es aris SiSisa da
TviTSenaxvadi karikaturis, damaxinjebis, waryvnis, winaswar gamiznuli
revizionizmis istoria, uromlisodan Tanamedrove poezia, rogorc aseTi, ver
iarsebebda.
am gansazvRrebis Semdeg, romelic poeturi gavlenis Cveul, idealizebul,
maRalsulierebiT gajerebuli urTierTgavlenis suraTsa aSkarad arRvevs, ufro
meti simZafriT daismis kiTxva, _ ra aris bolos da bolos poeturi gavlena da
SesaZloa Tu ara misi kvleva?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis Ziebisas, harold blumi ixsenebs lixtenbergs, romelsac
miaCnda, rom raimesadmi winaaRmdegoba da dapirispireba _ orive mibaZvis forma
iyo. ase rom `mibaZvis~ cnebas ormagi buneba aqvs. blumis komentariT, lixtenbergi
– poeturi gavlenis es brZeni Teoretikosi – gulisxmobs imas, rom poeturi
gavlena sxva araferia Tu ara oqsimoroni (movlenis urTiersapirispiro niSnebiT
gansazRvra). poeturi gavlenis uaxloesi analogi – romantikuli siyvarulic xom
oqsimoronia? igi winare epoqebisadmi Tumca ki daapirispirebuli, magram
momavlisaken cru gaWraa da amitomac, Tumca ki brwyinvale, magram mainc waryvnaa
sulisa. poeti upirispirdeba Tavis did winapars (diad originals) da cdilobs
masSi im Secdomis aRmoCenas, romelic iq ar aris. igi, am ZiebiT aRagznebs da
afarToebs Tavis warmosaxvaTa vels da amgvari warmosaxvis sikeTec aqve iCens
Tavs _ poeti rom diad originals mihyves, gameorebaTa jojoxeTSi moxvdeba da
CvevaTa leTargias ver daaRwevs Tavs. aseTia romantikosis ganwyoba, romelic
daJinebiT cdilobs sadagi movlenebisTvis axlebuli brwyinvalebis miniWebas.
mTeli am movlenis gulisguli Ziebaa, romelsac poeti mihyavs ararsebul
leqsamde. am movlenis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis blumi kirkegors mimarTavs: or
adamians rom erTmaneTi SeuyvardebaT da iwyeben imaze fiqrs, rom erTmaneTisaTvis
arian gaCenilni, swored maSinaa maTi ganSorebis Jami, radgan urTierTobis
gagrZelebiT isini yvelafers dakargaven da SeZeniT ki veRarafers SeiZenen.
analogiurad, rodesac efebosi anu mxne axaluxlebi poeti (mi)xvdeba diad
originals, misTvis ukve Camomdgaria gangrZobis wami (gadaxris Jami), radgan man
ukve SeiZina yvelaferi, xolo winapars araferi daukargavs, radgan is, vinc ukve

158
Seqmna da dawera, yovelgvar kargvaTa miRma imyofeba. amieridan efebosi, Tavisi
SemoqmedebiTi komentaris wyalobiT, TviTonve adgens winapris kanons da Tu misi
(SemoqmedebiTi ganmartebis) cdomileba gardauvalia, maSin imasac unda SevurigdeT,
rom saqme absurdTana gvaqvs; magram es aris absurdis umaRlesi modusi,
uromlisodac saerTod raimegvar siaxleze laparaki SeuZlebelia. poeziis e. w.
`zusti~ ganmarteba gacilebiT uaresia (radgan igi mxolod imazea proecirebuli
Tu ras niSnavs teqsti), vidre raimegvari Secdoma da gamrudeba; es ukanaskneli
ganpirobebulia Zlieri gadakiTxviT, Zlieri gadaxriT, magram yoveli gadakiTxva,
gadaxris anu klinamenis statuss ver iZens. Sesabamisad, logikurad ismis blumis
SekiTxva: _ am SemTxvevaSi xom ar ajobebda, rom imave suliskveTebiT
davbrunebuliyaviT ukan da safuZvlidan dagvewyo poeziis Seswavla?
saqme is aris, rom arcerT leqss ara aqvs wyaro da arcerTi leqsi ar aris
meore leqsis ubralo damateba. leqsi anonimuri gamonaTebis Sedegi ki ar aris,
rom adamianuri Semoqmedebis nayofia da, rac ufro Zalmosilia adamiani, miT metia
misi SemoqmedebiTi SfoTvis xarisxi; ufro dauridebelia gadaxrac da
Tavisuflebisaken ltolvac, radgan Zlier poets, lukreciusis kvalad, gadaxraTa
sivrceSi eguleba Tavisufleba:

... viT nivTT sawyisni qve mihqrian sicalieres

sakuTar woniT, ganusazRvrel drois nakveTSi
da ganusazRvrel adgilidan odnav iribad,
ise odnavad, rom gadaxras mas Zlivs vuwodebT.
Tumca Tvinier am gadaxris sul yovelive
wvimis wveTisebr rom ganvlides sicalieres,
qmnadi jaxeba, sawyisT xvdomac ar iqneboda
da TviT bunebac ver SesZlebda risame Seqmnas.
(lukreciusi 1958: 45)
lukreciusze dakvirvebisdakvalad SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom erTi sruli wre
ganvvleT da aw pirvel sityvasa movideT. Sejamebis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT:
gadaxra, romelsac Zlier poetsa da mis mama poets Sorisa aqvs adgili,
ganpirobebulia gviandeli poetis arsebobiTa da suliskveTebiT. Tanamedrove
poeziis namdvili istoria revizionistul gadaxraTa zusti Canaweria.
axla ki kondensirebuli (SemWidrovebuli) formiT ganvixilavT
poetTaSorisi urTierTmimarTebis saxeebs, romlebic, froidis damcavi meqanizmebis
analogiiT, ambivalenturad funqcionireben da aireklaven gviani poetis
fsiqoliteraturul pozicias winamorbedi poetis mimarT.

klinameni, anu poeturi nairTqma

klinamenis cnebas, reviziul mimarTebaTa Soris centraluri adgili ukavia

gavlenis TeoriaSi. es aris gadaxra, araswori poeturi wakiTxva, gina TviTneboba


rus.: `Клинамен, или поэетическое недонесение~. ingl.: `misprision~. blumis erT-erTi mTavari
terminia. igi gaaTamaSebs am sityvis mniSvnelobaTa mTel speqtrs, romelic rusulad ase iTargmna:
1) недонесение (о преступлении); 2) Пренебрежение; 3) Недооцценка; 4) Недопонимание.
frangulSi inglisuri misprision-is ori Sesatyvisia: méprise (Secdoma, gaugebroba) da mépris
(zizRi, siZulvili, arad Cagdeba, abuCad agdeba, ugulebelyofa).
qarTulad pirdapir gadmoRebas, azrobrivi Targmaneba varCie (s.t.).

159
umcrosi poetisa (efebosisa), rac winamorbedi Semoqmedis reducirebiT vlindeba.
winapris amgvari SeviwrovebiT poeti gasaqans aZlevs Tavis poetur warmosaxvas da
am gziT uzrunvelyofs sakuTar SemoqmedebiT aqts. termini `klinameni~ blums
aRebuli aqvs lukreciusisgan, romelic am sityviT aRniSnavs atomTa gadaxras, anu
imas, rac qmnis da warmoSobs samyaroSi cvlilebaTa SesaZleblobas. poeti
`gadaixreba~ winamorbedis mier moniSnuli mimarTulebisagan da amiT igi
klinamenur mimarTebas amyarebs ucxo teqstTan. mis kuTvnil teqstSi es asrulebs
makoreqtirebeli moZraobis rols. es faqti gulisxmobs Semdegs: winamorbedis
teqsti garkveul momentamde viTardeboda sworad da marTebulad, magram Semdeg
igi ar gadaixara ise da imgvarad, rogorc `saWiro~ iyo da axla am `Secdomas~
asworebs efebosi.
tropulad klinameni ironiaa.

tesera anu damateba da antiTezisi

termini `tesera~ nasesxebia Jak lakanis fsiqoanalizidan. es termini

(`tesera~) dRemde cocxalia mozaikis Semsrulebel xelosanTa leqsikonSi. adre
igi gamoiyeneboda uZveles misteriul kulturebSi da aRniSnavda `amosacnob
niSans~. magaliTad, es SeiZleba yofiliyo gatexili WurWlis is nawili, romlis
mixedviTac SesaZlebelia mTlianad am WurWlis aRdgena.
yoveli gviani poeti irwmunebs Tavs da Cvenc gvarwmunebs, rom winamorbed
SemoqmedTa sityva waiSleba Tu igi xelaxla ar dabrunda efebosis amaRlebul da
didebiT mosil sityvaSi. ase xdeba winapris gansruleba. e. i. umcrosi poeti,
gadaikiTxavs ra preteqsts (romelic, sul mcire, ori mainc unda iyos),
antiTeturad ganasrulebs mas, magram mis cnebebSi debs axal sazriss, romelic
winaparma TiTqos ver moixelTa da ver moiflo.
amasTan dakavSirebiT blumi erT saintereso SeniSvnas akeTebs: Tu ingliseli
poetebi gadaixrebian Tavisi winamorbedebisagan (e. i. klinamens mimarTaven),
amerikelebi damatebas anu teseras mimarTaven. ingliselebi erTmaneTis mimarT
namdvili revizionistebi arian, maSin rodesac amerikelebi (emersonis Semdeg
mainc) TavianT mamebs arasakmaris gambedaobas da SemarTebas miaweren. reviziis
orive modusi winaparTa reducirebas iwvevs.
blumi moiSveliebs Jan-Jak rusos, romelic ambobs, rom aravis ZaluZs
srulad Tavisi TaviT tkboba sxvaTa daxmarebis gareSe. andre malros TqmiT ki,
yoveli gamonagoni – es aris pasuxi. ase rom efebosis Semoqmedeba winamorbedi
Semoqmedis, anu diadi originalis `SemweobiT~ iqmneba da igi pasuxia winapris
teqstze.
rac Seexeba kritikas...
kritikosi meryeobs tavtologiasa da reduqcias Soris. tavtologiaa is,
rodesac leqsi aris Tavis Tavadi, anu udris Tavis Tavs; xolo reduqcia aris is,


Tavad lakanis revizionistuli mimarTeba froidTan teseras nimuSad ganixileba. lakani, Tavis
erT naSromSi axdens stefan malarmes citirebas, sadac poeti enis funqcionirebas da monetis
mimoqcevas adarebs; moneta didi xania gacveTila da amosacnobi niSnebic aRar emCneva, magram mainc
Cveulebriv gadadis xelidan xelSi. es metafora sakmarisia imis gasagebad Tu rogor inarCunebs
ukiduresad gacveTili sityva teseras Rirebulebas. es aris lakanis aluzia teseras funqciaze,
anu `Tavisianis~ amosacnob niSanze, gnebavT _ `parolze~.

160
rodesac leqsSi igulisxmeba isic, rac leqsSi ar aris. ar aris ki masSi
Tanamedroveoba da yvela is garemoeba, rac poets `ertymis~ gars. antiTeturi
kritika, wers blumi, unda iwyebodes tavtologiisa da reduqciis uaryofiT;
uaryofiT, romelic umjobesia gadmocemul iqnas imis mtkicebiT da dasturyofiT,
rom leqsis mniSvneloba SeiZleba iyos mxolod leqsi, oRond sxva leqsi _ da
ara `es~ leqsi.
revizionzmis am saxeobas tropulad Seesabameba sinekdoqe.

kenozisi, anu gameoreba da araTanmimdevruloba

poetTaSoris kavSiris mesame tipia kenozisi anu dacla // wamocarieleba, rac

warmosaxviTi qmedebis gauqmebasac niSnavs da izolirebasac erTsa da imave dros.
blums es sityva-termini aRebuli aqvs pavle mociqulisagan. saxarebaSi aRwerilia
Tu rogor `daimdabla~ qristem Tavi RmerTobidan adamianobamde. igi Tanaxmaa
Tavisi RvTiuri arsi daamciros, gan-xorcieldes. did poetebTan adgili aqvs
wyvetis am meqanizms – kenoziss. reviziis amgvari aqti – winaparTan mimarTebis,
kavSiris wyveta, `dacla~ aris memkvidreobiTobisagan gamaTavisuflebeli gaWra,
romlis Sedegicaa imgvari leqsi, romelic ver warmoiSveboda winamorbedis
RvTaebrivi arsis an imave winaprismieri STagonebis ubralo gameorebis Sedegad.
winapris Zlevamosilebis gauqmeba sakuTar TavSi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom moxdes
misi (winapris) poziciisagan izolireba, gandgoma. gauqmeba, izolacia, regresia _
cnebebi, romlebic kenozisis reviziuli proporciis aRsawerad gamoiyeneba,
fsiqologiuri dacvis meqanizmebia.
pavle mociqulis epistoleebidan aRebul cnebas harold blumi Tavisi
Teoriis froidistuli safuZvlebis Sesabamisad gadaamuSavebs: `arqetipuli
kenozisis aRwerisas iseTi modeli mogvca pavle mociqulma, romelsac verc erTi
poeti, rogorc aseTi, ver SeZlebda~-o wers blumi da moaqvs pavle mociqulis
werili filipelTa mimarT (T. 2:3-8).
pavle mociqulis kenotikuri poziciisgan gansxvavebiT, efebosis kenozisi
garegnulia. rodesac igi Tavs imdablebs, amiT, winapris damTrgunveli gavlenis
winaSe mdgari, uars ambobs mxatvrul mTlianobaze.
yoveli reviziuli aqti winapris gardasaxvaa, magram Tu klinameni da tesera
leqsis elementTa SepirispirebaSi exmareba mkiTxvels, kenozisi poetebis
daxasiaTebisaTvis gamoiyeneba.
ukve iTqva, rom yoveli reviziuli mimarTeba froidiseuli damcavi meqanizmis
rols asrulebs da axdens dakarguli, gamqrali originalebis Canacvlebas.
kenozisi aris mamisagan dacva, magram imavdroulad igi angrevs Svilsac (ix.
froidis `me da igi~). Aase vlindeba kenozisis ambivalenturoba, romlis
meSveobiTac leqsi aucileblad gadadis antiTeturi sazrisis farglebSi.
kenozisSi poeti sustdeba, cnobierad ambobs uars memkvidreobaze (froidis `igi~
_ `me~-s energiis wyarocaa). igi SemosazRvrul dro-sivrceSia gadagdebuli,
radgan moSala da gaauqma winamorbedis modeli.


igi (Оно; Es, Id) _ zigmund froidis pirovnebis koncefciis Teoriuli konstruqti, _ pirovnebis
TanSobili aspeqtebi, romlis Sinaarsic aracnobieria, adamianis konstituciaSia Cakiruli da
romelmac ar icis socialuri akrZalva da SezRudva.

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 amgvari kenozisi aris daimonuri parodia pavle mociquliseul arqetipul
kenozisze.
tropulad kenozisi metonimias Seesabameba.

Ddaimonizacia anu kontr-amaRlebuli

rilkes miaCnda, rom leqsi Tanamedroveobis moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad da

sapasuxod iwerebodo. blumi mas ar eTanxmeba da imowmebs malarmes, romelic
wers, rom leqsi sxva leqs(eb)is sapasuxod iqmneba. mama poetis leqsebi – es aris
winaRoba da dabrkoleba, radgan Befreiungen anu axali leqsebi ufro
mniSvnelovani Zabvis nayofia, vidre amas rilke varaudobda.
_ xelovnebisa da sazogadoebis dialeqtika ki ar aris mTavari – wers
blumi, aramed xelovnebis da xelovnebisa, anu imisa, rasac oto rankma mxatvris
xelovnebasTan brZola uwoda. rilkezec es dialeqtika meufebs, radgan man
yvelaze metad imaTTan dahyo, vinc mas SemoqmedebiT gzaze eRobeboda da reviziis
proporciis is saxeoba, romelsac blumi daimonizacias uwodebs, gasuli saukunis
poetTagan yvelaze mkveTrad rilkesTan gamovlinda.
daimonizacia aris pasuxi winamorbedis amaRlebulze, anu es aris moZraoba
kontr-amaRlebulisaken. termins blumi iRebs neoplatonizmisgan, sadac am cnebiT
aRiniSneba is Sualeduri arsi – ara adamianuri da ara RvTiuri – romelic
Casaxldeba gandobilSi, adeptSi, raTa Seewios mas (adepts). efebosi winaprisagan
iRebs im Zalmosilebas, romelic mas sakuTari drois, epoqis, erTi sityviT,
Tanadrouloobisa da sakuTari yofierebis nayofad miaCnia. sinamdvileSi ki adepti
winamorbedis energetikiT sazrdoobs. ase uaryofs gandobili poeti winamorbedis
teqstis unikalurobas, radgan mis deindividualizacias axdens da, sakuTari
SemoqmedebiTi triumfiT Semofargluli, memkvidred veRar acnobierebs Tavis Tavs.
daimonizeba niSnavs fsiqikuri organizaciis im fazaSi yofnas, sadac vnebebi,
ltolvebi da miswrafebebi ambivalenturi (gaorebuli) cnobierebis sferoSia,
magram, radgan mainc adgili aqvs warsulis deformirebas ( gadaxras) – leqsis
dawera SesaZlebeli xdeba.
Aamave mdgomareobaSi iyo romantizmic, romelic ebrZoda warsuls, axdenda
ganmanTleblobis daimonizacias da swored amitom misi winaswarmetyveluri poezia
mxolod iluziuri Teoriaa. romantizmi aris ara imdenad xsna da gadarCena,
ramdenadac aracnobieri sicrue – raRac Sualeduri mdgomareoba instinqtur
arsebobasa da srulqmnil zneobriobas Soris.
daimonizaciis tropuli Sesatyvisebia hiperbola da litotesi.

askezisi anu ganwmenda da solipsizmi

askezisi aris poeturi sublimacia, ganwmendis xerxi, romelic mimarTulia

uaxloesi miznisaken – martoobis mdgomareobis miRwevisaken. amgvari TviTganwmenda
gulisxmobs martoobaSi daflvas, daZirvas.
askezisi, rogorc gavlenis SiSisagan Tavis dacvis warmatebuli meqanizmi, qmnis
poeturi `me~-s imgvar reduqcias, romelsac, zogadad, `ganmwmendeli sibrmave~
SeiZleba vuwodoT. gansxvavebiT kenozisuri TviTdaclisagan, askezaSi umcrosi
poeti axdens TviTSekvecis, reducirebis aqts. igi nebayoflobiT ambobs uars
Tavisi adamianuri da SemoqmedebiTi unaris garkveul nawilze da msxverplad

162
swiravs mas, raTa gamoyos, gamoacalkevos Tavisi Tavi sxvebisagan – rogorc
garemosagan, aseve winaprebisagan...
reviziis am proporcias ufro naTlad dagvanaxebs froidiseul sublimaciasTan
analogia: sublimacia aris fsiqikis instinqturi formebis tranformacia
individisaTvis (da sazogadoebisaTvis) misaReb formebSi. amiT moixsneba
konfliqti `igi~-sa da `me~-s Soris. dacvis meqanizmebi sublimaciisas sxvadasxva
SeiZleba iyos: SesaZloa pasiurobas aqtiuroba Caenacvlos da piriqiT, _ SesaZloa
pirdapir iqnas daTrgunuli saSiSi impulsebi, _ SesaZloa saerTod sapirispiroSi
gardaisaxos `igi~-dan momdinare safrTxe. amdenad, sublimaciaSi pirveladi
impulsi qreba da misi energetika gadadis misi `moadgilis~ gamgeblobaSi. ase
xdeba libidos deseqsualizeba da damangreveli tendenciebi Tavisufldeba
agresiuli energiisa da ltolvebisagan.
sublimacia mWidrod ukavSirdeba identifikaciis sakiTxs da es ukanaskneli
damokidebulia miznisa da obieqtis cvalebadobaze, romlebic, SesaZloa, rogorc
ukve vTqviT, sapirispiroc aRmoCndes pirvelwadilebisa.
Tu am models gadaxraTa tipologiaze gadmovitanT, sublimacia iqneba
askezisis, TviTSekveTis forma, romelic, rogorc winapris, aseve efebosis
Semoqmedebis Seviwrovebis xarjze, gardasaxvas eswrafvis. amgvari poeturi
askezisis Sedegi aris `super-ego~-s mxatvruli eqvivalentis miReba. e. i. askeza
xorcieldeba winaparzedac da efeoszedac.

apofradesi anu micvalebulTa dabruneba

apofradesi _ ase uwodebdnen Zveli aTenelni navsian dReebs, rodesac

micvalebulni im saxlebs ubrundebodnen, romlebSic isini odesRac cxovrobdnen.
Zlieri efebosi winaparTa amgvari Semotevisagan Tavdasacavad irCevs iseT
mzakvrul stils, rom prioriteti mTlianad mis xelTaa da rCeba STabeWdileba
TiTqos man ki ar mibaZa, aramed Tavad winaprebi baZaven mas. umcrosi poeti,
solipsizmamde misuli warmosaxviTi martoobiT daTrgunuli, ise aaSkaravebs da
sagangebod amzeurebs Tavis kavSirs winapris SemoqmedebasTan, rom geCveneba da
ggonia, TiTqos, aw ukve simwifis xanaSi myofi efebosi, im Tavis pirvandel,
poeturi mowafeobis xanas daubrunda da es-esaa fexi aidga; TiTqos erTi wre
Semowera da kvlav dasabamTan mivida _ rodesac efebosis poeturi Zalmosileba
jer kidev ar iyo reviziuli aqtis wiaR gamovlili da misiT ganmtkicebuli. am
macdur SegrZnebas efebosi qmnis imiT, rom gangeb aaSkaravebs winamorbedTan
kavSirs. amis Sedegia, rom axali srulyofili teqsti gvaiZulebs virwmunoT is
ki ara, rom igi winapris mieraa dawerili, aramed is, rom umcros poets TviTonve
SeeZlo (SeuZlia) winapris nebismieri leqsis Seqmna da dawera.
borxesi ambobs _ mxatvari TviTonve qmnis Tavis winaprebso...
_ me ufro radikalur movlenaze vilaparakebo, wers blumi da apofradesis
erTgvari absurdis magaliTad moaqvs, _ rodesac Cems sakuTar nawarmoebSi
winapris imgvari triumfia, rom misi zogierTi nawarmoebi aris ara Cemi
movlinebis winaswarmetyveleba, aramed winapris mier Cemi miRwevebis piriqiT
sesxeba; da es xdeba efebosis daknineba-damcrobis xarjze.
erTi sityviT, apofradesSi Zlevamosili mkvdrebi brundebian, magram brundebian
efebosiseul samoselSi da misive xmiT laparakoben – yovel SemTxvevaSi,

163
nawilobriv mainc da xandaxan mainc; da es xdeba im wuTebisa da gaelvebebis Jams,
rodesac dasturdeba ara maTi Seupovroba da siCauqe, aramed umcrosi poetisa.
apofradesi, rogorc fsiqikuri Tavdacvis `introeqcia-proeqciis~ meqanizmi,
tropulad Seesabameba metalepsiss.

dabolos, rom SevajamoT zemonaTqvami, gavlenisa da gavlenis SiSis Teoria

aseT saxes miiRebs: Hharold blumis azriT, nebismieri leqsis kompoziciaze
gavlena gardauvalia, Tumca am dros winamorbedis namuSevari Zalze mkveTrad
sxvaferdeba (m. h. abramsi).
Ppoeturi impulsi iSvis `gzis gamkvalavi~ mama-poetis leqsis wakiTxvisas.
Eefeboss, froidistuli oidipisis kompleqsis darad, ambivalenturi
damokidebuleba uCndeba winamorbedi poetisadmi. Aamitom igi ara mxolod
aRfrTovandeba winapriT, aramed, raki originalurobisa da damoukideblobis Jini
amoZravebs, misi siZulviliTac aRivseba. winaprisadmi (`winaswardamsakuTrebeli~
mama-poetisadmi) amgvar orgemage damokidebulebas efebosi upirispirebs
`TavdacviT~ wakiTxvas, raTa SeinarCunos avtonomiurobisa da pirveladobis
grZnoba; amas ki igi aRwevs cnobieri aRiarebis miRma arsebuli (anu aracnobieri)
instinqtiT da swored masze `dayrdnobiT~ amrudebs/ gadaxris mSoblis leqss.
Uuaryofili nawarmoebis gavlenis acilebis mizniT uprecedentod originaluri
leqsis daweris mcdeloba warumateblobisTvisaa ganwiruli; yvelaze meti, rasac
efebosi aRwevs, leqsis imgvari `siZlierea~, rom misi pirveladobis da
originalurobis iluzia iqmneba; iluzia imisa, rom rom winapris kvalze gavla
aicdina da Tan misi leqsi mama-poetisas aRemateba.
gadakiTxvis (gamrudebis//gadaxris) eqvsi procesi arsebobs, romelTac blumi
reviziul mimarTebebs uwodebs. Yyoveli procesi anu gadakiTxvis yoveli meqanizmi
ukavSirdeba figuralur enas da Seesabameba ritirikul tropTa tipebs. yoveli
reviziuli mimarTeba is kategoriaa, romelTa wiaR waikiTxeba winamorbedis leqsi.
aqedan gamomdinare, `leqss TavisTavad~ verasdros SevicnobT; yoveli wakiTxva
interpretacia da `ucilobeli verSefasebaa~ _ verSefaseba da verwakiTxva.
arsebobs `uZluri verwakiTxva~ (marcxisTvis ganwiruli) anu mcdeloba imisa, Tu
realurad ras niSnavs teqsti; aris `Zlieri verwakiTxva~, rodesac mkiTxvelis
damcavi meqanizmebi aracnobierad zemoqmedeben, raTa axleburad gardaqmnan
interpretirebadi teqsti, radgan nebismieri leqsi `mSobeli~ leqsis ver-
interpretaciaa. harold blumi literaturis kritikosebs urCevs, waikiTxon
leqsi, rogorc avtoris mier winamorbedi poetis, leqsis an zogadad, poeziis
ganzrax ver-wakiTxva. aseTi Zlieri verwakiTxvis Sedegebi antiTetur mimarTebaSia
poetis CanafiqrTan da imasTanac, Tu rogor interpretacias aZlevs mas
standartuli, `uZluri verwakiTxva~.
statias blumis erTi aforizmiT davasrulebT: gavlena _ es aris Influence,
varskvlavuri daavadeba.
Ggavlenas ganicdis yvela da yvelaferi...

Ggamoyenebuli literatura:

abramsi 2004: abramsi m. h. literaturul terminTa cnobari (gavlena da gavlenis SiSi).

sjani, V, Tb.: 2004.
blumi 1975: Bloom H. The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry. N. Y.: Oxford University
Press, 1975.

164
blumi 1998: Блум Херолд. Страх влияния. Карта перечитивания. Екатеринбург: Издательство
Уральского университета, 1998.
blumi 1999: Блум Геролд. Элегия о каноне. "Вопросы литературы". 1999, Январь-февраль.
lukreciusi 1958: lukreciusi. saganTa bunebusaTvis (Targmani panteleimon beraZisa). Tb.:
1958.

prati 1996: Пратт Сара. Гарольд Блум и Страх "влияния". Новое литературное обозрение. #
20 (1996).

165
bela wifuria

postmodernizmi

postmodernizmi, iseve rogorc Tavad modernizmi, ganmazogadebeli cnebaa,

romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs xelovnebasa da kulturaSi, adamianis azrovnebasa
da sulier samyaroSi mimdinare procesebs, romlebic drois garkveul monakveTSi
iCenen Tavs. swored amitom postmoderns zogjer ubralod drois suliskveTebad
an mgrZnobelobad gansazRvraven da saubroben postmodernul epoqaze, rogorc
aseTze.
drois sazRvrebi erTgvarad pirobiTia, radgan rogorc modernizmi, ise
postmodernizmi aTwleulebis manZilze viTardeboda sxvadasxva qveynebSi; maTi
ganviTarebis kulminaciuri etapebic aTwleulebiT an TiTqmis saukuniT aris
daSorebuli (xSirad postmodernizms aanalizeben, rogorc sakuTriv amerikul
movlenas, romelic Tavisi aqtivobis piks 1960-90-ian wlebSi aRwevs. magaliTad,
fredrik jeimsoni miiCnevs, rom `postmodernizmi aris pirveli specifikurad
Crdiloamerikuli globaluri stili~ (jeimsoni 1991: 20), magram, rasakvirvelia,
Tanamedrove kritikaSi postmodernizmis geografiuli areali uaRresad farToa).
zogjer modernizmisa da postmodernizmis niSnebi TiTqmis sinqronuli xdeba da
ganixilaven modernidan postmodernze gadasvlas TviT calkeuli avtorebis
SemoqmedebaSi (magaliTad, amgvar gardamaval qmnilebebad miiCneva, uwinaresad,
jeims joisis `fineganis qelexi~ (ihab hasanis, braian makhalis mier), zogjer
TviT herman melvilis `mobi diki~; mxatvrobaSi, rasakvirvelia, marsel diuSanis
redimeidi). postmodernizms, rogorc kulturul da socialur movlenas, didad
gansazRvravs misi dro. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dro am SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs
mxolod istoriul-qronologiur kontinuums (uwyvetobas), welTa Tanmimdevrobas,
aramed sulier da msoflmxedvelobriv epoqas. amasTanave, postmodernizmis dro
uSualod SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc modernizmis drois Sedegi. modernizmze
msjelobisas ganmsazRvreli xdeba iseTi kategoria, rogoric aris sulieri dro,
radgan es procesebi dasavluri samyaros adamianis sulier cxovrebaSi garkveuli
etapis dadgomis Sedegad dawyo. postmodernizmze msjelobisas sulieri drois
kategorias SeiZleba Caenacvlos sociumis dro, radgan postmodernizmi umetesad
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis etapTan mimarTebaSi ganixileba. garda amisa, drois
garkveul sazomad SeiZleba miviCnioT mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi etapebi da,
Sesabamisad, vimsjeloT reprezentaciis periodebze.
droiTi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT postmodernizmis dasabami kvlavac
ukavSirdeba modernizms. modernizmis dasabami ki xSirad araerTgvarovnad
ganisazRvreba da literaturis kritikosebs dazustebac ki uwevT, Tu romeli
periodidan gaiazreben am movlenas. aRricxva iwyeba erT SemTxvevaSi XIX saukunis
meore naxevarSi Sarl bodleris mier dasaxuli Semobrunebis wertilidan da
modernizmic, mniSvnelovanwilad, poeturi procesebis monacvleobis safuZvelze
ganixileba. meore SemTxvevaSi ki aTvlas iwyeben XX saukunis dasawyisSi ara
imdenad poeturi dajgufebebis, aramed individualur avtorTa, umetesad
romanistTa SemoqmedebaSi gamovlenili cvlilebebis safuZvelze. aqve
davazustebdiT, rom SemdgomSi pirveli, akademiur wreebSi farTod miRebuli
poziciiT vixelmZRvanelebT uwinares yovlisa imis gamo, rom am SemTxvevaSi
modernizmis dawyebas ganixilaven simbolizmiT da ara simbolizmis Semdeg.

166
modernizmisa da postmodernizmis, rogorc Tanamedroveobis kulturuli da,
uwinaresad, sulieri fenomenis dasabamis dakavSireba simbolizmTan ucilobelia
imdenad, ramdenadac swored simbolisturma msoflmxedvelobam gamoavlina is didi
sulieri krizisi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, adamianis sulier-SemoqmedebiTi da
mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi maZieblobis erTiani procesis dasabami gaxda da ramac
modernizmis saxeli miiRo. Tavad modernizmis arealSic ori Tvisebrivad
gansxvavebuli, magram epoqaluri da maZiebluri niSniT gaerTianebuli tendenciebi
gamoiyofa. erTs maRal (an klasikur) modernizms uwodeben, meores _
avangardizms. maRali modernizmis cneba, simbolizmidan dawyebuli, im tipis
literaturas aerTianebs, romelSic mwerlis ZiriTadi orientiria sakuTari
Sinagani, sulieri Ziebis procesi da gamomsaxvelobiTi Ziebebic (formaluri
srulyofilebidan tradiciuli formis rRvevis CaTvliT) mimdinareobs sulier-
msoflmxedvelobrivi Ziebis Sesabamisad, Sinagani mdgomareobisaTvis adekvaturi
(Sesatyvisi) gamomsaxvelobis mopovebis mizniT. avangardizmis arealSi sulieri
maZieblobis problema warmodgenilia CaxSuli, araaqcentirebuli, magram
dauZleveli saxiT. avtori ar axdens mis kultivirebas (ganviTarebas) teqstSi,
rac imis niSania, rom is ar axdens sulieri problemebis kultivirebas Tavis
TavSi. magram problema YTavisTavad arsebobs, is ar aris gadalaxuli. misdami
muSavdeba cinikuri, agresiuli damokidebuleba (rac vlindeba formis
agresiulobaSic), is represirebulia (daTrgunulia) TiTqmis qvecnobierebis
donemde, magram aRiarebulia, rom yovelgvari gamomsaxvelobiTi Ziebis procesis
dasabami swored Sinagan sirTuleebSia. ufro zustad, gamomsaxvelobiTi,
reprezentaciuli procesi miCneulia im sulieri procesebis mowesrigebis,
ugulebelyofis an Canacvlebis saSualebad, romlebic TiTqmis dauZleveli gaxda
dasavluri samyaros adamianis cxovrebaSi.
maRali modernizmis arealSi, faqtobrivad, ori sakiTxi gamoikveTeboda:
arsebobs Tu ara absoluturi WeSmariteba (sulieri problema) da SesaZlebelia
Tu ara am WeSmaritebisadmi individis mimarTebis mxatvruli gamosaxva
(reprezentaciuli problema). maRali modernizmis etapis Canacvleba avangardis
etapiT xdeba iq, sadac modernizmi uars ambobs sarwmunoebis sivrceSi dabrunebis
SesaZleblobaze da am ideis mxatvrul realizaciaze. magram, miuxedavad amisa,
sulieri problemis ugulebelyofa ar niSnavs reperzentaciis ideaze uaris Tqmas.
piriqiT, avangardizmis arealSi reprezetancia xdeba TviTkmari procesi, is ar
ukavSirdeba sulier miznebs, absolutur WeSmaritebas an eqsistenciur kiTxvebs,
am cnebaTa tradiciuli gagebiT. mxatvruli procesi aRar aris mimarTuli
sulieri procesisadmi da xelovneba aRar inarCunebs mimarTebas sarwmunoebasTan.
mimarTeba, romelic sarwmunoebriv xelovnebaSi mtkicebiTi formisa iyo (RmerTi
arsebobs da misdami adamianis swrafva mxatvruli SemoqmedebiTac cxaddeba), xolo
maRal modernizmSi kiTxviTi formisaa (arsebobs ki RmerTi da SeuZlia ki adamians
misadmi swrafvis mxatvruli gacxadeba?), avangardizmSi negaciur (uaryofiT)
formas iRebs: xelovneba aranairi saxiT ar unda miemarTebodes zematerialur
samyaros da arc unda wamoWrides am samyaros arsebobis problemas. is unda
cdilobdes sakuTari gamomsaxvelobiTi amocanebis miRwevas da es amocanebi
aranair kavSirSi ar aris cxovrebis arsis eqsistenciur kiTxvebTan, radgan arsi
Tavad gamomsaxvelobaSia. faqtobrivad, avangardizmSi xelovneba Tavisufldeba
pirovnuli, sulieri xasiaTis kiTxvebisagan, rac xose ortega i gasetis mier
ganisazRvra kidec, rogorc xelovnebis dehumanizaciis procesi. avangardis etapze

167
xelovneba uars ambobs sulier problemaTa, eqsistenciur mimarTebaTa mTels
sistemaze, romelSic pirovneba, faqtobrivad, CixSi moqceulad grZnobda Tavs.
magram maZieblobis procesi amiT ar sruldeba da is gardaisaxeba mxatvrul-
gamomsaxvelobiT Ziebad sulier-SemecnebiTi amocanebis gareSe, rac realurad aris
kidec eqsperimentacia. swored amitom eqsperimentacia gamomsaxvelobiT procesSi
xdeba kidec avangardizmis erT-erTi ZiriTadi idea. am formiT kompensirdeba
(anazRaurdeba) sulieri miznebis (am cnebis tradiciuli sarwmunoebrivi gagebiT)
uaryofa; aqcentirdeba, rom mizani TavisTavad arsebobs da is gamomsaxvelobaSia.
modernizmis mudmivi maZieblobis idea aq mxatvruli gamosaxvis gzebis maZieblobis
saxiT SenarCundeba da mudam axali, anu miRebul formasTan dapirispirebuli
mxatvruli formis Ziebad iqceva. rasakvirvelia, xelovneba reprezentaciis amgvar
procesSic SeiZleba moeqces CixSi. Tuki simbolizmidan moyolebuli, saTqmelis
gamoTqmis, arsis gamosaxvis mcdelobis Sedegad pirovneba mdumarebis mdgomareobis
aRiarebamde midioda, avangardizmSi amgvari Cixis, anu gamomsaxvelobis ukiduresi,
uperspeqtivo wertilis simbolod maleviCis Savi kvadrati iqceva.
Tumca dasavluri xelovneba gagrZelda mas Semdegac, rac modernizmma is
CixSi moqceulad gamoacxada. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is, rac moxda amis Semdeg, anu
gagrZelda dasrulebis Semdeg, aris kidec postmodernizmi xelovnebaSi. amgvari
poziciis fiqsirebisas gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoT, rom
postmodernistul xelovnebad gaiazreba swored imgvari mimarTulebis xelovneba,
romelic sakuTar Tavs aRiarebs modernizmis memkvidred. xSir SemTxvevaSi
aRiniSneba, rom `postmodenizmi unda ganvixiloT ara rogorc ganxeTqileba
romantizmisa da modernizmis SexedulebebTan, aramed rogorc logikuri
kulminacia am adreul mimidinareobaTa ganacxadebisa, romlebic yovelTvis zustad
ar ganisazRvreba am sakiTxebze msjelobisas~ (grafi 1973: 384-417). ihab hasanis
Tanaxmadac, `gansxvavebuli xazi modernis tradiciis farglebSi daisaxa~ (hasani
1987: 4). modernizmTan memkvidreobiTobis fonze postmodernizmi warmoCndeba
rogorc dasavluri kulturisa da civilizaciis erTiani procesis nawili, magram
es memkvidreoba ar gulisxmobs modernistuli sulieri an esTetikuri principebis
upirobod miRebas an yovelTvis uSualo gagrZelebas. piriqiT, es principebi,
esTetikur tendenciaTa kanonzomieri monacvleobis ZaliT, xSirad uaryofili an
gadafasebulia. magram niSandoblivia, rom postmodernizmi aris is etapi
xelovnebaSi, romelic gamomdinareobs modernizmidan, iTvaliswinebs modernizmis
gamocdilebas, agrZelebs mis mier dasaxul Ziebis process da maSinac ki, roca
upirispirdeba, aviTarebs, ukiduresobamde mihyavs an mniSvnelobas aclis
modernizmis ama Tu im postulats, postmodernizmi inarCunebs mimarTebas
modernizmTan. rac mTavaria, postmodernistul epoqas (rogorc xelovnebaSi, ise
azrovnebisa Tu sulieri moRvaweobis nebismier sferoSi) modernistuli epoqisagan
darCa yvelaze mZime memkvidreoba _ krizisuloba. modernizmis xanaSi gamokveTili
da, SesaZloa, gamZafrebuli sulieri Tu gamomsaxvelobiTi krizi postmodernul
periodSi ar daZleula. ihab hasani aRniSnavs, kvlav grZeldeba stresi
xelovnebaSi, kulturasa da cnobierebaSi, `krizisi aris modernuli da
postmodernuli, mimdinare da gangrZobiTi~ (hasani 1987: 12). swored am
dauZleveli krizisis fonze grZeldeba adamianuri saqmianoba postmodernul
xanaSi. magram, meore mxriv, Tuki vaRiarebT, rom postmodernizmi aris gagrZeleba
dasasrulis Semdeg, garkveuli sasruli wertilis Semdeg, roca arc sulieri
Zala da arc gamomsaxvelobiTi alternativa modernizmiseuli Ziebebis

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gasagrZeleblad TiTqos aRar ixilveboda, ra SeiZleboda mohyoloda amas, rogori
gagrZeleba an romel sferoSi SeZleboda es gagrZelebuliyo?
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gagrZeleba moxda ara mxolod xelovnebis,
SemoqmedebiTi Tu msoflmxedvelobrivi Ziebebis sferoSi, aramed yofier sferoSic,
ufro zustad, xelovneba gaxda yofierebis nawili, rac sruliad miuRebeli
iqneboda modernizmis poziciidan. xelovnebis yofaze gadatanis simbolod ki
postmodernizmis TeoriaSi marsel diuSanis redimeidic aris aRiarebuli.
avangardizmis gamomsaxvelobiTi mcdelobebis Semdeg diuSanma artefaqtebis,
xelovnebis qmnilebebis nacvlad yofierebis sagnebi aqcia sagamofeno eqsponatebad
da, faqtobrivad, `moniSna modernistuli xelovnebis dasasruli da xelovnebis
samefos sabolooo gaerTianeba mis absolutur sxvasTan _ teqnologiuri
masobrivi produqciis samefosTan~ (kiuCeri 1994: 110). mTeli yofieri samyaro,
rogoradac is miviReT modernuli epoqis dasavlur samyaroSi dafiqsirebuli
globaluri msoflmxedvelobrivi Tu socialuri cvlilebebis Sedegad,
postmodernizmis TeoretikosebisaTvis sakmaod saeWvo Tvisebriobisaa, ufro
zustad, mas saerTod ar gaaCnia Tvisebrioba, arsi, TavisTavadoba. is arc raimes
uSualo ganmeorebaa, is ar aris ubralo asli, aramed asli originalis gareSe,
anu simulakra.
Tuki modernizmis erT-erTi ZiriTadi metafora iyo platoniseuli ideaTa
aCrdilebi, romelTac xedaven gamoqvabulis kedlebs mijaWvuli adamianebi,
romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ganwirulni arian, rom verasodes ixilaven TavisTavad
ideas (WeSmaritebas, arss), postmodernizmis erT-erTi ZiriTadi metafora xdeba
kvalavac platoniseuli simulakra, asli, romelsac originali ar gaaCnia. ideaTa
aCrdilebs garkveuli mimarTeba mainc hqondaT arsTan, isini srulad ar
gamosaxavdnen WeSmaritebas, magram mis anarekls mainc warmoadgendnen, amdenad,
modernizmSi Tavad adamianic inarCunebda Tundac arasrulfasovan mimarTebas
arsTan. postmodernizmSi ki Tanamedroveobis danaxva, rogorc simulakrasi,
migviTiTebs, rom aq arsTan, pirvelad WeSmaritebasTan aranairi mimarTeba aRar
igulisxmeba, ufro zustad, aRar igulisxmeba amgvari WeSmaritebis arseboba. da
Tuki modernistul etapze WeSmaritebis arseboba eWqveS dgeboda (rac
warmoadgenda kidec modernistuli epoqis adamianis sulieri problemebisa da
garesamyaros miuReblobis mizezs), postmodernistul etapze es sakiTxi,
ubralod, aRarGganixileba. arsis Zieba aRarc ki mimdinareobs da garesamyaro, misi
socialuri Tu xelovnebiseuli formebiTurT, aRiqmeba, rogorc WeSmaritebas
(originals) moklebuli asli.
Tanamedroveobis simulakrulobis idea postmodernizmis erT-erTi mTavari
Teoretikosis, Jan bodriaris mier iqna damuSavebuli, Semdgom es cneba gaxda
postmodernistuli xelovnebis Teoretikosebis, maT Soris fredrik jeimsonis
analitikuri poziciis erT-erTi sayrdeni.
wignSi `simulakra da simulacia~ bodriari mTeli postmodernuli epoqis
ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad miiCnevs simulakruli, uarso movlenebis ganuwyvetel
kvlavwarmoebas. am movlenebs absolutur WeSmaritebasTan, anu, bodriaris
mixedviT, siRrmiseul realobasTan aranairi kavSiri aRar gaaCniaT, magram aRarc
sWirdebaT amgvari kavSiri, radgan mravldebian, sakuTar Tavs awarmoeben
pirvelsawyisis, anu originalis gareSe. amgvar pirvelsawyiss, siRmiseul
realobas, bodriari uSualod ar uwodebs RmerTs, magram misi msjelobidan (da im
sistemidan, romelSiac is am cnebas ganixilavs) aSkaraa, rom is, rac SeiZleboda

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aRqmuliyo rogorc namdvili, realuri, WeSmariti, aris mxolod RmerTi.
bodriaris Tanaxmad, sinamdvilisa da WeSmaritebis Teologiis xana damTavrda,
`simulakrisa da simulaciis eraSi aRar aris RmerTi, sakuTari Tavis
gasacxadeblad, arc ukanaskneli samsjavro, ganyofad WeSmaritisa yalbisagan,
namdvilisa misi xelovnuri aRdginebisagan, radgan yvelaferi ukve mkvdaria da
winaswar aRdgenili~ (bodriari 1994: 6). Tumca, bodriari Tavis Teorias agebs ara
absoluturi QWeSmaritebis, aramed simulaciuri niSnebis arsebobis safuZvelze da
modernizmiseuli epistemologiuri daeWveba RmerTis arsebobaSi masTan
postmodernul kiTxvad iqceva: xom ar iyo RmerTi misi arsebobis niSnebis ubralo
simulacia? es kiTxva ironiulad miemarTeba ara tradiciuli msoflmxedvelobis
sistemas, aramed swored postmodernistul epoqas, radgan am epoqaSi adamiani
sakuTar Tavs aRar grZnobs realobasTan (sinamdvilesTan, WeSmaritebasTan)
kavSirSi, mas eZleva mxolod niSnebi, romlebic, SesaZloa, uqmnian garkveul
mimarTebaTa erTgvar iluzias, magram es niSnebi ar uzrunvelyofen kavSirs
sinamdvilesTan, realobasTan, radgan ar arian namdvilni, anu maTi gamovlineba
aRar aris ganpirobebuli raime mizeziT, zogadad ki pirvelmizeziT. amgvari
mimarTeba `siRrmiseul realobasTan~ gamoikveTeba im saxeebSi, romlebic adamianis
sulieri da msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciis gamomsaxvelad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
Tuki gamomsaxvelobas ganvixilavT rogorc pirovnebis umTavres miswrafebas,
gamoxatos sakuTari Sinagani pozicia Sesabamis saxeSi, maSin postmodernis epoqis
mxatvruli saxeebi dasavluri samyaros adamianis msoflmxedvelobriv da sulieri
etapTan arian SesabamisobaSi da, meore mxriv, gamoxataven garkveul etaps
xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi.
bodriari saxis ganviTarebisAoTx etaps gamoyofs: 1. is siRrmiseul realobas
asaxavs; 2. is niRbavs da asaxiCrebs siRrmiseul realobas; 3. is niRbavs
siRrmiseuli realobis ararsebobas; 4. mas aranairi kavSiri ara aqvs aranair
realobasTan: is sakuTari Tavis wminda simulaciaa (bodriari 1994: 6).
bodriari, iseve rogorc postmodernuli epoqis bevri analitikosi, Tavis
msjelobas agebs ara xelovnebis, aramed sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
kanonzomierebaTa safuZvelze da saxis cnebac masTan gulisxmobs ara xelovanis,
individis mier Seqmnil mxatvrul saxes, aramed im movlenas, romelsac qmnis
Tavad cxovreba da romelic ama Tu im Sinagani kanonzomierebis amsaxvelad
SeiZleba miviCnioT (Tumca, garkveul etapze, amgvar saxeTa ricxvSi SeiZleba
moeqces xelovnebiseuli saxeebic). magram Tuki bodriaris am sistemas xelovnebis
ganviTarebis etapebis Sesabamisad ganvixilavT, maSin is SegviZlia dasavluri
xelovnebis fazebs SevusabamoT.
siRrmiseuli realobis amsaxvelia, rasakvirvelia, sarwmunoebrivi xelovneba,
romelSiac mxatvrul saxesa da adamianis gamomsaxvelobiT moRvaweobas uSualo
mimarTeba aqvs WeSmaritebasTan (RmerTTan), sarwmunoebrivi xelovnebis qmnileba
RvTis arsebobas uSualod gamosaxavs da is aRiqmeba im rwmeniT, rom RmerTi
amgvar saxeebSi vlindeba. am SemTxvevaSi RvTis rwmena safuZvlad udevs Tavad
xelovnebas. xelovnebis qmnilebis aRqma xdeba amgvari rwmenis safuZvelze da, rac
yvelaze mniSvnelovania, is iqmneba kidec im rwmenis safuZvelze, rom RmerTi
arsebobs da misi gamoxatva, gamosaxva (rasakvirvelia, RvTiuri STagonebiT)
adamianis gamomsaxvelobiT, reprezentaciul SesaZleblobebSi Sedis.
niRbavs da asaxiCrebs siRrmiseul realobas imgvari xelovneba, romelic
dasavlur samyaroSi iqmneba racionalizmis epoqaSi, racionalizmis safuZvelze,

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anu im dabejiTebis safuZvelze, rom am gziT SesaZlebelia WeSmaritebis gamosaxva
(WeSmaritebis cneba am SemTxvevaSi movlenaTa sakmaod farTo speqtrs SeiZleba
moicavdes. es SeiZleba iyos RmerTi, maRali humanisturi ideebi, sazogadoebriv-
empiriuli realoba an avtoris piradi pozicia). faqtobrivad es realisturi
xelovnebis etapia da realizmis farglebSi xelovnebis erTaderT namdvil formad
aRiqmeba. magram, modernistuli poziciis Tanaxmad, amgvari xelovneba ar aris
SemZle, gamoxatos absoluturi WeSmariteba. sulieri Sesabamisobis TvalsazrisiT,
is ara Tu gaacxadebs, aramed niRbavs amgvar WeSmaritebas, gamomsaxvelobiTi
TvalsazrisiT ki is mxolod dasaxiCrebuli, arasrulyofili saxiT gamosaxavs
imas, risi gamosaxvis mizniTac iqmneboda.
xelovneba, romelic niRbavs siRmiseuli realobis ararsebobas, aris
modernistuli, ufro ki sakuTriv avangardistuli xelovneba. am etapze adamianis
daeWveba RvTis, da, Sesabamisad, raime saxis realobis, WeSmaritebis arsebobaSi
ukve imgvar fazaSi Sedis, roca eWvs enacvleba ararsebobis gancda.
gamomsaxvelobiTi miswrafeba xelovnebis ganviTarebis am etapze kvlavac
realizdeba, magram xelovani muSaobs ise, rom cnobierad ugulebelyofs
SinaganAkavSirs absolutTan (RmerTTan)Ada absoluturobasTan (zogadadamianuri
miznebis, maT Soris sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi miznebis sruli xorcSesxmis
ideasTan) da, faqtobrivad, niRbavs absoluturi realobis ararsebobas.
rogor SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, amgvari sqemis mixedviT, dasavluri xelovnebis
Semdgomi, postmodernistuli etapi? am etapze xelovneba Sedis simulaciurobis
(simulakrulobis) fazaSi. mas aRara aqvs aranairi mimarTeba siRmiseul
realobasTan: xelovnebis nawarmoebi ar iqmneba im SegnebiT, rom is STagonebulia
zegardmo Zalis (absoluturi WeSmaritebis) mier, rogorc es xdeboda
sarwmunoebriv xelovnebaSi; arc im SegnebiT, rom am nawarmoebSi avtori
gamoxatavs da mkiTxveli aRmoaCens raime WeSmaritebas, rogorc xdeboda
realistur xelovnebaSi; is arc imgvari mdgomareobis gacxadebad SeiZleba
miviCnioT, romelSic xelovani sakuTar Tavs aRiqvams WeSmaritebisagan
mowyvetilad an WeSmaritebis tradiciul gagebasTan dapirispirebulad, rogorc
modernis-tuli xelovnebis SemTxvevaSi. postmodernistuli xelovneba iqmneba ise,
rom misi miznebi ar miemarTeba arc transcendentur, arc empiriul realobas,
siRrmiseul realobas misi raime formiT. rac mTavaria, is ar gamoxatavs im ideas,
rom yvelafris dasabami, maT Soris xelovnebis qmnilebis dasabami, aris am
realobaSi. postmodernistul xelovnebas erTaderTi dasabami SeiZleba hqondes. es
aris Tavad xelovneba (SesaZloa, uSualod modernistuli xelovneba), aqamde
arsebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi, romelTa moxma-rebas, gadamuSavebas,
gadawerasac axdens igi. magram, am SemTxevevaSi, ratom SeiZleba miviCnioT amgvari
xelovneba simulakrulad da ara ubralod epigonurad, araTavisTavadad?
upirveles yovlisa, arsebuli xelovnebisa da gamomsaxvelobis formebs
postmodernizmi imeorebs ise, rom aclis maT mTavar Sinaarss _ mimarTebas
siRrmiseul realobasTan, im Sinaarsss, romlis gacxadebis mizniTac iqmneboda es
xelovneba. ase magaliTad, postmodernul nawarmoebSi SeiZleba ganmeordes
realisturi xelovnebis principebi, magram, amave dros, ise, rom igi arc asaxavdes
yofier realobas (romlisac avtors aRar sjera). an masSi SeiZleba ganmeordes
modernistuli Ziebani ise, rom avtori aRarc eZiebdes transcendentur
WeSmaritebas an axal gamomsaxvelobiT gzas. amdenad, arsTan, arsebiTTan mimarTebis

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dakargvis niSniT, es xelovneba aris kidec simulakra, asli originalis gareSe,
Ffenomeni (materialuri saxe) zematerialuri ideis, pirvelsaxis gareSe.
potmodernistuli xelovneba Yyvela formasa da yvela ideas iRebs, magram
ise, rom arafris aRar sjera. is daculia imedgacruebisagan, radgan yvela imedi
jer kidev modernizmSi gacruvda. rac Zalze niSandoblivia, arsebul formebsa da
normebs postmodernistuli xelovneba imeorebs ise, rom miznad ar isaxavs maT
zust da Tanmimdevrul xorcSesxmas, anu maTi auTenturi (sarwmuno,
pirvelwyaroze, damyarebuli) normebis dacvas. am niSniTac es ganmeoreba aRar
aris tradiciuli asli, radgan amgvari asli originalze iyo mijaWvuli,
iqmneboda masTan garegnuli identurobis pretenziiT, magram, amave dros, im
SegnebiT, rom masSi ver ganxorcieldeboda originaliseuli erTianoba arsTan, is
mudmivad arasrulfasovani da araganmsazRvreli darCeboda. postmodernistuli
asli (rogorc xelovnebaSi, ise yofierebaSi) Tavis normebs Tavad adgens. is aRar
axdens originalis kopirebas, ganmeorebas imisa, rac ukve moxda. is aRar efuZneba
realurad arsebul precedents. piriqiT, bodriaris Tanaxmad, is gansazRvravs,
droSi uswrebs realobas; is ufro srulyofilia vidre realoba, amitom
realuri samyaro SeiZleba Seicvalos aslis Sesabamisad. bodriari am ideas
mxatvruli literaturis praqtikaSi, xorxe luis borxesis mier Seqmnili
metaforis safuZvelze aviTarebs (bodriari 1994: 1). borxesis igavSi kartografebi
imdenad srulyofil, detalur rukas qmnian, rom ruka Ywin uswrebs sinamdviles,
asli win uswrebs realobas. swored aseve, postmodernuli epoqis xelovneba,
media an yofis nebismieri forma SeiZleba gaxdes sinamdvilis winmswrebi,
simulakruli movlena. am ideis Sesabamisad, umberto ekos aRiarebul
postmodernistul romanSi `vardis saxeli~ erTmaneTs enacvleba damnaSavisa da
gamomZieblis qmedebaTa Tanmimdevroba. danaSaulebani ara Tu win uswreben
gamoZiebas, aramed gamomZieblis mier navaraudevi sqemis mixedviT viTardebian;
damnaSave cdilobs, gaamarTlos sqema. niSandoblivia, romMpostmodernul epoqaSi
amgvari Sebrunebuli kanonzomierebiT movlenebi viTardebian ara mxolod
gamomsaxvelobiT, xelovnebiseul, aramed yofier sferoSic. axali ambebis
telereportaJi SeiZleba ubiZgebdes realuri faqtebis Semdgom ganviTarebas,
`emTivis~ arxiT naCvenebi epataJuri stili SeiZleba realizdebodes yofaSi. is,
rac wesiT amsaxveli unda iyos, ganmsazRvreli xdeba. socialuri movlenebi
viTardebian ara RmerTis an bunebis mixedviT dadgenili wesiT (rogorc es
tradiciul msoflxedvelobaSi miiCneoda) an istoriul-ekonomikur procesTa
TavisTavadi kanonzomierebiT (rogorc es marqsizmSi analizdeboda), aramed
adamianis mier konstruirebuli modelebis mixedviT. xelovnebis, mecnierebis,
mediis, komerciis sferoSi Seqmnili modelebis Sesabamisad warimarTeba realuri
adamianebis bedi, maTi saWiroebani, sazogadoebis cxovreba. yofieri sinamdvile
aseT SemTxvevaSi kargavs saukuneebis manZilze dadgenil ganzomilebas. is aRar
aRiqmeba RvTisagan Seqmnilad, sulieri realobis gamovlinebad. modernizmSi
eWvqveS dadga maRali RvTiuri WeSmaritebis arseboba, ris Sedegadac yofieri,
arssmoklebuli realobisadmi interesi daikarga. postmodernizmSi ki eWvqveS
dgeba ukve Tavad yofieri realobis namdviloba, magram interesi misdami
gansakuTrebiT mZafrdeba. postmodernizmis Teoretikosebi TavianT epoqas uwodeben
postindustriuls da sxvadasxva niSniT axasiaTeben mas. fredrik jeimsoni
aRniSnavs, rom Yyvelaze cnobilia swored gansazRvreba `postindustriuli
sazogadoba~, rogorc is moinaTla daniel belis mier, magram xSirad ixmareba

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momxmarebelTa sazogadoeba, media-sazogadoeba, informaciuli sazogadoeba,
eleqtronuli an maRalteqnologiuri sazogadoeba da a.S. (jeimsoni 1991: 3).
TiToeuli es maxasaTebeli gamoxatavs im prioritetul sferoebs, romlebic
warmarTaven am sazogadoebis cxovrebas. niSandoblivia, rom es aris swored is
prioritetebi, romlebic uSualod XX saukunis meore naxevris produqtebia.
informaciisa da mediis mozRvaveba, maRali teqnologiis ganviTareba sazogadoebis
cxovrebidan gamodevnis sinamdviles, realobas, ara adamianis, aramed bunebis mier
Seqmnil wesrigs. swored amitom es epoqa, faqtobrivad, rCeba sinamdvilis,
namdvilobis, zogadad ki WeSmaritebis gancdis gareSe. aq aRar aRdgeba
zematerialuri samyarosadmi interesi, arc realizmiseuli rwmena yofieri
samyarosadmi, arc kacobriobis axali perspeqtivebiT gataceba. faqtobrivad,
postmodernizmi acxadebs, rom sinamdvile aRarsad arsebobs, arc iq, sadac is
aqamde egulebodaT da arc mis Ziebas aqvs azri. bodriaris Tanaxmad disneilendSi
adamianebs axarebT ara materializebuli fantaziis garemoSi yofna, aramed imis
gancda, rom am garemos gareT mdebareobs namdvili, realuri, Seuvali samyaro.
miuxedavad imisa, rom realobis rwmena ikargeba, postmodernuli gamomsaxvelobis
formebi, xelovneba, media Tu komerciuli dawesebulebebi, mainc cdiloben mis
dafiqsirebas. xSirad amisaTvis warsulSi arsebuli realobis aRdgenisa da
eqsponirebis (gamofenis) gzas mimarTaven. umberto ekos Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove
gasarTobi parkebis principi swored amgvaria. sxvadasxva epoqis realobiTa
imitireba (mibaZva) adamianebs aZlevs sinamdvilesTan Sexebis an, meore mxriv,
sinamdvilisa da iluzorulobis aRrevis gancdas (eko 1986: 44). ra Tqma unda, es
ar aris namdvili samyaro (Tumca masSi namdvili eqsponatebic aris warmodgenili)
da arc gancda SeiZleba iyos namdvili. faqtobrivad, es iluzorulobis
postmodernuli formaa. is realobis aRqmisa da gamosaxvis axal formas
Seesabameba, romelic cdilobs maqsimalurad miaxloebulad, uaRresi sizustiT
asaxos xiluli realoba, magram am procesSi aRarc ki miemarTeba originals,
sinamdviles (romlis arsebobac sazogadodac ar ivaraudeba). imas, rac gamosaxvis
amgvari gziT miiReba, postmodernizmSi ewodeba hiperrealoba. is simulakrulia,
ufro srulyofilia, vidre sinamdvile iqneboda, magram, namdvilobas amis Sedegad
mainc ver iZens. samagierod man SeiZleba moggvaros kmayofilebis gancda.
postmodernuli hiperrealobis formad SeiZleba miviCnioT virtualuri realobac,
romelic individisagan moiTxovs mxolod warmosaxviT Sesvlas masSi, magram
amgvari daSvebis sanacvlod sTavazobs namdvil gancdebs. posmodernistuli
hiperrealoba gvevlineba realobis substituciad, romliTac siamovnebiT
vanacvlebT realobas, radgan is misawvdomia, garantirebuli, xarvezebisagan
daculi, am-denad, sruliad damakmayofilebeli. swored amgvari funqciiT iqmneba
postmodernul epoqaSi gasarTobi parkebi, gasarTobi qalaqebi, retrospeqtiuli
muzeumebi, virtualuri TamaSebi. postmodernizmis Teoretikosebi amgvar movlenebs
aRiqvamen rogorc TavianTi epoqis saxes, anu socialur saxes. amave dros,
postmodernistuli xelovneba kvalavac qmnis epoqis mxatvrul saxeebs. xSirad
amgvari xelovnebisaTvis reluri sulieri viTarebis asaxvis forma xdeba yofieri
realobis saxeTa gamovlineba. mxatvruli saxe iqmneba socialuri saxis
saxeobriobis dafiqsirebiT. magaliTad, postmodernuli saxviTi xelovneba
sagamofeno eqsponatad aqcevs yofis ama Tu im sagans, raTa daafiqsiros
Yyofierebaze mijaWvuloba an, meore mxriv, yofierebis, materialuri samyaros
namdvilobis Zieba. amasTan, hiperrealobis vizualuri saxeebi postmodernistul

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mxatvrobaSi realisturi gamomsaxvelobiTi kanonebis uzustesi dacviT, maTi
maqsimalizaciiTac miiRweva. naxati SeiZleba am gziTac qmnides im gancdas, rom
materialuri realobis fetiSizaciiT (kerpad qceviT), yofierebis umaRles
xarisxSi ayvaniT postmodernulma sazogadoebam dakarga kidec es realoba, ufro
zustad, dakarga mimarTeba siRrmiseul realobasTan, romelic yofierebis
namdvilobas, mis faseulobas uzrunvelyofda. faqtobrivad, am formiT
postmodernuli epoqis xelovani da inteleqtuali kvlav inarCunebs tradiciul
mamxilebel funqcias, is kvlav amxilebs naklovanebebs. amjerad es naklovanebebi
ukavSirdeba ara Cveul zneobriv mankierebebs, adamianis danaSauls meore adamianis
winaSe, individis cdunebebs, aramed postmodernuli epoqis mTeli sazogadoebis
arsebobis formas. am arsebobis ZiriTadi principi momxmareblobaa, rac
gulisxmobs kidec araSemoqmedebiT, arasulier damokidebulebas yofieri,
materialuri realobisadmi. momxmarebloba Tavis piksPaRwevs postindustriul
epoqaSi, anu im periodSi, romelic mohyva kapitalisturi formaciis
umniSvnelovanes industriul periods. postindustriul epoqaSi dasavluri
sazogadoeba umetesad moixmars im materialur faseulobebs, romelTa SeqmnaSic
mas wvlili ar miuZRvis. meore mxriv, pirovneba moixmars sxvaTa momsaxurebas,
serviss da postindustriuli sazogadoeba ganisazRvreba kidec rogorc `servisze
dafuZnebuli~ (beli 1976: 127). amitom am sazogadoebis SromiTi da SemoqmedebiTi
aqtivoba Zalzed dabalia.
rac yvelaze niSandoblivia postmodernizmis, rogorc xelovnebis etapis
ganxilvisas, amgvar viTarebaSi ara mxolod neldeba adamianis SemoqmedebiTi
aqtivoba, aramed saxes icvlis Tavad Semoqmedebis aRqmisa da producirebis
ZiriTadi forma. erTi mxriv, am aqtivobis Sedegad Seqmnili esTetikuri
faseulobani (literatura Tu musika, kino Tu Teatri) gardaisaxeba materialur
faseulobebad, maT eniWebaT ara esTetikuri, aramed komerciuli mniSvneloba.
meore mxriv, am faseulobaTa aRmqmeli (recipienti) xdeba maTi myidveli da
momxmarebeli. momxmarebloba, rogorc movlena, gansazRvravs xelovnebis Seqmnisa
da aRqmis perspeqtivas. Tuki tradiciulad kulturuli faseulobani iqmneboda da
aRiqmeboda sulieri mizniT, sulieri saWiroebis sapasuxod, amjerad
mniSvnelovania komerciuli mizani, romelic win uswrebs SemoqmedebiT miz-nebsa da
esTetikur moTxovnebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sazogadoebis esTetikuri moTxovnebi
xdeba kidec materialurad faseuli, ramdenadac mas moaqvs mogeba, is gardaisaxeba
materialur Rirebulebad.
kulturuli faseulobebis masobrivi yidva-gayidvis sagnad qceva, kulturis
komercializacia postmodernuli epoqis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia.
postmodernul xanaSi komerciuli struqturebi imdenad zustad pasuxoben
sazogadoebis esTetikur moTxovnas, rom faqtobrivad win uswreben da
gansazRvraven kidec mas. amasTanave, kultura rogorc moxmarebis sagani unda
Seesabamebodes sul ufro da ufro meti momxmareblis survils, radgan misi
Rirebuleba motanili mogebiT ganizomeba (wignebis warmatebis Sefasebis
kriteriumi xdeba bestseleri, filmebisa – blokbasteri, musikaluri
nawarmoebebisa – hiti). amdenad, kulturis komercializacia ganapirobebs
kulturis Tvisebrivad axali formis, popularuli kulturis (popkulturis),
anu masobrivi kulturis Camoyalibebas. `masobrivi kultura aris popularuli
kultura, romelic iwarmoeba masobrivi produqciis industriuli teqnikiT da
mogebis mizniT saRdeba momxmarebelTa sazogadoebaSi~ (strinati 1995: 10).

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xelovnebis popularobis, masobrivi producirebis, momgebianobis saSualebaTa
kombinirebiT postmodernistul epoqaSi kultura iZens imgvar Tvisebriobas,
rogoric mas ar hqonia TviT modernistul epoqaSiac ki. ra Tqma unda, TavisTavad
popularuli kulturac xelovnebis ganviTarebis yvela periodSi arsebobda, magram
postmodernis epoqaSi is ori niSniT aris gamorCeuli. jer erTi, am kulturis
momxmarebelTa ricxvic da kulturuli produqciis raodenobac imdenad
masStaburia, rom raodenobrioba Tavad ganapirobebs Tvisebriv cvlilebebs. meore,
uSualod postmodernistuli xelovnebisaTvis specifikuri niSani aris is, rom
elitaruli da masobrivi xelovneba, anu rogorc sxvagvarad uwodeben, maRali da
dabali kultura, faqtobrivad, Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs, maT Soris zRvari iSleba.
`postmodernizmSi popisa da klasikis, awmyos media-nagvisa da warsulis
kulturuli naSTis mSvidi da uSfoTveli Tanaarseboba Tavis mTavar miznad isxavs
maRalsa da dabals Soris yovelgvari tradiciuli gansxvavebis waSlas~ (levisi
2001: 218). maRali da dabali xelovneba ara Tu erTi kulturuli sivrcis,
aramed calkeuli qmnilebebis donezec ki erTiandeba. es Tavisebureba
gansakuTrebiT aRsaqmelia modernistul xelovnebasTan kontrastSi.
amasTan, postmodernizmi xelovnebis sferoSi abrunebs tradiciul normebsac
da maTi masobrivi moxmarebis formasac. faqtobrivad, xdeba modernizmis mier
uaryofili xelovnebis normebisa da masobrivi gemovnebis uflebebis aRdgena.
magram postmodernistuli esTetikis Tanaxmad uaRresad mniSvnelovania erTi
pirobis gaTvaliswineba: am uflebebis aRdgena xdeba xelovanis mxridan maTdami
ndobis, maTi namdvili legitimaciis gareSe. isini aRdgeba masisaTvis, Tumca ki
avtoris mxridan specifikuri interesiT. masobrivi momxmarebeli iRebs iseT
qmnilebas, romelic TiTqos Seefereba drois, tradiciis mier ganmtkicebul
warmodgenebs mxatvruli nawarmoebis bunebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad,
postmodernistul mxatvrobaSi SeiZleba aRdges realisturi mxatvrobis kanonebi,
postmodernistul romanSi SeiZleba dabrundes siuJeti. aseTma teqstebma SeiZleba
moipovos popularoba, masobriv gemovnebas miizidavs nacnobi normebi, Cveuli
esTetikuri principebi, realur samyarosTan Sesabamisoba. magram Tavad
xelovanisaTvis is normebi, romelTa mixedviTac Tavad qmnis nawarmoebs, mainc
rCeba gadafasebul normebad. mis mexsierebaSi da, Sesabamisad, Tavad teqstSi,
garkveuli formiT mainc fiqsirdeba, rom es modernizmis mier devalvirebuli
normebia, rom maTdami rwmena Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi dakargulia, iseve, rogorc
dakargulia rwmena Tavad realuri, namdvili samyarosadmi, romelTan
SesabamisobaSic iqmneboda Tavis droze es normebi. msgavsi poziciiT Seqmnili
teqsti ukve aRar aris realisturi, am cnebis Cveuli gagebiT. is aRar asaxavs
realur samyaros. is hiperrealisturi teqstia, romelic asaxavs swored imas,
rom es namdvili, realuri samyaro aRarsad arsebobs, rom realobis ndoba aRar
SeiZleba, iseve, rogorc aRar SeiZleba misi amsaxveli normebis ndoba. amgvarad,
postmodernizmi acocxlebs tradiciuli xelovnebis gamomsaxvelobiT principebs
ise, rom aRarc ki sjera maTi sicocxlisunarianobisa. am prin-cipTa meSveobiT
SeiZleba kvlav aigos teqsti, magram teqstSi ar dabrundeba is arsebiTi, ideuri
Tu sulieri principebi, romelTac efuZneboda tradiciuli msoflmxedveloba da,
Sesabamisad, xelovneba.
ra Tqma unda, amgvari undoblobis niSans, garkveuli mxatvruli kodebis
meSveobiT, postmodernistuli teqsti sakmaod garkveviT iZleva, magram sxva saqmea,
Tu vis SeuZlia am niSnebis aRqma. bunebrivia, es SeiZleba iyos Tavad avtori,

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romelic Tavis problemur mimarTebas tradiciuli normebisa da faseulobebisadmi
teqstSi afiqsirebs, magram, meore mxriv, es SeiZleba iyos recipientic, romelic
aRiqvams am kodebis arsebobas da romelsac gaaCnia Sesabamisi codna, esTetikuri
gamocdileba. rac mTavaria, orive SemTxvevaSi es aris modernizmis mier
xelovnebis istoriaSi datovebuli jerac cocxali gamocdileba. amgvarad, avtori
SeiZleba qmnides teqsts modernizmis mier gadafasebuli normebiT, magram axsovdes
modernizmiseuli gamomsaxvelobiTi Ziebebi, am normaTa gadafasebis precedentebi.
analogiur gamocdilebas SeiZleba flobdes recipientic, romlisTvisac, garda
masobriv aRmqmelTaTvis gasagebi mxatvruli informaciisa, tradiciuli mxatvruli
kodebisa, misawvdomia kidev erTi Sre – am tradiciuli kodebisadmi avtorisa da,
zogadad, xelovnebis damokidebuleba. es yovelive mxatvruli niSnebis im rigis
meSveobiT aris kodi-rebuli, romelTa gagebac winaswari esTetikuri momzadebis
gareSe rTulia. maT aRiqvams is recipienti, romelic icnobs xelovnebis
ganviTarebis ZiriTad fazebs, maT Soris, ra Tqma unda, tradiciul xelovnebas da,
meore mxriv, modernizmis sulier-gamomsaxvelobiT Ziebebs, klasikuri,
tradiciuli normebisadmi mis mimarTebas. amgvarad, postmodernistuli teqsti,
faqtobrivad, mainc inarCunebs modernizmiseul elitarulobas. ubralod, is
ikiTxeba or sxva-dasxva kulturul konteqstSi: masobrivi kulturis konteqstSi
da elitaruli kulturis konteqstSi. masobrivi kultura, romelic arc ki
icnobs an arc ki aRiarebs raime gadafasebis process, kmayofildeba teqstis
SesabamisobiT Cveul esTetikur moTxovnebTan. amasTanave, es teqsti SeiZleba
Seesabamebodes gamomsaxvelobiT procesebSi gaTviTcnobierebuli recipientis
kulturul -esTetikur moTxovnebs da iZleodes pasuxs mis esTetikur Ziebebze,
romlebic, Tavis mxriv, Seesabameba avtoriseul Ziebebs. amgvarad, avtorisa da
recipientis, Semoqmedisa da aRmqmelis Sinagani gamocdilebis identuroba kvlav
rCeba mxatvruli nawarmoebis arsebobis pirobad, magram postmodernizmSi,
modernizmisagan gansxvavebiT, es aRar aris erTaderTi piroba. Tuki modernizmi
uarmyofeli damokidebulebisa iyo im normebisadmi, romlebic Semoqmedis Sinagan
moTxovnebs aRar pasuxobda, postmodernizmis etapze miiCneva, rom sazogadod
SeuZlebelia am moTxovnebis dakmayofileba, ris dasturadac miiCneva modernizmis
istoria. am istoriis gamocdilebis amsaxveli mxatvruli niSnebi, kodebi teqstSi
ganTavsdeba tradiciuli niSnebis gverdiT. tradiciul normebs postmodernizmi
aRar uaryofs, radgan uaryofis safuZveli aRar gaaCnia: modernistuli sulier-
gamomsaxvelobiTi Ziebani, risi saxeliTac maTi gadafaseba xdeboda, ukve Tavadac
gadafasebulia. amgvarad, postmodernistuli teqsti Sedgeba mxatvruli niSnebisa
da kulturuli kodebis ori sxvadasxva rigisagan. erTi gaTvlilia masobriv
moTxovnebze, meore _ elitarulze. erTi imeorebs tradiciul kanonebs, meore
amJRavnebs maTdami damokidebulebas. kode-bis erTi rigi TanxmobaSia sazogado
moTxovnebTan, meore ki miuTiTebs, rom Tanxmoba, realurad, ar Semdgara. erTi
rigis kodebi martivad miemarTeba masobriv kulturul areals, meore rigisa ki
sakmaod rTul da mravalmxriv miTiTebebs moicavs rogorc Tanadroul
kulturul situaciaze, ise istoriul kulturul gamocdilebaze. magram
modernizmis sulier-esTetikuri gamocdileba mainc rCeba postmodernizmis
ZiriTadi interesis sferod da kulturuli kodebic umetesad mas miemarTeba. ase
formirdeba postmodernizmSi ormagi kodirebis sistema.
rasakvirvelia, ormagi kodireba ar aris yvela tipis postmodernistuli
teqstis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli. teqsti SeiZleba iqmnebodes mxolod kulturul-

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inteleqtualuri referenciebis (mimarTebebis) safuZvelze da saerTod ar
miemarTebodes masobriv sferos, saerTod ar moicavdes popularul kodebs. meore
mxriv, postmodenizmis arealSi SeiZleba ganixilebodes iseTi teqstebi, romlebic
mxolod masobriv kulturaze an komerciul miznebzea gaTvlili da ar
gulisxmobs kavSirs inteleqtualur samyarosTan. miuxedavad amisa,
postmodernizmSi amgvari kavSiri mainc myardeba. yvela tipis Tanadrouli
xelovneba moeqceva postmodernistuli analitikuri diskursis sferoSi.
popkultura (iseve, rogorc socialuri kultura, yofierebis nebismieri forma)
iseve xdeba inte-leqtualuri analizis sagani, rogorc uaRresad rTuli
esTetikuri struqturis mqone xelovneba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es aris ormagi
kodirebis iseTi forma, roca meore rigis (kulturul-inteleqtualuri) kodebi
mocemulia ara Tavad teqstSi, aramed inteleqtualis, analitikosis poziciaSi am
teqstis mimarT. inteleqtualuri analizis Sedegad, rasakvirvelia, ar icvleba
popularuli kulturis Tvisebrioba, arc misdami masobriv momxmarebelTa
damokidebuleba. rasakvirvelia, ar icvleba Tavad teqstTa struqtura.
kulturuli kodebi am SemTxvevaSi garekodebia, romelTa aqtivobis sferod rCeba
mxolod Teoriuli sfero. amasTanave, amgvari analizi gavlenas ar axdens arc
popkulturis Semdgom ganviTarebaze, radgan mas ganviTarebisa da gavrcelebis
sakuTari mZlavri kanonebi aqvs, romelTac, uwinaresad, misi momxmareblebi da
komerciuli kanonebi gansazRvraven. niSandoblivia, rom postmodernizmis
analitikosebi Tavadve gvevlinebian popkul-turis momxmareblebad, radgan
postmodernizmSi kultura saerTo moxmarebis sagania. marTalia, maTi analizis
safuZvelze popkultura, dabali kultura ar iqceva maRal kulturad, magram,
SesaZloa, inteleqtualebi iqcevian `dabali~ momxmareblebidan `maRal~
momxmareblebad. es, faqtobrivad, warmoadgens kidec postmodernistuli Teoriuli
diskursisa da ormagi kodirebis principis erT-erT ZiriTad Taviseburebas.
amgvarad, masobrivi xelovneba postmodernis arealSi Semodis ara mxolod
droisadmi, aramed saerTo kulturuli sivrcisadmi kuTvnilebis niSniT. Tavad
postmodernuloba XX saukunis meore naxevridan TviTonve iqceva drois
maxasiaTeblad da is xdeba rogorc kulturul-esTetikuri, ise inteleqtualuri
Tu socialuri procesebis ganmsazRvreli. is gavlenas axdens Tavad
Tanamedroveobis aRqmaze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedroveobis, rogorc aseTis,
gageba droSi gadaadgildeba. is aRar aRniSnavs uSualo awmyos, qronologiur Tu
gramatikul dros, romelSic mTqmeli imyofeba, aramed im sulier Tu socialur
epoqas, romelic modernulma msoflmxedvelobam moitana Tan, romelic jerac
aRiqmeba Tanamedroved da romelsac, faqtobrivad, ukve aswleuli gvaSorebs.
amitom uSualo awmyos dasaxasiaTeblad saWiroc ki xdeba iseTi cnebis Semotana,
rogoricaa postTanamedroveoba.
postmodernizmi aRiqmeba, rogorc postTanamedroveobis analizi saxvadasxva
diskursebis meSveobiT. Teoriul-kritikuli Tu esTetikuri moRvaweobis
umTavresi amocana xdeba individis poziciis dafiqsireba sakuTar drosTan,
sociumTan, kulturasTan mimarTebaSi. swored am niSniT gansxvavdeba
postmodernuli epoqis xelovanisa da inteleqtualis pozicia modernuli
poziciisagan, radgan modernistuli periodis kultura da xelovneba
orientirebuli iyo individis, subieqtis Sinagan moRvaweobaze, sulier
problemebze, msoflmxedvelobriv Ziebebze. adamiani, misi Sinagani konfliqti,
SemecnebiTi da sarwmunoebrivi krizisi modernizmis ZiriTadi interesis sagania.

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garesamyarosTan mimarTeba modernizmSi fiqsirdeba imdenad, ramdenadac is
individis sulier TavisTava-dobaze axdens zegavlenas, upirispirdeba mis Sinagan
samyaros. maRal modernizmSi garesamyaro isaxeba qaosis, disharmoniis, dezor-
ganizebis sferod. is mtruli samyaroa, masSi pirovneba kargavs Tavis
orientirebs, Sinagan mdgradobas, kargavs suls. simbolizmidan moyolebuli,
amgvari mimarTeba materialur samyarosTan gaiazreba, rogorc sarwmunoebrivi
krizisis Sedegi _ adamians aRar eguleba RmerTi, romelic aq kanonzomierebasa da
wesrigs daadgens, romelic daicavs pirovnebas miwieri samyaros alogikurobisagan.
eqspresionizmidan moyolebuli ki abstaqcionisturi xelovnebis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi amocana xdeba pirovnebis mier garemomcveli nivTieri samyaros
darRveuli erTianobis, samyaros `damskdari zedapiris~ saxeTa dafiqsireba, rac,
ra Tqma unda, avangardistuli xelovnebis gamomsaxvelobiT saqmianobasac
gansazRvravs.
ramdenad icvleba postmodernul etapze pirovnebis mimarTeba
garesamyarosadmi an ra SeiZleba gamxdariyo amgvari cvlilebis mizezi?
rasakvirvelia, RvTis, rogorc samyaros maorganizebeli Zalis rwmena
postmodernul msoflxedvaSi ar aRmdgara. amitom uSualod postmodernistul
esTetikaSi garesamyaro kvlav isaxeba Sinagan wesrigs moklebul realobad,
romlis qaoturobac pirovnebis aRqmiTi procesis alogikurobasa da
gamomsaxvelobiT formaTa qaoturobaSi SeiZleba gamoxatos (`Sizofreniuli
diskursi~). meore mxriv ki postmodernistuli reprezentaciis formebi SeiZleba
daukavSirdes realobis, rogorc maqsimalurad organizebuli sistemis gamoxatvas
da am mizniT gamoyenebul iqnas realisturi xelovnebis normebi. magram yvelaze
niSandoblivi am SemTxvevaSi aris is, rom amgvari organizebulobis miRma avtori
mogvcems imis cxad niSnebsac, rom es wesrigi yalbia, araauTenturi, igi ar
momdinareobs uzenaesi Zalisagan da swored imgvari wes-rigia, romelic
teqnologiuri Tu socialur-ekonomikuri iaraRebis mflobelma Tanamedrove
adamianma Caunacvla uzenaes wesrigs. amasTanave, es ACanacvleba moxda ara
individis Sinagan samyaroSi, aramed garesamyaroSi. nacvlad darRveuli sulieri
harmoniis aRdgenisa (rac, bunebrivia, sarwmunoebriv moRvaweobas daefuZneboda),
adamiani cdilobs garesamyaros organizebis axal-axali formebis Seqmnas, nacvlad
sulieri cxovelmyofelobis mopovebisa eqsperimentacias eweva fizikuri
sicocxlisunarianobisa da cxovelmoqmedebis mopovebis mizniT (swored am niSniT
moeqceva bodriarisaTvis adamianis klonirebisa Tu cxovelebze eqsperimentebis
problema postmodernistul konteqstSi). realobis organizebis axali formebis
meSveobiT postmodernul epoqaSi ar daZleula zogadi sulieri problemebi,
sulieri disharmonia, magram, meore mxriv, modernizmisagan gansxvavebiT,
postmodernistuli xelovneba da msoflmxedveloba aRar aris orientirebuli
problemaTa am sferoze. siRmiseuli sulieri realobis wvdomisa da gaazrebis
nacvlad individis analitikuri saqmianoba mimarTulia xiluli zedapiris,
organizebuli materialuri realobisadmi. am zedapiruli sistemis moqmedebis
pricipebisa da individis cxovrebaze maTi zemoqmedebis Sedegebis ganxilva
postmodernistul Teoriasa da SemoqmedebaSi specifikur stilistur formebSi
mimdinareobs. rogorc braian makhali aRniSnavs, modernistuli mwerlobis
epistemologiuri (Semecnebismieri) problemebi postmodernistul mwerlobaSi
ontologiuri (yofierebiseuli) problemebiT icvleba: `modernistuli prozis
dominanta (umTavresi, maxasiaTebeli) epistemologiuria. anu, modernistuli proza

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ganaviTarebs stretegias, romelic ukavSirdeba da gamokveTs amgvar kiTxvebs:
`rogor unda gaviazro is samyaro, romlis nawilic var? an ki ra var me am
samyaroSi?~ postmodernistuli literaturis dominanta ki ontologouria, anu
postmodernistuli proza ganaviTarebs strategias, romelic ukavSirdeba da
gamokveTs imgvar kiTxvebs, romelTac dik higinsi `post-kogniturs~
(postSemecnebiTs) uwodebs: `ra samyaroa es? ra unda movuxerxo mas? Cemma
romelma `mem~ unda moaxerxos es?~ sxva tipuri postmodernistuli kiTxvebi
ukavSirdeba Tavad literaturuli teqstis ontologias an im samyaros
ontologias, romelsac igi asaxavs. magaliTad: ra aris samyaro? ra saxis
samyaroebi arsebobs, rogor arian agebulni da riT gansaxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan?
ra xdeba, roca gansxvavebuli samyaroebi erTmaneTs upirirspirdebian an roca maT
Soris sazRvrebi dairRveva? ra saxisaa teqstis arseboba, da ra saxisaa samyaros
(an samyaroTa) arseboba, romelsac igi asaxavs? rogori agebulebisaa asaxuli
samyaro?~ (hale 1992: 26) amgvarad, braian makhali postmodernistuli mwerlobis
tipologiur, ganmsazRvrel niSnad miiCnevs swored msoflmxedvelobriv-
SemecnebiTi problemebisadmi mimarTebas. postmodernistuli teqsti SeiZleba
iqmnebodes da ikiTxebodes ara mxolod erTi, aramed ramdenime gansxvavebuli
sistemis farglebSi ise, rom arc erTisadmi ar amJRavnebdes erTgulebas an
calsaxa mimarTebas. nebismieri esTetikuri Tu saazrovno sistemisadmi igi
momxmareblur da araSemoqmedebiT damokidebulebaSia. igi mxolod moixmars im
sistemaTa principebs, romlebic Tavad ar Seuqmnia. amgvarad, postmodernzmi,
modernizmisagan gansxvavebiT, sakmaod Semwynarebluria kidec im esTetikuri
principebisadmi, romlebic gansxvavebul sistemaTa farglebSi yalibdeboda, radgan
arc erT princips ar mimarTavs absoluturobis moTxovniT. es ganapirobebs
postmodernizmis rogorc mimarTulebis ekleqtizms, rac SeiZleba SesamCnevi iyos
TviT calkeul teqstTa farglebSic. rac mTavaria, amgvari pluralobisa da
cvalebadobis gamo, faqtobrivad, arc ganisazRvreba postmodernizmis erTiani
esTetikuri, stilur-poetikuri sistema da am movlenis farglebSi moeqcevian
iseTi urTierTgansxvavebuli teqstebi, romelTac ar aerTianebT raime
msoflmxedvelobrivi an esTetikuri principebi. amave mizeziT postmodernizmSi,
modernizmisagan gansxvavebiT, ar Camoyalibda calkeuli gamokveTili skolebi da
mimdinareobebi, romelTa warmomadgenlebi erTad Seqmnidnen sakuTar samuSao
principebs da daicavdnen maTdami erTgulebas. am fonze, faqtobrivad
postmodernulobis ganmsazRvrel niSnad SeiZleba miviCnioT, uwinaresad, avtoris
garkveuli pozi-cia realobisadmi, reprezentaciisadmi, SemecnebiTi an esTetikuri
tradiciisadmi, mis winaSe arsebuli sistemebisadmi. amasTanave, avtori eZebs ara
erT romelime, misTvis misaReb samuSao sistemas, aramed sakuTar pozicias am
sistemebisadmi. swored amitom es pozicia SeiZleba iyos sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivi.
postmodernizmi erTdroulad iRebs da gadaafasebs kidec msoflmxedvelobriv Tu
gamomsaxvelobiT principebs. amitom postmodernizmSi xelovanisaTvis aRar
arsebobs Tavsmoxveuli principebi, anu iseTi principebi, romelTac romelime
avtoritaruli sistema moaxvevda Tavs, radgan am epoqaSi arc erTi esTetikuri
sistema aRar aris avtoritaruli. amave dros arc Tavad postmodernizmi acxadebs
Tavs avtoritarul sistemad, radgan eWviT aris ganwyobili yovelgvari calkeuli
principisadmi, maTi erTianobis SesaZleblobisadmi, Tavad sisworisa da
universalobis ideisadmi. analogiuria postmodernizmis damokidebuleba
tradiciuli esTetikuri sistemisadmi. maSinac ki, roca xelovani sakmaod

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Tanmimdevruladac sargeblobs am sistemis principebiT, is ar iRebs mas rogorc
normas. tradiciuli sistema mxolod erT-erTi, Tanabaruflebiani, ufro zustad
ki Tanabrad uuflebo sistemaa. Tuki modernistul xelovnebas sakuTari esTetikis
dasamkvidreblad namdvili brZola mouxda klasikur reprezentaciasTan,
postmodernizmi AaRar saWiroebs amgvar ukidures zomebs. tardiciuli esTetika,
iseve, rogorc klasikurad miCneuli xelovnebis memkvidreoba postmodernizmis
poziciidan aRar ukavSirdeba tradiciis, normis, nimuSis, etalonis ideebs.
postmodernizmis poziciidan es principebi aRar warmoadgens normas, magram maT
mainc vxvdebiT postmodernistul xelovnebaSi, Tumca xazgasmulia isic, rom
amjerad xelovani, ubralod, manipulirebs maTiT da moaqcevs maT sakuTari
esTetikis sistemaSi, nacvlad imisa, rom Tavad moeqces klasikuri sistemis
farglebSi. magaliTad, postmodernistuli arqiteqturis erT-erT gamomsaxvelobiT
xerxad iqca klasikuri (antikuri) xuroTmoZRvrebis detalebis gamoyeneba, maTi
kombinireba da, rac mTavaria, maTi warmodgena gansxvavebul, araauTentur stilur
konteqstSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi aqcentirebulia, rom avtori mimarTavs swored
calkeul detalebs da ara mTel esTetikur sistemas. danawevrebul formebs igi
uqvemdebarebs sakuTar gamomsaxvelobiT interess da misi erT-erTi amocana xdeba
kidec imis miTiTeba, rom warsulis esTetikuri memkvidreoba postmodernizmSi
cocxlobs decentralizebuli, denaturalizebuli saxiT.
swored aseve manipulirebs postmodernizmi klasikuri SemoqmedebiTi
memkvidreobiT. klasikuri xelovnebis Sedevrebi postmodernistul konteqstSi
kargaven normisa da idealis avtoritets da, faqtobrivad, ganixilebian rogorc
masobrivi xelovnebis nimuSebi. postmodernizmi aRar ebrZvis am avtoritets,
radgan Tavisufalia swored avtoritetulobis zegavlenisagan _ es Tavisufleba
jer kidev modernizmis mier iqna miRweuli. amitom warsulis Sedevri
postmodernistul konteqstSi SeiZleba mowodebuli iqnas ironizirebuli formiT
rogorc banaluri, yvelasTvis misawvdomi da gasagebi esTetikuri feseuloba. am
TvalsazrisiT, modernizmisa da postmodernizmis damokidebuleba klasikuri
memkvidreobisadmi sruliad gansxvavebulia. postmodernis epoqaSi, amaRlebuli
sulieri misiis nacvlad, Sedevrebi gansxvavebuli misiiT warmodgebian: maTze
miTiTeba xdeba im mizniT, rom xazgamuli iqnas raime amaRlebuli ideis amaoeba an,
ubralod, ironiuli formiT naCvenebi iqnas yofieri ideebis realuroba da
komfortuloba warsulis amaRlebul idealebTan SedarebiT. rasakvirvelia,
postmodernul epoqaSi klasikisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba modernizmis mier
mopovebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi uflebebis uSualo Sedegia. aqve unda aRiniSnos,
rom Tavad modernizmis, gansakuTrebiT ki maRali modernizmis Sedevrebic SeiZleba
moeqcnen klasikuri, warsulisagan memkvidreobiT miRebuli Sedevrebis siaSi, anu
gamocxaddnen Seuval avtoritetebad, romelTac aRaravin epyroba rogorc
avtoritets. modernistuli memkvidreoba postmodernistul epoqaSi ukve
warsulis zogad sivrceSi eqceva, modernizmis gamomsaxvelobiTi siTamame an
avangardis agresiac gardasuli movlena xdeba. modernizmis sistemas
postmodernizmi iseve arRvevs, rogorc nebismier sxva kulturul sistemas, xolo
modernizmis esTetikuri principebiT an misi esTetikuri miRwevebiT iseve
manipulirebs, rogorc nebismieri gardasuli epoqis SedevrebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom TavisTavad Sedevris, anu warmatebiT ganxorcielebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi
saqmianobis idea xdeba postmodernizmSi manipulirebis sagani, rac, TavisTavad,
ironizirebis gancdasac aRZravs.

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 ironia warmoadgens postmodernistuli xelovnebis erT-erT ZiriTad
emociur fons. aq araferi ar miewodeba recipients pirdapiri formiT, anu
araferi ar iqmneba SinaarsTan pirdapir SesabamisobaSi. yoveli mxatvruli Tu
socialuri saxe, yoveli mxatvruli ganacxadi gaiazreba imave esTetikur da
saazrovno sistemebTan farul Tu aSkara ironiul winaaRmdegobaSi, romlis
farglebSic Tavad moqmedebs. zogadi TvalsazrisiTac, aRar arsebobs erTi
Sinaarsi, erTi saTqmeli, romelic SesabamisobaSi iqneboda erT WeSmarit ideur
sistemasTan, absolutur WeSmaritebasTan. es logikuri Sedegia sistemaTa im
pluralobisa, romlis viTarebaSic ganagrZo arseboba xelovnebam modernizmis mier
aRiarebuli da gamokveTili sulier-msoflmxedvelobrivi krizisis Semdeg.
modernistul epoqaSi krizisi ukavSirdeboda uwinaresad erT sferos,
sarwmunoebriv sistemas. Semecnebis, racionaluri azrovnebis, gamomsaxvelobis
yvela sxva dasavlur sistemas modernizmis mier undobloba gamoucxadda imdenad,
ramdenadac maT daarRvies sarwmunoebrivi sistemis unitaruloba (erTianoba,
mTlianoba) da, Tavis mxriv, ver Seqmnes damajerebuli, srulyofili sistemebi.
modernistuli xelovnebisa da msoflmxedvelobis krizisuloba vlindeba swored
imdenad, ramdenadac am epoqis adamiani isurvebda, magram Zala aRar Seswevs
aRadginos sarwmunoebrivi sistemis mTlianoba, sakuTari erTianoba sarwmunoebriv
sivrcesTan. ra Tqma unda, postmodernul epoqaSi ar aRmdgara romelime sistemis
prioriteti. piriqiT, daSvebuli iqna yvela urTierTgansxvavebuli sistemis
arseboba romelime maTganis WeSmaritebis rwmenisa da, Sesabamisad, priori-
tetulobis gareSe. amitom xelovani, romelic nebismieri maTganis farglebSi
moqmedebis uflebas aZlevs Tavs, yoveli maTganisadmi undoblobiTa da ironiiT
aris ganwyobili. swored amitom, stiuart simis Tanaxmad, `postmodernuli
kulturis kritikuli istoria ironiisa da krizisis cnebebis fonze iwereba~
(simi 2002: 253).
marTalia, postmodernistuli nawarmoebi, zogadi TavlsazrisiT, ironiulad
arRvevs im sistemebs, romelTa farglebSiac moqmedebs, is mainc saWiroebs am
sistemaTa codnas, maTTan kavSirs, maTi gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebas. Tuki
maRali modernizmis periodSi avtors amgvari gamocdileba aRarafers aZlevda da
igi cdilobda sakuTari, unikaluri gamocdilebis mopovebas, Tuki avangardizmi
acxadebda, rom misTvis tradicia is tvirTia, romlisganac unda gaTavisufldes
axali xelovneba, postmodernizmi iwyebs am mitovebuli memkvidreobis ganCxrekas,
miviwyebuli faseulobebis dabrunebas. marTalia, isini moeqcevian araauTentur,
ironiul konteqstSi, emsaxurebian avtoris pirad Canafiqrs, magram maTi moqmedeba,
faqtobrivad, mainc ganaxldeba. am gziT postmodernistul teqstSi gacxadebulia
tradiciis, warsulis, gamocdilebis, codnis mniSvneloba. gacxadebulia isic, rom
yoveli teqsti arsebobs rogorc warsulisa Tu Tanamedroveobis kulturul-
esTetikuri sistemebis, rogorc saerTo kulturuli tradiciis mier ganazRvruli
da ganpirobebuli movlena. teqsti ar aris zogadi, mravalsaukunovani
kulturuli sivrcisagan gamocalkevebuli, hermetuli sivrce an mxolod erTi
esTetikuri sistemis nawili. garda sakuTari teqstualuri sivrcisa, is iqmneba,
ikiTxeba, moqmedebs vrcel, mravalSrian kulturul arealSi, teqstTa erTian
interteqstualur…sivrceSi, sadac urTierTqmedeben gansxva-vebuli teqstebi.
Sesabamisad, TiToeuli teqstSi asaxulia teqstTaSorisi kavSirebi, rac xdeba
kidec postmodernizmis gansakuTrebuli interesis sagani da muSavdeba
interteqstualizmis ideis safuZvelze. interteqstualizmi, faqtobrivad,

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erTaderTi formaa, romliTac vlindeba postmodernizmSi zogad kavSirTa
arsebobis SesaZlebloba. ufro zustad, im epoqaSi, roca darRveulia zogadi
kavSirebi adamianisa RmerTTan, moyvasTan, sazogadoebasTan, garesamyarosTan,
sakuTar TavTan da, sabolood, enasTan, mxolod teqstebi inarCuneben EerTmaneTTan
kavSirs da literaturis arsebobis principi xdeba ara nawarmoebis mimarTeba
RmerTTan (rogorc sarwmunoebriv xelovnebaSi), sinamdvilesTan (rogorc
realizmSi) an Semoqmedis Sinagan arsebasTan (rogorc maRal modernizmSi), aramed
sxva teqstebTan, teqstTa saerTo sivrcesTan. urTierTSoris saubroben mxolod
teqstebi, da TiToeuli teqsti iwereba sxva teqstebis mier. es idea, romlis
Teoriuli damuSavebac modernizmis gamocdilebis safuZvelze daiwyo valter
beniaminma, mxatvrulad realizdeba postmodernis epoqis TiTqmis yvela mwerlis
SemoqmedebaSi, rasakvirvelia, xorxe luis borxesis, gabriel garsia markesisa Tu
umberto ekos prozaSi. interteqstualur mimarTebaTa mravalricxovneba da
mravalferovneba, maTi dafiqsireba da aluzireba, maTi organizeba avtoris zogadi
Canafiqris Tanaxmad garkveulwilad xdeba kidec postmodernistuli teqstis
TavisTavadobis sazomi.
postmodernistul literaturaSi aRar aris saWiro calkeul teqstTa
mxatvruli mTlianobisa da CanafiqrTan erTianobis SenarCuneba, dasaSvebia maTi
fragmentireba, daSla da danawevreba, kombinireba (SeerTeba). postmodernizmSi
interteqstualizmis, rogorc mxatvruli principis kultivirebis Sedegad teqsti
marTlac xdeba kolaJi. swored amgvarad daxasiaTda teqsti interteqstualur
arealTan mimarTebaSi poststruqturalistebis mier, romelTac Camoayalibes am
movlenis ZiriTadi gansazRvrebani (kristeva, barti). interteqstualurobis
Tanamedrove gageba, ra Tqma unda, postmodernistuli epoqis zogad suliskveTebas
Seesabameba, rac ganapirobebs kidec faseulobebisadmi, memkvidreobisadmi, ideisadmi,
auTenturobisadmi Tavisufal, arCeviT mimarTebas. meore mxriv,
interteqstualurobis es forma postmodernistul xelovnebaSi Sedegad iZleva
teqstis organizebisa da aRqmis garkveul principebs, romelTagan yvelaze
mniSvnelovania interpretaciis Tavisufleba. postmodernizmSi interpretaciis
Tavisufleba da, amave dros, misi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelovneba TavisTavadi
Sedegia imisa, rom am epoqaSi aRar arsebobs absoluturi WeSmaritebis,
universaluri ideis an erTiani sistemis gageba da, Sesabamisad, maTdami
erTgulebis aucilebloba. avtori mianiSnebs mkiTxvels, rom interpretacia, iseve,
rogorc Tavad SemoqmedebiTi procesi, aRar emorCileba erT Zireul amocanas, erT
ZiriTad mizans an ideas da, amdenad, warmoadgens TamaSs, iseve, rogorc TamaSia
adamianis nebismieri saqmianoba im epoqaSi, romelSic aRar aRdgeba gamaerTianebeli,
universaluri, absoluturi ideisadmi swrafva.
`postmodernul da postmetafizikur konteqstSi TamaSis cneba Caenacvleba
metafizikur miswrafebas, daafuZnos sagnebi principebze, moaxdinos movlenaTa
stabilizeba kanonis safuZvelze, moaxdinos orazrovnebis neitralizeba dadgenili
mniSvnelobisaken hermenevtikuli gadanacvlebiT da, sabolood, daiyvanos fenomenis
(grZnobadi movlenis) mravalgvaroba da mravalricxovneba erT SemTxvevamde,
romelic yvela maTganisaTvis saerToa~ (kiuCeri 1994: 1). rasakvirvelia, amgvar
saerTo, mastabilizebel movlenad SeiZleboda aRiarebuli yofiliyo mxolod
RmerTi. postmodernistuli epoqa, romelic stabilurobisa da erTianobis raime
garantiis gareSe rCeba, sxvadasxvagvari saazrovno Tu mxatvruli formiT
gamoxatavs, rom sagan-movlenebi garesamyaroSi, iseve rogorc azrovnebiTi da

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SemoqmedebiTi procesebi adamianis Sinagan samyaroSi, swored TamaSis principiT
organizdeba. TamaSi xdeba erTaderTi piroba, romliTac adamianma SeiZleba
daadginos Tavisi mimarTebis wesebi erTi mxriv garesamyarosTan, meore mxriv ki _
sakuTar saqmianobasTan. qaoturi da zedapirulad organizebuli garesamyaro
misTvis misaRebi xdeba imdenad, ramdenadac sakuTar Tavs gaiazrebs arsebad,
romelic Cabmulia TamaSSi garemocemulobebTan. modernistul msoflmxedvelobaSi,
simbolizmidan moyolebuli, pirovneba miznad isaxavda TiToeuli sagan-movlenis
WeSmariti saxis ganWvretas, arsis wvdomas. am absoluturi miznis
ganuxorcieleblobis SegnebiT postmodernistul epoqaSi aRiarebulia, rom
movlenaTa arsi adamianisaTvis miuwvdomelia, an, SesaZloa, maT arc gaaCniaT raime
arsi. maTi mniSvnelobis wvdomis nebismieri mcdeloba adamianisaTvis sakuTari
iluziebiT operirebaSi gadaizrdeba. jer kidev modernizmis mier aiTvisebuli
Sopenhaueriseuli idea _ `samyaro aris Cemi warmodgena~ _ postmodernizmSi
gadaizrdeba poziciaSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, adamiani Cabmulia TamaSSi sakuTar
warmodgenebTan, materialur sagan-movlenebTan, dro-sivrcesTan da, rac mTavaria,
enasTan, romelic misTvis, faqtobrivad, erTaderTi realuri mocemulobaa. ra Tqma
unda, mxare, romelic postmodernistul TamaSSi gamudmebiT Segvaxsenebs, rom
amgvar samyaroSi araferi, maT Soris arc teqsti, aRar aris ndobis Rirsi, aris
TviT avtori. es ar aris imgvari TamaSi, romelSic mkiTxvelisagan Zveleburi
gulwrfeli aRqma iqneboda mosalodneli da mxolod avtori Seecdeboda misi
gancdebis marTvas. piriqiT, avtoriseuli diskursi, SesaZloa, swored imazea
gaTvlili, rom mkiTxvels `Tvali auxilos~ Zveli, sando samyaros, sando
urTierTobebis ararsebobaze. aq arc avtori ar qmnis Tavis nawarmoebs
tradiciuli mimarTebiT da arc mkiTxvels ar moeTxoveba, rom sjerodes amgvari
mimarTebebis, anu sjerodes imis, rom teqstis meSveobiT is amoicnobs
WeSmaritebas, romelic am WeSmaritebis mcodne mweralma gulmodgined Cado masSi.
avtors SeuZlia iTamaSos ara mxolod enobrivi kavSirebiTa Tu sityvaTa
grafikuli ganlagebiT, aramed epikuri formis struqturuli kanonebiT, gmirebiT,
siuJetiT da rac mTavaria, mkiTxvelisa da avtoris tradiciuli urTierTobebiTa
da Tavad avtoris figuriT, romelic Semodis teqstSi da, tradiciuli
prozisagan gansxvavebiT, SeiZleba mogvevlinis ara situaciis warmmarTvelad,
aramed, mkiTxvelisa da gmirebis msgavsad, ubralod, erT-erT moTamaSe mxared da
moirgos avtoris niRabi. is SeiZleba figurirebdes nawarmoebSi `avtoris~
saxeliT, romelic, rasakvirvelia, ar Tanxvdeba realuri avtoris personas,
aramed warmoadgens kidev erT gamaSualebel rgols mkiTxvelTan komunikaciaSi. am
formiT postmodernistul teqstSi xSirad aRdgeba tradiciuli prozis is
figura, romelic odesRac Tavis ATavze iRebda WeSmaritebis mcodnis, saqmeSi
Caxeduli mxaris funqciebs.
postmodernul epoqaSi darRveulia Cveuli, bunebrivi, pirda-piri mimarTebani
avtorisa sakuTar teqstTan da mkiTxvelTan, mkiTxvelisa teqstTan da avtorTan
da, zogadad, adamianisa mxatvrul qmnilebasTan, enasTan, realobasTan. ramdenadac
postmodernizmSi avtori, modernizmisagan gansxvevebiT, ar cdilobs Caanacvlos an,
miT ufro, aRadginos tradiciuli xelovnebis droindeli Tanxmoba, is
gadaaTamaSebs arsebul gamomsaxvelobiT SesaZleblobebs, magram am TamaSSi
winaswarve axdens sakuTari mdgomareobisa da mcdelobis ironizirebas, raTa am
gziT mzadyofniT dauxvdes recipientis mxridan wamosul undoblobas, ironias,
daukmayofileblobas da Tavidan aicilos komunikaciuri Cavardna, anu is situacia,

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roca avtori da mkiTxveli ver SeTanxmdebodnen teqstis aRqmis principebze (hale
1992: 164). miuxedavad imisa rom postmodernistul romanistikaSi aRdgeba
moqmedebisadmi interesi, SesaZloa, is mainc migvaniSnebs, rom am epoqaSi, roca
adamiani agrZelebs moqmedebas, es qmedeba mainc ar miuZRvis saboloo miznisaken,
radgan, zogadadac, dacilebulia mizans. amitomac siuJetis tradiciuli
ganviTareba xSirad darRveulia da misi mxatvruli funqcia kavSirSia
postmodernuli drois saerTo mgrZnobelobasTan. am gziT avtori asrulebs ara
mxolod mxatvrul, aramed, erTgvarad, sugestur amocanasac, ramdenadac
mkiTxvels STaagonebs, rom iq, sadac elis movlenaTa mizez-Sedegobriv
ganviTarebas, logikur Tanmimdevrobas, SeiZleba daxvdes alogikuroba da
usafuZvloba. am SemTxvevaSiac mxatvruli principis zemoqmedebiT
postmodernistuli teqsti SeiZleba migviZRodes msoflaRqmiTi principebisaken,
romlebic postmodernul mgrZnobelobaSi ukavSirdeba garesamyarosadmi SiSis,
undoblobis, daucvelobis gancdebs. mkvidrdeba daucvelobis, mRelvarebis,
mSfoTvarebis gancda, anu paranoia.
paranoia xdeba postmodernuli mgrZnobelobis erT-erTi niSani da xSirad
gamoiyeneba siuJeturi struqturis asagebad. `postmodernistuli mwerloba
mravali gziT asaxavs paranoiul mSfoTvarebas. maT Sorisaa: mowesrigebulobisadmi
undobloba, romelime kerZo adgiliTa Tu identurobiT dasazRvrulobis SiSi,
darwmunebuloba, rom sazogadoeba SeTqmulebas awyobs individis winaaRmdeg,
sakuTari SeTqmulebebis Cafiqreba sxvaTaA sqemebis dasarRvevad~ _ aRniSnavs bari
luisi (levisi 2001: 121) da amgvar sqemaze dafuZnebul teqstTa Soris
uwinaresad gamoyofs ken kizis romans `viRacam guguli budes gadaufrina~.
modernistuli epoqis Sinagani sirTuleebiT mocul gmirs postmodernizmSi
enacvleba gmiri, romelic alogikur, mtrul viTarebaSi axorcielebs sakuTar
warmosaxvaSi argumentirebul qmedebebs. amgvarad, realobisa da warmosaxvis,
logikurobisa da alogikurobis modernizmiseuli mimarTebani kvlav aqtualuria
postmodernistul mwerlobaSi. garda imisa, rom avtori am mimarTebebis
safuZvelze agebs siuJets, is garTulebuli teqstualuri struqturis
meSveobiTac gamokveTs postmodernuli mgrZnobelobis sirTules. teqstis
fragmentacia ganixileba rogorc erT-erTi amgvari mxatvruli xerxi. movlenaTa
fragmentirebuli, gaumTlianebeli aRqma, roca pirovnebas uWirs realuri
mizezebis aRmoCena da, Sesabamisad, ndobas kargavs yovelgvari movlenisadmi,
postmodernistul literaturaSi iZleva fragmentirebul diskurss.
amgvari gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis amoqmedeba teqstSi modernizmis,
avangardizmis poetur Ziebebs ukavSirdeba, magram postmodernizmSi es
SesaZleblobebi ufro mondomebiT gamoiyeneba prozaSi, romanebSi, rac kidev
erTxel adasturebs, rom postmodernistuli mwerlobis erT-erTi mTavari forma
aris swored romani. magram umTavresi Tavisebureba, ris gamoc romani
postmodernul epoqaSi mweralTa Tu TeoretikosTa gansakuTrebuli interesis
sagani xdeba, aris naratiuli, TxrobiTi struqtura. sazogadodac, `umTavres
kritikul naSromebSi postmodernizmis Sesaxeb Cveulebriv swored narativia _
iqneba es literaturaSi, istoriasa Tu TeoriaSi _ yuradRebis mTavari fokusi~
(hatCeni 1988: 5). did narativTa dasasrulis epoqaSi postmodernistuli romani
iqceva mcire monaTxrobad adamianis moqmedebis Sesaxeb sayovelTao, universaluri
motivaciis ararsebobis fonze. amgvar mcire narativebs sakuTari, mwerlisa Tu,
zogadad, kulturuli tendenciebis mier dadgenili kanonebi aqvT da amis

184
meSveobiT gamoeyofian did, sazogado narativiebs. amasTanave, avtoris mier
dadgenili kanonebi, garTulebuli TamaSis wesebi, teqstis struqtura iseve
aireklavs mxatvruli nawarmoebis sruli organizebis SeuZleblobis ideas,
rogorc organizebuli realobis xedva aireklavs zogadi qaosis aRqmas
postmodernul samyaroSi. jozef qonTi postmodernistul amerikul romans
Seiswavlis swored qaosisa da wesrigis, mowesrigebuli uwesrigobis,
disciplinisa da anarqiis dizainisa da namsxvrevebis urTierTmimarTebaTa fonze.
modernist avtorebs is ganixilavs, rogorc `wesrigis mwarmoeblebs~, maSin, roca
postmodernisti gatacebulia `uwesrigobis formebiT~ (qonTi 2002: 8). amasTanave,
postmodernizmSi (qeTi ekqeris, don de lilos, Tomas pinConis romanebSi)
`fenomenuri samyaros uwesrigo aRreuloba, mdgradi da myari struqturebis
rRveva ganapirobebs axali da ufri sasur-veli wesrigis warmoqmnis moTxovnas~.
amitomac, informaciis mozRvavebisa da teqnologiuri nevrasTeniis xanaSi, `romani
aris inteleqtualuri da warmosaxviTi kompetenciis (uflebamosilebis)
xelSesaxebi manifestacia (gamoxatuleba), azrTa rTuli, kompleqsuri sistema,
romelic Seqmnilia individis mier da realizebulia meore individis gonebaSi
instruqciebze miTiTebis gareSe~ (qonTi 2002: 219).
amgvarad aisaxeba literaturuli reprezentaciuli procesis mimdinareobaze
is sulieri da msoflmxedvelobrivi rigis movlenebi, romlebic safuZvlad edeba
XX saukunis Zireul kulturul movlenebs da, modernizmis Semdgom, qmnis
postmodernul epoqasa da postmodernistul xelovnebas.

damowmebani:

beli 1976: Bell D. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: a Venture in Social Forecasting. Harmondsworth:
Pinguin, 1976.
bodriari 1994: Baudrillard J. Simulakra and Simulation. Trans. by Faria Glaser. Ann Arbor: The University of
Michigan Press, 1994.
grafi 1973: Graff G. “The Myth of the Postmodernist Breakthrough”, TriQuarterly, 26, 1973.
eko 1984: Eco U. Postscript to The Name of the Rose. Trans. by William Weaver San Diego: A Helen and Kurt
Wolff Book, 1984.
eko 1986: Eco U. Travels in Hyperreality. Trans. by William Weaver. San Diego: A Helen and Kurt Wolff
Book, 1986.
kiuCeri 1994: Ku`chler T. Postmodern Gaming // Heideger, Duchamp, Derrida. New York: Peter Lang, 1994.
levisi 2001: Lewis B. “Postmodernism and Literature (or: World Salad Days, 1960-1990)”. in Stuart Sim,
ed., The Routledge Companion to Posrmodernism. London and New Yourk: Routledge, 2001, pp.
121-33.
malgreni 1985: Malmgren C. D. Fuctional Space in the Modernist and Postmodernist American Novel.
Lewisburg: Buncknell University Press, 1985.
fisteri: Pfister M. “How Postmodern is Intertextuality?” Intertextuality. Ed. Heinrich F.
simi 2002: Sim S. Irony and Crisis / Cultural History of Postmodern Culture. Cambridge: Icon Books, 2002.
strinati 1995: Strinati D. An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture. London: Routledge, 1995.
qonTi 2002: Conte J. M. Design and Debris // A Chaotis of Postmodern American Fiction. Tuscaloosa and
London: University of Alabama Press, 2002.
jeimsoni 1991: Jameson F. Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham: Duke
UniversityPress, 1991.
hale 1992: Hale B. M. Constructiong Postmodernism. Lindon: Routledge, 1992.
hasani 1987: Hassan I. The Postmodern Turn: Essays in Postmodern Theory and Culture. Columbus: Ohio
State University Press, 1987.
hasani 1971: Hassan I. The Dismemberment of Orpheus: Toward a Postmodern Literature. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1971.
hatCeni 1988: Hatcheon L. A Poetics of Postmodernism. History, Theory, Fiction. New York and London:
Routledge, 1988.

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gaga lomiZe

axali istorizmi

`axali istorizmi~ Camoyalibda 1980-ian wlebSi. igi misma mimdevrebma

teqstis kvlevis formalistur, upiratesad `axal kritikul~ da mis Semdgom
ganviTarebul dekonstruqciul midgomas daupirispires. axali istorizmis
mimdevarTaTvis miuRebelia is mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac leqsi sityvebis
TviTkmari, avtonomiuri esTetikuri obieqtia, an logosis garsSia gaxveuli da
araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs gare sinamdvilesTan. isini ar eTanxmebian `axali
kritikosebis~ Tvalsazriss, rom xelovneba `ar ganekuTvneba saganTa sferos,
aramed adamianis moRvaweobis, misi sulieri energiis nayofia~ (b. kroCe) (axali...
2000: 172); ewinaaRmdegebian enis neopozitivistur Sexedulebas, sadac `Sinagani
esTetikuri faqti~ realuri `Suamvlis~, `obieqturi korelatis~, enis meSveobiT
garegan movlenad gardaiqmneba. es iyo reaqcia ara literaturaze, aramed
kritikaze. Tumca literaturis mniSvneloba mxolod istoriuli da socio-
kulturuli kuTxiT ganxilvisas, erTgvarad viwrovdeboda.
axali istorizmis mimdevarni erTi mxriv axal kritikosebs emijnebodnen,
meore mxriv, dekonstruqtivistebs. 1990-ian wlebSi axalma istorizmma
samecniero wreebSi Tavisi popularobiT ukve dekonstruqtivizmis adgili daikava.
`axali istorizmi~ ZiriTadad renesansis mkvlevarTa wreSi Camoyalibda.
Semdeg es midgoma gavrcelda sxva periodis analizze orientirebuli avtorebis
naSromebSi. montrouzis Tanaxmad, renesansis mkvlevarTagan termini `axali
istorizmi~ Tavdapirvelad maikl maqkenlzma gamoiyena, Tumca aqtiur xmarebaSi igi
sTiven grinblatma daamkvidra Jurnal Genre-is 1982 wlis specnomris SesavalSi,
romelic renesansis kulturaSi `Zalauflebis formebs da maT batonobas~
exeboda. ufro adre grinblatma wignSi `me~-s formireba renesansis epoqaSi~
(1980) Tavis SexedulebaTa sistemas kulturis poetika uwoda. amiT igi xazs
usvams literaturis da xelovnebis erTianobas danarCen socialur praqtikebTan.
amitomaa, rom grinblati Tavis naSromebs eseis, anekdotis an literaturisgan
Sors mdgomi sxva teqstiT iwyebs.
aq yuradReba maxvildeba imaze, `Tu rogor yalibdeboda koleqtiuri
rwmenebi da gancdebi, rogor gadadioda erTi kulturuli Suamavlidan meoreze,
rogor koncentrirdeboda aRqmisTvis Sesabamis esTetikur formebSi~ (grinblati
1988: 5).
axali istorizmis siaxle imaSia, rom igi auqmebs sazRvrebs `literaturasa~
da `istorias~, `teqstsa~ da `konteqsts~ Soris. igi ama Tu im teqstis
analizisas aseve uaryofs avtoris Tu nawarmoebis, rogorc avtonomiuri
erTeulis, aRiarebas. axali istorizmis Tanaxmad, saxeebs da narativebs SeuZliaT
gamoavlinon mravali aspeqti. amitomac literaturuli teqstebis ganmartebisTvis
saukeTeso saSualebaa nawarmoebis Tavissave istoriul konteqstSi ganTavseba.
literaturul nawarmoebSi aisaxeba epoqis suliskveTeba da sxvadasxva saxis
winaaRmdegobani.
axali istorizmiseuli kritika cdilobs sainterpretacio problema
daakavSiros kulturul-istoriul sakiTxebTan (mag., sakiTxs, Tu ratom ar klavs
hamleti klaudiuss, roca is loculobs, xsnian imdroindeli sazogadoebis
SexedulebebiT religiaze, gansawmendelze, monarqiasa da eklesiaze).

186
 axali istorizmis momxreTa azriT, avtorebi sakmaod windaxedulni arian,
magram teqstSi mainc iCens xolme Tavs maTi damokidebuleba ama Tu im movlenis
mimarT.
amasTan, mis formirebaze ueWvelad iqonia gavlena ukanasknel xanebSi mecnie-
rebaTa integraciam, sxvadasxva sakiTxis ufro farTo konteqstSi ganxilvam da
sazogadoebis interesTa gafarToebam. bunebrivia, studentebs ukve aRar
daakmayofilebdaT viwro specializebuli interpretaciebi. Tanac, gaizarda
moTxovnileba, rom akademiuri mecnierebebi socialur samsaxurSi Camdgariyvnen da
yoveldRiurobis gaumjobesebisTvis xeli SeewyoT.
axali istorizmi gansaxilveli Temis guldasmiT wakiTxvas, an kliford
gircis TqmiT, vrclad aRweras gvTavazobs, rac teqstSi impliciturad (farulad,
Sinaganad) warmodgenil epoqis suliskveTebas avlens.
axali istorizmis warmomadgenelTaTvis teqsti sakuTar konteqstSia
ganfenili, instituciebis, rwmenebis da ZalauflebasTan dakavSirebuli
kulturuli urTierTobebisa da praqtikebis msgavsad, rasac istorias vuwodebT.
inglisuri renesansis mkvlevarT yuradReba gaamaxviles pastoralze, niRbebis
Teatrsa da dramaze. analizisas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWes aseve iseT
socio-ekonomikuri faqtorebis Seswavlas, rogoricaa literaturuli patronaJi
(mag., piter biorki yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom ruseTis mefem, ivane III-m
italiidan moiwvia arqiteqtori aristotele fio-ravanti, romelmac wm. mixeilis
sakaTedro taZari daaproeqta. am faqts mkvlevari mefis dasavluri orientaciiT
xsnis) da cenzura. axali istorizmis mimdevarni teqstebSi daTrgunulTa,
meorexarisxovan adamianTa, uqonelTa da upovarTa xmebs eZebdnen.
magaliTad, Tavis eseiSi `uxilavi tyviebi~ sTiven grinblati Tomas hariotis
naSromis `mokle da WeSmariti angariSi virjiniis niufaundlendis Sesaxeb~
wakiTxvisas amerikaSi ingliseli kolonizatorebis diskursis nimuSs cxadyofs. aq
avtori uneblieT gvevlineba makiavelis hipoTezis mxardamWerad, romlis
Tanaxmadac Zalaufleba TaRliTobidan momdinareobs, Tumca harioti `mkiTxvels am
Zalauflebis sadideblad mizandasaxulad mouwodebs~. grinblatis TqmiT, harioti
ingliselTa saZalauflebo struqturas gamocdis winaSe ayenebs, roca Tavis
naSromSi amerikel indielTa mosazrebebsac urTavs, romelTac es Zalaufleba
devnis da aviwrovebs. harioti wers, rom indielebs qristianuli yovlisSemZle
RmerTis morCilebisken mouwodebdnen; mas `TiTqos surs daamtkicos Tavisi
kulturis ukiduresad radikaluri subversiuli (ZirgamomTxreli) hipoTeza
religiis warmoSobisa da arsebobis Sesaxeb, roca am religiis ZaldatanebiTi
gavrcelebis Sesaxeb saubrobs~ (grinblati 1988: 30).
axali istorizmis warmomazdgenlebi naSromebSi cdilobdnen `aRedginaT so-
cio-kulturuli veli~, sadac iqmneboda renesansis xanis esa Tu is
literaturuli teqsti. jin houardis TqmiT, `axali istorizmis arss
ganapirobebs diskursis im Sreebis gamovlena, romelmac SesaZlebeli gaxada, rom
TanamedroveT TavianTi epoqis esa Tu is movlena daenaxaT garkveuli
TvalTaxedviT~ (houardi 1986: 27). isini miznad isaxavdnen gamoevlinaT warsulis
is aspeqtebi, romlebic TanamedroveTaTvis uxilavi rCeboda. maTi naSromebi
naTels hfens saZalauflebo struqturaTa Taviseburebebs _ gansakuTrebiT
sqesTan, klasTan, rasasTan da eTnikur warmomavlobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs,
anu yovelive imas, rac Tanamedrove kulturisTvis aris aqtualuri.

187
 grinblati avlens, rom Seqspiris `henri IV~-sa da `henri V~-Si samefo
Zalaufleba Ralats, angarebasa da flidobas emyareba. amasTan,
elisabedisdroindel avtorTa nawarmoebebSi daCagrulTa disonansuri da faruli
xmebi Zirs uTxris saxelisuflebo instituts, Tumca esa Tu is konkretuli
nawarmoebi am xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas da xalxis misdami morCilebas iTvalis-
winebs. grinblatis mTavari Tezisis Tanaxmad, met-naklebad xangrZlivi
politikuri Tu kulturuli wyoba Zalauflebis SenarCunebis mizniT, ara marto
arsebobis saSualebas aZlevs, aramed garkveulwilad xelsac uwyobs subversiul
(ZirgamomTxrel) Zalebs. es Zalebi xelisuflebis kontrols eqvemdebareba da
arsebul wesrigs uTanxmebs mas.
grinblati da misi kolegebi literaturul teqstebs TavianT istoriul
konteqstSi moiazreben. isini sakmaod provokaciuli, postmodernuli maneriT
cdiloben gaacocxlon is socio-politikuri garemo, rasac avtori grZnobda.
axali istorizmi axal mimarTulebas aZlevs interteqstualur analizs,
ramdenadac igi literaturul teqsts ama Tu im drois tradiciulad aramxatv-
rul diskursul praqtikaTa Soris miuCens adgils. amasTan, diaqronuli teqstis
nacvlad, aq ganixileba sinqronuli teqsti, romlis Camoyalibebasac kulturis
saerTo sistema ganapirobebs.
axali istorizmis adeptebi `literaturulsa~ da araliteraturul
teqstebs Soris konceptualur sazRvrebs postrenesansuli ideologiis nayofad
miiCneven. isini miuTiTeben, rom literaturuli teqstis sxvadasxva diskurss,
teqsts da mis instituciur da kulturul konteqsts Tu sxvadasxva teqstebs
Soris, xdeba mxolod urTierTgacvla, romelsac Sesabamisi terminebiT moixseni-
eben: molaparakeba, gacvla-gamocvla, SeTanxmeba da cirkulacia. abramsis TqmiT,
`aseTi metaforebi ara marto kulturis komponentTa Soris ormxrivi, aramdgradi
urTierTobebis denotacias iTvaliswinebs, aramed miuTiTebs kidec, Tu
Tanamedrove momxmarebluri kapitalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel operaciebsa da
Rirebule-bebs ramdenad Rrmad gaudgamT fesvebi rogorc esTetikisa da
literaturis sferoSi, aseve sazogadoebriv institutebsa da urTierTobebSi~
(abramsi 1993: 250).
amasTan, axali istorizmi II msoflio omis Semdgom ganviTarebuli istoriuli
mecnierebis uaryofasac iTvaliswinebda. mkvlevarebi am periodis Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT mas `postistoriis~ saxeliT moixseniebdnen. `axali istorizmis~
momxreni uaryofdnen Tanamedroveobis postistoriulobas. misi mamamTavrebi _
sTiven grinblati da lui adrian montrouzi fiqroben, rom igi iseTive interesis
Tu kvlevis sferoa, rogorc nebismieri wina epoqa.
`axlebi~ istorias progresisken, dRevandelobisken sworxazovan svlad rodi
miiCneven; isini mas yofen calkeul epoqebad, romlebic gansazRvruli
suliskveTebiT xasiaTdebian. isini istorias sociologiur mecnierebad Tvlian,
maSin roca maTi winamorbedebi istorias literaturis warmomqmnel `fonad~
moiazrebdnen. maT gaauqmes sazRvari istoriasa da literaturas Soris.
literaturul teqsts aRiareben istoriis nayofadac da mwarmoebladac,
mizezadac da Sedegadac. isini upiratesobas aniWeben ideologias da ara istorias.
maTTvis istoria wyvetili jaWvebis rgolia, rac sxvadasxva saxis gardatexebsa
Tu cvlilebebSi vlindeba. `axlebze~ mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia istoriis
miSel fukoseulma koncefciam. nicSes msgavsad, fukoc uaryofda istoriis evo-
luciur bunebas, mis ganxilvas, rogorc mizezidan Sedegisken uwyvet svlas,

188
svlas warsulidan momavlisken, dasasrulisken. fukos Tanaxmad, arcerTi
istoriuli movlena araa erTaderTi mizeziT gapirobebuli. maT ekonomikur,
socialur Tu politikur faqtorTa mTeli wyeba iwvevs. marqsis msgavsad, fukoc
Zalauflebis TvalsazrisiT ganixilavda istorias, magram misgan gansxvavebiT,
Zalaufleba miaCnda ara ubralod damTrgunvel Zalad, aramed im ZalTa
erTobliobad, rac ama Tu im movlenad gardaiqmneba. axalma istorizmma SeiTvisa
fukos koncefcia istoriis, rogorc episteme-s (Semecnebis), an azrovnebis
struqturaTa Sesaxeb, rac kulturaSi yvelafers formas aniWebs. Tumca fukosgan
gansxvavebiT, `axlebi~ Tvlian, rom istoria adamianis SesaZleblobaTa miRma
arasdros gadis. axali istorizmi kritikulad ekideba akademiuri `periodizaciis~
sakiTxebs, magram maT mier gamoyenebuli episteme-s fukoseuli gageba igive
`periodizaciaa~, oRond axal saburvelSi gaxveuli. ~esa Tu is istoriuli epoqa
gaazrebulia, rogorc `diskursis gamovlinebaTa~ struqturuli erToblioba.
magram ar xdeba episteme-s moculobisa da xangrZlivobis dazusteba, Tumca
iyeneben iseT terminebs, rogorebicaa `renesansi~ an `viqtorias xanis inglisi~.
`axlebi~, fukos kvalad, miiCneven, rom yovel epoqaSi Zalauflebrivi
urTierTobebis modelebi sazogadoebaSi maTi diskursis Sesatyvis koncefciebs,
opoziciebs da ierarqiebs ayalibebs da am gziT gansazRvravs, Tu ra SeiZleba
CaiTvalos codnad da WeSmaritebad, adgens adamianur normebs _ ra aris
danaSauli, SeSliloba, sqesobrivi gadaxra. mag., fukos naSromi artos Sesaxeb
naTelyofs, rom is, rac ama Tu im epoqisTvis SeSlilobad iTvleba, sxva epoqaSi
normad cxaddeba. axali istorizmi ZiriTadad mikroistoria-zea orientirebuli,
Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, TavianT gamokvle-vebSi misi mimdevrebi mimarTaven iseT
makroistoriul cnebebs rogoricaa `renesansi~.
`axali istorizmis~ mimdevarTa Tanaxmad, ar arsebobs raime transistoriuli
an universaluri adamianuri arsi. individi Sedgeba kulturuli kodebisgan.
avtonomiuri `individualobis~ nacvlad, isini saubroben pirovnul midgomaze, rac
socialur da enobriv sistemebSi vlindeba. sazogadoeba Tavis wevrebs ama Tu im
`faseulobis~ Tu `WeSmaritebis~ damkvidrebiT marTavs. literaturuli teqsti
religiur, filosofiur, samecniero, samarTlebriv Tu sxva teqstTa msgavsad, ama
Tu im epoqas ekuTvnis. axali kritikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli midgoma, romlis
TvalTaxedvis areSi nawarmoebTa esTetikuri mxare iyo moqceuli, mcdaradaa
miCneuli, vinaidan aseT damokidebulebas SecdomaSi SevyavarT da yuradRebis miRma
gvrCeba ZalauflebasTan, klasobriv Tu genderul konfliqtebTan dakavSirebuli
mTeli rigi sakiTxebi, romlebic literaturuli teqstis garegani mniSvnelobis
miRmaa. erTi SexedviT avtonomiuri (damoukidebeli) esTetikuri problemebi
dakavSirebulni aRmoCndebian sxva diskursebsa da praqtikebTan. am kavSiris
wyalobiT yalibdeba individualuri Tu koleqtiuri struqturebi.
lui adrian montrouzma istoriisadmi literaturaTmcodneobis es axali
damokidebuleba qiazmis saSualebiT daaxasiaTa: esaa yuradRebis gamaxvileba erTd-
roulad teqstis istoriulobaze da istoriis teqstualobaze. teqstis istoriu-
lobaSi igulisxmeba weris (écriture) yvela saxeobis kulturuli Tavisebureba da
socialuri gansazRvruloba; istoriis teqstualoba ki iTvaliswinebs Semdegs:
`ar SegviZlia srulad da damajereblad aRvadginoT warsulis suraTi, odesRac
cocxali organizmi; warsuli CvenTvis xelmisawvdomia mxolod sakvlevi
sazogadoebis gadarCenili teqstobrivi kvaliT. araa SemTxveviTi, rom maincdamainc
Cvens xelT arsebuli esa Tu is teqsti gadarCa. yovelive es, Tundac nawilobriv

189
SenarCunebisa da mospobis rTuli da daxvewili sazogadoebrivi procesebis
urTierTqmedebis Sedegia~ (montrouzi 2000: 15). amasTan, arsebobs teqstTan
dakavSirebuli sxva sirTuleebi, razec karlo ginzburgma gaamxvila yuradReba.
Tavis statiaSi, sadac XVI-XVI ss-is modenaSi jadoqar qalebTan dakavSirebul
saqmeebs ganixilavs, gamoavlina, rom erT-erTi qalis aRiareba inkvizitorebma
iribad dasmuli SekiTxvebis Sedegad miiRes. SekiTxvebi ise iyo dasmuli, rom
maTTvis saWiro pasuxebis garantias iZleoda. aqedan ginzburgi askvnis, rom
istorikosisTvis miuwvdomelia cxovrebiseuli movlenis uSualod wvdoma. axali
istorizmi xSirad aseTi faqtebis induqcias axdens. maT naSormebs axasiaTebs
analizi sinTezis gziT, ris gamoc xSirad maT naazrevs postmodernizmis
anomaliad Tvlian, vinaidan `postmodernizmi Tavidanve STanTqa sinTezma _
analizis gziT~ (smirnovi 2000: 493). teqstisa da konteqstis urTierTqmedeba an
gacvla _ sinTezur xasiaTs atarebs.
axali istorizmi uaxloesi winamorbedebisadmi ar aris imdenad kritikulad
ganwyobili, ramdenadac SoreulTa mimarT. es kargad vlindeba maTsa da
poststruqturalist avtorTa mosazrebebs Soris TanxmobaSi. kerZod,
literaturuli teqstis istoriul konteqstSi ganTavsebas uaxlovdeba
poststruqturalisturi doqtrina, romlis Tanaxmadac teqsti misi konteqstidan
gamijnuli ar aris, maT Soris arsebobs mudmivi kavSiri. istoriulobis doqtrina
haidegeridan momdinareobs, magram, rogorc aRniSnaven, axal istorizmSi man
hermenevtikis warmomadgenlis, hans georg gadameris naSromTa gziT SemoaRwia.
TviT montrouzis aRiarebiT, formaluri da istoriuli mxareebi sulac ar
gamoricxaven erTmaneTs; ufro metic, isini ganuyofelia. rogorc TviT termin
poetikis kulturidan xdeba sacnauri, am mimarTulebis interesebi erTdroulad
istoriul da formalistur aspeqtebs iTvaliswinebs. amasTan, axali istoristebi
iziareben dekonstruqciuli kritikis warmomadgenelTa mosazrebas, rom `yoveli
mkiTxveli Taviseburad kiTxulobs teqsts (mniSvnelobaTa simravlis doqtrina),
rac mkvlevarebs epoqis ideologiis gamovlenisken ubiZgebs~ (meieri 1988-89: 30).
literatura istoriuli movlenaa, romelSic aisaxeba ara mxolod erTi
pirovnebis mier garkveul problemaTa gadaWris mcdeloba da TviTgamoxatvis
survili, aramed igi araerTi gonebis mier Camoyalibebuli socialuri da kul-
turuli warmonaqmnia. amitom ama Tu im teqstis gagebisTvis aucilebelia Sevis-
wavloT teqstis warmomqmneli kultura da sazogadoebrivi garemo. aqedan gamom-
dinare, literatura aris istoriis gansakuTrebuli xedva. literaturuli na-
warmoebis msgavsad, TviT adamianic socialuri warmonaqmnia. igi ganuyofelia
istoriisgan. renesansis xanis adamiani renesanss ekuTvnis. mxatvruli teqsti
ideologiis gamtarebelia. `axlebis~ azriT, literaturuli nawarmoebebi xSirad
niRbaven TavianT ideologiur mizandasaxulebas. vinaidan istoria teqstualuria
da teqsti istoriulia, isini ganmartebas, saTanado wakiTxvas saWiroeben. teqsti
(literaturuli Tu istoriuli) iseTi diskursia, romelic TiTqos gare
sinamdviles asaxavs, magram igi sityvieri warmonaqmnebis, gamoxatulebebis,
reprezentaciebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic ama Tu im epoqis kulturuli Tu
ideologiuri produqtia.
ideologiis gagebaSi `axlbze~ gavlena moaxdina revizionistma marqsistma
moazrovnem, lui alTiuserma, romelic Tvlida, rom ideologia epoqis TiToeuli,
naxevrad avtonomiuri institutis diskursSi sxvadasxvagvarad vlindeba. ideologia
cdilobs, rom mkiTxveli diskursis `subieqtad~ aqcios, oRond ise, rom mmarTveli

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klasebis interesebs dauqvemdebaros. ideologia uzrunvelyofs, rom adamianebma
socialurad gaazrebulad imoqmedon gaazrebul samyaroSi. aq isev Tavs iCens C.
milzis `socialuri warmosaxva~ da kantis kategoriuli imperativi, saidanac
vlindeba, rom sazogadoeba ganapirobebs ama Tu im faseulobis mniSvnelobas.
alTiuseris TqmiT, `ideologia aris individTa warmosaxuli damokidebulebis
reprezentacia (gamoxatva) maTi arsebobis realur pirobebTan~.
romantikuli periodis inglisis SeswavliT dainteresebulma mkvlevarebmac
gamoTqves analogiuri mosazreba, rom literaturul teqstebSi warmodgenili
reprezentaciebi sinamdviles ki ar asaxavs, aramed ideologiis `konkretuli~
formebia. magram renesansis mkvlevarTagan gansxvavebiT, romantizmis mkvlevarebi
TavianT kritikul analizs literaturuli teqstebis `politikur wakiTxvas~
uwodeben, sadac isini froidiseul cenebebs _ `akrZalva~, `gandevna~, `Canacvleba~
_ iyeneben. amis gamo mwerlis politikuri ideologia (xSir SemTxvevaSi
gaucnobiereblad) ifareba, misi drois winaaRmdegobani Tu garemoebani ki
ugulebelyofilia. `politikuri wakiTxvis~ upirvelesi mizania im ideologiur
saburvelTa Camoxsna da im akrZalvaTa gamovlena, rac teqstis garegani mxaris
miRma imaleba.
ama Tu im ideologiis batonoba kulturis mwarmoebelTa (poetebis, dra-
maturgebis...) garkveuli profesiuli, klasobrivi da piraduli interesebis
urTierTSeTanxmebiT, mayurebelTa Tu mkiTxvelTa socialuri poziciebiT,
konkretuli kulturuli mediumis TaviseburebebiT, SesaZleblobebiTa da
SezRudvebiT xasiaTdeba. teqsti asaxavs Tavis Tanamedrove socio-politikur
garemos, magram amasTanave sakuTari politika Seaqvs masSi da garkveulwilad
zemoqmedebs masze. am kuTxiT sagulisxmoa grinblatis mier diureris naxatis
interpretacia, romelic amboxebuli germanelebis damarcxebas exmaureba.
grinblati yuradRebas amaxvilebs triumfaluri svetis erT detalze, sadac
gangmiruli glexis figuris Semoyvana, diureris ironiaze miuTiTebs: uTanasworo
brZolam daamcira didebulebi.
literaturuli teqstis avtoris msgavsad, mkiTxvelic is subieqtia,
romelsac sakuTari epoqis garemoebebi da ideologiuri formaciebi ayalibebs.
amitom meTiu arnoldis sityvebi, rom Cven nawarmoebs ise aRviqvamT, `rogoric is
sinamdvileSia~ _ humanisturi idealizmis mier warmoSobili kidev erTi iluziaa.
aqedan gamomdinare, mkiTxveli teqstSi asimilacias ganicdis, vinaidan igi
cdilobs avtoris ideologias miuaxlovdes. axali istorizm mimdevarTa
aRiarebiT, isinic sakuTari drois diskursebis da garemoebebis produqtebi arian.
amis gamo istorikosi sakuTari epoqis tyvea. aravis SeuZlia sakuTari socialuri
formaciidan, ideologiuri aRzrdidan Tavis daRweva da am gziT warsulis
srulyofili wvdoma. am SemTxvevaSi vlindeba gnoseologiuri problema adamianis
Semecnebis sazRvrulobis Sesaxeb. amiTaa gapirobebuli axali istorizmis im
cnebaTa erToblioba (reprezentacia, subversiuloba da a.S.), romelic warsuls
ganmartavs. amis Sedegia aseve ama Tu im teqstis ganxilva klasobrivi, genderuli,
Zalauflebrivi Tu sxva kuTxiT. maT naSromebSi warmodgenilia mcdeloba,
aRadginon is socio-kulturuli garemo, sadac iqmneboda esa Tu is
literaturuli nawarmoebi, da Tan Seupirispiron isini ara mxolod diskursis
sxva Janrebsa da tipebs, aramed maT Tanamedrove socialur instituciebsa da
aradiskursul praqtikebs.

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 axali istorizmis mimdevrebis Tanaxmad, ar arsebobs istoria teqstis gareSe
da teqstebi istorias mimarTaven garkveuli miznisken. xSir SemTxvevaSi,
teqstebSi warmodgenili sxvadasxva mxare (iqneba es CagrulTa xmebi Tu
Zalauflebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sxva faruli gamovlinebani), garkveul
cvlilebebs iwvevs; an teqsti gardaiqmneba socio-politikur aqciad. grinblati
ase ixsenebs studentobisas mosmenili fukos leqciebiT gamowveul STabeWdilebas:
`CemTvis gamocxadeba iyo imis gacnobiereba, rom yovelives _ Tundac mas, rac
zedroulad da universalurad migvaCnia, Tavisi istoria aqvs. arsebiTi da CvenSi
Rrmad gamjdari warmodgenebi, mag., _ sqesze, individualobaze, mamrobiTobisa da
mdedrobiTobaze, siyvarulze, SeiZleba saTaves iRebdes ama Tu im istoriuli
movlenidan Tu SemTxvevidan... es niSnavda, rom movlenebi, romlebic TavisTavad
mocemulad gveCveneba, nawarmoebia, meoreulia. da Tu isini meoreulia, maTi
Secvlac SesaZlebelia~ (stefensi 1992: 37). axal istorizms safuZvlad udevs
awmyos Secvlis perspeqtiva. grinblati literaturul nawarmoebTa Tavisi
interpretaciebiT, anekdotebiT (romlebsac Tavis gamokvlevebs warumZRvarebs)
cdilobs gamoavlinos procesi, romelmac Camoayaliba Cveni Sexedulebebi _
qalebis, kolonializmis, siyvaruli mimarT. folklorisadmi gamZfrebul
interesSi ki ikiTxeba sazogadoebrivi aracnobieris gamovlenisken swrafva.
`axlebi~ xazs usvamen subversiuli ideebisa da praqtikebis mniSvnelobas, vinaidan
maT seriozuli sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebis gamowveva ZaluZT. maTSi isini
sakuTari kritikiuli naSromebis disonansur xmebsac gulisxmoben.
es axali mimarTuleba gamoirCeoda istoriaze, kulturaze, sazogadoebaze,
politikaze, instituciebze, genderul da klasobriv sakiTxebze, socialur
konteqstsa da materialur bazisze orientaciiT. j. hilis mileri 1980-iani
wlebis dasawyiSi SeSfoTebiT miuTiTebda am `saSiS~ tendenciaze da aRSfoTebuli
iyo enaze, rogorc damoukidebel erTeulze uaris TqmiT. montrouzis Tanaxmad,
`Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi kulturis sferoSi swored enisa da sazogadoebis
urTierTgapirobebulobas usvams xazs~ (montrouzi 2000: 7). grinblati eseiSi
`uxilavi tyviebi~ miuTiTebs: `hariotis teqstSi arsebuli cnebebi "Cveulebrivi
da ubralo xalxi~, `mmarTvelebi~ da a.S. aSkarad miuTiTebs imaze, rom es cnebebi
imdroindeli inglisis Sesabamisi socialuri diferenciaciis gagebidan
momdinareoben, rac enaSi iCens Tavs~ (grinblati 1988: 26). amis gamo, kulturuli
da socio-politikuri garemoebebis Seswavlis mizniT, Cven SegviZlia diskursuli
praqtikebis analizisas gamovavlinoT ama Tu im epoqis Zalauflebriv
urTierTobaTa Taviseburebebi.
axali istorizmi ufro metad socialuri ierarqiis maRali safexuris
Seswavliskenaa mimarTuli (mag., eklesia, monarqia, maRali klasebi). mas ufro
metad kavSiri aqvs iseT disciplinebTan, rogoricaa politikuri mecnierebebi,
anTropologia; ufro metad dainteresebulia `Zalauflebasa~ da `kulturasTan~
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebiT.
axali istorizmis mimdevarT xSirad sayveduroben, rom maT literatura
istoriis damatebad aqcies da literaturuli nawarmoebebis Taviseburebani
yuradRebis miRma datoves (mag., j. hilis mileri). nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben
istoriis Teorias, TiTqos istoriaSi yvelaferi ubralod xdeba da
ugulebelyofen im mizezebs, ramac esa Tu is movlena gamoiwvia (fredrik
jeimsoni). amasTan, literaturas ukavSireben politikas, roca kritikosebi
avtorTa erT nawils qebiT moixsenieben progresuli msoflmxedvelobisTvis,

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reaqciuli ideebisTvis ki _ kicxaven. am dros sruliad ikargeba literaturuli
teqstis mxatvruli Rirebuleba. `axal istorizms~ ukiJineben, rom igi mxolod
literaturis politikuri interpretaciisTvisaa mowodebuli (iv sedjviki). axal
istorizms xSirad marqsistuli kritikis nairsaxeobad miiCneven (e. peqteris
ironiuli gamonaTqvamiT, `aCrdili daZrwis kritikaSi, axali istorizmis
aCrdili~), vinaidan Tvlian, rom axali istorizmi, marqsizmis msgavsad, istoriis
mamoZraveblad brZolas miiCnevs. marqsisti kritikosebi ki mas WeSmariti
istoriulobis ukmarisobas sayveduroben.

damowmebani:

abramsi 1993: Abrams M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. 1993.

axali... 2000: `axali kritika~ // `sjani~, #1, Tb.: 2000.
grinblati 1988: Greenblatt S. Shakespearean Negotiations. Berkley and Los Angeles. 1988.
meieri 1988-89: Myers D.G. The New Historicism in Literary Study // Academic Questions, # 2. 1988-89.
montrouzi 2000: montrouzi l. a. kulturis poetika da politika. kriteriumi, # 1, Tb.: 2000.
smirnovi 2000: Смирнов И. Мегаистория. М.: 2000.
stefensi 1992: Stephens M. Profile Of Stephen Greenblatt, The Professor of Disenchentment (Stephen
Greenblatt and the New Historicism) // West Magazine, March 1, 1992.
houardi 1986: Howard J. E. The New Historicism in Renaissance Studies // English Literary Renaissance, #
16, 1986.

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 terminologiuri sityvari

absoluturi (laT. absolutus) _ 1. ueWveli, uTuo, upirobo, SeuzRudavi; aRebuli

raimesTan kavSiris gareSe (mag. musikaluri smena). 2. srulyofili,
sruli. absoluturi WeSmariteba _ WeSmariteba, romelic iZleva
obieqtis yovelmxriv, amomwurav codnas.
abstraqtuli (laT. abstractio – gamoricxva, ganyeneba) – gamoricxvis, ganyenebis
gziT miRebuli; ganyenebuli, arakonkretuli.
abstraqcia (laT. abstractio – gamoricxva, ganyeneba, mocileba) – 1. Semecnebis
procesi. raime sagnis an movlenis araarsebiTi niSnebis ugulebelyofa
da arsebiTi niSnebis gamoyeneba azrovnebaSi; ganyeneba, ganzogadeba (am
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba agreTve abstrahireba). 2. aseTi procesis
Sedegad miRebuli ganyenebuli cneba.
aglomeracia (laT. agglomero _ SevaerTeb) – 1. mikrobiologiaSi: imunuri an sxva
sxeulebis zemoqmedebiT fizikuri Tu qimiuri ujredebis maxasiaTeblebis
cvlilebis Sedegad miRebuli mikroorganizmebis (siTxis an qsovilis)
bunebrivi Tavmoyra erT grovad. 2. (geol.) sxvadasxva qanebis erT
mTelad SeerTebis bunebrivi procesi. 3. wvrili, fxvieri madnisagan
gamosadnobad vargisi naWrebis miReba gavarvarebiT. 4. Tanamedrove didi
qalaqi mis garSemo gaSenebul ubnebTan (satelitebTan) erTad. aqedan
`praRis skolis~ warmomadgenlebis mier gamoyenebuli termini
`meqanikuri aglomeracia~, rac niSnavs meqanikur Sekreba-Tavmoyras.
agnosticizmi (berZ. aj – uaryofis `a~, gnw`si~ – Secnoba, codna) – filosofiaSi
swavleba, romlis mixedviTac samyaro Seucnobelia, radgan adamianis
goneba SezRudulia da SegrZnebaTa miRma arafris codna ar SeuZlia.
Teoriulad damuSavda XVIII s-Si kantisa da iumis filosofiaSi, magram
Tu kanti aRiarebda Cveni cnobierebis miRma arsebuls _ `sagans
TavisTavad~ da uaryofda misi Semecnebis SesaZleblobas, iumi saerTod
uaryofda `sagans TavisTavad~, radgan mis Sesaxeb raimes codna
SeuZlebelia.
adekvaturi (laT. adaequatus _ gaTanabrebuli, Tanabari) _ Sesabamisi, zusti
Sesatyvisi, Tanmxvedri.
adepti (laT. adeptus – miRweuli) – raime moZRvrebis momxre, damcveli.
avTenturi (berZn. aujqentikw`~ _ WeSmariti, ueWveli) _ namdvilis Sesabamisi,
swori, pirvelwyaroze dafuZnebuli. TviTmyofi. dednis Zalis mqone.
akustikuri (berZn. ajkoustikov~) _ smeniTi. risi aRqmac SeiZleba smeniT.
alter-ego (laT. alter ego _ meore me) – gandobili da axlos myofi pirovneba,
erTguli megobari; erT pirovnebaSi sxva pirovneba, meore “me”.
alogikuri (berZn. aj uaryofis `a~ + logikov~ gonivruli, gansjaze dafuZnebuli)
_ araTanmimdevruli, logikis sapirispiro.
alternativa (fr. alternative – laT. alter _ oridan erTi) _ ori an ramdenime
urTierTsawinaaRmdego SesaZleblobidan erTis arCeva. erTmaneTis
gamomricxavi SesaZleblobebidan erT-erTi.

194
aluzia (frang. allusion _ miniSneba) _ stilistikuri xerxi mxatvrul
literaturaSi (oratorul gamosvlasa Tu saubarSi), miniSneba
sazogadod cnobil romelime istoriul an politikur pirovnebaze,
literaturul gmirze, literaturul an yofiT faqtze.
amaTerizmi (frang. amáteur) – ara profesiismieri saqmianoba; mxolod
siamovnebisaTvis, anazRaurebis gareSe muSaoba.
ambivalenturi (laT. ambi _ garSemo, axlos + valentia Zala) – 1. (wign.)
erTmaneTis sapirispiro grZnobebis (mag., siamovnebisa da usiamovnebis,
siyvarulisa da siZulvilis, simpaTiisa da antipaTiis) Semcveli. 2.
Sinagani uTanxmoeba. 3. (qim.) orvalentoba.
amplifikacia (laT. amplificatio gafarToeba, gazrda, gavrcoba, gaZliereba) _ 1.
teqstis sididis momateba Targmnis dros 2. stilisturi xerxi: msgavsi
ganmartebebis, Sedarebebis sinonimuri tropis asxma, rac aZlierebs rames
an vinmes daxasiaTebas (mag., bneli, gaunaTlebeli adamiani).
mravalsityvaoba.
analepsisi (berZn. ajnav-lhyi~ _ risame ukan dabruneba; aRdgena) _ literaturaSi
igive flashback-i, es aris scena, romelic warsulSi gvabrunebs.
literaturaSi arsebobs Sida da gare analepsisi. Sida analepsisi
Txrobis sawyis wertilSi dabrunebas, gaxsenebas gulisxmobs, xolo
gare analepsisi _ im drois gaxsenebas, vidre konkretuli Txroba
daiwyeboda.
analitikuri – igivea, rac analizuri.
anaqronia (berZn. ajnav ze, maRla; aq _ winaaRmdeg + crovno~ _ dro) _ 1.
qronologiuri Seusabamoba; drois aRreva literaturul nawarmoebSi.α2.
erTi istoriuli epoqis movlenis an niSnebis sxva epoqisTvis SecdomiT
an mizanmimarTulad mikuTvneba.
angaJirebuli (frang. engager _ valdebuleba, daqiraveba) _ daqiravebuli,
SekveTili.
anTropologia (berZ. a[nqrwpo~ – adamiani da lovgo~ – moZRvreba) – 1.
adamianTmcodneoba. mecniereba, romelic swavlobs adamianis biologiur
bunebas, adamianis warmoSobas, rasebs. 2. filosofiuri anTropologia –
e.w. anTroposofia – Teosofiis saxeoba, religiur-mistikuri moZRvreba,
romelic RvTis adgilas gaRmerTebul adamians ayenebs. rudolf
Staineris mier Camoyalibebuli msoflmxedvelobrivi swavleba.
antagonizmi (berZ. ajntagwnivzomai – brZola; Sejibri) – Seurigebeli
winaaRmdegoba, interesTa Seurigebeli dapirispireba. aqedan antagonisti
– Seurigebeli mowinaaRmdege.
antiTeza (berZn. ajntiv-qesi~ _ sapirispiro, dapirispireba) _ debuleba an
msjeloba, romelic upirispirdeba Teziss. ori sawinaaRmdego
warmodgenis Sepirispireba. sawinaaRmdegos mtkiceba.
anticipacia (laT. anticipatio = berZn. prov-lhyi~ _ winaswarWvreta, winaTgrZnoba)
_ 1. movlenebis winaswarganWvreta. winaswar Seqmnili warmodgena rames
Sesaxeb. rodesac ufro adre (winswrebiT) xdeba rame movlena, romelic
miRebuli normebis Tanaxmad, mogvianebiT unda momxdariyo.
anulireba (laT. annulo _ ganadgureba) _ rame aqtis, xelSekrulebis an uflebis
gauqmeba, baTilad cnoba.

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apelatiuri (laT. appellativus – sazogado saxeli; egreT wodebuli) – Janruli,
gvaris, saxeobis, tipis.
aporia (berZn. aj-poriva _ gamouvali viTareba; uZlureba) _ antikur filosofiaSi
logikuri garTuleba; rodesac problemis gadawyvetis SesaZlebloba
ukavSirdeba amave problemaSi arsebul dafarul winaaRmdegobas.
apriori (laT. a da prior – winandeli, wina) – imTaviTve, cdisagan damoukidebeli,
cdis gareSe.
araavTenturi _ auTenturis sapirispiro.
aramodaluri _ modaluris sapirispiro. modaluri (laT. modus _ xerxi, kilo).
formasTan da ara SinaarsTan dakavSirebuli gamonaTqvamis daxasiaTeba
imis mixedviT, Tu ras gamoxatavs igi: SesaZleblobas, sinamdviles an
aucileblobas.
ararefleqsirebuli _ refleqsurobis sapirispiro. refleqsuroba _ binarul
(oradgilian) mimarTebaTa Tviseba. mimarTeba refleqsuria, Tu yoveli
sagani Tavis TavTan aris am mimarTebaSi (mag., igiveoba; tolfasobis,
ekvivalentobis mimarTeba debulebaTa Soris).
aracnobieri _ 1. moqmedeba, romelic avtomaturad xdeba, Tumca misma mizezma jer
ver moaswro cnobierebamde miRweva; agreTve moqmedeba cnobierebis
bunebrivi an xelovnuri gamoTiSvisas (mag., Zilisas, simTvralisas). 2.
aqtiuri fsiqikuri procesebi, romlebic uSualod ar monawileoben
pirovnebis Segnebul damokidebulebaSi sinamdvilesTan da amitom
mocemul momentSi TviTon ar arian gacnobierebulni (qvecnobieri). 3.
fsiqikis sfero, sadac Tavs iyrian maradiuli miswrafebebi, romelTa
sazrisic instinqtebiT ganisazRvreba da cnobierebisTvis miuwvdomelia.
artefaqti (laT. ars – xeloba, xelovneba + factus _ gakeTebuli, Seqmnili). 1.
adamianis Seqmnili, damzadebuli nivTi.
artefaqti/artifaqti (laT. arte – xelovnurad da factus – gakeTebuli) –
xelovnebis qmnileba; aqedan: kulturis a. _ adamianis mier damzadebuli
nivTi, romelic mocemuli qveynis kulturis Tu momxmareblebis Sesaxeb
garkveul informacias gvawvdis.
arqauli (Zv. berZn. ajrcai`o~ Zveli, pirvelqmnili) _ Zveli, ZvelisZveli.
asketuri _ (asketi, asketizmi) _ 1. religiuri principi, romelic iTvaliswinebs
grZnobaTa da miswrafebaTa daokebasa da daTrgunvas zneobrivi
srulyofisa da RvTaebriv samyarosTan SerTvis mizniT; 2. cxovrebis
mkacri wesi, ukiduresi TavSekaveba, yofiT sikeTesa da siamovnebaze
uaris Tqma.
aura _ (berZn. au[ra _ qrolva) _ 1. astraluri sxeulis zedapiri an Tavad
sxeuli. a. aRiqmeba sulisa da sulierebis gamovlenad da SeiZleba
warmodges, rogorc sxeuls garsSemortymuli mokaSkaSe elifsoidi. 2.
bioveli (mecnierulad dadasturebuli ar aris), adamianis fsiqikuri
energia. 3. religiur mistikasa da saxviT xelovnebaSi Saravandedi,
nimbis formis brwyinvaleba RmerTis an wmindanis Tavze.
arqetipi (berZ. ajrcev-tupon) – risame pirvelsaxe, sawyisi, amosavali forma.
aqsiomaturi (berZn. ajxiwmatikov~ _ aqsiomebiT gamoxatuli) _ samecniero Teoriis
agebis meTodi, romelic efuZneba aqsiomebis (postulatebis, udavo
WeSmaritebebis) sistemas.

196
aqsiologia (berZ. ajxiva – Rirebuleba, faseuloba) – filosofiis dargi, romelic
Rirebulebis sakiTxs Seiswavlis. xSirad is moicavs eTikasa da
esTetikas, romlebic Rirebulebis gagebas efuZneba. mas xSirad aigiveben
Rirebulebis Teoriasa da meta-eTikasTan. termini pirvelad gamoiyenes
me-19 s-is bolos da me-20-is dasawyisSi. bolo wlebSi mis nacvlad
ufro xSirad termins - `Rirebulebis Teoria~ _ mimarTaven.
RirebulebebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi pirvelad wamoWra sokratem da
Tavisi filosofiis amosavlad aqcia. kerZod, ganmartebisaTvis, Tu ra
aris sikeTe. antikur da Suasaukuneebis filosofiaSi Rirebulebis
sakiTxi uSualod yofierebis sakiTxs daukavSirda: yofierebis sisavse
esmodaT, rogorc absoluturi Rirebuleba, romelic erTsa da imave
dros esTetikur da eTikur idealebs gulisxmobda. platonis
koncefciaSi ki erTiani da sikeTe yofierebis, keTilSobilebis da
silamazis igiveobrivia.
aqtanti (fr. actant _ moqmedi < laT. acta,orum _ moqmedeba) _ semiotikis
mkvlevarma algirdas Julien greimasma SeimuSava e.w. `aqtanturi~
modeli. am modelis mixedviT, Txrobisas gamoikveTeba: `gmiri, mteri
(gmiris mowinaaRmdege), obieqti (Ziebisa), damxmare (gmirisa) da gamgzavni
(visi iniciativiTac iwyeba raimes Zieba)~. es rolebi ambis (Tu
narativis) aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilebia. ama Tu im aqtantis
gareSe ambavi ar iqneboda srulyofili. ase rom, aqtanti ubralod
narativis gmiri rodia, is misi aucilebeli struqturuli elementia.
arahomogenuri _ araerTgvarovani. homogenuris sapirispiro. homogenuri (berZn.
oJmogenhv~) erTi da imave gvaris, erTi da imave warmoSobis. monaTesave.

bazisi (berZn. bavsi~ _ safuZveli) _ safuZveli, sayrdeni.

banaluri (frang. banal Sablonuri, erTxel miRebuli nimuSi, romelsac brmad
baZaven) _ saSualo, ugvani; kargad cnobili, gadaWarbebuli gamonaTqvami.
binaruli (frang. binaire) – 1. ori nawilisagan Semdgari, ormagi. 2. (maTemat.)
orobiTi (mag. orobiTi Tvla). 3. binaruli Targmani – Targmani
uSualod erTi enidan meoreze. 4. binaruli opozicia _ kritikul
TeoriaSi dapirispirebul cnebaTa wyvili. struqturalizmSi b.o.-s
ganixilaven, rogorc adamianuri filosofiis, kulturisa da enis
fundamentur momawesrigebels. poststruqturalizmSi is miiCneva
dasavluri azrovnebis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad da rogorc
wesi, am opoziciaSi erTi elementi dominirebs meoreze. b.o.-s klasikuri
magaliTia arseboba-ararsebobis diqotomia.
brikolaJi (frang. Brie – safrangeTis erT-erTi adgilis mixedviT Serqmeuli
nadnobi yveli da collage – dawebeba) – inteleqtualuri azris, amocanis
axsna iribad, Semxvedri azridan gamomdinare, romelic logikur
msjelobazea dafuZnebuli. struqturalizmSi am terminis damkvidrebas
levi-stross miaweren da `nawilebisgan Sedgenil konstruqcias~ niSnavs
(kolaJis msgavsad). am terminiT aRniSnaven imas, Tu rogor Sedgeba esa
Tu is teqsti kulturis, istoriis, enisa da sxva teqstebis
nawilebisgan.

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bukvaluri (rus.) _ sityvasityviTi; zusti, pirdapiri, zedmiwevniTi.

gaucxoeba _ adamianis gaTiSva materialuri da sulieri Rirebulebebisagan,

sazogadoebisagan.
genderuli (laT. genus – saxe, saxeoba, tipi) – socio sqesi, fsiqologiasa da
seqsologiaSi farTo mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba da gulisxmobs nebismier
fsiqikur da qmedebis Taviseburebebs, romlebic mamrobiTobasa da
mdedrobiTobasTan igivdebian da erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben mamakacsa da
qals.
genealogiuri (berZn. genea-logiva _ sagvareulo nusxa) _ sagvareulo naTesaobis,
warmomavlobis amsaxveli.
genezisi (berZ. gevnesi~) – warmoSoba, warmoqmna.
generatiuli _ gamomwvevi, warmomSobi, warmomqmneli.
glosematika (-uri) (berZ. glw`ssa – ena) – struqturalizmis erT-erTi
saxesxvaoba enaTmecnierebaSi; diferenciuli semiotikuri modeli,
romelic SeimuSava danielma enaTmecnierma lui elmslevma (Helmslev,
1899-1965). am modelis mixedviT, teqsti orplaniania: misi Sinaarsi
warmoadgens aRsaniSnis, gamosaxva ki – aRmniSvnelis plans.
gnoseologiuri (berZn. gnw`si~ _ Secnoba, codna + logov~ _ moZRvreba, swavleba)
_ gnoseologia aris filosofiis nawili, romelic Seiswavlis
Semecnebis kanonzomierebebs. codnis mimarTebas sinamdvilesTan da
adamianis mier samyaros Semecnebis SesaZleblobas.
grafikuli (berZn. gravfw ) _ vwer) _ werilobiTi.
groteski (frang. grotesque) – literaturasa da xelovnebaSi mxatvruli xerxi,
romelic damyarebulia metismet gazviadebaze; mkveTri kontrastebis –
realobisa da fantastikis, tragikulisa da komikuris Sexamebaze; aseTi
xerxiT Seqmnili nawarmoebi.

dadaizmi (frang. dadáisme) – Cvili bavSvebisaTvis ZiriTadi bgerebis _ `dada~-s

mixedviT warmoqmnili saxeli. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg (1914-
1924) eqspresionizmidan gamosuli ukiduresad formalisturi
mimarTuleba xelovnebasa da literaturaSi.
devalvirebuli (germ. devalvation < laT. de + veleo) _ gaufasurebuli;
mniSvnelobadakarguli.
dezavuireba (frang. dèsavouer _ uaris Tqma, uaryofa) _ saxelmwifos an mTavrobis
meTauris gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom misi diplomatiuri
warmomadgenlis Tu sxva oficialuri rwmunebulis esa Tu is aqti ar
Seesabameba am piris uflebamosilebas da amitom moklebulia iuridiul
mniSvnelobas. d.-s Cveulebriv Tan axlavs diplomatiuri warmomadgenlis
Tu sxva oficialuri warmomadgenlis gawveva.

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dekadenturi (frang. decadence _ dacema, daqveiTeba) _ mimarTuleba literaturasa
da xelovnebaSi, romelic Camoyalibda XIX s-is bolos da XX s-is
dasawyisSi. am periodis socialurma problemebma warmoSva uimedoba,
sasowarkveTileba, cxovrebis uaryofa, rasac moyva kulturis krizisi.
deklarireba (laT. declaro – vacxadeb, vamJRavneb, vaqveyneb) – oficialuri,
sazeimo gamocxadeba (raime aqtis, kanonis, ZiriTadi principebis da a.
S.).
dekodireba _ gaSifvra.
delimitireba (laT. delimitatio _ gansazRvra, dadgena) _ sazRvrebis dadgena;
gamijvna.
denotacia (laT. denoto – niSnis dadeba, niSnis dasma, aRniSvna, miTiTeba) –
gamoiyeneba logikaSi, semantikasa da semiotikaSi gansazRvruli
mniSvnelobiT enobrivi an sxva niSnebis rekomendaciisaTvis. konotaciasa
da denotacias Soris gansxvaveba filosofos jon stiuart milis
saxels ukavSirdeba. is saxelebs Soris Sreobriv gansxvavebebze
miuTiTebs. saxelis konotacia aris gansazRvreba an gansazRvrebebi,
romelic/romlebic ama Tu im saxelSi igulisxmeba. saxelis denotacia
aris nebismieri obieqti, romelsac es saxeli miemarTeba. denotacia,
vTqvaT, poeziaSi, sityvis pirdapir mniSvnelobas gulisxmobs, konotacia
ki _ sityvis sugestiur mniSvnelobas.
depersonalizebuli (laT. de _ gamoyofis winsarTi + persona _ pirovneba, saxe)
_ rodesac moSlilia TviTSegneba, rac xasiaTdeba sakuTari azrebis,
emociebis, moqmedebebis gaucxoebis SegrZnebiT; sakuTari `me~-s dakargvis
mtanjveli grZnobiT.
derivacia (laT. derivatio _ ganyeneba, gadaxra) _ axali sityvebis warmoeba enaSi
asebuli modelebis mixedviT: afiqsebis darTviT, bgeraTa monacvleobiT,
sityvaTa SeerTebiT, axali leqsikuri mniSvnelobebis ganviTarebisa da
sxva saSualebebis daxmarebiT. sityvaTwarmoeba, warmoqmna.
deskrifcia (frang. description) – aRwera. aqedan descriptive – deskrifciuli –
aRweriTi.
destruqcia (laT. destructio) _ ngreva, uaryofa.
determinizmi (laT. determino – ganvsazRvrav) – filosofiuri moZRvreba, romlis
mixedviTac, yoveli movlena aucilebeli mizezobrivi kavSiriT aris
ganpirobebuli da adamianis survils ar emorCileba.
defamilarizacia – mxatvruli teqstis lingvisturi SesaZleblobebis ganaxleba,
transformireba; literaturis, rogorc konstruqciis deavtomatizacia
– gaucnaureba, anu arsebuli modelis gaazrebuli transformacia axal,
uCveulo, originalur mxatvrul modelad.
definicia (laT. definitio – gansazRvra) – cnebis, sityvis, niSnis, simbolos zusti
gansazRvra misi yvelaze arsebiTi niSnebis saSualebiT.
dehumanizacia _ adamianuri saxis, adamianuri Tvisebebis dakargvineba; gausaxureba.
dialeqtika (berZn. dialektikhv) _ mecniereba bunebis, sazogadoebis da azrovnebis
ganviTarebis uzogadesi kanonebis Sesaxeb. ukve antikuri filosofia
yvelafer arsebuls ganmartavs, rogorc cvalebadobis process;
yovelgvari Tviseba gadadis Tavis sapirispiroSi. dialeqtikis
mamoZravebelia dapirispirebulTa erTianoba da brZola. termini d.
filosofiaSi sxvadasxva azriT ixmareba.

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dialeqtikuri (berZn. dialektikhv _ yofierebis marTebulad dayofis xelovneba) _
azrovnebis meTodi, romelic efuZneba moZRvrebas yofierebisa da
Semecnebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb; cdilobs Cawvdes realobaSi arsebul
winaaRmdegobebs, amoicnos dapirispirebis mizezebi da ganviTarebis
tendenciebi.
diaqronia (berZn. diav _ Semdeg, gamWoli + crovno~ _ dro) _ 1. enaTmecnieruli
meTodi, romelic Seiswavlis enas, rogorc cvalebad movlenas, misi
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze. upirispirdeba sinqronias, romelic
swavlobs enas erT romelime epoqaSi (termini SemoiRo ferdinand de
sosiurma). 2. es termini gacda enaTmecnierebis sferos da analogiuri
datvirTviT gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis kvlevisas.
diaqronuli (berZ. diav – gavliT, gamWoli da crovno~ – dro) – (ling.) enobriv
movlenaTa ganviTarebis istoriuli Tanamimdevroba (SeadareT –
sinqronuli).
diglosia (berZn. div-glwsso~ _ orenovani) _ orenovneba.
diegeturi (berZn. di-hvghsi~ _ Txroba, gadmocema) _ saqmis arsis gadmocema (laT.
narratio).
diseminacia (laT. disseminatio _ Tesva, gadat. gavrceleba) _ gavrceleba, ganRvra,
difuzia, gafantva. es termini Semoitana deridam. misi ganmartebiT,
`diseminacias Tan axlavs siWarbesa da naklulobas Soris TamaSi
aRniSvnis farglebSi~; es TamaSi dausruleblad grZeldeba. diseminacia
angrevs teqstis unikalurobis gagebas, mis hegemoniur centrs.
diskursi (gv. laT. discursus – msjeloba, sabuTi) – msjeloba, ganxilva, garCeva,
mecnieruli gamokvleva, azrTa gacvla-gamocvla. aqedan – diskursiuli –
gansjiTi, Tanmimdevruli msjeloba, romlis drosac yoveli momdevno
azri logikurad gamomdinareobs winamavalisagan. diskursuli Semecneba
– logikuri gziT miRweuli Semecneba (gansxvavebiT intuiciurisagan,
romelsac aRweven uSualo WvretiT).
distributiuli (laT. distributivus _ gasanawilebeli; ganmanawilebeli) _
lingvisturi gamokvlevis meTodi, romliTac enobrivi erTeulebis
klasifikacia da Tvisebebis gamokvleva xdeba teqstSi maTi
ganrigebadobis (distribuciis) safuZvelze.
distribucia (distribuo _ vyof, vmijvnav) _ enobrivi elementebis ganawileba,
ganlageba erTmaneTis mimarT metyvelebis procesSi; erToblioba yvela im
garemocvisa (konteqstisa), romlebSic SeiZleba Segvxvdes mocemuli
enobrivi elementi (im garemocvaTa sapirispirod, romlebSic is ar
SeiZleba Segvxvdes).
difuzuri (laT. diffusio _ gavrceleba, gafarToeba, gadineba) _ gavrcelebuli,
ganRvrili, diseminirebuli, gafantuli.
diqotomia (berZ. dico-tomiva – orad gakveTa) _ 1. mTelis gayofa orad, Semdeg
TiToeuli nawilisa kvlav orad da a. S.; gantotva. 2. (lit.) formisa
da Sinaarsis diqotomia; formalistebTan – forma-Sinaarsisa da masalis.
3. tradiciul logikaSi apelativis (gvari, tipi, kategoria) erT-erTi
saxeobrivi cnebis gamoyofa da misi uaryofa. aRsaniSnavia, rom Jak
deridaseuli binaruli logikis kritika mimarTulia kulturuli
cnobierebis sakvanZo opoziciebSi (metyveleba_naweri, suli_sxeuli,
materia_forma) implicirebuli (CarTuli) ierarqizaciisa da amiT

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 gamowveuli metafizikuri hipoTezebis (fonocentrizmi da prezentizmi)
winaaRmdeg. dualizmebis polusebi konkretul SemTxvevaSi
konotirebuli arian vrcel semantikur velSi, romelic sxva sakvanZo
cnebebis semantikur velTan sistematuri gadajaWvis meSveobiT Caeqsoveba
koherentul, Tavis TavSi Caketil, urTierTdamamkvidrebel, ierarqiulad
organizebul da moralurad devalvirebul samyaros xats.
dogmatizacia (berZn. dovgma _ Tvalsazrisi, dadgenileba). raime cnebis, ideis,
debulebis usityvod, ukamaTod aRiareba, dakanoneba.
dominanti (laT. dominans – gabatonebuli) – 1. ZiriTadi, gabatonebuli idea;
raimes ZiriTadi niSani. 2. (mus.) maJoruli an minoruli gamis mexuTe
safexuri. 3. (fiziol.) centralur nervul sistemaSi: droebiT
gabatonebuli refleqsi, romelic cvlis an aferxebs sxva refleqsebs.
dualizmi (laT. dualis – orobiTi) – oroba, antagonizmi, dapirispirebuloba. 2.
or dapirispirebul Zalas Soris kamaTi. 3. filosofiur-religiuri
moZRvreba, romelic samyaros safuZvlad or erTmaneTisagan
damoukidebel sawyiss (materialursa da idealurs) aRiarebs.

egzistencializmi (laT. exsistentia – arseboba) – mimarTuleba me-20 saukunis

filosofiasa da literaturaSi. misi ZiriTadi Temaa pirovnebis bed-
iRbali Tanamedrove samyaroSi, rwmena da urwmunoeba, sicocxlis
sazrisis dakargva da a. S. e-is fuZemdebelia martin haidegeri (1889-
1976). winaaRmdeg Tavisi amosavali subieqtur-idealisturi sawyisisa, e.
aRiarebs adamianisagan damoukidebeli da misTvis savsebiT ucxo samyaros
arsebobas da, amasTan, TviT adamianis `mitovebulobas~, `usaxlkarobas~
am ucxo samyaroSi, rac ganapirobebs adamianis arsebobis absurdulobas
da misi yofis tragikulobas. adamianma ar icis, ratom an risTvis
arsebobs; man mxolod is icis, rom elis garduvali sikvdili. igi
ganwirulia uazro da tragikuli yofisaTvis. aseTi koncefcia
TavisTavad gamoricxavs esTetikur aspeqts da xelovnebis SemecnebiT
funqcias fiqciad aqcevs.
egologiuri (berZn. ejgwv + logiva) _ `egos~ `me~-s Seswavla.
evolucia (laT. evolutio – gaSla, gadaSla (wignis), kiTxva) – 1. (biol.) cocxal
organizmTa ganviTareba sicocxlis dabali formidan maRali,
srulyofili formebisaken. 2. sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTareba.
evropocentristuli _ koncefcia, romlis mixedviT, mecnierebis, xelovnebis,
filosofiis, literaturis da a. S. namdvili Rirebulebebi mxolod
evropaSi viTardeba.
ezoTeruli (berZ. ejswterikov~ – Sinagani, dafaruli) – saidumlo, dafaruli
(iTqmis religiuri wesebis, mistikur moZRvrebaTa, magiur formulaTa
Sesaxeb); is, rac gankuTvnilia mxolod imaTTvis, visac gaendvnen,
gandobilTaTvis gasagebi.
eTnologi (berZn. e[qno~ _ tomi, xalxi + lovgo~ _ sityva, moZRvreba) _ mecnieri,
romelic Seiswavlis sxvadasxva xalxis yofiT, kulturul
Taviseburebebs; warmoSobas (eTnogenezi), gansaxlebas (eTnografia) da
kulturul-istoriul urTierTobebs.

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eidetoba (berZ. ei\do~) – sagnebis an situaciebis mxatvrulad ise warmoCenis
unari, TiTqos es namdvilad xdeba; edmund huserlis mixedviT, eideturi
mecniereba arsis (Wesen) TavisTavadobiTaa dainteresebuli, rac
intuiciasa da ideazea damyarebuli.
ekvivalenturi _ imave Rirebulebis mqone; ramis Semcvleli, imave Rirebulebis,
iseTive, Tanatoli.
ekleqtizmi (berZ. ejk-lektov~ – amorCeuli) – sxvadasxvagvar SexedulebaTa,
TeoriaTa, ideur mimarTulebaTa nebismieri, uprincipo SeerTeba.
elifsisi (berZn. e[lleiyi~ _ amovardna, gamotoveba) _ stilistikuri xerxi,
poeturi figura, rodesac winadadebaSi gamotovebulia misaxvedri
sityva. misi amoReba xels ar uSlis azris zust gadmocemas,
gamotovebulis magivrobas asrulebs tire. e. enaTesaveba dumils.
emanacia (laT. emanatio _ warmodineba, gardamosvla) _ filosofiuri termini,
romelic miuTiTebs samyaros warmoSobis process RmrTisagan
warmodinebis gziT. emanaciis sapirispiro cnebaa evolucia. emanacia
daRmavalia, evolucia _ aRmavali.
empirizmi (berZ. ejm-peiriva – gamocdileba, cda) – 1. filosofiuri mimarTuleba,
romelic Semecnebis erTaderT wyarod gamocdilebas, grZnobad aRqmas
miiCnevs da saTanadod ver afasebs an sruliad uaryofs Teoriul
ganzogadebaTa da logikuri azrovnebis mniSvnelobas. 2. praqtikuli
moRvaweobisadmi, cdisadmi midrekileba, praqtikuli moRvaweoba
(Teoriuli kvlevis sazianod). aqedan empiriuli – empirizmTan
dakavSirebuli, empiriaze damyarebuli, cdiseuli.
enigma (berZ. ai[nigma – gamocana) – saidumlo, gamoucnobi; enigmaturi –
idumalebiT moculi.
epataJuri (frang. épatage) _ skandaluri gamoxdoma; saqcieli, romelic arRvevs
sazogadod miRebul normebsa da wesebs.
epigonuri (berZn. ejpivgono~ _ STamomavali, Semdeg dabadebuli) _ raime
mimarTulebis brmad mimdevroba; rodesac mxatvrul qmnilebas aklia
originaloba da damoukidebloba.
episteme (berZn. ejpisthvmh _ codna, unari, xelovneba) _ episteme aris termin
`teqnes“ (berZn. tevcnh _ xelosnoba) sapirispiro. miSel fuko am
terminiT aRniSnavda istoriul a priori-s (cdisgan damoukideblad;
wmindad SemecnebiTi), romelic safuZvlad udevs codnasa da diskurss.
epistemologia (berZ. ejpisthvmh – codna da lovgo~ – moZRvreba) – Semecnebis
Teoria. gnoseologia. termini e gamoiyeneba inglissa da amerikaSi, ufro
iSviaTad – german. da frang. filosofiaSi. termin e-s SemoReba
miewereba Sotlandiel filosofoss j. f. feries (`metafizikis
safuZvlebi~, 1854), romelic filosofias ontologiad da
epistemologiad yofda.
esencialuri (laT. essentialis – arsebiTi) – arsebiTi, umniSvnelovanesi, mTavari,
upiratesi. 2. mniSvnelovani punqti.
etimologia (laT. etymologia – sityvaTa warmoeba) – enaTmecnierebis dargi,
romelic swavlobs sityvis warmomavlobas, Sedgenilobas da
Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobas.
efemera (-uli) (berZ. ejf-hvmero~) – 1. xanmokle, swrafwarmavali. 2. mwerebi,
frinvelebi, romlebic mxolod erT dRes cocxloben.

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eqsplikacia (laT. explicatio _ ganmarteba) _ 1. igive, rac legenda. 2. muzeumis
an gamofenis eqsponatebis mokle werilobiTi aRwera, romelic
ganmartavs da Sefasebas aZlevs mocemul mxatvrul qmnilebas.
eqsplikaciuri (laT. explicatio – axsna, gaSla) – ganmartebuli, axsnili,
warmodgenili, damtkicebuli.
eqsponireba (laT. ex-pono _ saCveneblad gamofena) _ sajarod Cveneba.
eqspresionizmi (frang. expression _ gamosaxva) _ neomodernizmis epoqis mxatvruli
mimarTuleba. e.-is mxatvruli koncefcia emyareba froidis fsiqoanalizs,
huserlis fenomenologias, neokantianur gnoseologias da sxva. e.
gamoxatavs xelovanis wuxils samyaros arasrulyofilebis gamo; e.-is
azriT, adamiani bunebis Svilia, mgrZnobiare arsebaa, romlisTvisac
ucxoa industriuli da urbanistuli racionaluri samyaro.
eqstravertuli (laT. exter – gareTa, gareSe, ganapira da verto – movabruneb,
vatrialeb) – garesamyarosaken mimarTuli, kontaqturi, gaxsnili, gare
zemoqmedebis mimRebi (SeadareT introventuli).
eqstrapolacia (laT. extra _ gareT, gareSe; garda + polio _ vaprialeb, vxexav,
vcvli) _ 1. mecnieruli kvlevis meTodi, romelic gulisxmobs movlenis
erT nawilze dakvirvebis Sedegebis ganvrcobas, gadatanas mis sxva
nawilebze.
eqscentruli _ ucnauri, arordinaruli, araCveulebrivi.

vakuumi (laT. vacuum _ sicariele) _ sicariele; sruli ararseboba.

validuroba (laT. validus – jansaRi, Ronieri, Zlieri, Zalis mqone) – 1. kanonis
Zala. 2. raime mecnieruli cdis vargisianoba.
variacia (laT. variatio _ gansxvaveba, cvlileba) _ ramis meorexarisxovani
elementebis, nawilebis saxecvlileba ZiriTadis (mTavris) SenarCunebiT.
verbaluri (laT. verbalis) – sityvieri, zepiri; verbaluri nota – (dipl.)
xelmouwereli nota, romelic uTanabrdeba zepir gancxadebas.
veqtori (laT. vector _ wamyvani) _ (maTem.). sworxazovani monakveTi, romelsac
garkveuli mdgomareoba da mimarTuleba aqvs.
virtualuri _ (ze)moqmedebis unari materialuri an grZnobiTi saSualebebis
Caurevlad; ara arsebuli, aramed _ warmosaxviTi.
voluntarizmi (laT. voluntas _ neba, survili) _ Tvalsazrisi, romelic nebas
(nebisyofas) miiCnevs yofierebis umaRles principad. v. uaryofs
obieqtur kanonzomierebas da aucileblobas. 2. politikasa da
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi: TviTneburi, subieqturi gadawyvetilebani.

zaumuri – uazro (azrs miRma myofi), gaugebari (metyveleba, leqsebi da a. S.).

zednaSeni _ istoriuli materializmis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kategoria (bazisTan
erTad). sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis aramaterialuri, sulieri mxare,
iuridiuli da politikuri instituciebiT, romelsac sazogadoebrivi
cnobierebis gansazRvruli formebi Seesabameba. sazogadoebis ekonomikuri

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 struqturis safuZvelze (bazisze) Seqmnili iuridiuli da politikuri
instituciebi.D

TviTidenturi _ sakuTar TavTan igiveobrivi.

TviTkmari _ sxvisi daxmarebis gareSe sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba.
damoukidebeli; sxvisi gavlenisgan Tavisufali.
TviTrefleqsuri _ TviTanalizi, introspeqcia, sakuTar TavSi CaRrmaveba.

iambika (berZn. ijambikov" iamburi) _ 1. berZnuli leqsis sazomi, romelic Sedgeba

grZeli da mokle marcvlebisagan. iamburi sazomi gamoiyeneboda damcinavi
Sinaarsis leqsebis Txzvisas. 2. literaturis Janri, romelic
nayofierebis zrdis ritualSi Caisaxa da miznad isaxavda borotebis
aridebas. am nawarmoebebis metruli sazomi iyo iamburi trimetri.
idealizmi (laT. idea, berZ. ijdeva – idea, ideali) – mimarTuleba filosofiaSi,
romlis mixedviTac idea, cnobiereba, suli aris pirveladi, xolo
materia, buneba, yofiereba – meoradi. subieqturi idealizmi –
idealizmi, romelic uaryofs obieqtur realobas da amtkicebs, rom
sagnebi da movlenebi arsebobs mxolod adamianis cnobierebaSi.
obieqturi idealizmi – idealizmi, romelic amtkicebs, rom yovelive
arsebulis safuZveli aris samyaros miRma `obieqturad~ arsebuli
`absoluturi idea~, `msoflio suli~, aramaterialuri sawyisi
(saboloo angariSiT – RmerTi).
identificireba (saS. laT. identificare _ gaigiveba) _ gaigiveba, gatoleba an
mimsgavseba.
ideograma (berZ. ijdeva – cneba da gravmma – aso, naweri) – werilobiTi niSani,
pirobiTi gamosaxuleba an naxati, romelic, asosagan gansxvavebiT,
sametyvelo bgeras ki ar Seesabameba, aramed mTel sityvas, cnebas an
morfemas. ideogramebisagan Sedgeba Cinuri damwerloba.
ideografia (berZ. ijdeva – cneba da gravfw – vwer) – ideogramebiT damwerloba.
idiosinkretizmi (berZ. i[dio~ – sakuTari da suvngkrasi~ – Sereva) – 1. raime
nivTierebisadmi gadaWarbebuli mgrZnobeloba, alergiis gansakuTrebuli
forma. 2. (fsiq.) zizRi, antipaTia, cudi ganwyoba vinmes an rames mimarT.
ierarqiuli (berZn. iJerarcikov~ _ wminda xelisufleba) _ mmarTvelobis principi,
rodesac qvemdgomni emorCilebian zemdgomebs. TanamdebobaTa, wodebaTa da
a.S. rigi dalagebuli daqvemdebarebisa da umciresidan umaRlesisken
gadasvlis wesiT.
ilokuciuri _ termini `ilokuciuri aqti~ Semoitana jon ostinma. ostinis
Tanaxmad, ilokuciuri aqti aris (1) aqti, romelic unda ganvumarto
sxvas da avuxsna, ratom Cavidine es; ratom moviqeci ase. (2) moqmedeba,
romelsac SeTanxmebis Zala aqvs (uflebebi, valdebulebebi). magaliTad,
imisTvis, rom davamtkico sakuTari piroba, mosaubres/msmenels unda
avuxsna, rom dapirebuls Sevasruleb. ase rom, pirobis dadeba

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 ilokuciuri aqtia. magram bevri dRes am termins sxva SemTxvevebis
mimarTac iyenebs; magaliTad, rodesac raimes ganacxadebs, brZanebis
gacemisas, Cveulebrivi dapirebisas da a. S.
iluzia (frang. illusion _ cdomileba < laT. illusio _ cdomileba, dacinva) _
ganuxorcielebeli ocneba, usafuZvlo imedi; sinamdviles dacilebuli
survilebi.
iluzoruli (iluziuri) (laT. illusio) _ moCvenebiTi.
imago (laT. imago) _ xati, saxeoba.
imanenturi (laT. immanens – Sinagani) – 1. sagnis, movlenis, procesis Sinaganad
damaxasiaTebeli, misTvis niSandoblivi, misi bunebidan gamomdinare. 2.
(filos.) subieqturi idealizmis nairsaxeoba, romelic amtkicebs, rom
yofiereba aris mxolod cnobierebis imanenturi (Sinagani) Sinaarsi da
uaryofs obieqturi, cnobierebisagan damoukidebeli (transcendenturi)
samyaros arsebobas.
implicituri (laT. implicite – daxlarTulad) – 1. daxlarTuli; gadat. arev-
darevis Setana. 2. CarTuli, Setanili, Seyvanili. 3. nagulisxmevi,
iribad miniSnebuli.
impresionizmi – stiluri mimarTuleba me-19 s-is meore naxevris xelovnebasa da
literaturaSi, romelic momentalur, wuTier subieqtur
STabeWdilebebsa da ganwyobilebebs aZlevda gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas da
cdilobda mis asaxvas. i. Caisaxa safrangeTSi (frangi mxatvris – eduard
manes naxatis saxelwodebis mixedviT - `Impression~ - `STabeWdileba~,
romelic eqsponirebuli iyo parizis gamofenaze 1874 wels).
individumi (laT. individuus _ ganuyofeli) _ individi, pirovneba, piri, persona.
invarianti (frang. invariant) – 1. (maTem.) sidide, romelic ucvleli rCeba ama Tu
im gardaqmnis dros. 2. gadakeTebis, gardaqmnis, transformaciis dros is
nawili, romelic ucvleli rCeba.
inversia (laT. inverto – gadasma, mobruneba) – 1. qarTul gramatikaSi: piris
niSanTa SeqceviTi xmareba – subieqti gamoxatulia obieqturi piris
niSniT, xolo obieqti – subieqturi piris niSniT (v-a-keTeb, magram m-
ikeTebia). 2. (lit.) winadadebaSi sityvaTa Cveulebrivi rigis Secvla
stilisturi mizniT. inversiuli leqsikoni – leqsikoni, romelSic
sityvebi dalagebulia maTi bolokiduri asoebis anbanze. gamoiyeneba
enaTmecnierebaSi teqstis avtomaturi analizis dros (manqanuri
TargmanisaTvis).
inicireba (laT. initium) _ dawyeba, Sesvla, Taosnoba, magaliTi.
inkarnacia (laT. incarnatio – gansaxiereba, ganxorcieleba) – 1. gankaceba (RmerTis).
reinkarnacia – meored gansxeuleba, mkvdris meore sicocxleSi
dabruneba (aRdgoma).
inovacia (ingl. innovation) _ siaxlis danergva.
institucia (laT. institutio _ mowyoba, moqmedeba; darigeba) _ moqalaqeTa
sxvadasxvagvari gaerTianeba _ ojaxi, partia, eklesia.
institucionalizmi saxelmwifos ganixilavs, rogorc erT-erT
institucias.
instinqti (laT. instinctus _ ganzraxva, wadili, survili) _ 1. biol. cocxali
organizmebis sruliad gaucnobiereblad mizanSewonili qmedebebis

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 Tandayolili unari garegani da Sinagani garemos cvlilebebis
sapasuxod. 2. gaucnobierebeli, uangariSo ltolva, grZnoba. 3. alRo.
institucionaluri (laT. institutio _ vawyob, vmoqmedeb) _ sazogadoebriv
institutebTan dakavSirebuli.
integracia (laT. integratio _ aRdgena, ganaxleba) _ erT mTlianobaSi gaerTianeba.
amis sapirispiro procesia dezintegracia.
inteleqtualuri (laT. intellego _ Sevicnob, aRviqvam) _ gonebrivi; maRali
gonierebiT gamorCeuli; analitikuri unaris mqone.
inteligibeluri _ is, risi gageba, wvdoma (aRqma) SeiZleba gonebiT da ara
grZnobebis meSveobiT.
intencia (laT. intentio – daWimva, daZabva, yuradReba) – ganzraxva, mizani, swrafva
raimesaken, mimarTuloba.
intencionaluri (laT. intentio – yuradReba) – ganzraxuli, Cafiqrebuli,
mizanmimarTuli.
interaqcia (ingl. intaction – laT. inter + activus _ qmediTi) _ termini, romelic
gamoiyeneba socialur fsiqologiasa da kulturologiaSi da aRniSnavs
urTierTqmedebas, urTierTgavlenas adamianTa Soris an jgufebis
urTierTzemoqmedebas.
interdisciplinaruli (laT. inter – Soris, Sua da disciplina – moZRvreba,
mecniereba, wesi, wyobileba) – sxvadasxva disciplinebis momcveli;
mraval samecniero dargTa, specialobaTa momcveli.
interiorizebuli (laT. interior _ Sinagani) _ garedan SigniT Sesvla. cneba,
romelic aRniSnavs gonebrivi moqmedebisa da cnobierebis Sinagani planis
formirebas individis mier gare moqmedebebisa da socialuri formebis
aTvisebis saSualebiT.
interpelacia (laT. interpellatio _ Sewyveta, darRveva, dabrkoleba) _ cneba
Semoitana marqsistma filosofosma lui alTiuserma. igi am terminiT
aRniSnavda process, romlis drosac ideologia warmarTavs subieqts.
alTiuseri daupirispirda subieqtis, rogorc mizezis da substanciis
klasikur ganmartebas da xazi gausva imas, rom garemoeba yovelTvis win
uswrebs subieqts (individs, koleqtivs).
interpretacia (laT. interpretatio – axsna, ganmarteba, Targmani) – 1. raime azris
axsna. azris naTelyofa, gasageb enaze Targmna, ganmarteba. 2.mxatvruli
saxis axsna, rolis mxatvruli gansaxovneba, nawarmoebis arsis
ganmarteba an musikaluri nawarmoebis Taviseburi, SemoqmedebiTi
Sesruleba.
interteqstualoba _ es termini pirvelad poststruqturalistma iulia
kristevam gamoiyena 1966 w. Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT, igi aluziis
analogiuria. Semdgom am terminis mniSvneloba mravaljer Seicvala: 1. i.
teqstis mniSvnelobis Camoyalibeba sxva teqstebis daxmarebiT.
interteqsti SeiZleba iyos avtoris mier nasesxebi an
transformirebuli sxva teqsti. 2. mkiTxvelis mier erTi teqstis
kiTxvisas sxva teqstis moxmoba.
intriga (frang. intrigue < laT. intrico _ vxlarTav) _ 1. xrikebi, mzakvroba. 2.
siuJetis CaxlarTuloba: ambebis gadaxlarTva, personaJTa Soris
daZabuli urTierTobebis gamoxatva. moqmedebis organizaciis forma
dramatul, prozaul TxzulebebSi.

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introvertuli (laT. intro – SigniT da verto – vabruneb) – adamianis Sinagani,
siRrmiseuli samyarosaken mimarTuli, sakuTar sulier arsebobaze
koncentrirebuli, axlobelTaTvis SeuRwevadi, garegani zemoqmedebisagan
daculi.
iracionaluri (laT. irrationalis _ aragonivruli) _ gonierebis miRma, gaugebari,
alogikuri; racionalur azrovnebasTan SeuTavsebeli.

kabala (Zv. ebr.) _ Suasaukuneobrivi mistikuri moZRvreba iudaizmSi, romelic

yoveli sagnis safuZvels cifrebsa da ebrauli alfabetis asoebSi
eZiebs. xolo gansakuTrebul saSualebebs _ avgarozebsa da formulebSi.
kaTarsisi (berZ. kavqarsi~ – ganwmenda) – 1. Zvel berZnul filosofiaSi
(piTagora, heraklite, platoni, aristotele) esTetikuri gancda,
`sulis ganwmenda~. 2. froidizmSi fsiqoTerapiis erT-erTi meTodi. 3.
sulieri ganwmenda.
kalamburi (frang. calembour) – sityvaTa TamaSi, romelic emyareba erTnairi
bgeriTi Semadgenlobis sxvadasxva sityvis (anda erTi sityvis sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobis) gamoyenebas.
kardinaluri (laT. cardinalis _ mTavari) _ ZiriTadi, umTavresi, umniSvnelovanesi.
kartezianeloba _ mimarTuleba filosofiis istoriaSi, romelic Tavis
fuZemdeblad aRiarebs rene dekarts.
katabazisi (berZ. katav-basi~ – qveviT Casvla, daSveba) – jojoxeTSi STasvla
(karl iungis mier gamoyenebuli terminia).
katalizatori _ nivTiereba, romelic aRZravs qimiur reaqcias, an cvlis mis
siCqares.
kauzaloba (laT. causa _ mizezi) _ aqedan – kauzaluri – mizezobrivi.
kvazimecnieruli _ winsarTi `kvazi~ (laT. quasi) niSnavs: cru, yalbi, viTom. k. _
viTommecnieruli.
kiCi (germ. Kitsch) _ igivea, rac kitCi. iafi da TvalSisacemi produqcia, romelic
gaTvlilia yvelaze farTo da upretenzio myidvelze.
klasifikatoruli _ rac klasifikacias (dayofas, daxarisxebas) aadvilebs,
exmareba.
kognituri (laT. cognosco _ Secnoba, gageba) – Semecnebis Sesabamisi; imdenad,
ramdenadac Seimecneba.
kodi (frang. code) _ niSnebis (simboloebis) garkveuli erToblioba, agreTve
erToblioba wesebis garkveuli sistemisa, romelTa saSualebiTac
SeiZleba warmodges da gadaices informacia (Semdgomi gadacemis,
gadamuSavebis an Senaxvis mizniT).
kodifikacia _ kanonmdeblobis sistematizacia, romlis Sedegadac iqmneba kodeqsi.
kolaJi (frang. collage _ dawebeba) _ 1. xerxi saxviT xelovnebaSi, romelic
mdgomareobs romelime masalaze misgan faqturiTa da feriT
gansxvavebuli masalebis dawebebaSi. 2. nawarmoebi, romelic amgvari
teqnikiTaa Sesrulebuli. 3. musikalur nawarmoebSi sxva kompozitorebis
nawarmoebebis stilisturad ucxo fragmentebis Seyvana.

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kompilacia (-uri) (laT. compilatio – Zarcva) – naSromi, romelic agebulia
sxvadasxva avtorisagan nasesxebi masalebiT da ar Seicavs damoukidebel
gamokvlevasa da daskvnebs.
komunikatiuroba (laT. communicatio _ Setyobineba, gadacema) _ igivea, rac
komunikabeloba. 1. gulRiaoba; adamianebTan kontaqtis swrafad da
advilad damyarebis unari. 2. informaciis gadacemis sxvadasxva tipis
sistemebis SeTavsebadoba; erToblivi muSaobis unari.
konatiuri (laT. conatus – cda, miswrafeba) – cdismieri, gabeduli, mswrafi.
kondensacia (laT. condensatio _ Sesqeleba, gamkvriveba) _ ramis dagroveba,
Tavmoyra.
konvencia (laT. conventio) – SeTanxmeba, xelSekruleba.
konotacia (laT. connotatio: con//com – erTad, Tan + noto – aRvniSnav) –
enobrivi erTeulis damatebiTi, Tanamdevi mniSvneloba; gansxvavebiT misi
sagnobriv-cnebiTi mniSvnelobisa – denotaciisa.
konstanturi (laT. constans) – mudmivi, ucvleli, myari, mtkice.
konstruqti (laT. construo – vadgen, vageb, vaSeneb) – sxvadasxva elementisgan
Sedgenili mTlianoba. koncefcia, modeli, an sqematuri idea.
konstruqtivizmi (laT. construo _ vawyob, vaSeneb, vagroveb ) – mimarTuleba
Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi (plastika, mxatvroba, musika), romelic
konstruqciul-geometriul formebs aniWebs upiratesobas.
konteqsti (laT. contextus – SeerTeba, mWidro kavSiri) – werilobiTi teqstis
Sinaarsobrivad dasrulebuli nawyveti, romelic saSualebas iZleva
ganisazRvros masSi Semavali calkeuli sityvis an frazis mniSvneloba.
konteqsti (laT. contecstus _ kavSiri, wvna, SeerTeba) _ 1. zepiri Tu werilobiTi
metyvelebis (teqstis) SedarebiT dasrulebuli amonaridi, romlis
mixedviTac SesaZlebelia masSi Semavali calkeuli sityvebisa da
winadaebebis mniSvnelobaTa dazusteba. 2. garemo, romelSic imyofeba
obieqti.
kontinuumi (laT. continuum _ dausrulebeli) _ procesebisa da movlenebis
ganuyofloba, dausrulebloba.
kontrargumenti _ `kontr~, `kontra~ (laT. contra) winaaRmdegi, sapirispiro. k. _
argumentis sapirispiro, sawinaaRmdego.
kontribucia (laT. contributio) – fuladi Tu naturaluri gadasaxadi, romelsac
axdevinebs mteri mis mier dapyrobil qveyanas; raime saqmeSi Setanili
wvlili.
konceptualuri – garkveul SexedulebaTa sistemasTan dakavSirebuli.
koncefcia (laT. conceptio) – 1. eskizi, monaxazi, gegma literaturuli an
xelovnebis nebismieri dargis nawarmoebisaTvis; nawarmoebis ZiriTadi
azri. 2. SexedulebaTa sistema; movlenis aseTi Tu iseTi gageba.
korelati (-uri) – SefardebiTi, fardobiTi, Tanafardi cneba. urTierTkavSiris
mqone, urTierTdakavSirebuli.
koreqcia (laT. correctio) _ Sesworeba, gasworeba.
kreacia (laT. creatio – Seqmna, qmnileba, arCeva) – Seqmna (samyarosi), aRmoCena,
gamogoneba. (moZv.) gandoba, kurTxeva.
kriptanalitikosi (berZ. kruptov~ – saidumlo, faruli + ajnalutikov~ –
specialisti, romelic analizs akeTebs) – saidumlo, faruli,
kodirebuli azrebis gamSifravi, specialisti.

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korelacia (laT. correlatio) – urTierTdamokidebuleba, Sefardeba.
kriteriumi (berZ. krithvrion – gansxvavebis unari, sazomi; gadawyvetis saSualeba)
– niSan-Tviseba, romlis mixedviTac raimes afaseben, gansazRvraven, raimes
klasifikacias axdenen; niSan-TvisebaTa sazomi.
kosmogonia (berZ. kosmo-goniva – samyaros warmoSoba) – 1. astronomiis nawili,
romelic swavlobs ciuri sxeulebis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas. 2.
Teoria samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb.
koherentuloba (laT. cohaerens – kavSiris mqone) – urTierTze damokidebuleba,
droSi SeTanxmebulad mimdinareoba ramdenime procesisa (fiz. rxeviTi,
talRovani), romlebic vlindeba maTi urTierTSeWrebis dros. (lingv.)
is, rac teqsts semantikur mniSvnelobas aniWebs. logikurad
dakavSirebuli; SeTanxmebuli, harmoniuli.
kultivireba (laT. cultio _ damuSaveba, moyvana) _ sulieri cxovrebis dargi,
romelic moicavs adamianTa moRvaweobis rogorc sagnobriv Sedegebs
(nagebobebs, manqanebs, xelovnebis nimuSebs, zneobriv da samarTlis
normebs da a.S.), ise sulier Zalebsa da unarebs: codnas,
SesaZleblobebs, Cvevebs, inteleqtis dones, zneobriv da esTetikur
ganviTarebas, msoflmxedvelobas, adamianebis urTierTobebis xerxebsa da
formebs.

lavireba (holand. laveeren) – siZneleebisaTvis moxerxebulad gverdis avla;

raimesaTvis Tavis arideba; mdgomareobasTan marjved Segueba.
zRvaosnobaSi: gemis svla kursis xSiri cvliT wyalqveSa rifebis,
TavTxelebisa da misT. gverdis avlis mizniT.
legitimacia (laT. legitimus _ kanonieri) _ saxelmwifo xelisuflebis an
romelime socialuri institutis statusis uflebamosilebis
kanonierebis aRiareba. eyrdnoba sazogadoebaSi miRebul faseulobebs,
konstituciis normebs, demokratiul arCevnebs, referendums,
tradiciebs.
leTargia (berZn. lhvqargo") _ Zilis msgavs, uZrav mdgomareobaSi yofna,
ureaqcioba gare gamRizianeblebze, cru sikvdili.
libido (laT. libido _ survili. fiziol. sqesobrivi ltolva) _ froidis
mixedviT energia, romelic safuZvlad udevs seqsualur ltolvas.
iungTan es termini farToOmniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba da niSnavs
sazogadod `fsiqikur energias~, romelic Zevs yvelasa da yvelaferSi,
rac ki raimes mieltvis.
lingvistika (laT. lingua – ena) – mecniereba enis Sesaxeb; enaTmecniereba.
logocentruli _ logocentrizmidan (berZn. lovgo~ _ sityva) _ am terminis
damkvidreba ukavSirdeba Jak deridas. igi amiT ganmartavda dasavluri
filosofiuri azrovnebis midrekilebas logikuri azrovnebisaken, rac
ganixileboda enisgan damoukideblad. logocentruli azrovnebis
Tanaxmad, WeSmariteba obieqturi, sruli da erTaderTia.
lokacia (igive lokalizacia) (laT. localis – adgilobrivi) – raimes adgilis
Semofargvla; garkveuli adgilidan raimes gavrcelebisaTvis xelis
SeSla.

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lokusi (laT. locus) – adgili, mxare.

makrokosmosi (berZn. makrov~ + kovsmo~ mTeli, vrceli samyaro) _ msoflio,

samyaro.
manipulacia (-ireba) (fr. manipulation < laT. manipulus _ peSvis avseba) – 1. raime
rTuli moqmedeba, rTuli xerxi xeliT muSaobisas. 2. (gadat.) oini,
yalTabandoba. 3. raimes mtkicebis dros miuRebeli (arakeTilsindisieri)
xerxebis da meTodebis gamoyeneba.
manifestacia (laT. manifestatio _ gamovlena, gacxadeba) _ gamovlineba;
materializacia; gansxeuleba.
marginaluri (laT. margo _ mxare; sazRvari) _ gansxvavebuli, aratradiciuli,
arakonvenciuri, zRvruli.
maqsima (laT. maxima sententia _ ZiriTadi wesi, uzenaesi principi) _ mokled da
lakonurad formulirebuli logikuri an eTikuri principi, qcevis
norma.
mediacia (laT. mediatio) – Suamavloba; mesame saxelmwifos Suamdgomloba sxva
saxelmwifoebs Soris saerTaSoriso davaSi.
mediumi (laT. medius – SuaTana) – 1. saSualeba, Suamavali. 2. presaSi, radiosa da
televiziaSi – informaciebisa da saubrebis Suamavali (wamyvani). 3.
(spirit.) piri, romelic gardacvlilTa sulebTan amyarebs kontaqts,
Suamavali adamianebsa da sulebs Soris, aqedan – mediatoruli –
Suamavluri, Suamavlis funqciis matarebeli.
melika (berZn. mevlo~ _ simRera) _ Zv. saberZneTSi lirikuli poeziis saxe,
romelic sruldeboda liris TanxlebiT. iyo melikis 2 forma:
individualuri da sagundo.
menipeuri (satira) – momdinareobs berZeni filosofosisa da satirikosi mwerlis
– menipes saxelidan, romelic cxovrobda me-3 s-Si Cv. w. aR-mde. mis
nawarmoebebs Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram, raki misi saxeli satiris
garkveul Janrs daukavSirda _ menipeuri satira _ mianiSnebs mis
avtoritetze antikur epoqaSi. m. s. garkveuli tipis filosofiur
romans aRniSnavs.
metaena _ ena, romlis saSualebiTac aRiwereba romeliRac sxva formalizebuli
enis struqturuli, deduqciuri an semantikuri Tvisebebi.
metaliteraturuli _ metaliteratura. mxatvruli literaturis Sesaxeb wera.
raime teqstis Sesaxeb wera.
metonimia (berZ. met-wnumiva – gadarqmeva) – (lit.) movlenis, cnebis an sagnis
erTi saxelwodebis meoreTi Secvla maTi mezoblobis Sedegad, realuri
kavSiris principis gaTvaliswinebiT.
metonimiuri _ metonimia (berZn. metwnumiva) _ tropis saxeoba _ erTi sityvis
Secvla meoriT. es Senacvleba efuZneba sityvis nominatiuri funqciis
mniSvnelobis orjer an metjer gafarToebis unars. mag.: `darbazi taSs
ukravda~ nacvlad, `mayurebeli taSs ukravda~.
mimeturi (berZn. mivmhsi~ _ mibaZva, mimsgavseba) _ mibaZviTi.
misteria (berZ. musthvrion – saidumloebani) – 1. antikur qveynebSi (saberZneTi,
romi da sxva): saidumlo religiuri wesebis Sesruleba. 2. Sua

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 saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi: drama, romelsac bibliuri siuJeti
hqonda.
mnemonikuri (berZn. mnhmonikovn) – damaxsovrebis xelovneba; mexsierebis
gasavarjiSebeli, mexsierebis gansaviTarebeli savarjiSoebi, kursebi,
gakveTilebi.
modusi (laT. modus) _ 1. ramis saxeoba, sazomi, xerxi. 2. sagnis droebiTi,
warmavali Tviseba, romelic mas mxolod zogierT mdgomareobaSi
axasiaTebs, gansxvavebiT sagnis mudmivi Tvisebisagan _ atributisagan. 3.
kilo, bgeriTi rigi, musikaluri nawarmoebis emociuri wyoba.
monada (berZ. movno~ – erTi, erTaderTi, ganuyofeli) – laibnicis idealistur
filosofiaSi: ganuyofeli sulieri pirvelelementebi, sulieri atomebi,
romelTaganac Sedgeba samyaro; ganuyofeli erToba.
morfema (berZ. morfhv – forma) – (ling.) sityvis nawili (sufiqsi, prefiqsi,
Ziri), romelsac aqvs leqsikuri an gramatikuli mniSvneloba.
morfologia (berZ. morfhv – forma + lovgo~ – moZRvreba) – 1. mecniereba
organizmebis, organoebis, niadagebis agebulebis Sesaxeb. 2. gramatikis
nawili, romelic swavlobs sityvaTa formebs; romelime enis sityvaTa
formebis sistema.

naivuri _ bunebrivi, araxelovnuri; gulubryvilo, gamoucdeli.

naratologia (laT. narro _ vyvebi < narrator _ mTxrobeli) – Txrobis Teoria.
naratori – mTxrobeli; naratiuli – TxrobiTi, moTxrobiTi. mag.,
istoriis naratiuli wyaroebi.
naturalisturi (laT. natura _ buneba) _ 1. meTodologiuri principi, romlis
mixedviT sazogadoebis ganviTareba bunebis kanonebiT (klimaturi
pirobebi, geografiuli garemo, rasobrivi Taviseburebani) aixsneba. 2.
esTetikur SexedulebaTa sistema, romelic aslis doneze asaxavs
sinamdviles.
negaciuri (laT. nego _ uaris Tqma, uaryofa) _ uaryofiTi.
neokantianizmi – filosofiuri mimdinareoba me-19 s-is bolos da me-20 s-is
pirvel mesamedSi, romelic cdilobda filosofiis ZiriTadi problemebi
gaeazrebina kantis moZRvrebis ganaxlebuli interpretaciis safuZvelze.
neopozitivizmi _ erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimdinareoba XX s-is filosofiaSi;
pozitivizmis forma. n. erTmaneTs upirispirebs mecnierebas da
xelovnebas, uaryofs xelovnebis gamoyenebas msoflmxedvelobrivi da
Teoriuli Semecnebisas.
neorealizmi – mimarTuleba italiis kinosa da literaturaSi me-20 s-is 40-50-
ian wlebSi; realizmis axali forma, romelic Camoyalibda meore
msoflio omis Semdeg antifaSisturi da demokratiuli erovnuli
xelovnebisaTvis brZolaSi. am mimarTulebis filmebi muSaTa klasis
Raribi warmomadgenlebis cxovrebis aRweriT xasiaTdeba.
nivelireba (frang. niveler _ gasworeba) _ gansxvavebis Semcireba; erT doneze
moyvana.

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nomoTeturi (berZ. nomo-qetevw – kanons gamovcem, kanonmdebloba; bunebis kanoni,
adamianTa qcevis ganmsazRvreli wesi; kanonTa krebuli) – kanonieri,
raRac gansazRvrul wesze damyarebuli, raRac wesidan gamomdinare.

okazionaluri (laT. occasio – SemTxveva, sababi) – (ling.) sityvis uCveulo

mniSvneloba; iseTi, romelsac individualuri xasiaTi aqvs, romelsac
iyeneben garkveul SemTxvevaSi, specialur konteqstSi (sapirispiroa
uzualuri mniSvneloba).
ontologia (berZ. o[n – arsebuli, yofna + lovgo~ – moZRvreba) – 1. filosofiuri
moZRvreba yofierebisa (gansxvavebiT gnoseologiisagan) da arsebulTa
sayovelTao principebis Sesaxeb. 2. yofierebis uzogadesi cnebebis
sistema, romlis wvdoma SeiZleba zegrZnobadi da zeracionaluri
intuiciis saSualebiT.
operireba – 1. qirurgiuli Careva. 2. moqmedeba, aqti, qceva.
ordinaluri (laT. ordinalis – rigiTi, rigobrivi) – (maT.) Cveulebrivi,
normaluri.
orTodoqsuli (berZn. ojrqo-doxevw _ marTlmorwmune) _ garkveuli Tvalsazrisis,
mimarTulebis, swavlebis mimdevari, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs sxva azrs
da logikur msjelobas.
oqsimoroni (berZn. ojxuv-mwron _ bukvalurad: gonebamaxviluri siClunge) _
stilisturi figura, an stilisturi Secdoma _ urTierTasawinaaRmdego
mniSvnelobis sityvaTa Serwyma. mniSvnelobaTa mizanmimarTuli
urTierdapirispireba stilisturi efeqtisaTvis gamoiyeneba. oqsimorinos
magaliTebia: `cxeli yinuli~, `Soreuli axlobeli~, `cocxali leSi~.
p

paleografia (berZ. palaiov~ – Zveli + gravfw – vwer) – mecniereba, romelic

swavlobs Zveli xelnawerebis garegnul mxares – asoTa moxazulobas,
sawer masalas da sxva; damwerlobaTmcodneoba.
paleontologia (berZ. palaiov" – Zveli, o[n-o[nto" – yofna, arseboba da lovgo" –
moZRvreba) – mecniereba gadaSenebul mcenareTa da cxovelTa Sesaxeb.
swavlobs maT napovni naSTebis mixedviT.
pamfleti (ingl. pamphlet < Pamphilius – XII s.-is popularuli komediis gmiris
saxeli) _ literaturul-publicisturi Janri. p.-Tvis damaxasiaTebelia
mZafri, eqspresiuli mxileba (dacinva, Seuracxyofa).
panegiriki (berZn. panhgurikov~ _ saqebari sityva, warmoTqmuli sazeimo
viTarebaSi) saqebari sityva (mag. gmirebis Seqeba) _ mogvianebiT p.-ma
vinmes an rames gadametebuli qebis, mliqvnelobis mniSvnelobac SeiZina.
paradigma (berZ. perav-deigma – magaliTi, nimuSi) – 1. (gramat.) romelime sityvis
formaTa tabula, rogorc brunebis an uRlilebis nimuSi. 2.
literaturaTmcodneobaSi: romelime Sexedulebis, ideis, azris erT-erT
variantad daSveba.
paradigmatuli _ paradigma (berZn. parav-deigma _ magaliTi, nimuSi) _ 1.πsawyisi,
amosavali konceptualuri sqema, problemebis awyobisa da maTi gadaWris
modeli; agreTve sqema gamokvlevis meTodebisa, romlebic garkveuli

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 istoriuli monakveTis ganmavlobaSi batonobda mecnierebaSi. p.-is
cvlileba samecniero revoluciis tolfasia. 2. erTi sityvis formebis
erToblioba, romelic asaxavs sityvis saxecvlilebas misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli gramatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT (mag. zmnis uRleba
seriebisa da mwkrivebis mixedviT). 3. enobrivi erTeulebis klasi,
romlebic gaerTianebulia maTSi arsebuli raime saerTo niSniT da
amavdroulad erTmaneTTan dapirispirebulia (mag., morfologiuri p.). 4.
istoriuli magaliTi, romelic motanilia Sesadareblad an
samtkiceblad.
paradoqsuli (berZn. parav-doxo~) _ moulodneli, urTierTgamomricxavi, sazogado
azris sawinaaRmdego.
paranoia (berZn. paravnoia _ sigiJe) _ fsiqikuri darRvevebis saerTo saxelwodeba,
romelic xasiaTeba sistematiuri akviatebiT da ganapirobebs avadmyofis
qcevas. mag. devnis mania, adulteris mania da a. S.
parodia (berZ. par-w/diva) – 1. satiruli xasiaTis mibaZva visime am risime susti
mxareebis gakilvis mizniT. 2. (gadat.) garegnuli mibaZva, romelic
amaxinjebs imis arss, rasac baZaven.
pastorali (frang. pastorale < laT. pastoralis _ mwyemsis) _ literaturuli,
ferweruli, Teatraluri, saopero an sxva nawarmoebi, romelic
aidealebs da ganadidebs mwyemsebis idiliur, mSvid cxovrebas; asaxavs
sasiyvarulo scenebs mwyems qal-vaJs Soris.
perlokuciuri _ perlokuciuri aqti aris metyvelebis nebismieri aqti, romelic
gulisxmobs raimes axsnas, darwmunebas, SeSinebas, STagonebas; an iseT
gamonaTqvams, romelic vinmes raimes gacnobierebisken an raime moqmedebis
Sesrulebisken ubiZgebs. am terminis Semotana jon ostinis saxels
ukavSirdeba.
permanentuli (laT. permanens) – rac ganuwyvetliv grZeldeba; mudmivi.
performativi (laT. per-formo _ Seqmna, warmoqmna) _ cneba _performatiuli
gamonaTqvami _ jon ostinis saxels ukavSirdeba. misi ganmartebiT: (1)
performativebi arc marTalia da arc _ tyuili. (2). performativi
raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas gulisxmobs (mogvianebiT ostinma is
ilokuciuri aqtis saxeliT moixsenia). amgvari moqmedebis Sesruleba ar
gulisxmobs raimes ubralo `Tqmas~ an `aRweras~.
percefcia (-uli) (laT. perceptio _ miReba, gageba, aRqma) (fsiq.) _ obieqturi
samyaros, sinamdvilis aRqma grZnobis organoebis saSualebiT; dakvirveba,
rogorc Semecnebis pirveli safexuri. aqedan – percefciuli – aRqmadi.
pirvelmizezi _ ZiriTadi, mTavari mizezi.
pluralizmi (laT. pluralis) _ 1. mravlobiToba, ramis mravalferovneba. 2.
filosofiuri swavleba, romlis Tanaxmad, arsebobs yofierebis ramdenime
(an mravali) damoukidebeli sawyisi. p.-is sapirispiroa monizmi.
poetika (berZ. poihtikhv) – 1. literaturis Teoriis nawili, mecniereba
mxatvruli literaturis Sesaxeb, romelic swavlobs sityvieri
xelovnebis struqturas sistemuri da istoriuli kanonzomierebis
TvalsazrisiT. 2. poeziis Teoria. 3. romelime poetis an
literaturuli mimarTulebis mxatvrul formaTa Taviseburebani.
pozitivizmi (laT. positivus – dadebiTi) – mimarTuleba filosofiasa da
sociologiaSi. agnosticizmis nairsaxeoba. pozitivisturi filosofiis

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 arsebiTi gansazRvrebebi Camoyalibda 1830-1844 wlebSi Seqmnil SromebSi.
mas safuZvlad udevs Teologiisa da metafizikis mimarT kritikuli
damokidebuleba.
dRevandel literaturaTmcodneobaSi am cnebis gamoyenebam miiRo
ambivalenturi xasiaTi. igi gamoiyeneba gansazRvruli istoriuli
paradigmis gamoxatvisas rogorc zogadad mecnierebis istoriis
farglebSi, ise, kerZod, filologiaSi. es cneba misaRebia im SemTxvevaSi,
roca gansaxilveli sakiTxis aqtualuri tendenciebi polemikur niSnebs
(maxasiaTeblebs) ar atareben.
pozitivisturi _ pozitivizmi (fr. positivisme, laT. positivus _ dadebiTi) _
filosofiuri mimdinareoba. p.-is azriT, realuri (pozitiuri) codna
specialuri mecnierebebis gamokvlevis erToblivi Sedegia. mecniereba ar
eqvemdebareba araviTar filosofias an msoflmxedvelobas. p. -is mTavari
niSnebia: fenomenalizmi da idealizmi.
poliglosia (berZ. poluv~ – bevri + glw`ssa – ena) – 1. mravalxmianoba. 2. (fil.)
SeniSvnebis gakeTeba wignis mindvrebze.
politekonomia _ politikuri ekonomia, mecniereba adamianebisa da ekonomikuri
kanonebis (sawarmoo urTierTobebis) Sesaxeb.
popkultura (ingl. popular culture _ sazogadod miRebuli kultura). masobrivi
kultura; musikaluri, saxviTi da literaturuli nawarmoebebis
erToblioba, romelic misaRebia xalxis farTo masebisaTvis da SeuZlia
moitanos komerciuli mogeba. p. Cveulebriv, primitiulia da agebulia
sazogadoebrivi Stampebis mixedviT.
populacia (frang. population – mosaxleoba < laT. populus _ xalxi) – 1. (biol.)
erTi saxeobis im individTa erToblioba, romlebic mravali Taobis
manZilze erTsa da imave teritoriaze cxovroben, Tavisuflad
ejvarebian da aseTive sxva jgufisagan met-naklebad izolirebulni
arian. 2. demografiaSi: Tanasazogadoebani, romelTa SigniTac ufro
xSirad xdeba qorwineba, vidre sxvadasxva populaciaTa adamianebs Soris.
postulati (laT. postulatum – moTxovna) – mtkiceba, romelic aRiarebulia raime
Teoriis amosaval debulebad dasabuTebis gareSe.
preparireba (laT. prae-paro _ vamzadeb, vakeTeb) _ raimes damuSaveba garkveuli
wesiT; raimesTvis garkveuli saxis micema (mag., teqstis preparireba
gamosacemad).
primati (laT. primatus _ pirveli adgili, ufrosoba) _ pirveloba, meTauroba,
batonoba.
primitivizmi – 1. simartive, ubraloeba raimes Sesrulebisas. 2. rTuli movlenis,
rTuli sakiTxis gaubraloeba, zedmetad gamartiveba. 3. (xelovn.)
pirvelyofili xalxebis martivi xelovnebis gavlenis matarebeli
modernistuli xelovneba.
producireba (laT. pro-duco _ Seqmna, warmoeba, gazrda) _ warmoeba,
prolegomeni (berZ. prolevgw – vwinaswarmetyveleb; winaswar vambob) – winaswari
msjeloba, Sesavali raime problemis Seswavlisas, winaswari
ganmartebani.
prolefsisi (berZn. prov-lhyi~) _ 1. winaTgrZnoba, varaudi. 2. ganWvreta,
gaTvaliswineba. 3. Senacvleba. gamowveva; gaCena; gaWimva; gamowveva; raimes
mizezad yofna.

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protagonisti _ (berZn. prwt-agwnisthv~) _ mTavari rolebis Semsrulebeli sami
msaxiobidan pirveli ZvelberZnul TeatrSi.
profanacia (laT. profano –vbilwav) – Seuracxmyofeli damokidebuleba
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli movlenis (mag., ideis, moZRvrebis, kulturis
Zeglis da a. S.) mimarT, misi damaxinjeba, SebRalva.
profani – raime dargSi ucodinari, uvici.
puritani (ingl. puritan < laT. purus _ sufTa) _ 1. mkacri zneobisa da mZime
cxovrebis wesis mimdevari adamiani; fufunebis mowinaaRmdege; asketuri
bunebis mqone. 2. puritanebi _protestantuli seqta.

realontologia _ misi fuZemdebelia hedvig konrad-marciusi (germaneli

fenomenologi qali – 1888-1966). igi miiCnevda, rom huserlis
gviandeli xanis transcendentul-idealistur fenomenologiaSi
realuris (sinamdvilis) fenomenTan dakavSirebuli mtkicebuleba mcdari
iyo. amitomac man Seqmna sakuTari Teoria, romelsac `ontologiuri
fenomenologia~ uwoda. mis mier Seqmnili realontologia misi
gviandeli naSromebis – kosmologiisa da droisa da sivrcis sakiTxebis
kvlevis safuZvelia. marciusis ontologiuri fenomenologiis Tanaxmad,
`aRqmaSi fenomenebs SevicnobT~ (fainovmenon _ is, rac sakuTar Tavs
aCens, TviTCena _ fenomeni) (Um Wahrnehmen der sich zeigenden Dinge).
marciusi yofierebis problemebs exeba Tavis naSromebSi `yofiereba~ da
`realontologia~.
reanimacia _ organizmis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis Zlier darRveuli an
dakarguli funqciebis aRdgena. gadat. axali sicocxlis miniWeba,
gamococxleba.
redimeidi _ xelovnebis sxvadasxva sferoSi miRebuli xerxi, rodesac avtori
gvTavazobs raime obieqts an teqsts, rogorc Tavis namuSevars, romelic
ar aris Seqmnili mis mier da arc mxatvruli daniSnuleba aqvs. poeziis
mimarT amave mniSvnelobiT iyeneben inglisurenovan termins found poetry.
reduqcia, reducireba (laT. reductio _ ukan dabruneba) _ 1. ramis Semcireba,
gamartiveba, rTulis Secvla martiviT, gaioleba. 2. xmovnebis
JReradobis Semcireba, Sesusteba umaxvilo mdgomareobaSi, bgerebis
dasusteba an misi sruli dakargva (mag., mawoni – mawvnis, qaTami –
qaTmis), enobrivi elementis ufro sruli formis Secvla ufro mokle
formiT.
revizionizmi _ ideur-politikuri mimarTulebis, samecniero moZRvrebis,
koncefciis, Teoriuli debulebis principebis gadasinjva.
revizionisti _ revizionizmis (ama Tu im moZRvrebis, mimdinareobis gadasinjvis)
momxre. 2. likvidirebuli Sexedulebebisa da wesebis gadasinjvis
momxre.
rekonstruireba _ ramis Zirfesvianad gadakeTeba. SemorCenili naSTebis an
aRwerilobis mixedviT aRdgena.
relatiuri (laT. relativus) – SefardebiTi, mimarTebiTi.

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relevanturi (ingl. relevant) – (ling.) rac gamoyenebulia enobriv erTeulTa
erTmaneTisagan gansasxvaveblad; arsebiTi, faseuli, mniSvnelovani;
Sesabamisi, Sesaferisi.
reprezentacia (laT. repraesentatio _ TvalsaCinod warmoCena, gamosaxva) _ termini
gulisxmobs da aerTianebs mniSvnelobaTa da interpretaciaTa farTo
speqtrs. literaturis TeoriaSi am termins samgvarad gansazRvraven:
rogorc raimes msgavsebas; raimes an vinmes Canacvlebas raimeTi;
warmodgenas, rodesac teqsti samyaros ama Tu im Tvisebaze amaxvilebs
yuradRebas da mayurebels/msmenels/mkiTxvels sTavazobs ara Cveulebriv
aRweras, aramed `sinamdvilis versiebs~.
represia (laT. repressi _ daTrgunva) _ sadamsjelo RonisZieba, dasja, romelsac
mimarTavs saxelmwifo organoebi.
retrospeqtuli (laT. retro+specio _ ukan vixedebi) _ warsulisken mipyrobili;
warsul movlenaTa analizi.
referencia (-uloba) (laT. refero – vacnobeb) – 1. azris gamoTqma, gamoxmaureba; 2.
(komerc.) firmis, dawesebulebis da misT. gadaxdisunarianobis damowmeba,
dadastureba; rekomendacia. 3. cnoba samsaxuris Sesaxeb.
zogadad, referencia aris is, rac rameze miuTiTebs, sxva raimes
aRsaniSnad gamoiyeneba, an or sagans erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. es
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli sagnebi SeiZleba iyos konkretulic da
abstraqtulic. obieqti, romelzec sityva migviTiTebs, referenti
ewodeba. semantikaSi referencia agebulia arsebiTi saxelebis an
nacvalsaxelebisa da obieqtebis (romelTac miemarTeba isini)
urTierTobaze,. sityvisa da obieqtis amgvar urTierTobas denotaciasac
uwodeben.
referencialuri _ < referenciidan. is, rac miemarTeba an aRniSnavs sxva rames, an
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs or sagans. mag., lingvisturi niSani, romelic
ori nawilisagan Sedgeba _ aRmniSvnelisa (idea, romelic gulisxmobs
obieqts) da aRniSnulisagan (bgera an dawerili niSani). orive maTgans
aqvs referenti (anu fizikuri obieqti).
refleqsia (laT. reflexio – Sebruneba; gadanacvleba) – sakuTari azrebisa da
gancdebis analizi; Cafiqreba, sakuTari sulis siRrmeebis `moxilva~.
recefcia (laT. receptio – miReba) – 1. zemoqmedeba (mag., raime poeturi
nawarmoebis, musikis). 2. (fiziol.) receptorebis saSualebiT
gamRizianeblebis energiis miReba da misi nervul signalebad gardqmna.
recipienti (laT. recipiens – mimRebi) – 1. mkiTxveli, msmeneli, damkvirvebeli.
ritorika (retorika) (berZ. rJhtorikhv _ oratoruli xelovneba) _ klasikuri
gagebiT mWevrmetyvelebis, kazmulsityvaobis Teoria: mecniereba
oratoruli xelovnebis Sesaxeb. mogvianebiT cnebis mniSvneloba
gafarTovda da aRniSnavda prozis Teorias da, aseve argumentis Teorias.

sakralizacia _ sakraluri (laT. sacer _ wminda) _ wmindad gadaqceva.

sakraluri (laT. sacer _ wminda, pativsacemi) – religiur kultTan da
ritualTan dakavSirebuli uwmindesi, saTayvanebeli.

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semantika (berZ. shmantikov~ – mniSvnelobis mqone) – 1. mniSvneloba (sityvis,
gamoTqmis, gramatikuli formis); 2. igivea, rac semasiologia.
semasiologia (berZ. shmasiva – mniSvneloba, azri, niSani + lovgo~ – moZRvreba) –
enaTmecnierebis nawili, romelic swavlobs sityvaTa da gamoTqmaTa
mniSvnelobas (igivea, rac semantika).
semiozisi – 1. sistemis daSlis, sistemis saxecvlilebis procesi. 2. aRniSvnis
uwyveti, mizanmimarTuli procesi, `enobrivi cxovreba~.
semiologia (berZ. sh`ma _ niSani + lovgo~ – moZRvreba) – igivea, rac semiotika –
(lingv.) enobrivi niSnebisa da niSanTa Teoria.
semiologia (berZn. shmei`on _ niSani + lovgo~) _ igivea, rac semiotika.
semiotika (berZ. shmei`on – aRniSnuli, niSani) – (lingv.) enobrivi niSnebisa da
niSanTa sistemis Teoria; (medic.) – diagnostikis nawili – mecniereba
daavadebis niSnebis Sesaxeb.
sentencia (laT. sententia – azri, msjeloba) – moraluri xasiaTis gamonaTqvami,
zneobrivi darigeba.
signifikatoruli (laT. significatio – aRniSvna, miTiTeba) – tipuri, gamomsaxveli,
SesaniSnavi, yuradRebis Rirsi, TvalSisacemi, mniSvnelovani.
simbiozi (berZ. sum-bivwsi~ – Tanacxovreba) – 1. (biol.) sxvadasxva saxeobis ori
organizmis (cxoveli, mcenare) Tanacxovreba, rac sasargebloa yoveli
maTganisaTvis. 2. ori partnioris sasargeblo, guliTadi, wrfeli,
mWidro urTierToba.
simulacia (laT. simulatio – mimsgavseba, Tavis moCveneba) – 1. vinmes motyuebis,
SecdomaSi Seyvanis mizniT raimes mogoneba. 2. raime realuri sagnis,
saqmeTa viTarebis an procesis imitacia. 3. sityvidan: simulacrum (mr. r.
simulacra). Jan bodriarma es cneba semiotikis konteqstSi ganixila da
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWa mas: aslis asli, romelic imdenad
daSorda originals, rom masze veRar vityviT, rom is aslia. amrigad,
simulacrum-i aris erTgvari asli, romelsac pirvelwyaro aRar aqvs.
simulaciuri (laT. simulo _ vamsgavseb; gamovxatav; Tavs vaCveneb) _ Tavdapirveli
mniSvnelobiT aRniSnavda materialur obieqts, romelic raimes
gamoxatuleba iyo (magaliTad, RvTaebis sakulto gamosaxuleba). 1800-
iani wlebisTvis man `ubralo~ gamosaxulebis mniSvneloba SeiZina da am
sityviT miuTiTebdnen moCvenebiT msgavsebaze.
sinTezi (berZ. suvnqesi~ _ SeerTeba, dakavSireba) _ SeerTeba, Seqmna; montaJi
calkeuli nawilebisgan.
sinekdoqe (berZn. sun-ekdochv) _ tropis saxeoba, mTelis gamoxatva nawilis
meSveobiT, mravalobiTisa mxolobiTis saSualebiT an piriqiT.
sintagma (berZ. suvn-tagma _ wyoba, mowyoba) – (lingv.) winadadebis ori wevri,
romelic erTmaneTTan sintaqsurad aris dakavSirebuli.
sintagmaturi _ sintagmidan (berZn. suvn-tagma _ wyoba, mowyoba) _ sintagma
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli aRmniSvnelebia, romelTa erTobliobac
teqstis wiaRSi erT azrobriv mTlianobas qmnis. sosiuri mas zogjer
`jaWvis~ saxeliT moixseniebda. amgvari kombinaciebi garkveul sintaqsur
wesebsa da SeTanxmebebs efuZneba. mag., enaSi winadadeba sityvaTa
sintagmaa; asevea teqstis paragrafebi da Tavebi.

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sinqronia (berZn. sun-crovno~ _erTdrouloba) _ 1. Tanaarseboba, ramdenime
sistemis elementebis droiTi Tanxvedra 2. mocemuli enis sistemis
mdgomareoba gansaxilvel epoqaSi. s.-is sapirispiroa diaqronia. ασ α
sinqronizmi (berZ. suvn + crovno~) – ori an ramdenime movlenis, procesis zusti
droiTi damTxveva; erTdrouli mimdinareoba.
siurrealizmi (frang. surréalisme – zerealizmi) – me-20 saukunis literaturasa
da xelovnebaSi mimarTuleba, romelic uaryofs gonebisa da cdis rols
xelovnebaSi da Semoqmedebis wyaros eZebs qvecnobierSi (sizmrebSi,
halucinaciebSi, instinqtSi).
skefsisi (berZn. skh'yi" _ ganxilva, daeWveba) _ kritikuli (analitikuri)
damokidebuleba, undobloba vinmes an raimes mimarT: eWvis Setana raimes
SesaZleblobaSi, sisworesa da WeSmaritebaSi.
solipsizmi (laT. solus _ erTaderTi + ipse _ TviTon) _ filos. ukiduresobamde
misuli subieqturi idealizmi; erTaderT realobad aRiarebs mxolod
subieqtur `me~-s, individualur cnobierebas da uaryofs gare
(obieqturi) samyaros arsebobas.
solifsisturi _ < solifsizmi (ingl. solipsism < laT. solus _ erTaderTi + ipse
_ TviT). rodesac udavo realobad mxolod individualuri cnobiereba,
piradi `me~ miiCneva. 2. ukiduresi egoizmi, egocentrizmi.
sofisti (berZn. sofisthv~ _ brZeni, mcodne) _ Zv. w.-is V-IVss.-Si filosofiisa
da oratoruli xelovnebis maswavlebeli. filosofosi, romelic
obieqtur WeSmaritebas ki ar eZiebs, aramed cru mtkicebulebebis
(sofizmebis) saSualebiT asabuTebs misTvis sasurvel Tvalsazriss.
sociokulturuli _ sociokulturuli Teoria Seiswavlis pirovnebebis
Taviseburerebs ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi struqturis, socializaciis
saSualebebis, garSemomyof adamianebTan urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT.
sociokulturuli midgoma adamianis specifikur fsiqikur (sulier)
ganviTarebas sazogadoebis, zogadad, kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoriis
produqtad miiCnevs. amgvarad, adamianis fsiqikis ganviTareba mis mier
sazogadoebriv-istoriuli gamocdilebis aTvisebiTaa ganpirobebuli.
socioleqti (ingl. sociolect < laT. socius _ saerTo + berZn. diavlekto~ _
metyveleba, gamoTqma) – sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenis, wodebis, kuTxis
metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebis erToblioba.
sociumi (laT. socius – amxanagi, mokavSire) – adamianTa erToba; erTnair
interesTa matarebeli adamianTa jgufi.
statusi (laT. status – dadgenili, gansazRvruli) – saerTaSoriso samarTalSi:
pirovnebis mdgomareoba (mag., diplomatiuri statusi, iurisprudenciaSi
– mowmis statusi).
stoicizmi – 1. (aTenSi arsebuli im portikis saxelis mixedviT – stoav, sadac
aswavlida filosofosi zenoni) erT-erTi mniSvnelovani filosofiuri
mimdinareoba Zvel saberZneTSi (warmoiSva Cvens w.aR-mde me-4 s-is
bolos). 2. (gadat.) gaWirvebisa da gansacdelis atanis unari.
stratifikacia – (struqturis) niSnis, simbolos Sinagani agebuleba; kavSiri am
niSans, simbolosa da mis Sinaarss Soris.
struqturalizmi (laT. structura – nageboba) – 1. (enaTmecn.) moZRvreba enis
struqturis agebis Sesaxeb Tavisi umciresi nawilebiT – fonemebiT da
morfemebiT (struqturalistebi, sityvis ZiriTadi mniSvnelobidan

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 gamomdinare, miznad isaxavdnen lit.mcodneobis gadaqcevas zust,
sistemur mecnierebad). 2. eTnografiuli kvlevis meTodi, romelic
enobriv da kulturul struqturebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. 3.
filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic yoveli arsis safuZvlebSi arsebul
struqturebs uRrmavdeba.
subversiuli (laT. sub-verto) _ ukugdeba, ngreva, gadatrialeba.
subieqtivizmi – 1. filosofiaSi igivea, rac subieqturi idealizmi (ix.
idealizmi). 2. sociologiaSi: mimarTuleba, romlis mixedviTac
sazogadoebis ganviTarebas gansazRvravs ara obiqturi kanonzomierebani,
aramed subieqturi faqtorebi (calkeul pirovnebaTa miswrafebebi). 3.
piraduloba, mikerZoebuloba, obieqturobis grZnobis arqona.
subieqtivisturi _ < subieqtivizmidan. filosofiuri midgoma, romelic
upiratesobas aniWebs subieqtur gamocdilebas da mas mTavar sayrdenad
miiCnevs. s.-is ukiduresi formis dros aRiareben, rom buneba da
yvelaferi arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac mas Seimecnebs subieqti.
sublimacia (laT. sublimo – vamaRleb) – aRtyinebis, swrafvis, ltolvis
sapirispiro qmedebiT Caqroba, CaxSoba, damSvideba. fsiqoanalitikur
TeoriaSi s. niSnavs seqsualuri energiis (libidos) gadarTvas adamianis
moqmedebis araseqsualur sferoebze. froidis Tanaxmad, s. dacviTi
meqanizmia, rac seqsualuri energiisgan gaTavisuflebas da mis
transformacias (gardaqmnas) gulisxmobs da raic adamians, imavdroulad,
nevrozebisganac aTavisuflebs.
substancia (laT. substantia – arsi) – 1. filosofiis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
kategoria – yvela sagnisa da movlenis safuZveli. 2. risime safuZveli,
arsi. 3. qimiuri nivTiereba. 4. SeZleba, qoneba, kapitali; rezervi,
danazogi.
substituti (substitutum –Senacvlebuli) – Semcvleli.
substitucia – erTi raimis Secvla meoreTi.
sugesturi (laT. suggestio _ Segoneba, miniSneba) _ aqtiuri zemoqmedeba
mkiTxvelis warmosaxvaze, emociebze, qvecnobierze calkeuli Tematuri,
ritmuli, bgeriTi asociaciebis meSveobiT.
suverenuloba (frang. souverainete) _ damoukidebloba.
superego (laT. super + ego _ `ze-me~). froidis Teoriis mixedviT, `ze-me~ mamis
xatisa da kulturuli wesrigis gansaxierebaa. `ze-me~ upirispirdeba
`igi~-s survilebs, vinaidan maTi miznebi gansxvavdeba; amavdroulad, “ze-
me” agresiuladaa ganwyobili `me~-s mimarT. `ze-me~ cnobierebis funqcias
asrulebs da adamianSi zneobas da tabus SegrZnebas aRviZebs. `ze-me~
oidiposis kompleqsis dasasrul etapze yalibdeba.
sqolastika (berZn. scolastikov" _ swavluli; saskolo) _ universitetebis
garSemo koncentrirebuli Sua saukuneebis sistematizebuli filosofia,
romelic warmoadgenda qristianuli (kaTolikuri) RvTismetyvelebisa da
aristoteles logikis sinTezs.
scientizmi (laT. scientia – codna, unari) – mcodneoba, unarianoba (scientistebi
xSirad `samagaliTo mecnierebebad~ miiCneven fizikas da maTematikas da
Tvlian, rom sxva dargis mecnierebebi maTi msgavsi unda iyos). me-20 s-
is dasawyisSi es termini ZiriTadad logikur pozotivizmTan igivdeboda.

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 t

tavtologia (berZ. taujto-lovgo~ erTi da imaves gameoreba) – erTi da igive

gansazRvrebis, msjelobis gameoreba sxva, azrobrivad axlo mdgomi
sityvebiT.
teleologia (berZ. tevleo~ – dasrulebuli, sruli + lovgo~ – moZRvreba) –
idealisturi moZRvreba, romlis mixedviTac yoveli adamianuri qmedeba,
bunebrivi movlenebi Tu istoriis mdinareba winaswar, idealSi arsebuli
miznis ganxorcielebaa.
temporaloba (laT. temporalis _ droiTi, gardamavali, drois aRmniSvneli). am
termins xSirad iyeneben filosofiaSi, rodesac saubroben droze.
temporalobis tradiciuli modeli gulisxmobs warsulis, awmyos da
momavlis Tanmimdevrobas.
tipuri (berZn. tuvpo" _ tipi, nimuSi) _ mocemuli tipis Tvisebebis mqone; yvelaze
savaraudo, mocemuli situaciisaTvis an sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli.
2. normaluri, namdvili sanimuSo.
tipologia (berZ. tuvpo~ + lovgo~ _ tipi, nimuSi) _ τ samecniero meTodi,
romelic aanalizebs da ganacalkevebs ganzogadebuli modelis an tipis
obieqtebis dajgufebebs; gamoiyeneba arsebuli niSnebis, kavSirebis,
funqciebis, urTierTobebis, obieqtebis organizaciis doneTa SedarebiTi
SeswavlisaTvis. t.-is ZiriTadi logikuri formebi: tipobrivi
klasifikacia, sistematika da taqsonomia.
topografiuli _ topografia (berZ. tovpo~ _ adgili, gravfw _ vwer). dargi,
romelic Seiswavlis adgilis (miwis zedapiris) gadaRebis meTodebs
rukebis Sesadgenad. t.-uli erTi mTlianobis nawilebis
urTierTganlagebis gamokvlevasTan dakavSirebuli.
totalitarizmi (frang. totalitarisme < laT. totaliter) _ saxelmwifos forma,
romelic gamoirCeva sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela sferoze
absoluturi kontroliT, konstituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis
faqtobrivi likvidaciiT, represiebiT sxvagvarad moazrovneTa da
opoziciis mimarT.
totaluri (frang. totale < laT. totaliter) _ mTliani, yovlismomcveli. mag.:
totaluri omi; totaluri mobilizacia.
totemizmi _ uZveles rwmena-warmodgenaTa forma, romelic gavrcelebuli iyo
pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi. am rwmenis mixedviT, adamianebis jgufebi
(tomebi, gvarebi) zebunebrivad iyvnen dakavSirebulni romelime
cxovelTan, frinvelTan, mwerTan, saganTan da a. S. maT uwodebdnen
totemebs. totemi iTvleboda mfarvelad da adamianebi misi gulis
mogebas cdilobdnen.
travestia (laT. trans _ gadaRma, iqiT da veho _ vzidav, mimaqvs) – 1. satiruli
gadakeTeba, gamasxreba; seriozuli mxatvruli nawarmoebis gaqirdva. 2.
iumoristuli poeziis saxeoba, parodiis msgavsi.
transmisia (-uri) (laT. transmissio – gadacema, gadasvla) – 1. gadacema,
mowyobiloba Zravidan manqanebis, Carxebis, meqanizmebisaTvis moZraobis
gadasacemad. 2. saganSi sinaTlis sxivis gavla siCqaris meryeobis gareSe.
aqedan transmisiuri kavSiri socialur da lingvistur struqturebs

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 Soris (mixail baxtini `transmisiurs~ iyenebs JanrTan mimarTebiT. igi
nebismier Janrs miiCnevs Seuferxebel, pirdapir (transmisiur) kavSirad).
transformacia (laT. trans-formo) – gardaqmna, gardasaxva, saxecvlileba.
transformatiuli (laT. trans-formo _ gardasaxva, gardaqmna) _ gardasaxvis
unaris mqone.
transcendentaluri (laT. transcendo _ sazRvrebidan gamovdivar) _ 1. ukiduresad
ganzogadebuli. 2. gonebisaTvis DdamaxasiaTebeli, Tavidanve ara
gamocdilebiT SeZenili.
transcendenturi (laT. transcendens – rac sazRvars scildeba) – 1. idealistur
filosofiaSi: cdis gareSe arsebuli, ganyenebul-logikuri. 2. kantis
filosofiaSi: rac dafuZnebulia Semecnebis aprioruli, cdisagan
damoukidebeli formebis aRiarebaze.
trivialuri (frang. triviale) – 1. siaxles, originalobas moklebuli, gacveTili. 2.
uxamsi, vulgaruli.
tropi (berZn. trovpo" _ Sebruneba) _ arapirdapiri, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT
naxmari rityva an fraza: erTi sagnisa da movlenis xasiaTis, Tvisebis
gamoyeneba meore sagnis, movlenis ufro mkafiod, TvalsaCinod da
emociurad gamoxatvis mizniT. tropi arsebiTad enobrivi mxatvruli
saxea da gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs mxatvrul literaturaSi.

universaluri (laT. universalis) _ sazogado, yovlismomcveli, sayovelTao.

unitaruloba _ < unitaruli (fr. unitare < laT. unitas _ erTiani) _ erTiani;
erTianobisaken, Serwymisaken swrafvis mqone.
uprecedento _ SemTxveva an movlena, romlis msgavsi manamde ar momxdara;
arnaxuli. precedenti (laT. praecedens – winamavali) – SemTxveva,
romelic warmoadgens nimuSs an gamarTlebas Semdegdroindeli msgavsi
SemTxvevebisaTvis.

familaruli (laT. familiaris – ojaxuri) – metismetad Sinauruli, mouridebeli

(qceva, urTierToba, intimuroba, siaxlove). aqedan defamilarizacia _
gadafaseba, transformacia. formalistebTan: ukve dadgenilis, kargad
nacnobis axleburi SegrZneba. es meTodi maT literaturis ZiriTad
struqturebs daukavSires da misi meSveobiT scades literaturuli
teqstis xarisxobrivi, lingvisturi da Janruli kanonzomierebebis
dadgena.
fatikuri – lingvistikaSi fatikuri gamonaTqvami mxolod da mxolod adamianis
socialuri movaleobis funqcias gulisxmobs. magaliTad, gamonaTqvami
`arafris~ _ madlobis sapasuxod.
fenomeni – 1. iSviaTi, uCveulo, gansakuTrebuli movlena (gansakuTrebuli niWis
adamianzec ityvian). 2. idealistur filosofiaSi: grZnobiT aRqmuli
movlena, romelic upirispirdeba noumens (`nivTs TavisTavad~).

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fenomenologia (berZ. faivnw > fainovmena – movlenili, gamonaTebuli + lovgo~ –
moZRvreba) – 1. hegelis filosofiaSi: moZRvreba cnobierebis, sulis
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. 2. Tanamedrove fenomenologiuri
literaturaTmcodneoba orientirebulia edmund huserlis filosofiaSi
meTodologiaze, romelic aRiarebs realobas, rogorc cnobierebis
Sinaarss, am SinaarsSi ki arCevs grZnobad (fenomenologiur) da
idealur `eidetur~ (WeSmaritad realur) elementebs. fenomenologiuri
esTetika icavs xelovnebis sruli avtonomiurobis princips.
feminizmi (laT. feminisme < femina _ qali) _ qalTa moZraoba (brZola)
mamakacebTan Tanasworuflebianobis mosapoveblad.
fetiSizacia _ < fetiSi (frang. fetiche _ Tilisma, jadoqroba) _ kerpi; nivTi,
romelsac, crumorwmune adamianebis azriT, zebunebrivi Zala aqvs;
SeuZlia daexmaros imas, vinc eTayvaneba. brma Tayvaniscemis sagani.
fetiSizacia _ ramis an vinmes fetiSad gadaqceva.
fetiSizmi (frang. fetichisme) – 1. usuli sagnebis kulti. 2. (gadat.) brmad
Tayvaniscema raimesadmi; gaRmerTeba.
filiacia (frang. filiation < laT. filiatio naTesauri) _ 1. moqalaqeobis miReba am
qveyanaSi dabadebis faqtis wyalobiT. 2. memkvidreobiTi ganviTareba,
kavSiris SenarCuneba pirvelwyarosTan misgan daSorebis SemTxvevaSic.
filosofema (berZn. filo-sovfhma _ gamokvlevis sagani, filosofiuri dasabuTeba,
gamonagoni) _ filosofiuri pozicia, doqtrina an azrovnebis principi.
fiqcia (laT. fictio) – 1. mogonili, gamonagoni, SeTxzuli. 2. sinamdvilis
Seuferebeli, gamogonili mdgomareoba, romelsac raime mizniT iyeneben,
rogorc namdvils. 3. igive mxatvruli literatura, romelic moicavs
romanebs da moTxrobebs. sulac ar aris aucilebeli, rom fictio srulad
gamogonili iyos, SeiZleba masSi realur pirovnebebs, adgilebsa da
movlenebs SevxvdeT. mxatvruli literaturis Semqmneli mxatvruli
efeqtisaTvis iyenebs Semdeg elementebs: antagonisti (gmiri, romelic
upirispirdeba mTavar gmirs, anu protagonists); personaJi (Txrobis
monawile); konfliqti (gmiri an problema, romelsac mTavari gmiri unda
SeewinaaRmdegos); kulminacia (Txrobis yvelaze daZabuli monakveTi);
dialogi (gmirebis metyveleba); siuJeti (movlenaTa mizez-Sedegobrivi
mimdevroba Txrobisas); mTxrobelis pozicia (romelic pirvel an mesame
pirSi gamoixateba. aseT dros, teqstebSi mkiTxveli mTxrobelis xmasTan
aigivebs Tavs); protagonisti (mTavari gmiri); kvanZis gaxsna
(kulminaciis Semdeg ganviTarebuli movlenebi TxrobaSi); scena (Txrobis
nawili, romelic erTi movlenis moqmedebas gviCvenebs); garemo (adgilsa
da drosTan dakavSirebuli cneba, romelSic viTardeba moqmedeba. is
qmnis ganwyobas); struqtura (Txrobis elementTa mowesrigeba);
qvesiuJeti (is, rac sxva siuJetis nawilia an maszea daqvemdebarebuli);
daeWvebis droebiTi gaqarwyleba (mkiTxvelis mxriv Txrobis elementTa
mimarT droebiTi utyuarobis rwmena, rac esTetikuri siamovnebis
nawilia); Tema (nawarmoebis konceptualuri elementi; mTavari, razec
saubaria nawarmoebSi).
fleqsiuri (laT. flexio – drekadi, klaknili, xveuli) – 1. moqnili, Seguebadi,
elastiuri. 2. sityvidan `fleqsia~ (gramat.) sityvaTcvalebadoba _ imave
leqsemisgan (sityva, rogorc enis damoukidebeli erTeuli, mTeli Tavisi

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 formebiT da miSvnelobebiT) miRebuli sxvadasxva forma. yvelaze
gavrcelebulia bruneba (saxli-saxlma-saxls...), uRleba (vaSeneb-aSeneb-
aSenebs...) da a.S.
fokalizacia _ < fokusi (laT. focus _ kera) _ interesebis piki, centri, kera.
fonema (berZ. fwvnhma _ bgera) – (lingv.) sametyvelo bgera, rogorc ama Tu im
enis fonetikuri sistemis Semadgeneli bgeriTi erTeuli.
foniuri (berZn. fwnhv _ bgera, xma) _ enis JReradobasTan, fonikasTan
dakavSirebuli.
fonologia (berZ. fwnhv – bgera + lovgo~ – moZRvreba) – enaTmecnierebis nawili,
romelic swavlobs enis fonemaTa sistemas.
formalizmi – 1. garegnuli formis dacva saqmis arsebiTi mxaris sazianod,
raimesadmi formaluri midgoma, 2. literaturaSi,
xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi: mimarTuleba, romelic formas aniWebs did
mniSvnelobas; formalisturi nawarmoebis garegnuli mxare Crdilavs an
sulac mniSvnelobas ukargavs Sinaarss (arsebobda rusuli formalizmi,
romelsac safuZveli Caeyara XX s-is 20-ian wlebSi. a. potebnia, a.
veselovski, b. eixenbaumi).
formacia (laT. formatio _ warmoqmna, formireba) _ raimes tipi, agebuleba
ganviTarebis garkveul stadiaze. magaliTad, Temuri, monaTmflobeluri,
feodaluri…da sxva formaciebi.
fsiqoanalizi (berZ. yuchv + ajnavlusi~) _ fsiqikuri daavadebebis mkurnalobis
meTodi. swavleba fsiqikis Sesaxeb, romelic Camoayaliba avstrielma
mecnierma zigmund froidma.
futurizmi (laT. futurum – myofadi, momavali) – me-20 s-is 20-ian wlebSi
italiidan wamosuli formalisturi mimdinareoba, romelic uaryofda
tradiciul xelovnebas da mis poetikas; cdilobda, Seeqmna axali,
TanamedroveobisaTvis Sesaferisi stili.
fujitivizmi (laT. fugio _ gavrbivar, gavurbivar) _ 1. gandevna, gaZeveba. aqedan
fujitivistebi: literatorebisa da kritikosebis jgufi q. neSvilis
universitetSi, romelmac didi roli Seasrula literaturis Teoriis
amerikuli skolis gadafasebisa da gardaqmnis procesSi.
funqcionalizmi (laT. functio – Sesruleba, funqcia) – 1. mimarTuleba XX s-is
arqiteqturaSi. racionalizmis saxeoba; upiratesobas aniWebs
arqiteqturuli qmnilebis funqcias (praqtikul daniSnulebas) mis
formasTan SedarebiT. 2. (lit.) yovelgvari niSani, maT Soris
esTetikuric, raime funqciis matarebeli unda iyos da momxmareblis
moTxovnebs Seesabamebodes.

qaoturi (berZn. caov~ _ usasrulo sivrce, samyaros pirvelqmnili

mouwesrigebloba). mouwesrigebeli, gaurkveveli, CaxlarTuli.
qiazmi (berZn. ciavsmo~ `c~ _ asosaviT ganlagebuli~) _ 1. enaTmecnierebaSi
winadadebis xmovani nawilebis gadaadgileba. 2. xelovnebaSi Sebrunebuli
paralelizmi _ ori paraleluri wevris ganTavseba Sebrunebuli rigiT.
literaturaSi frazis meore naxevris ageba pirveli frazis agebulebis

223
 sapirispirod, magaliTad, `saxelmwifo pirovnebisTvisaa da ara pirovneba
saxelmwifosTvis~.
qoro (berZn. corov~ _ ferxulis mocekvaveebisa da momRerlebis gundi). antikur
epoqaSi gundi, romelic monawileobda sakulto ritualebSi,
tregediebsa da komediebSi.
qronotopi (berZ. crovno~ – dro + tovpo~ – sivrce) – 1. droisa da sivrcis
gamTlianeba erT terminSi. 2. ukiduresi dro. drois raRac monakveTi,
romelSic esa Tu is movlena Tavis umaRles gamoxatulebas povebs. am
terminSi mixail baxtini droiT da sivrcul arsebiT mimarTebebs
gulisxmobs.

cikluroba _ cikluri _ wriuli, ciklebad mimdinare. c. metnaklebad

regulirebadi ganmeorebadi (cikluri) movlenebis an procesebis
arseboba.
cirkulacia (laT. circulatio) _ wreze brunva; wriuli moZraoba amosaval
wertilSi dabrunebiT; moZraoba daxSul traeqtoriaze. (ekon.) mimoqceva,
brunva. axal istorizmSi es termini ekonomikidan Sevida. am
Tvalsazrisis momxreebi amtkicebdnen, rom sazogadoeba, nebismier
doneze, Zalauflebis cirkulacias axdens yvelaze elementaruli
kulturuli da socialuri `teqstebis~ warmoebisa da distribuciis
gziT. Zalaufleba, Tavisi iuristebiT, politikosebiTa da policiiT,
sadme `zemoT~ ki araa, aramed cirkulaciis principis Tanaxmad
moqmedebs, sadac TiToeuli monawile arsebuli Zalauflebrivi
struqturebis ganmtkicebas uwyobs xels.
cneba _ azri, romelic warmoadgens garkveuli klasis sagnebis ganzogadebas maTi
specifikuri niSnebis mixedviT. cnebas miT ufro meti mecnieruli
mniSvneloba aqvs, rac ufro arsebiTia is niSnebi, romelTa mixedviTac
aris ganzogadebuli sagnebi. yoveli cneba warmoadgens abstraqcias, rac,
erTi SexedviT, sinamdvilisgan gasvlaa, magram es ase araa; cnebis
saSualebiT ufro Rrmad Seimecneba sinamdvile misi arsebiTi mxareebis
gamoyofisa da gamokvlevis gziT.

wanamZRvari _ msjelobis Semadgeneli elementi; is, rac win uZRvis msjelobas.

wanamZRvrebisgan miiReba daskvna.

xdomileba _ is, rac mosalodnelia moxdes cdis Sedegad.

224
halucinacia (laT. Hallucinatio _ uazro bodva, ausrulebeli ocnebebi) _ mcdari
aRqma; avadmyofuri mdgomareoba, romlis drosac warmoiqmneba xatebi da
SegrZnebebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ar ukavSirdeba gare gamRizianeblebs
da maTiT ar aris gamowveuli. warmoudgeneli, moCvenebiTi. is, risi
dajerebac SeuZlebelia.
hegemonia (berZn. hJgemwvn _ winamZRoli, xelmZRvaneli) _ uzenaesi xelmZRvaneloba.
pirveloba, batonoba.
hermenevtika (berZ. eJrmhneutikhv) – 1. teqstebze, xelovnebaze, musikalur
nawarmoebze msjelobis, interpretaciis, ganmartebis xelovneba. 2.
meTodi, romliTac adgenen literaturuli Zeglis, Zveli xelnawerebis
namdvilobas, maT warmoSobas, istorias. 3. haidegeris mixedviT:
moZRvreba ganmartebis, gamJRavnebis, amoxsnis Sesaxeb.
heterogenuli (berZ. eJtero-genhv~ _ sxvadasxva gvaris) – 1. SemadgenlobiT,
warmoSobiT, TvisebebiT sxvadasxvagvari (sapirispiroa homogenuri).
heteroglosia (berZn. eJterov-glwsso~ – sxva enaze molaparake) – dinamiuri,
sakomunikacio da azris Camoyalibebis modeli. sityvebi, gamoTqmebi da
teqstebi, romlebic sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva konteqstSi
gansxvavebul mniSvnelobebs iZenen. es termini literaturis TeoriaSi
mixail baxtinis mieraa damkvidrebuli da sxvadasxvagvar,
diferencialur metyvelebas niSnavs. baxtinTan is orxmianobas niSnavs.
hibriduli (laT. hibrida _ naerTi) _ najvari.
hipoTeza (berZn. uJpov-qesi~ _ varaudi) _ rame movlenis asaxsnelad wamoyenebuli
mecnieruli varaudi, romlis ueWveloba jer ar aris damtkicebuli.
hiperrealisturi (berZn. uJpevr _ `ze~) _ zerealisturi.
hiperrealoba (berZn. uJpevr _ `ze~) _ zerealoba.
homofonia (berZ. oJmov~ _ igive, msgavsi + fwnhv – bgera) – erTi adamianis xma
(polifoniis – mravalxmianobis sapirispiro).

ad infinitum (laT) _ usasrulobamde.

moamzades venera kavTiaSvilma da rusudan canavam.

225
pirTa saZiebeli

abramsi meier hovard

abuslaevi a.
adonisi
adorno Teodor
averincevi sergei
albertina
alTiuseri lui
antisTene
apeli
apuleusi
aristotele
arnoldi meTiu
arto antonen
atisi

balzaki onore
barti rolan
baxtini mixail
beketi samuel
beli daniel
benediqtovi
benvenisti emil
beni gotfrid
beniamini valter
berdzli monro
berki kenet
bertensi h.
biorki piter
biuleri karl
bleiki uiliam
blekmeri r. p.
blumi harold
bogatirovi p.
bodleri Sarl
bodriari Jan
bosiue
borxesi xose luis
bremoni klod
brentano franc
brehti bertold
briki osip
bruqsi qlinT
buti ueien A
burqhardti iakob qristof

226
gadameri hans georg
galani
ginzburgi karlo
girci kliford
glazeneri n.
goeTe iohan volfgang
golzuorTi jon
gorki maqsim
gramSi antonio
greimasi algir das Julin
greini r. s.
grivcovi b.
grimebi iakob da vilhelm
grinblati sTiven
gurmoni remi de

dante aligieri
danto artur
devidsoni donald
dekarti rene
derida Jak
diazi J. l.
didro deni
dikensi Carlz
dilTai vilhelm
diu gari roJe martin
diuSani marsel
diumezeli JorJ
dostoevski fiodor

ebrehemi n.
eixenbaumi boris
eko umberto
elioti tomas strenz
elmslevi lui
elsi jerald
emersoni ralf uoldo
engelgardti b.
engelsi fridrih
esqile

vaginovi k.
valeri pol
vaxeki iopzef
varoni
veselovski a.

227
vigotski l.
vizi ken
vinogradovi viqtor
vinokuri g. o.
viqtoria
vodiCka feliqs

zalesski b.
zevsi
zenkini sergei
zola emil
zontagi suzan

iakobsoni roman
iakubinski lev petres Ze
iausi hans robert
igltoni teri
ieitsi uiliam batler
ienseni
izeri volfgang
izida
ingardeni roman
isThoupi
iungi karl gustav
iudina m.

kaizeri v.
kaleri jonaTan
kanaevi i.
kanti emanuil
karenina ana
kasandra
kasireri ernst
kafka franc
kekeliZe korneli
kermoudi frenk
kerni r.
kirkegori soren
klaudiusi
klemani k.
kompanioni antuan
konradi n.
konstantinoviCi z.
kristeva iulia
kroCe b.
kurte J.

228
laboki p.
lakani Jak
laklo
lamberti i.
levi-briuli l.
levi-strosi klod
leibnici
leiCi v.
lekleri
lentrikia frenk
livsi f. r.
lilski alan
litre
lixaCovi dimitri
lixtenbergi
loki
ludvigi o.
luisi bari
lukaCi georg
lukiane
lukreciusi

maTeziusi vilem
maiakovski vladimir
makiaveli nikolo
makhali braian
malarme stefan
maleviCi
malvi l.
malro andre
mani Tomas
mani pol de
manoni m.
mari niko
marveli endriu
markuze herbert
marseli
marqsi karl
maqvenlzi
maSeri pier
maxlina v.
medvedevi p.
melvili herman
menelaosi
menipe
merlo ponti moris
metci k.

229
mileri jon hilis
milzi C.
miuleri h.
montrouzi lui adrian
mopasani gi de
mukarJovski ian
moravia alberto

natansoni m.
nicSe fridrix

oblonski
oidiposi
ortega i gaseti xose
ostini jon

pavelici t.
paundi ezra
peklo iaroslav
petersoni
petroniusi
peqteri e.
piaJe Jan
platoni
pirsi Carlz
po edgar
polivanovi e.
pontalesi J. b.
pomorska
potebnia aleqsandre aTanases Ze
prati anis
prati sara
prieto a.
propi vkadimir
prusti marsel
pule J.
pumpianski lev vasilis Ze
puSkini aleqsandr

Jeneti Jerar
JiJeki slavomir
Jirmunski viqtor

ranki oto
raseli bertran
redfildi jeims
rembo artur

230
rensomi jon qrou
reskini jon
rikiori pol
riklini mixail
rilke rainer maria
ripka ian
rifareti maikl
riCardsi a.
riCi adrien
rorti riCard
ruso Jan Jak

sartri Jan-pol
sedjviki iv.
seneka lucius aneus
serli j. r.
servantesi migel de
silvermani k.
skoti uolter
sokrate
solersi filip
sollertinski ivane ivanes Ze
sosiuri ferdinand de
sparlini u.
spinharni joel
stalini ioseb
stendali frederik
stivensoni robert luis

tarle evgeni
teiti alen
tinianovi iuri
todorovi cvetan
tolstoi lev
tomaSevski boris
tranka bohumil
trubeckoi nikolai
tubianski g.

uaiti h.
uardi
ueberi semuel
ueleki rene
uilraiTi filip
uimseti uiliam q.
uoreni robert pen
urnovi dimitri

231
uspenski boris

fenderi a.
fioravanti aristotele
fiSi stenli
folkneri uiliam
fosi martin
frai norTrop
frankovski a.
frege gotlob
freidenbergi o.
freizeri jeims j.
fridmani
froidi zigmund
fuko miSel

qemfbeli jozef
qeini u. e.
qonTi jozef

yaralaSvili revaz

Satobriani fransua rene

Seleri maqs
Seqspiri uiliam
Sileri fridrix
Sklovski viqtor
Slaiermaxeri fridrih
Smidi vilhelm
Staineri georg
Stanceli f. k.

Cetmeni s.

curganova ekaterina aleqsandres asuli

xlebnikovi velimir

jeimsi henri
jeimsoni frederik
joisi jeims
jonsoni ben

havraneki bohuslav
haidegeri martin
hamburgeri k.
hamiltoni

232
hamleti
harioti Tomas
hartmani e.
hartmani jefri
hasani ihab
hauptmani gerhard
hegeli
hemeti
henri IV
henri V
heminguei ernest
hermesi
higinsi dik
hiolderlini
hiumi T.
hirSi e.d.
homerosi
horkhaimeri maqs
houardi jin
humboldti vilhelm
huserli edmund

233