Filosofiuri Dziebani 2019 N24

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia
ACADEMY OF PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES OF GEORGIA
filosofiuri Ziebani
krebuli ocdameoTxe
PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS
COLLECTED ARTICLES VOLUME TWENTY — FOUR
gamomcemloba ùniversali~
Tbilisi 2019 Tbilisi
ISSN 1512 — 2468
UDC (uak) 1 (479.22)
(061.2) f. 562
`filosofiuri Ziebanis~ ocdameoTxe krebuli

tradiciulad Zveli da axali Taobis filosofosTa
naSromebs moicavs da saqarTveloSi mimdinare filo-
sofiur kvleva — Ziebas asaxavs.
mTavari redaqtori: irakli kalandia
recenzentebi: mamuka doliZe

napo kvaracxelia
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnie-
rebaTa akademiis akademikosebi
saredaqcio kolegia EDITORIAL BOARD
asaTiani gurami Asatiani Guram

bregaZe anzori Bregadze Anzori
berZeniSvili amirani Berdzenishvili Amiran
burjaliani arsen Burjaliani Arsen
gaxokiZe ramazi Gakhokidze Ramaz
doliZe mamuka Dolidze Mamuka
imedaZe irakli Imedadze Irakli
kalandia irakli {mT. redaqtori} Kalandia Irakli {Ch. Editor}
kvaracxelia napo Kvaratskhelia Napo
fanjikiZe Teimuraz
Panjikidze Teimuraz
qecbaia kaxa
Ketsbaia Kakha
{mT. redaqtoris moadgile}
{Dep. Ch. Editor}
xasaia zurab
Khasaia Zurab
lit. redaqtorebi: marine ambokaZe
jemal Sonia LIt. Editor – Marine Ambokadze
Djemal Shonia
gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2019

Tbilisi, 0186, a. politkovskaias №4, : 5(99) 33 52 02, 5(99) 17 22 30
E — mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
mTavari redaqtoris
winasityvaoba
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademi-

is sagamomcemlo organos „filosofiuri Ziebani“-s
XXIV krebulSi tradiciulad ibeWdeba rogorc Zveli,
ise axali Taobis filosofosTa naSromebi, romlebic
garkveulwilad asaxavs filosofiuri azrovnebis do-
nes Cvens respublikaSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom mimdinare weli saiubileoa Cveni
akademiisaTvis, romelic 1995 wels daafuZnes qar-
Tvelma filosofosebma cnobili filosofosis, filo-
sofiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris, mecnierebis damsaxu-
rebuli moRvawis, erovnuli premiis laureatis, pro-
fesor sergi avalianis iniciativiTa da TaosnobiT.
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia,
SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, Rirseuli memkvidrea sa-
qarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis savle wereTlis sa-
xelobis filosfiis institutisa, romelic gasuli sa-
ukunis Sua xanebSi (1946 w.) daarsebul iqna prof. petre
Sarias mier da ramdenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi Ca-
moyalibda avtoritetul da angariSgasawev samecniero
— kvleviT dawesebulebad; dawesebulebad, romelic
mTeli sabWoeTis masStabiT samarTlianad iTvleboda
liberaluri azrovnebis erT-erT gamorCeul centrad.
samwuxaro faqtia, rom mesame aTaswleuli Cvens
qveyanaSi daiwyo rogorc filosofiur, aseve sxva mec-
nierebaTa mimarT nihilisturi damokidebulebis dam-
kvidrebiT, rasac mecnierebis, maT Soris filosofiisa
da sulieri kulturis sxvadasxva mniSvnelovani kompo-
nentebis ngreva mohyva. kerZod, faqtobrivad, daixura
udidesi tradiciebis mqone filosfiis isntituti,
3
igive bedi gaiziara sxva samecniero institutebma da
maT Soris dimitri uznaZis saxelobis fsiqologiis in-
stitutmac.
am mokle winaTqmaSi mkiTxvels Tavs ar SevawyenT
viTarebis dawvrilebiTi da safuZvliani gadmocemiT,
aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom neobolSevikurad moazrovne
nacionaluri moZraobis cnobilma ideologebma, ilia-
unis xelmZRvanelobam (reqtori gigi TevzaZe, adminis-
traciis xelmZRvaneli sergo ratiani) 2011 wels, faq-
tobrivad, gaauqma filosofiis instituti, romelic
TanamSromelTa nebis sawinaaRmdegod, ramdenime wlis
win iliaunis SemadgenlobaSi iqna Seyvanili (damouki-
debeli struqturuli erTeulis statusiT).
unda aRiniSnos, rom amis Semdeg filosofiis in-
stitutis TanamSromlebma sasamarTlos yvela instan-
ciaSi movigeT procesi da samsaxuridan Cveni masobrivi
ganTavisuflebis gadawyvetileba ukanonod iqna miCne-
uli, mainc dRemde filosofiis institutis aRdgenis
sakiTxi gadauwyveteli rCeba. Cveni qveynis xelisuf-
lebis arcerTi Sesabamisi organo, maRalCinosani, vinc
dainteresebuli unda iyos da zrunavdes saqarTvelo-
Si mecnierebis ganviTarebaze (Cven maT araerTxel miv-
marTeT), aranair yuradRebas ar iCens aRniSnuli sa-
kiTxisadmi. xolo saqrTvelos parlamentSi erT-erT
bolo Sexvedraze, parlamentis ganaTlebis, mecniere-
bisa da kulturis komitetis (aw ukve yofilma) Tav-
mjdomarem ase „dagvmoZRvra“: mTavaria fulis Sovnis
gzebi gamonaxoT, rom institutma ifunqcioniroso.
aseTi pozicia im Sexedulebis gamoZaxilia, romlis mi-
xedviTac, Cvens pragmatul, ZiriTadad materialur ke-
TildReobasa da komfortze orientirebul saukuneSi
yvelafrisagan, Cveulebriv elodebian uSualo praqti-
kul sargebels. arada, filosfiis (iseve rogorc sxva
4
humanitaruli mecnierebebis) SemTxvevaSi saqme xom
sxvagvaradaa: gasaTvaliswinebelia is mniSvnelovani
garemoeba, rom marTalia, filosofias sazogadoebi-
saTvis ar moaqvs (da es arc aris misi funqcia da daniS-
nuleba) iseTi uSualo, pirdapiri praqtikuli sargeb-
loba, rogorc sabunebismetyvelo da teqnikur mecnie-
rebebs, magram misi Rirebuleba sxva mimarTulebiTaa
saZiebeli. kerZod, es aris Teoriuli azrovnebis sfe-
ro, msoflmxedvelobrivi „datvirTva“. Tu sazogadoe-
bas Teoriebi da koncefciebi, RirebulebiTi orienta-
ciebi, idealebi, Sefasebebi da normebi sWirdeba (es ki
sazogadoebas, adamianebs namdvilad sWirdeba), maSin
misTvis filosofiac aucilebelia, radganac filoso-
fiur — msoflmxedvelobrivi gaazrebis gareSe maTi
dafuZneba da kritikuli Sefaseba SeuZlebelia. aseve
arsebiTia imis aRniSvnac, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoe-
ba, romliskenac miiswrafvis msoflio, unda iyos is sa-
zogadoeba, sadac kidev ufro amaRldeba sazogadoeb-
rivi azris mniSvneloba da roli (vinaidan aq swored
sazogadoebam, sazogadoebrivma organizaciebma unda
gaakontrolon saxelmwifosa da misi biurokratiuli
aparatis saqmianoba). es ki gardauvlad gulisxmobs da
moaswavebs imas, rom sxva goniT mecnierebebTan erTad,
filosofiuri ganazrebebic xels Seuwyoben globa-
lur demokratiul gardaqmnebs, samSvidobo procesebs
da zogadsakacobrio liberalur – demokratiul Rire-
bulebaTa damkvidrebas.
filosofiis aseTi „universaluri“ mniSvnelobisa
Tu daniSnulebis gaTvalisiwnebiT, cxadi unda iyos,
rom filosfiis institutis gauqmeba, sadac Tanamed-
rove standartebis moTxovnaTa doneze organizebu-
lad mimdinareobda aqtualuri filosofiuri proble-
5
mebis kvleva, niSnavs ara erTi romeliRac dawesebule-
bis gauqmebas, aramed am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs Cveni
gamoCenili winaprebisa da maswavleblebis mier didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi udidesi ZalisxmeviTa da Tavdade-
biT Camoyalibebuli samecniero tradiciebis mizanmi-
marTul moSla — ganadgurebsTan; xolo am tradiciis
kvlav aRdgena da damkvidreba, saeWvoa saerTod moxer-
xdeba Tu ara uaxles momavalSi.
amJamad filosofiis (da ara marto filosofiis)
sferoSi arsebuli umZimesi viTarebis miuxedavad, ro-
gorc araerTxel gviTqvams, saqarTveloSi filosofi-
is gadasarCenad, kvlavac enTuziazmis safuZvelze ag-
rZelebs saqmianobas saqarTvelos filosofiur mecni-
erebaTa akademia da misi beWdviTi organo „filosofi-
uri Ziebani“, romlis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi amo-
cana iyo da aris CvenSi filosofiur ZalTa gaerTiane-
biT, erTiani ZalisxmeviT, saqarTveloSi filosofiuri
kvlevis sferoSi wina Taobebis filosofosTa mier Ca-
moyalibebuli mdidari da mravalferovani tradiciis
gagrZeleba da Semdgomi ganviTareba.
irakli kalandia
2020 wlis 17 ianvari
6
nawili pirveli
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa
akademiis cnobari
2019
akademiis akademikosebi
1. asaTiani guram
2. balanCivaZe revaz
3. berZeniSvili amiran
4. bregaZe anzor
5. burjaliani arsen
6. gaxokiZe ramaz
7. goleTiani robert
8. doliZe mamuka
9. imedaZe irakli
10. kalandia irakli
11. kvaracxelia napo
12. mTibelaSvili Teimuraz
13. sarjvelaZe nodar
14. fanjikiZe Teimuraz
15. faCulia Teimuraz
16. forCxiZe badri
17. qecbaia kaxa
18. CantlaZe raul
19. xasaia zurab
8
akademiis prezidiumi
1. prezidenti — irakli kalandia

2. vice — prezidenti — arsen burjaliani
3. akademikosi — mdivani — kaxa qecbaia
4. ontologiis, gnoseologiisa da logikis ganyofi-
lebis akademikosi — mdivani — napo kvaracxelia
5. mecnierebis filosofiis ganyofilebis akademikosi
— mdivani — ramaz gaxokiZe
6. politikuri filosofiis ganyofilebis akademiko-
si — mdivani — guram asaTiani
7. filosofiuri anTropologiis ganyofilebis akade-
mikosi — mdivani — anzor bregaZe
8. eTikisa da esTetikis ganyofilebis akademikosi —
mdivani — mamuka doliZe
9. religiis filosofiisa da religiaTmcodneobis
ganyofilebis akademikosi — mdivani — Teimuraz
fanjikiZe
10. sociologiisa da socialuri fsiqologiis ganyo-
filebis akademikosi — mdivani — amiran berZeniSvi-
li
11. ucxoeTisa da qarTuli filosofiis istoriis gan-
yofilebis akademikosi — mdivani — zurab xasaia
12. kulturis filosofiis ganyofilebis akademikosi —
mdivani — Teimuraz mTibelaSvili
9
FIRST PART
REFERENCE BOOK
OF THE ACADEMY OF PHILOSOPHICAL
SCIENCES OF GEORGIA
2019
ACADEMICIANS OF THE ACADEMY OF PHILOSOPHICAL
SCIENCES OF GEORGIA
1. ASATIANI GURAM
2. BALANCHIVADZE REVAZ
3. BERDZENISHVILI AMIRAN
4. BREGADZE ANZOR
5. BURJALIANI ARSEN
6. CHANTLADZE RAUL
7. GAKHOKIDZE RAMAZ
8. GOLETIANI ROBERT
9. DOLIDZE MAMUKA
10. FORCHKHIDZE BADRI
11. IMEDADZE IRAKLI
12. KALANDIA IRAKLI
13. KVARATSKHELIA NAPO
14. KETSBAIA KAKHA
15. KHASAIA ZURAB
16. MTIBELASHVILI TEIMURAZ
17. SARJVELADZE NODAR
18. PANJIKIDZE TEIMURAZ
19. PACHULIA TEIMURAZ
11
PRESIDIUM OF THE ACADEMY
OF PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES OF GEORGIA
1. PRESIDENT — KALANDIA IRAKLI

2. VICE — PRESIDENT — BURJALIANI ARSEN
3. ACADEMICIAN SECRETARY — KETSBAIA KAKHA
4. ACADEMICIAN SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT
OF ONTOLOGY, GNOSEOLOGY AND LOGIC —
KVARATSKHELIA NAPO
OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE — GAKHOKIDZE RAMAZ
OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY —
ASATIANI GURAM
7. ACADEMICIAN SECRETARY OF DEPARTMENT OF
PHILOSOPHYCAL ANTHROPOLOGY — BREGADZE
ANZOR
ETHICS AND OF AESTHETIC — DOLIDZE MAMUKA
9. ACADEMIC SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION AND THE STUDY OF
RELIGION — PANJIKIDZE TEIMURAZ
10. ACADEMIC SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY —
BERDZENISHVILI AMIRAN
OF FOREIGN AND GEORGIAN PHILOSOPHY —
KHASAIA ZURAB
OF PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE – TEIMURAZ
MTIBELASHVILI
12
nawili meore
filosofiuri Ziebani
SECOND PART
PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS
ontologia, gnoseologia
ONTOLOGY, GNOSEOLOGY
Mamuka Dolidze – Doctor of Philosophy, professor of Tbilisi State
University, Since 1974 year He worked in the Georgian Institute of
Philosophy, Tbilisi. He was research worker and then the chief of
department of Theoretic Philosophy. Since 2012 he works in the department
of humanitarian sciences at Tbilisi State University. He is an author of five
Monograph and more then sixty philosophical articles published in Georgia
and abroad. In 2019 he took part (with reports ) in international conferen-
ces: American study, TSU May 15 — 17; Athens, conference of Greek
Philosophical society, July 10 — 13; Institute of philosophy at the
department of humanitarian sciences TSU, November 21 — 23; University
of Riga, conference – Edmund Husserl 160, Martin Heidegger 130.
December 10 – 12.
PHENOMENOLOGY AND METAPHYSICS
Phenomenology and metaphysics – both seem to be mutually

exclusive concepts. The first refers to the phenomena – things,
events, ideas, desires, emotions, imaginary contents, works of art,
poetry, literature – in short, all the contents of our internal and
external life, all the forms of being, which are open toward the other
forms of being and first of all, which are given to our consciousness.
Metaphysics appeals to the so called the “Thing in Itself” – the
transcendent object which has never been given to the consciousness.
It is closed in itself and presents unknown object.
This traditional distinction between phenomenology and
metaphysics seems not to comply with the modern philosophical
thinking. The diversity of modern philosophy abounds with
innumerable attempts to break the borders between these two main
branches of philosophy.
To resolve this problem, in our work we used the special
phenomenological method – the method of bracketing the
phenomenon that means to wrest it from the determinism of
objective being.
15
Unfolding this position, finally we have come to the point that,
it would be the influence of the metaphysical world that create
obstacles to insight completely the self of subject and to cognize the
world in the absolute light of logical accuracy.
Therefore, the elusiveness of the self and the error of human
cognition, both have positive values, since they have indicated the
influence of metaphysics on the phenomenological world.
Phenomenology and metaphysics – both seem to be mutually
exclusive concepts. The first refers to the phenomena – things,
events, ideas, desires, emotions, imaginary contents, works of art,
poetry, literature – in short, all the contents of our internal and
external life, all the forms of being, which are open toward the other
forms of being and first of all, which are given to our consciousness.
Metaphysics appeals to the so called the “Thing in Itself” – the
transcendent object which has never been given to the consciousness.
It is closed in itself and presents unknown object. This traditional
distinction between phenomenology and metaphysics seems not to
comply with the modern philosophical thinking. The diversity of
modern philosophy abounds with innumerable attempts to break the
borders between these two main branches of philosophy.
The unknown concept of the “Thing in Itself” has no
resistance against the critical philosophical peruse. Who can
characterize the metaphysical object as an unknown thing if it is
absolutely unknown? Since the very process of characterization has
already brought to light the transcendent kingdom of an absolute
darkness. Nevertheless, philosophers introduced this concept and
moreover: they harbingered in handling this concept to resolve
philosophical — cognitive problems.
One of the ways to explain this paradox is the following: while
speaking about the metaphysical “Thing in Itself”, the philosophers
do not imply specifically the unknown and transcendent object. They
have in mind the meaning of this object which, as a significant
content, is open to the consciousness. Thus the meaning and the
existence of the “Thing in Itself” differ from each other in principle;
16
the first is open, whereas the second is closed to the consciousness.
Hence the meaning of the metaphysical object cannot reflect the
existence of the same one. So, this way of explanation comes to the
split between the meaning and existence of metaphysical object.
Our judgment seems to be scurrilous and maybe superficial
point of view on the problem of metaphysics, mentioned above.
More thorough and profound investigation leads us not only to the
depth of more refine distinction, coming eventually to the integrity of
meaning and being but to the alteration of the style of thinking and to
the break of the stereotypical forms of judgment we have been
accustomed to.
The first obstacle we encounter here concerns the problem of
being of the “Thing in Itself”. How one could speak about the being
of object if it was absolutely unknown? One could never assert
whereas this object existed or not. One must take into account the
“Thing in Itself” out of claim of being or not — being. One must take
this object in brackets and that is the very phenomenological
description of the metaphysical object.
Such weird and, moreover, self — contradictory issue of our
metaphysical inquiry, (since we have encountered the incredible
result for philosophical logics – the result of integrity of the
metaphysics and phenomenology) is not certainly the synthesis of
incongruous conceptions if we share the position of Edgar Allan Poe
about the poetic principle ( 1).
The great romantic writer came to the exactly
phenomenological point of view of the poetic principle; a writer
would be worth naming a certain poet if he had not been involved in
an immediate experience of beauty and romantic life. He must have
kept the distance between his desires, feelings, emotions, poetic
ideas, stream of an artistic thoughts, wills, etc.
The distance shows that instead of a physical existence of
beautiful things and psycho — emotional, romantic state of soul, a
certain poet strives for the sublime, metaphysical beauty.
17
When an author or a reader of a poem bursts into tears it
happens not because of the excessive emotions but because of the
sorrow that he is unable to attain the metaphysical beauty and cannot
reach the sublime state of merging with the spiritual source of
romantic feelings.
To put it differently, in the concepts of Bible, that is the sorrow
for the Paradise which is lost forever. Therefore a poet’s emotion is
not purely aesthetical; it deals with the ethical principle as well.
Striving for the metaphysics does not lead him to a poem for the sake
of poem and to the beauty for the sake of beauty but it deals with
moral sense of sinfulness because of the Fall. Thus the poetical strive
for metaphysics does not attain the “Thing in Itself” (the beauty for
the sake of beauty).
It turns into phenomenological way which deals with the
phenomenon of morality.
Unfolding this poetic principle in phenomenological manner,
we can say that the poet undergoes not only the sorrow for
unattainable beauty but he at the same time strives for attaining this
unattainable goal. He does not reject the beauty of physical things
and internal reality of his psycho — emotional state. He uses these
aesthetical points to construct the poem but uses them conditionally
keeping the distance between his self and his emotions, since his
intentionality has been directed to the metaphysical, unattainable
beauty.
Here he comes across with the problem again: the distance
between him and his work of art (since it has presented an issue of
his romantic experience) inevitably reveals that he certainly deals
with the metaphysical world and that his poem plays a role of a
mediator between him and eternity.
On the other hand, if he had not been involved in the stream of
creative emotions and thoughts, the poem would have become the
dry skeleton of symbols, metaphors and ideas calling for revealing
the unknown, metaphysical sphere.
18
If, than, the structure of symbols and ideas was able to draw
the curtain of the kingdom of metaphysical things, the latter would
lose their mystery and become the knowing things. Consequently,
instead of the “Thing in Itself” which is unknown in principle we
find the “Thing for the Consciousness” and the metaphysical world
would be lost.
Therefore the poet follows the vocation to keep the distance
not only with the physical beauty but also with the symbols leading
him beyond physical reality to the kingdom of metaphysics.
Such double distance toward the opposite worlds is possible
only in contradictory state of motion. The poet must be involved in
physical and psychological experience of beauty (to make the
distance and keep the inaccessibility of metaphysics) and at the same
time, he must not be involved in the same experience of a physical
beauty (to keep the strife for an inaccessible world).
Scrutinizing this position of this twofold distance, it becomes
obvious that the poet comes to the phenomenological attitude.
Keeping and not keeping the distance toward his poetical self (which
bears the experience of the real, sensible beauty) the poet uses the
phenomenological method; he takes this experience in brackets,
keeps it conditionally as a phenomenon but not as a real state of his
soul. He turns his romantic experience into a metaphor of the
metaphysical beauty and plays a role of a person who seems to be
involved in this experience.
Generalizing this poetical principle into the principle of
creativity of art, we come to the conclusion: it is an artistic reality of
work of art which makes the bridge between phenomenology and
metaphysics.
The problem of relation of phenomenology and metaphysics is
far to be exhausted either by the poetical principle, considered above
or by the sphere of creativity of work of art in general.
We encounter here with a very difficult crux of the human
thinking which always slips away from the logical judgment.
19
As it was noted, the radical change of style of thinking seems
to be unavoidable here. The crux of the matter is in fact that instead
of constructing the process of thinking, we must deconstruct it.
The certain creativity, the ontopoesis from nothing, excludes
the project, an a priori idea, preoccupation and foreseeing of the
result of creativity. The work of art essentially arises in the space of
freedom in the internal womb of creative action, without been
enforced from outside, despite all the projects and ideas as attempts
to anticipate and determine it in advance.
However, this ideal work of art dwells on a half way between
phenomenology and metaphysics. If we were astute to come over
this bridge and continue our way toward an unattainable and
unknown object, we would keep our loyalty toward the principle of
deconstruction of thinking at all. That means to reject not only any
kind of project which would be given in advance but also to
withstand to any kind of mental construction which arises on its own
in the freedom of creative action. That is certainly impossible state of
thinking, since we are in permanent striving for deconstruction of
any construction arising in our mind despite the fact, that the very
process of deconstruction needs some constructive basis of resistance
against any basis of construction. Yes, that is unobtainable state of
mind but we are urged to aspire this impossible state, to continue our
way toward metaphysics.
There are two ways of helping us out from this state:
The first leads to intentionality of deconstructing and
disintegrating all the constructions and eventually all the logical
structure of thinking.
Such total deconstruction turns our language either into
rambling of a madman, or into an utmost private, intimate and
subjective speech, which would be deprived of communicative
function and become absolutely incomprehensible.
In his “Allegory of Cave”, (2) Plato pointed out this
metaphysical language which sounded as a rambling of a madman.
20
In respect of this way, it would be worth noting that we could
not follow this path, leading to the ultimate form of subjectivity.
Otherwise, we would be in danger to be unknown and this paper
could lose its scientific value.
The second way is specifically phenomenological.
On the way of creative activity, we are not in charge of
deconstruction of mental contents arising in freedom of thinking. We
can take them in brackets, or keep them conditionally, changing their
meanings and abolishing their claims of being or not — being. That is
the phenomenological way of deconstruction of the “giveness” of
being to change it in the content of thinking: the way of shifting the
sense from an existence to an essence.
Revealing the essence through the “giveness” of being, we
attached the metaphysical sense to the phenomenon. The essence is
worth considering being an inexhaustible source of revealing
phenomena. Hence, the essence is not the phenomenon. It realizes
itself through the phenomena but since this realization has been
interminable, the essence does not completely disclose itself as a
phenomenon. Inasmuch an essence reveals itself as a phenomenon, it
conceals itself as a metaphysical object. Here the way of self —
revealing coincides with the way of self — concealing. On the one
hand, we are unable to grasp the metaphysical object, since our
consciousness has always dealt with the phenomena but on the other
hand, we are responsible to take into account that the “openness” of
phenomena derives from the metaphysical object which is
unobtainable and inexhaustible source of our thinking.
The second, phenomenological way, leading to the
metaphysical object, has something in common with the first way
leading to the same goal through the ultimate subjectivity of
language. The thing is that although the metaphysical object is
unknown, it influences and leaves a trail on our phenomenological
world. This trail runs through the subjectivity of being.
21
Disintegration of logical structure of thinking and devaluation
of communicative function of language both appear to be the tribute
to keep the unknown status of metaphysical object.
Phenomenological shifting of sense of mental constructions,
arising in creative freedom of thinking seems to be an attempt to
grasp the trail of metaphysical object leaving it in our world of
phenomena.
What kind of trail we are speaking about?
This trail could not be the element of our cognition; otherwise,
it would not correspond to the metaphysical object which has never
become the object of knowledge.
It would be an obscure and unconscious trail of influence of
unknown “thing in itself”, which has always strove against
objectification of the knowledge and through the contingency and
freedom it breaks the order of objective world.
In word, that is the subjectivity of being, which manifests itself
in two spheres: in the sphere of consciousness, through the elusive
self of psycho — emotional phenomena and in the sphere of external
world, through the freedom and irreducible probability of natural
events.
Emergence of the quantum theory in atomic physics and
disclosing the irreducible probability and indeterminism of quantum
events clearly confirmed these objective forms of subjectivity in the
physical reality.
Quantum theory obviously shows that the matter as a pheno-
menon has an ability of self — interpretation and the essence should
be considered beyond phenomena, as a metaphysical object. (3)
The influence of this metaphysical essence introduces the
subjective agent versus to objectivity of knowledge, against necessity
and determinism of reality.
Therefore, to take into account the essence of phenomenon,
above all we need to fix this subjective agent which deconstruct the
regularity of objective being. ,
22
The special phenomenological method is used to accomplish
this task – the method of bracketing the phenomenon that means to
wrest it from the determinism of objective being.
Unfolding this position, finally we could come to the point
that, it would be the influence of the metaphysical world that create
obstacles to insight completely the self of subject and to cognize the
world in the absolute light of logical accuracy.
Therefore, the elusiveness of the self and the error of human
cognition, both have positive values, since they have indicated the
influence of metaphysics on the phenomenological world.
***
Looking back through our opus, the feeling of dissatisfaction
accompanies us, since instead of deconstruction of the mental forms
leading certainly to the unknown object, we use ready — made
phenomenological conception to bridge the gap over phenomenology
and metaphysics.
Therefore, the subtle way of creativity between certainty and
uncertainty of thinking slipped away.
Therefore, this work could be considered as incomplete in
principal. It would be open in perspective of further discussions to
keep certain creativity leading to the mystery of the metaphysical
world.
Literature:
1. Poe Edgar Allan . The poetic principal, in the book : American

Literary Criticism. Moscow “Progress” 1981 Pp. 59 — 68
2. The Republic of Plato. book VII 514 a 2, 517 a 7,. Translated by
Bloom, Allan; USA Basic books, 1968. Pp. 193 — 196
3. Dolidze Mamuka, Phenomenology in Science and Literature,
Encyclopedia – Phenomenology World — Wide (Analecta
Husserliana Vol. 80, Pp. 608 – 616 )
23
mamuka doliZe — filosofiis mecn. doqtori, saqarTvelos
filosfiur mecnierebaTa akademiis kademikosi. Tbilsiis iv.
javaxiSvilis saxelobis sax. universitetis filosofiis mi-
marTulebis profesori. muSaobs Teoriuli filosofiis,
fenomenologiis, religiis filosofiis sferoebSi. gamoq-
veynebuli aqvs mravali samecniero naSromi mecnierebis am
dargebSi, maT Soris monografiebi qarTul da ucxour eneb-
ze. cnobili mwerali da dramaturgi.
fenomenologia da metafizika
reziume
fenomenologia da metafizika yofierebis or gan-

sxvavebul, erTmaneTis gamomricxav sferos Seexeba.
Tuki fenomenologia aRwers fenomenTa samyaros, ro-
melic Riaa cnobierebis winaSe, metafizikis obieqtia
“nivTi TavisTavad” — is, rac ar Semodis cnobierebis
velSi da verasodes iqceva codnis obieqtad.
Cveni mosazrebiT, es tradiciuli wyalgamyofi
fenomenTa samyaros da metafizikur sferos Soris Se-
iZleba kidec dairRves fenomenologiis Tanamedrove
miRwevaTa Suqze. Tuki “nivTi TavisTavad” sruliad Se-
umecnebadia, rogorRa SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom is ar Semo-
dis cnobierebis velSi da verasodes iqceva codnis
obieqtad? amis Tqma ukve mis garkveul daxasiaTebas da
maSasadame, garkveul gacnobierebas niSnavs. iqneb ase-
Ti saubrisas mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara metafizikuri
obieqti, aramed misi sazrisi, anu is kvali, rac misi ze-
gavleniT aRibeWdeba cnobierebis ekranze? magram aqe-
dan gamomdinareobs, rom metafizikuri obieqti da misi
sazrisi ori gansxvavebuli Sinaarsia. erTi ganekuTvne-
ba aracnobieris sferos, meore ki cnobierebis vels.
aseTi gaxleCva rom ar moxdes, SeiZleba mivmarToT enis
24
dekonstruqciis princips. ena, rogorc azrovnebis
forma, miisrafvis garkveulobisken, sicxadisken. gar-
kveuli Sinaarsis warmoCeniT ena Sordeba aracnobieris
sferos da fiqsirdeba cnobierebis velSi. amdenad
enobrivi konstruqcia kargavs metafizikuri obieqtis
idumalebas.
imisTvis, rom gavideT cnobierebis gareT da gada-
videT sazrisidan metafizikur obieqtze, saWiroa mo-
vaxdinoT enis dekonstruqcia, anu davarRvioT misi Se-
sabamisoba obieqtur realobasTan da aRmovaCinoT is
stiqiuri elementi, romelic ar obieqtivirdeba da
sagnobriv kristalizacias ar ganicdis. faqtiurad es
aris enis, rogorc subieqturi fenomenis Cveneba, rac
mudmivad ewinaaRmdegeba codnis SinaarsTa obieqtiva-
ciis princips. enis am subieqtur stiqiaSi isaxeba kavSi-
ri fenomensa da interfenomens, cnobiersa da aracno-
biers Soris rac fenomenologiuri samyaros Riaobas
niSnavs metafizikis mimarT.
25
nino TomaSvili — filosofiis doqtori, Tbilsiis iv. java-
xiSvilis saxelobis sax. universitetis asocirebuli profe-
sori. muSaobs Teoriuli filosofiisa da logikis sferoeb-
Si. gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero naSromebi mecnierebis am
dargebSi, maT Soris monografiebic.
enis dominanti funqciebi

filosofiur diskursSi
enis filosofiis problemebiT dainteresebul

mecnierTa mier enis funqciebis kvleva da Seswavla Ta-
namedrove samecniero sivrceSi intensiurad mimdina-
reobs da mudmivi daxvewisa da gafarToebis procesSia.
am kvlevebma daadastura, rom enas bevri funqcia aqvs;
Tumca jerjerobiT mainc ar aris napovni raime zogadi
principi enis yvela SesaZlo funqciis gamosavlenad.
Tanamedrove filosofiaSi gamoikveTa Tvalsazrisi
enis funqciebsa da diskursis tipebs Soris urTier-
Tdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb, romelSic xorcieldeba
komunikaciuri aqtebi.
diskursi, iseve rogorc ena, socialuri da sazo-
gadoebrivi movlenaa. igi enis ganuyofeli nawilia da
aisaxeba sxvadasxva konkretul sociumSi, romelTagan
TiToeuls gaaCnia damaxasiaTebeli lingvisturi Tvi-
sebebi. enis es specifika garkveul socialur konteq-
stSi realizdeba zepiri, an werilobiTi formiT. unda
aRiniSnos, rom diskursis sasaubro Tu werilobiTi
teqstebi Sedgeba garkveuli elementebisagan, romle-
bic xSirad diskursSi dominantur rols asrulebs da
konteqstze zemoqmedebas axdens. mecnierTa mier am
elementebis Seswavla mimdinareobs iseTi faqtorebis
26
gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoricaa mosaubre, mizani, inten-
cia, adgili da sxva.
arsebobs diskursis mravali ganmarteba. zogier-
Ti mkvlevarisTvis igi `teqstebis“ erTobliobaa, zo-
gierTisTvis – diskursul `praqtikaSi“ ganxorciele-
buli urTierToba, zogisTvis ki `sametyvelo komuni-
kaciis saxeoba”. es imas niSnavs, rom am cnebis gansaz-
Rvrebas xvadasxva mecnieruli codnis farglebSic ki
erTmniSvnelovni ara ris.
filosofiuri diskursic komunikaciis (da aram-
xolod sametyvelo) erTgvari saxeobaa da gaaCnia sxve-
bisagan gansxvavebulilingvisturiwesebi da, Sesabami-
sad, ena.frangmapostmodernistebmafilosofiur dis-
kursad filosofosTa mier Seqmnili Txzulebebis, anu
specifiuri filosofiuri leqsikiT, sintaqsiT da se-
mantikiT Seqmnili teqstebis erToblioba miiCnies, ro-
melic erTgvari problemuri sivrcea. J. deliozma da
f. gvattarim erTobliv naSromSi `rizoma“ ("Rhizome",
1976) diskursis sivrce Seadares `rizomas“ (rizoma —
frang. `qseli“) — juja mcenares, romlis fesvi da yva-
vili ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. `rizoma“ isea
mowyobili, rom masSi yovel Zafs aqvs SesaZlebloba ga-
dakveTos meore. es aris erTgvari labirinTi, proble-
muri sivrce, romeliccnobierebis uwesrigomimarTu-
lebas gamoxatavs.esaa mravaliazrisTanaarseboba,ro-
melTa Soris ar arsebobs mTavari (centri) da meorexa-
risxovani (periferia); yvela azri mniSvnelovania, er-
Tnairad imsaxurebs yuradRebas da erTnairad aisaxeba
teqstSi. ase gagebuli `rizoma“ gaxda filosofiuri
diskursis konstruqciis modeli.
postmodernistebis azriT, yoveli axali filoso-
fiuri teqsti xdeba sxva ukve arsebuli filosofiuri
27
teqstebis gadakveTis adgili – `rizomis“ Zafi, rome-
lic garkveul dros SeiZleba iqces filosofiuri dis-
kursis `gardatexis wertilad“, rac gamoixateba cal-
keul filosofiur teqstebSi cnebaTa, msjelobaTa,
kvlevis obieqtebis SeuTavseblobaSi. isini arian Seu-
sabamoni da amave dros, ekvivalenturnic, ramdenadac
maTi formireba xdeba erTi da imave wesebiT, erTsa da
imave pirobebSi. swored am wertilebSi xdeba filoso-
fiuri paradigmebis cvalebadoba, warmoiqmneba axali
mimdinareobebi da ideebi. swored amitom filosofiur
diskursSi gansakuTrebuli interesis sagani xdeba ga-
mouTqmeli, magram nagulisxmevi azri – presupozicie-
bi, vinaidan postmodernistebisaTvis filosofiuri
teqsti warmoadgens ukve arsebuli da axladwarmoSo-
bili azrebis kveTas, maT gansxvavebul interpretaci-
ebs da, rogorc aRvniSneT, didi raodenobiT nagulis-
xmevi codnis arsebobas, romelic diskursisaTvis mo-
umzadebeli adamianisaTvis teqsts gaurkvevels xdis.
aris Tu ara ase gagebuli filosofiuri teqsti
mecnieruli? mecnierebi SeTanxmdenen, rom nebismieri
Teoria misdami wayenebul mecnierulobis moTxovnas
akmayofilebs maSin, rodesac masSi gamoTqmuli WeSma-
ritebis pretenziis mqone debulebebi dasabuTdeba.
zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT,vinaidan filosofia sxva
kerZo mecnierebebisagan gansxvavebiT swavlobs samya-
ros rogorc mTels, kulturas, kerZo mecnierebaTa
miznebs da sakuTar Tavsac, da cdilobs sakuTari de-
bulebebis mowesrigebul da dasabuTebul mTlianobad
warmodgenas, igi gansakuTrebuli mecnierebis sta-
tuts iZens, romelic `TiTqos zemodan dahyurebs sam-
yaros“ (2, gv. 350). am Tvalsazrisis momxreTa mixed-
viT,filosofiuri diskursimecnierul diskursTa
ricxvs miekuTvneba damasSi vlindeba am ukanaskneli-
28
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli enis yvela specifiuri Tviseba.
mecniereba, rogorc k. poperi ambobs, Tavisi specifiu-
ri miznebisaTvis enis funqciaTa mravalferovnebidan
upiratesobas aniWebs deskrifciul, argumentaciul
da definitorul funqciebs (6. gv. 335).
definicia, rogorc mecnierebis enis dominanti
funqcia, garkveuli terminis mniSvnelobas qmnis sxva
terminebis kombinaciebis gamoyenebiT, romelsac Tan
axlavs specialurad am miznis gamomTqmeli sityvebi.
poperis azriT, dasabuTebis procesSi ena amave dros
avlens gamomsaxvelobiT funqcias, radgan warmoadgens
fisiqikuri Tu fsiqologiuri Sinagani viTarebis gare-
gan simptoms. garda amisa, ramdenadac ena adasturebs
garkveul Sexedulebebs raime viTarebis Sesaxeb, is
deskrifciacaa da ramdenadac raime Sexedulebis dasa-
cavad moiZiebs saWiro sabuTebs, is asrulebs argumen-
taciul funqciasac.
unda daveTanxmoT k. popers, romlis azriTac, enis
argumentaciuli funqcia aris mecnierebisaTvis umaR-
lesi sxva funqciebs Soris da is vlindeba nebismieri
sagnis kritikul ganxilvaSi. poperi miiCnevs, rom arse-
bobs enis iseTi funqciebi rogoricaa, mag., preskrif-
ciuli, konsultaciuri, magram mxolod dasaxelebul
oTxs Soris aris garkveuli ierarqia im azriT, rom Ti-
Toeuli ufro maRali funqcia ufro dabali funqcie-
bis gareSe ar SeiZleba iyos mocemuli maSin, roca uf-
ro dabali funqciebi SeiZleba mogveces ufro maRalis
gareSe. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom yvela mkvlevaris az-
riT, ena erTsa da imave komunikaciur aqtSi SeiZleba
erTdroulad asrulebdes sxvadasxva funqcias, rom
enis yoveli gamoyenebisas, garda zogierTi SemTxvevi-
sa, gvaqvs funqciebis erToblioba da ara romelime
29
funqcia, Tumca maT Soris zogierTi dominantur rols
TamaSobs. amis gaTvaliswinebiT k. poperma ivarauda,
rom mis mier gamoyofili oTxi funqcia qmnis ierarqi-
as: eqspresiuli da sasignalo funqciebi ufro dabla
dgas ierarqiaSi da axasiaTebs cxovelTa enebsac maSin,
rodesac deskrifciuli da argumentaciuli funqciebi
mxolod adamianTa enebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
Tu filosofia mecnierebaa, maSin mecnierebis enis
dominanti funqciebi filosofiisTvisac aris damaxa-
siaTebeli, magram Tu filosofia aris ukve arsebuli
da axladwarmoSobili azrebis kveTa da maTi gansxvave-
buli interpretaciebis, teqstebis erToblioba (ro-
gorc amas postmodernistebi ambobdnen), maSin misi
enis mTavar funqciebad warmogvidgeba k. biuleris mi-
er dasaxelebuli enis, ufro zustad, metyvelebis sami
funqcia: komunikaciis, gamoxatvis da mimarTvis fun-
qciebi, romelTac Seesabameba gamoTqmaTa, winadadeba-
Ta sami tipi: TxrobiTi, Zaxilis da mastimulirebeli.
biuleris azriT, komunikaciuri funqcia adamianis in-
teleqts ukavSirdeba, gamoxatvis funqcia – emocias,
mimarTvis funqcia ki – Txovnis, survilis, darwmunebis
situaciebs.r. iakobsoni filosofiis enis Semdeg fun-
qciebs gamoyofda: emociuri, konotatiuri (mimarTvis
obieqtSi garkveuli ganwyobis Seqmnis funqcia), poe-
turi, metaenobrivi, denotaciuri, kognituri da fati-
kuri funqciebi. vfiqrob, dasaxelebulTagan yvelaze
mniSvnelovani filosofiur diskursSi evokaciuri anu
mastimulirebeli funqciaa.
evokaciuri (evokacia — gamowveva, stimulireba)
funqcia mimarTulia msmenelSi garkveuli azrebis, Se-
fasebebis, garkveuli qmedebis ganxorcielebisaTvis
ganwyobis Sesaqmnelad. enis am unars SeuZlia filoso-
30
fiur diskursSi monawile subieqtebSi aRZras kiTxveb-
ze pasuxebis Ziebis survili, rogorc `Sinagani“, ise
`garegani“ metyvelebis formiT.
filosofiuri diskursi SesaZloa iyos monolo-
guric da dialoguric. enis evokaciuri funqcia orive
SemTxvevaSi vlindeba, rogorc dominanturi. es kargad
Cans mag., platonis dialogur da haidegeris monolo-
gur teqstebSi, sadac filosofosi, pirvel rigSi, Ta-
vis Tavs usvams kiTxvas `ra aris es filosofia?“ da
fiqrisTvis ganawyobs Tavs, xolo Semdeg teqstad aq-
cevs sakuTar naazrevs ukve sxvisTvis.
haidegerisTvis filosofia aris Semecnebis speci-
fiuri – berZnuli – orientiri, gza, SekiTxvebis dasmis
wesi. swored am wesiT inarCunebs arsebobas Tanamedro-
ve filosofiuri diskursic, romelSic ena filosofi-
uri kiTxvebis dayenebisa da pasuxebis moZiebis stimu-
latori ufroa, vidre samyaros problemebze erTmniS-
vnelovani da zusti pasuxebis gaformebis saSualeba.
kiTxvas `ra aris es?“ warmoSobs samyaros saidum-
loebani, romelTac SeuZliaT filosofosis gaoceba.
es aris SekiTxvis SemecnebiTi funqcia, romelic dakav-
Sirebulia sinamdvilis sagnebisa da movlenebis Sesaxeb
ukve arsebuli zogadi warmodgenebis dakonkretebasa,
Sevsebasa da dazustebasTan. SekiTxvis formiT xorci-
eldeba mecnierebaSi axali problemebis dayeneba. ne-
bismieri SekiTxva eyrdnoba garkveul codnas, rome-
lic am SekiTxvis wanamZRvaria. platoni ambobda: nebis-
mier adamians roca rames ekiTxebian, SeuZlia swori pa-
suxis gacema, oRond im pirobiT, rom kiTxva unda iyos
sworad dasmuli. misi dialogebidan Cans, rom kiTxve-
bis logikas kargad iyenebda sokrate. am meTodiT igi
31
aiZulebda, stimuls aZlevda mosaubres Tavad miegno
WeSmaritebisaTvis.
sokrates SekiTxvebi mastimulirebelia ara mxo-
lod mosaubrisaTvis, aramed Tavad sokratesTvisac,
raTa daiwyon fiqri pasuxis mosaZieblad anu `Cavar-
dnen fiqrSi“, rogorc abobda m. mamardaSvili. `plato-
ni erT-erTi pirvelTagania, vinc filosofiuri teqsti
Seqmna, romelSic movlenas SeiZleba hqondes adgili,
teqstidan gamomdinare movlenas. am teqstebs man dia-
logebi uwoda. masSi xedav filosofiuri metyvelebis
mSvenier magaliTs, rac Zalze specifiuri metyvele-
baa.“ (5, 28) Tavis leqciebSi, romelsac `filosofiuri
saubrebi“ uwoda, m. mamardaSvili ase mimarTavda msme-
nelebs: `TqvenTvis gamosadegi iqneba is, Tu Cemgan gad-
mogecemaT rTuli, am TiTqmis SeuZlebeli azrovnebis
Cveva“ (4, gv. 43).
zogierTi filosofosi enis evokaciur funqcias
mxolod metyvelebis funqciad miiCnevs. m. mamardaSvi-
lis azriT, platonisaTvis azris gaelveba xdeba mxo-
lod metyvelebaSi, anu zepir azrovnebaSi da ara nawer-
Si. `roca vwerT, iq araferi xdeba; naperwkali Cndeba,
roca intensiur koncentraciaSi varT da es naperwka-
lic Cveni mogonili ar aris, is swored unda moxdes. we-
ris dros ki Sansic aRar aris, rom raime moxdeba“ (4, gv.
43). amdenad, mamardaSvilic sokrates meTods irCevs da
filosofiur diskursSi dialogs anu sametyvelo ko-
munikacias aniWebs upiratesobas. vfiqrob, es Zalian
individualuria. kantis, hegelis da mravali sxva fi-
losofosis nawerTa simravle gvauwyebs, rom maTTvis
sibrZnis wvdomisaTvis azris naperwkali weris proces-
Sic Cndeboda.
amdenad, ena, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiT mra-
32
valfunqciuria, filosofosisaTvis, pirvel rigSi, fi-
losofiuri gansjis stimulatori da saazrovno pro-
cesis Semoqmedia.
literatura:
1. biuleri, k. ènis Teoria. enis reprezentaciuli

funqcia“ , `progresi“, moskovi, 1993 (rusul enaze);
2. buaCiZe T., filosofiuri narkvevebi — II, Tb., 2005;
3. deliozi, J. gvatari, f. `rizoma“,
https://www.twirpx.com (rus. enaze);
4. mamardaSvili, m. saubrebi filosofiaze, `mecniere-
ba“, Tb., 1992;
5. mamardaSvili m., CaxSuli fiqri, saubrebi ani epel-
buanTan, Tb., 1992;
6. poperi, k. varaudebi da darRvevebi, `kvari“, Tb.,
2000;
7. haidegeri, m. ra aris es filosofia? `mimomxilveli
6 — 9“ , Tsu, Tb., 1972.
Nino Tomashvili – Doctor of Philosophy; Associated Professor at

IvaneJavakhishvili Tbilisi State University; studies problems of theoretical
philosophy and logic; if the author of many scientific works among them
monographs.
DOMINANT FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE IN THE

PROCESS OF PHILOSOPHICAL THINKING
ABSTRACT
Study of language functions, search and analysis of their

various models are intensely carried out and constantly developed
33
and expanded in science by those scholars who are interested in
philosophy of language and problems of linguistics in general.
Dominant functions of the science language are characteristic
of philosophical thinking as well. Though evocative, stimulative or
signal function, which was named by K. Bühler among three main
functions of language or, more precisely, speech, also should be
considered as an important function of language in philosophy. It is
directed towards forming certain ideas, evaluations, readiness to
perform certain acts in listeners. Language interpreted in such a
manner can arouse in listeners desire to look for answers to questions
and not only in listeners but also in the person controlling the process
of communication, transfering information and, at the same time,
“speaking” himself internally, thinking. Dominant role of this
function of language in philosophy is perfectly demonstrated in
Plato’s dialogues.
Philosophy, like other sciences, has an ambition to com-
prehend mysteries of the universe. As Heidegger stated, it is a Greek
reference point, a way, a rule to ask questions. In philosophical
discourse language stimulates search of answers to these questions.
warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-

Ta akademiis ontologiis, gnoseologiisa da logi-
kis ganyofilebam.
34
mecnierebis filosofia
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
ramaz gaxokiZe — saqarTvelos flosofiur mecnierebaTa
akademiis akademikosi, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis profesori, bioorganuli teqno-
logiebis institutis direqtori, saerTaSoriso sainJinro
akademiis akademikosi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premiis la-
ureati, saqarTvelos da aSS — is Rirsebis ordenebis kavale-
ri. 500 — ze meti publikaciis — samecniero naSromebis, sa-
xelmZRvaneloebis, monografiebis, aRmoCenisa da gamogone-
bebis avtori mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi. kembrijis biog-
rafiulma saerTaSoriso centrma igi daasaxela saukunis di-
d moazrovneTa Soris.
mecniereba da morali
dRes iseTi nergi darge,

rom xvalema madlobiT sTqvas:
nanergiTa SeniT marge.
ilia WavWavaZe
dRes gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT dadga mecniere-

bis da sazogadoebrivi moralis urTierTdamokidebu-
lebis problema. mecniereba, erTi SexedviT, miukerZo-
ebulia, radganac igi obieqtur realobas swavlobs da
zneobasTan TiTqos kavSiri ar unda hqondes. magram es
ar aris swori, radgan mecnierebas qmnian adamianebi,
romelTac sxvadasxva moraluri Tvisebebi gaaCniaT.
swored amitom ar SeiZleba mecnieris moRvaweobis zne-
obrivi aspeqtis ugulebelyofa.
SeiZleba Tu ara mecnieruli gamokvlevebi saerTo
jamSi CaiTvalos sazogadoebisTvis sasargeblod, unda
ifiqros Tu ara mecnierma Tavisi gamokvlevebis SesaZ-
lo Sedegebze? ai, is kiTxvebi, rac dRes aRelvebs
msoflios progresul moRvaweebs.
36
erTi SexedviT, mecniereba da morali Sors dgas
erTmaneTisgan. mecniereba – samyaroze Teoriul Sexe-
dulebaTa erTobliobaa, romelic orientirebulia si-
namdvilis obieqturi maxasiaTeblebis gamoxatvaze
cnebebiT da maTematikuri formulebiT. morali, piri-
qiT, warmoadgens Rirebulebebis da normebis erTob-
liobas, romelic aregulirebs adamianTa qcevas da az-
rovnebas sikeTisa da borotebis dapirispirebulobis
TvalsazrisiT.
gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas mecnierebis da zneo-
bis sakiTxi im mecnierTa winaSe, romlebic moRvaweoben
gamoyenebiT sferoebSi. amis naTeli magaliTia mwvave
diskusiebi, romlebic gaCaRda cxovelebis da adamianis
klonirebasTan dakavSirebiT. erTi mxriv, klonireba
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas ubeduri SemTxveviT an da-
avadebiT dazianebul organoTa Sesaqmnelad. am Sem-
TxvevaSi klonireba sikeTea, humanuria, radgan adami-
ans exmareba sulieris gaxangrZlivebaSi. Tumca, meores
mxriv, klonirebiT realurad SesaZlebelia adamianTa
„kopireba“, adamiani — monebis, winaswarganzraxuli
Tvisebebis mqone adamianis konveiruli wesiT Sesaqmne-
lad, rac namdvilad zneobrivi drama gaxdeba kacobri-
obisaTvis. moraluri problemebi warmoiqmneba orga-
noTa transplantaciis SemTxvevaSic. Tu mecniereba
SeZlebs erTi adamianis tvinis gadanergvas meore ada-
mianSi, erT-erTi dazaralebulis gadasarCenad, rogor
unda aixsnas es moraluri TvalsazrisiT?
aRsaniSnavia, rom moraluri pasuxismgebloba aki-
sriaT mecnier — humanitarebsac, aranaklebi, vidre fi-
zikosebs, romlebmac Seqmnes atomuri bombebi da bio-
logebs, romlebmac laboratoriaSi gamoiyvanes Savi
Wiri. fsiqologebis mier damuSavebuli Teoriebi, ro-
37
melTa gamoyenebam pedagogiur saqmianobaSi SeiZleba
Zlierad imoqmedos adamianebze, radgan aracnobieri,
ararsebuli mankierebis miniWebas advilad daazianebs
pacients. aranaklebi pasuxismgebloba akisriaT isto-
rikosebsac. swored isini ayalibeben Cvens koleqtiur
mexsierebas da, Cveulebriv, maT wesierebazea damoki-
debuli faqtebis ganmarteba. istoriis koniunqturu-
lad Seqmnil axal versiebs SeuZlia gamoiwvios qaosi
da dezorientacia masobriv cnobierebaSi. ramac SeiZ-
leba gaaRvivos socialuri da eTnikuri winaaRmdego-
bebi da Taobebs Soris konfliqti.
moraluri TvalsazrisiT mwvaved dgas cxovelebze
eqsperimentebis sakiTxi. ZaRls Zeglic ki daudges. wam-
lebs da momwamlav nivTierebebs cdian cxovelebze:
kurdRlebze, virTxebze, laboratoriul Tagvebze. xe-
lovnurad iwveven tkivilis Soks, simsivneebis zrdas da
mraval sxva moqmedebas. amJamad mecnierebi muSaoben,
rom daicvan TavianTi „umcrosi Zmebi“ da Seiswavlon
aucilebeli procesebi informaciuli modelebis Car-
CoebSi. sistemuri midgomis poziciebidan mecniereba da
morali SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc erTiani mTliani
sistemis − sulierebis Semadgeneli elementebi.
dRes mecniereba ukve aRar aris „piradi saqme“. igi
uSualod gardaisaxeba teqnikaSi, warmoebaSi, cvlis
adamianTa yoveldRiur yofas. mas sazogadoebis ierar-
qiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs.
mecnieruli kvlevis eTikam mwvaved daayena bevri
sakiTxi. pirveli warmoiSva iaponiis qalaqebSi atomuri
afeTqebis Semdeg. meorea ekologiuri moZraoba, romel-
sac gasuli saukunis 60 — ian wlebSi Caeyara safuZveli.
70-iani wlebidan farTo rezonansi hpova biosame-
dicino da genetikuri gamokvlevebis Sedegebma da per-
speqtivebma.
38
progresuli mecnierebi yovelTvis mtkiced da ga-
daWriT icavdnen mecnierebis humanur safuZvlebs da
principebs, moiTxovdnen, rom mecnierTa moRvaweobas
hqonoda erTaderTi mizani: sargebloba moetana sazo-
gadoebisTvis.
mecnierebis militarizacia mraval socialur da
moralur problemas badebs. Cveni planetis sircxvi-
lia is, rom reaqciuli Zalebi miiswrafvian gaanadgu-
ron humanuri tradiciebi, mecnierTa miRwevebi gamoi-
yenon politikuri da saomari miznebisTvis. am proces-
ma ki katastrofamde SeiZleba migviyvanos. kacobrio-
bas masobrivi ganadgurebis saSiSroeba emuqreba. gasai-
dumloebul centrebsa da laboratoriebSi special-
stebi mondomebiT „Sromoben“ axal saomar momwamlav
nivTierebaTa misaRebad, iseTi mwerebis gamosayvanad,
romlebic adamianebs daaavadeben da mdgradi iqnebian
wamlebis mimarT. da yovelive es xdeba im dros, roca
msoflios progresuli mecnierebi ara Tu adamianTa,
aramed mavnebel mwerTa da sarevela balaxTa masobrivi
ganadgurebis winaaRmdegnic ki arian da sasoflo — sa-
meurneo mcenareTa dacvis axal, bunebisTvis uvnebel
meTodebs gvTavazoben.
erTxel cnobilma amerikelma mweralma kurt vo-
negutma mwared ixumra: „rac ar unda gamoigonon mecni-
erebma, mainc iaraRi gamoudiTo“. axlaxan mecnierebma
uxmo asafeTqebeli nivTiereba − demoliti miiRes. mas
SeuZlia aafeTqos betonis fundamenti, kedlebi, uzar-
mazari kaWrebi da Zlier mtkice masalebic ryevis da
gamayruebeli xmauris gareSe ise, rom, mtveric ki ar
daayenos, rac did gamoyenebas povebs samTo Tu samSe-
neblo saqmeSi. magram, samwuxarod, es gamogoneba SeiZ-
leba adamianis sawinaaRmdego iaraRadac iqces samxed-
39
ro upiratesobisadmi politikanTa maniakuri swrafvis
gamo.
samxedro iaraRebs Soris yvelaze saSiSi qimiuri
iaraRia. masve ganekuTvneba e.w. „superqimiuri“ iaraRi
− neitronuli bombi, rac ara marto abinZurebs, aramed
damRupveladac moqmedebs garemoze. mdinare ipris na-
pirebze da pirveli msoflio omis sxva frontebze ger-
manelebis mier pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli masobrivi
ganadgurebis qimiuri iaraRi. „qimiuri bombis mamad“
germanel qimikoss fric habers Tvlian (miaqcieT yu-
radReba: igive haberi iTvleba sasuqebis warmoebis ma-
mamTavradac!), romelic am iaraRs SedarebiT iaf da mo-
ulodnelobis efeqtis momcem iaraRad miiCnevda. sxva-
dasxva momwamvlav nivTierebaTa mier gamomwveuli da-
zianebis meqanizmi gansxvavebulia, magram TiToeuli
maTgani, umciresi doziTac ki, cocxali organizmis
ujredSi moxvedrisas arRvevs sasicocxlo procesebis
normalur msvlelobas. kidev ufro saSiSia momwamlav
nivTierebaTa mier gamowveuli genetikuri Sedegebi.
mTeli msoflios keTili nebis adamianebi gamodi-
an qimiuri iaraRis gamoyenebis danaSaulebrivi gegme-
bis winaaRmdeg. jer kidev 1925 wlis 17 ivniss JenevaSi
37 qveynis warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres istoriul
oqms, romelic iTvaliswinebs omis SemTxvevaSi mxuTa-
vi, momwamlavi da sxva msgavsi gazebis da baqteriolo-
giur saSualebaTa gamoyenebis akrZalvas. 1927 wels am

akademikosi p. kapica igonebda: „haberi iyo brwyinvale
qimikosi, nobelis premiis laureati, absoluturad pirve-
lxarisxovani mecnieri... Cven fizikosebs, rezerfordsa da
sxvebs ar gvqonda masTan Sexvedris survili, vinaidan mo-
ralurad igi namdvilad didi mecnieris Sesaxeb Cvens Se-
xedulebebs ar pasuxobda... morali: ar SeiZleba erTdro-
ulad emsaxuro RmerTsa da mamonas“.
40
oqmis xelis momwerebs sabWoTa kavSiric SeuerTda. am-
Jamad msoflios TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo cnobs am
umniSvnelovanes saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebas. hitle-
rulma germaniamac ki ver gabeda misi darRveva meore
msoflio omis dros, Tumca qimiuri iaraRi mzadyofna-
Si hqonda.
yovlad gaumarTlebelia momwamlavi nivTierebe-
bis gamoyeneba araTu mSvidobiani mosaxleobis winaaR-
mdeg, aramed saomari miznebisTvisac ki. unda aRiniS-
nos, rom 1987 wels sabWoTa kavSirma oficialurad ga-
nacxada iaraRis ganadgurebis da misi warmoebis Sewyve-
tis Sesaxeb.
amis miuxedavad, dRes mTel rig qveynebs xelTa
aqvT qimiuri iaraRis uzarmazari maragi, romelic sak-
marisia Cvens planetaze yvela cocxali arsebis mraval-
gzis mosaspobad (magaliTad, botulizmis gamomwvevi
baqteriebidan miRebuli nivTiereba, romlis 3 kilogra-
mi sakmarisia mTeli kacobriobis gasawyvetad an lizer-
ginis mJavas dieTilamidi − Wvavis sokosgan gamoyofili
narkotiki (100 gram am nivTierebas SeuZlia fsiqikurad
daavados milioni adamiani). amerikis qimiuri asociaci-
is monacemebiT, SeerTbuli Statebi flobs qimiuri ia-
raRis iseT potencials, romelsac 5 aTasjer SeuZlia
dedamiwaze yoveli cocxali arsebis mospoba.
j. sviftis erT-erTi personaJi ambobs: „is, visac
SeuZlia ori TavTavis moyvana im adgilas, sadac manam-
de xarobda mxolod erTi TavTavi, kacobriobis qeba —
didebas imsaxurebs, xolo Tavis qveynisTvis igi gaci-
lebiT mets akeTebs, vidre yvela politikosi erTad
aRebuli“. is „specialistebi“ ki, romlebic kulturul
mcenareTa totaluri ganadgurebis saSualebebs qmni-
an, kacobriobis wyevlas imsaxureben.
41
hirosima da nagasaki, Termoatomguluri safrTxe,
qimiuri, baqteriologiuri da meteorologiuri omebi
− ai, ra SeuZlia moitanos mecnierebis arasworma, an-
tihumanurma gamoyenebam.
1945 wels albert ainStaini werda: „fizikosebi
dRes alfred nobelis mdgomareobaSi arian, romelmac
Tavisi drois umZlavresi feTqebadi nivTiereba − pi-
roqsilini gamoigona. monaniebis mizniT, Tavisi sindi-
sis dasamSvideblad man daawesa premia mSvidobisaTvis
brZolisa da misi SenarCunebisaTvis. dRes fizikosebi,
romlebmac xeli Seuwyves yvela drois yvelaze saSine-
li da yvelaze saSiSi iaraRis Seqmnas, ganicdian msgavsi
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas, sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, danaSaulis grZnobas“.
„Cven, fizikosebma akrZaluli nayofi vigemeT cod-
nis xidan da SevigrZeniT ra aris codva“. es sityvebi ain-
Stainis sulierma memkvidrem, „atomuri bombis mamam“,
profesorma robert openhaimerma warmoTqva gamoZiebis
federaluri biuros saidumlo policiis mier mowyo-
bil sabralmdeblo procesze. openhaimers adanaSauleb-
dnen ara imaSi, rac man gaakeTa (pirveli atomuri bombis
SeqmnisTvis igi dafnis gvirgviniT Seamkes), aramed imaSi,
rom igi arasakmao enTuziazmiT moekida wyalbadis bom-
bis Seqmnas. prezident trumenTan vizitis dros man iti-
ra da daswyevla Tavisi xelebi da tvini, romlebic ase-
ul aTasobiT adamianis daRupvis mizezi gaxda.
mecniers eSinia sakuTari warmatebiso, − sworad
SeniSna frangma akademikosma marliom.
erT-erT saerTaSoriso konferenciaze, romelmac
ganixila sakiTxi – „ras gviqadis mecniereba“, ingli-
selma mecnierma piter harperma ganacxada, rom gadaw-
yvita Sewyvitos tvinis kvleva, radganac ukve miRebu-
42
li Sedegebi adamianis winaaRmdeg advilad SeiZleba ga-
moiyenon „borotma Zalebma“. man ase ganmarta mecnie-
rul kvlevaze uaris Tqma: „SeuZlebelia winsvla, vid-
re ar gamogvirkvevia, rom swori gza avirCieT. aseTi
poziciis logikuri Sedegi unda iyos samecniero aqti-
urobis moculobis Semcireba. amboben, es SeuZlebelia,
imitom, rom mTeli Cveni Tanamedrove ekonomika mecni-
erul progresTanaa dakavSirebulio. me ki vambob: maS
modiT, SevcvaloT ekonomika. me mpasuxoben: es SeuZle-
belia. axali tipis ekonomikas ver Seqmni Tu ar arse-
bobs axali tipis sazogadoebao. me ki veubnebi: maSasa-
dame, Cven gvWirdeba axali tipis sazogadoeba. amaze
isev mpasuxoben: axali tipis sazogadoeba warmoudge-
nelia axali tipis ideologiis gareSeo. mere ra, modiT,
mivceT sazogadoebas axali ideologia, axali meTodo-
logia. sazogadoebis Seswavla swored is aris, rasac
SeuZlia migviyvanos Cven diad gardaqmnamde... axla Cven
gvesaWiroeba adamianuri mecniereba. mecniereba, ro-
gorc TviTmizani, igivea, rac narkotiki. es saxifaToa
da saSineli Sedegebi moyveba“.
bunebismetyvelebis erT-erTi ukanaskneli miRwe-
vaa memkvidreobiTi informaciis matareblis − genis
sinTezis meTodis damuSaveba, rimelsac udidesi mecni-
eruli da natur — filosofiuri mniSvneloba aqvs. am
aRmoCeniT axali perspeqtiva iSleba memkvidreobiT
Tandayolil avadmyofobaTa da avTvisebian simsivneTa
mkurnalobaSi, magram SesaZlebelia am miRwevis antia-
damianuri mizniT gamoyenebac.
genuri inJineriis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda
genmodificirebuli organizmebis Seqmna, romelTa ge-
netikur aparatSi (genomSi) xelovnurad Canergilia ge-
ni/genebi sxva organizmidan. gansazRvruli genis Casmi-
43
sas mcenare iZens saWiro Tvisebebs (mdgradoba mavneb-
lebis, pesticidebis mimarT da a.S.), rac amartivebs ag-
roteqnikas da, Sesabamisad, aiafebs warmoebas. am Tval-
sazrisiT, mizani keTilSobiluria – sakvebi iafdeba,
SeiZleba mTeli planetis gamokveba... magram sinamdvi-
leSi asea?
genmodificirebuli organizmebi awarmoeben ucxo
cilebs, romlebic warmoadgens SesaZlo alergenebs.
maT SeuZliaT kibos provocireba. genmodificirebuli
organizmebis ingredientebs ukve praqtikulad yvela
saxeobis sakvebSi umateben: naxevarfabrikatebSi, Zex-
vebSi, sakonditro da rZis nawarmSi, nayinSi, CipsebSi,
swrafi moxmarebis produqtebSi, maionezSi, sousebSi,
gazian sasmelebSi.
genmodificirebuli kulturebi uaryofiT gav-
lenas axdens biomravalferovnebaze. genuri inJineri-
as SeuZlia moxsnas saxeobaTSorisi barierebi da er-
TmaneTTan daukavSirebel saxeobebs Seurios informa-
cia. SesaZlebelia genmodificirebuli kulturebi da-
imtveros veluri sarevelebiT, rac gamoiwvevs arakon-
trolirebad procesebs da Zveli jiSebis an sxvadasxva
veluri saxeobebis gadagvarebis mizezi SeiZleba gax-
des. genuri inJineria savsea gauTvaliswinebeli, gver-
diTi movlenebiT. magaliTad, rodesac oragulSi Seiy-
vanes niangis zrdis hormonis geni, oraguli gaizarda,
magram mwvaned Seifera da janmrTelobis problemebic
gauCnda.
evropis da afrikis bevrma qveyanam uari Tqva gm
produqtebze. akrZalva SemoiRes aziasa da laTinur
amerikaSic. afrikis mTeli rigi qveynebis ministrebis
mimarTvaSi – „modiT, kvlavac miviRoT bunebrivi mosa-
vali“ – naTqvamia: „Cven gadaWriT vewinaaRmdegebiT im
azrs, rom dauSvebelia Raribi da mSieri xalxis mdgo-
44
mareobis gamoyeneba transnacionaluri giganturi
korporaciebis mier iseTi teqnologiis Tavs mosaxve-
vad, romelic ar aris usafrTxo da arc ekonomikuri
mogeba gaaCnia. migvaCnia, rom es gaanadgurebs mraval-
ferovnebas, adgilobriv adaT — wesebs, Camoyalibebul
agrarul sistemebs, romelTac Cveni glexebi aTasobiT
wlis manZilze qmnidnen“.
genur inJinerias SeuZlia axali mcenaris, axali
cxovelis, axali adamianis miReba. ras uqadis es msof-
lios? genuri inJineria ukve gamoiyeneba kacobriobis
rasis „gasaumjobeseblad“ (proeqti cnobilia evgeni-
kis saxeliT). rogor mogvagonebs es nacistebis sur-
vils „srulyofili“ rasis Seqmnisa. aris saSiSroeba,
rom mcire korporaciuli elita male gaakontrolebs
planetis yvela genetikur memkvidreobas.
genuri inJineriiT Zalian saSiSi biologiuri ia-
raRis Seqmna SeiZleba. igi dedamiwisTvis ucnobi, axali
organizmebis Seqmnis wyaroa, romelTa sawinaaRmdego
imuniteti adamians ar gaaCnia.
amgvarad, genuri inJineria absoluturad axali
teqnologiaa, romelic arRvevs genetikur barierebs
ara marto saxeobebs Soris, aramed adamianebs, cxove-
lebs da mcenareebs Soris. cxovelTa da adamianis ge-
nebsac ki amateben mcenareTa an cxovelTa genebs, rac
iwvevs warmoudgeneli transgenuri sasicocxlo for-
mebis warmoqmnas. genmodificirebuli produqtebi
morwmuneTaTvis SeiZleba marxvis darRvevis mizezi aR-
moCndes. mcenare, romelSic xelovnurad Seyvanilia
cxovelis geni, iZens mis genetikur Tvisebebs da auci-
leblad Seicavs cxoveluri cilebs, rac nebsiT Tu
uneblied iwvevs marxvis darRvevas.
pirvelad kacobriobis istoriaSi adamiani si-
cocxlis arqiteqtorad gvevlineba. SesaZlebeli gaxda
45
cocxali arsebisgan misi aslis warmoqmna im genetiku-
ri masalis gamoyenebiT, romelsac Seicavs mocemuli
ujredi (klonireba). klonirebul cxovelTa umravle-
soba iRupeba dabadebamde an dabadebisTanave. xolo
maT, romlebic ibadebian, aqvT hipertrofirebuli or-
ganoebi, deformirebuli kidurebi, darRveuli aqvT
imunuri sistema, daavadebulni arian diabetiT. kloni-
rebuli cxovelebi ganicdian swraf daberebas. magali-
Tad, rom samwlian klonirebuli cxvris — dolis — or-
ganizmSi gaaCnda iseTi genetikuri Taviseburebani,
romlebic eqvsi wlis asakis cxvrebisTvis iyo damaxasi-
aTebeli. perspeqtiva SemaSfoTebelia. genurma iJi-
neriam warmoSva uprecedento eTikuri da socialuri
problemebi, aseve safrTxis qveS daayena garemos ke-
TildReoba, adamianTa da cxovelTa janmrTeloba da
soflis meurneobis momavali.
gasuli saukunis 50 — ian wlebSi braziliaSi, ko-
merciuli miznebisaTvis, gamoyvanil iqna afrikuli
futkris da evropaSi gavrcelebuli futkris sxvadas-
xva saxeobaTa hibridi, Taflovani futkris didi zomis
axali saxeoba. es futkrebi gamoirCevian iSviaTi Sro-
mismoyvareobiT, swrafad dafrinaven, muSaobas adre
iwyeben da gvian amTavreben, iZlevian orjer met
Tafls, vidre evropuli futkrebi. magram amave dros
isini Zalian agresiulni aRmoCndnen. maTi Sxami gansa-
kuTrebiT toksikuria. braziliaSi maTi nakbeniT dai-
Rupa aTasobiT adamiani da cxoveli. isini Tavs esxmian
nebismier cxovels skidan 5 metris radiusSi, misdeven
msxverpls naxevar kilometrze da zogjer ufro Sor-
sac. axali jiSi braziliidan moedo mTel samxreT ame-
rikas da win miiwevs CrdiloeTisken. male isini aSS — s
sazRvrebs miaRwevs. amerikis xelisuflebam SemoiRo
mkacri sakarantino zomebi qveyanaSi mkvleli — fut-
krebis Semotanis asacileblad. mkvleli — futkrebis
46
agresiulobis faqtebi gviCvenebs, Tu rogori saSiSia
bunebasTan TamaSi.
1997 wlis 11 noembers iuneskom miiRo “sayovel-
Tao deklaracia adamianis genomis da adamianis ufle-
bebis Sesaxeb”, romelSic naTqvamia: “dauSvebelia klo-
nirebis praqtika adamianis reproducirebis mizniT”,
radgan es “ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis Rirsebas”. xolo
gaeros 2005 wlis 8 martis “deklaracia adamianis klo-
nirebis Sesaxeb” wevr — saxemwifoebs mouwodebs, rom
“aikrZalos adamianTa klonirebis yvela forma iseTi
zomiT, romliTac isini SeuTavsebelia adamianis Rir-
sebasTan da adamianis sicocxlis dacvasTan”. am doku-
mentebs safuZvlad udevs is normebi, romlebic for-
mulirebulia jer kidev 1947 wels faSisti medikosebis
danaSaulebaTa gamoZiebis Sedegebis safuZvelze miRe-
bul niurbergis kodeqsSi, agreTve 1964 wels msoflio
samedicino asambleis mier miRebul helsinkis dekla-
raciaSi.
biosamedicino teqnologiebis ganviTarebiT zne-
obrivi normebi ar Zveldeba. axlac aqtualuria hipok-
rates fici “ar avno”, romelic vrceldeba adamianis Ca-
nasaxzec. bibliis enaze es cneba yvelasTvis cnobilia:
“ara kac hkla”. es Cven yvelas gvWirdeba, rom davrCeT
adamianebad.
eTikuria Tu ara mecnierma imuSaos problemebze,
romlis Sedegebi mas ar Seulia ganWvritos? gvaxsende-
ba amis pasuxad f. Jolio — kiuris sityvebi: „mecniereb-
ma ician, Tu ra sargebloba moutanes kacobriobas“. maT
ar surT, rom odesme warmoTqvan aseTi sityvebi: „mec-
nierebam Cven dagvRupa atomis da wyalbadis bombebiT“.
progresulma adamianebma ician, rom mecinereba ar Se-
iZleba damnaSave iyos, damnaSaveni arian mxolod isini,
romlebic cudad iyeneben mis miRwevebs. mecnieri, pir-
vel rigSi sulieri kulturis generatori unda iyos
47
da ara genialuri iaraRi viRac politikuri avantiu-
ristis xelSi.
Cvens planetaze qreba tyeebi, kvdeba mdinareebi,
haeri WuWyiandeba. 2000 wlidan msoflio okeanis mJavi-
anoba 10 — jer gaizarda. msoflio okeanis ZiriTadi ga-
mabinZurebelia navTobi. igi yovelwliurad 10 milion
tonamde xvdeba okeaneebSi. ukanaskneli 40 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi mtknari wylis raodenoba msoflioSi Semcirda
60 procentiT. mxolod 1 procentze naklebi mtknari
wylis gamoyeneba SeuZlia adamians damatebiTi gawmen-
dis gareSe. yovel me — 8 adamians ara aqvs saSualeba,
isargeblos uvnebeli sasmeli wyliT.
kacobrioba gansacdelSia. igi ekologiur sakon-
centracio banakSia momwyvdeuli. esec mecnieruli
miRwevebis araswori gamoyenebis Sedegia. xsnis imedi
TviT adamianSia. Zneli warmosadgenia planeta uadamia-
nod. mzec ki uadamianod uvargis sagnad iqceva. adamia-
ni samyaros saocrebaa. man unda Seignos sakuTari si-
cocxlis fasi. msoflios progresuli mecnierTa emo-
ciur tonalobas dRes swored amgvari mgznebareba axa-
siaTebs. mxolod mSvenierebisadmi maRali miswrafebiT
SeuZlia mecnierebas emsaxuros simarTles. zogi mecni-
eri biosferos gaWuWyianebis problemas teqnologiis
mier mosaxleobisadmi mimarTul qimiur oms adarebs.
qimiam udidesi roli Seasrula civilizebuli ka-
cobriobis miRwevebSi da axlac asrulebs wamyvan rols
Tanamedrove cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. magram arse-
bobs qimiasTan Cveni urTierTobis Crdilovani mxarec.
qimias adanaSauleben imaSi, rom haeri, wyali da sakvebi
aRaraa sufTa, buneba kargavs pirvelqmnil sispetakes.
sinamdvileSi ki yovelive es qimiis ki ara, misi miRweve-
bis ugunurad gamoyenebis bralia.
48
pesticidebiT sasursaTo produqtebis gaWuWyia-
nebas yovelwliurad mravali aseuli aTasi adamianis
sicocxle ewireba. aSS — is mecnierebaTa akademia kibos
daavadebiT sikvdilianobis zrdas pirdapir ukavSirebs
pesticidebis gamoyenebas. amis likvidacia SesaZlebe-
lia arsebul pesticidTa gamoyenebis akrZalviT. imde-
nad maRalia sasoflo — sameurneo daniSnulebis Sxam-
qimikatebis toqsikuroba, rom saomari mizniTac ki Se-
iZleba maTi gamoyeneba. magaliTad, samxreT vietnamSi
qimiuri omis periodSi (1961 — 1972 ww.) aSS — ma didi mas-
StabiT gamoiyena zogierTi herbicidi (sarevelebTan
brZolis qimiuri saSualebani), rogorc masobrivi mos-
pobis iaraRis − ekociduri da genociduri iaraRis −
axali saxeoba, romelmac milionze meti adamiani im-
sxverpla. es pesticidebi iwvevs sxvadasxva daavadebas
− RviZlis dazianebas, imunuri da centraluri nervu-
li sistemebis moSlas, avTvisebiani simsivneebis warmo-
Sobas, mSobiarobis anomaliebs da axalSobilTa sima-
xinjeebs. swored es daavadebani iqna vietnamSi gamov-
lenili tyeebsa da mindvrebSi am nivTierebaTa mof-
rqvevis Semdeg. qimiurma omma vietnamSi gamousworebe-
li ziani miayena florasa da faunasac − daiRupa 40
procentamde mcenareuloba. am uzarmazar teritoria-
ze dRemde araferi xarobs. adamianurobis winaaRmdeg
mimarTul 9 aprilis aqciaSi gamoyenebuli nivTierebe-
bic pesticidebis ojaxs ganekuTvneba.
erTi SexedviT iseTi uvnebeli sanitaruli saSua-
leba, rogoricaa wylis qlorireba, adamianis janmrTe-
lobis riskTan aris dakavSirebuli. qlorirebul
wyalSi aRmoCnda mutagenuri nivTierebebi, romelTac
SeuZlia gamoiwvios kancerogenuri efeqti, e. i. ujre-
dis ukontrolo gayofa da avTvisebiani simsivneebi.
49
bunebrivi wyali aseT nivTierebebs ar Seicavs, isini
mxolod qlorirebisas warmoiqmnebian.
erT-erTi Sxamiani liTonia kadmiumi. igi, pirvel
rigSi, adamianis nervul sistemas azianebs. kadmiumis
Semcveli saRebavebiT damzadebuli TojinebiT ki Cven-
Tan dRemde TamaSoben bavSvebi.
miRebul unda iqnes saerTaSoriso kanoni, rome-
lic gamoyenebul qimiur saSualebaTa usafrTxoebis
garantias mogvcems. jer kidev Zvel saberZneTsa da
Zvel romSi arsebobda kvebis produqtebis xarisxis ma-
kontrelebeli specialuri dawesebulebebi. gaxsovT,
albaT, don — kixotis rCeviT sanCo pansam Rvinis xaris-
xis gafuWebisTvis sikvdiliT dasja rom daawesa.
dauyonebliv sWirdeba mkurnaloba Sav zRvas, ro-
melic praqtikulad Caketili wyalsacavia. misi 87 pro-
centi mkvdar zonad aqcia gogirdwyalbadma. Sav zRvaSi
kancerogenur navTobproduqtTa Semcveloba ocdaaT-
jer aRemateba zRvrulad dasaSveb koncentraciebs.
qalaqis haeris gabinZurebis 70-80 procenti benzi-
nis wvis produqtebze modis. avtotransportis gamona-
bolqvSi Sedis 280 dasaxelebis mavne nivTiereba. yo-
velwliurad 225 aTasi adamiani iRupeba evropaSi gamo-
nabolqv gazebTan dakavSirebul daavadebebisgan. mo-
saxleobis janmrTelobisTvis erT-erT udides saf-
rTxes e. w. „eTilirebuli benzini“ warmoadgens. igi an-
tidetonaciuri danamatis saxiT Seicavs tetraeTil-
tyvias, romelic advilad iwoveba kanidan da warmoad-
gens Zlier momwamlav nivTierebas. aseTi benzinis wvis
produqtebi orasamde sxvadasxva nivTierebasTan er-
Tad Seicavs tyviis Semcvel naerTebsac, romlebic iw-
vevs avTvisebian simsivneebs, miokardis infarqts da
sxva saSiS daavadebebs. gamonabolqv airebSi Semaval
50
tyvias advilad iTvisebs mcenareebi, amitom avtotra-
sebTan axlos mdebare teritoriaze moyvanili sasof-
lo — sameurneo kulturebi adamianisTvis mavnea.
rogorc amerikelebma daadgines, araTu atmosfe-
roSi myofi tyvia, aramed sakvebi produqtebis SefuT-
vis mizniT zogierT qaRaldsa da muyaoSi umciresi ra-
odenobiT Semavali tyviac ki gadadis sakvebSi da did
safrTxes uqmnis adamianis janmrTelobas.
rogorc Zvel romaelTa samarxebSi napovni tyviis
raodenobiT irkveva, Zveli romis mosaxleobis masob-
rivi ganadgurebis mizezi tyviis wyalsadeni milebis
gamoyeneba yofila. mecnierebma ukve Seqmnes tetrae-
Tiltyviis Semcvleli aratoqsikuri antidetonatore-
bi. bevr qveyanaSi ukve aRar ixmareba eTilirebuli ben-
zini. rac Seexeba sxva mavne gazebs, avtomanqanebs unda
hqondes gamwmendi filtrebi. mowinave ucxoeTis qyvey-
nebSi aseT filtrebs didi xania iyeneben.
zogierT qveyanaSi damkvidrda „sicocxlis xaris-
xis“ cneba. xarisxSi gulisxmoben ekologiuri sisteme-
bis − haeris, wylis, niadagis, mcenareulobis sisufTa-
ves, rac ganapirobebs, adamianTa janmrTelobas, fsiqi-
kur mdgomareobas da sicocxlis xangrZlivobas. iapo-
niaSi garemos dacvis radikaluri RonisZiebebis gan-
xorcielebis Semdeg sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivo-
bam 80 wels miaRwia da 40 wlis manZilze 25 wliT gaizar-
da. sabWoTa kavSirs ki sicocxlis xangrZlivobis mi-
xedviT mxolod 32-e adgili ukavia dRes msoflioSi,
bavSvTa sikvdilianobis mxriv ki – 50-e adgili da Ca-
morCeba mavrikiasa da barbadoss.
saWiroa daundobeli brZola gamovucxadoT bu-
nebriv resursTa antihumanur gamoyenebas. buneba upa-
suxismgeblo eqsploataciisTvis ulmoblad iZiebs
Surs. Cveni planetis klimatis Secvla sawvavis didi
51
raodenobiT dawviT da tropikuli sartylis tyeebis
(swored am tyeebis wyalobiT xdeba Jangbadis ZiriTadi
nawilis wrebrunva atmosferoSi) masobrivi gakafviTaa
gamowveuli. dedamiwis sxvadasxva raionebSi tyeebis
gakafviT wyaldidobis safrTxec matulobs. yovel-
wliurad dedamiwaze qreba tropikuli tyeebis 11 mili-
oni heqtari, rac 10 — jer aRemateba tyis aRdgenis mas-
Stabebs. bolo 80 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaqra didi brita-
neTis tyeebis TiTqmis naxevari. amazonis tropikuli
tyeebis naxevari gaqreba 2030 wlisTvis. iaponiaSi, rom-
lis teritoriis ori mesamedi tyeebiT aris dafaruli,
akrZalulia tyeebis gaCexva da tropikuli tyeebidan
Semotanil xe-tyes iyeneben.
dRes xe-tyis, rogorc Seucvleli qimiuri nedle-
ulis, deficits ganvicdiT. mxolod xisgan mzaddeba
qaRaldi, kino da fotofirebi, maRalxarisxovani abre-
Sumi da sxva unikaluri masalebi. dResac, samwuxarod,
xe-tyis 45 procenti saTbobad ixarjeba. 40 procenti
samSeneblo masalebis dasamzadeblad ixmareba da mxo-
lod 15 procents amuSaveben qimiurad. saukunis wiaRi-
dan mogvesmis mindias misnuri wuxili: „balaxsac sTi-
ben, nadirs hkvlen, SeSiT aTboben kerasa“, im mindiasi
romelic adamianebs mouwodebda: “nu masWriT xesa, dav-
jerdeT joyrebs, xmels wiwkrebs cotasa“.
ekologiuri moZraobis ganviTarebas saerTaSori-
so masStabiT biZgi misa 1977 wels TbilisSi Catarebul-
ma samTavrobaTSoriso konferenciam, romelic mieZ-
Rvna garemos dacvis sferoSi ganaTlebis problemebs,
amis miuxedavad, samwuxarod, saqarTvelo rogorc ga-
remos dacvis, ise ekologiuri ganaTlebis sakiTxSi
erT-erTi CamorCenili qveyanaa.
52
dRemde Cveni mecniereba angariSobda, Tu ramdeni
gamogoneba moutanda konkretul mogebas mrewvelobi-
sa da teqnikis ama Tu im dargs da ar zrunavda imaze, Tu
es gamogoneba, teqnologia Tu uzarmazari nageboba
rogor imoqmedebda azrovnebaze, fsiqikaze, TviT ada-
mianis yofaze da ra zians moutanda mas.
dRes bunebisa da kulturis ekologiasTan erTad
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania zneobis ekologia. uf-
ro metic, Cveni mravali problema, maT Soris ekologi-
uric, adamianTa uzneobis pirdapiri Sedegia. specia-
listTa moralur pasuxismgeblobas maTi profesiuli
eTikis normebis dacva gansazRvravs.
iaponiis erT-erT firmaSi aseTi abra vnaxe gakruli:
„sanam produqts SevqmnideT, Cven jer adamianebs vqmniT“.
mosalodneli katastrofis asacileblad saWiroa
adamianTa bed-iRblis gamgebloba yvela sferoSi patio-
san, maRalprofesional adamianebs mivandoT, romelTac
gaumarTlebeli optimizis nacvlad pesimisturi SeSfo-
Tebis mZlavri „geni“ eqnebaT. optimistebi ekologias
xels ar hkideben. pesimistebi ki, samwuxarod, iSviaTad
cdebian da Tu cdebian, miT ukeTesi. saWiroa gaizardos
momTxovneloba TviT sazogadoebis mxrivac. qveynis biu-
rokratiuli aparati unda ganTavisufldes stereoti-
puli azrovnebis mqone adamianebisgan.
adamiani bunebis nawilia da rogorc ar unda moix-
maros igi sakuTari miznebisTvis, mainc iZulebulia Ta-
visi yofa Seuguos mis kanonebs. ara bunebis dapyroba,
aramed bunebisa da sazogadoebis erToblivi harmoniu-
li ganviTareba − ai, xsnis erTaderTi gza. sxvagvarad ka-
cobriobas gadarCena ar uweria. dRes ukve viciT, rom
arsebobs akrZaluli zRvari, romlis gadalaxva arc
erT viTarebaSi ar SeiZleba. mxolod mecnierebas SeuZ-
lia am zRvris dadgena da bunebaze adamianis zemoqmede-
53
bis normebis gansazRvra, risTvisac aucilebelia sxva-
dasxva dargis mecnierTa mTeli Zal-Ronis gaerTianeba.
saWiroa Seiqmnas saerTaSoriso laboratoria, romelic
sxvadasxva mecnierebis miRwevaTa safuZvelze SeimuSa-
vebs dedamiwis gadarCenis programas. es ki msoflios
sxvadasxva qveynis mecnieruli wreebis da sazogadoeb-
riobis erToblivi ZalisxmeviTaa SesaZlebeli.
aucilebelia, rom codna da zneoba mWidro kav-
SirSi viTardebodes. ganaTlebis humanizacia mecnie-
rebis romantikis CvenebiT unda daviwyoT. saskolo
ganrigSi aris geometria da biologia, istoria da fiz-
kultura, magram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli zneobis
gakveTilebi. ise, zneobis srulyofa fizikis an qimiis
gakveTilebzec SeiZleba. bevri verc ki moyveba, Tu ras
eZRvneba jordano brunos Sromebi, magram misi zneob-
rivi gmiroba saukunod Sevida TiToeuli Cvenganis Seg-
nebaSi. yvela Taobas hyavs iseTi adamianebi, TavianTi
rwmenisTvis mzad rom arian koconze dasawvavad da ise-
Tebic, SeSas rom umateben kocons, iqneb misi aliT gav-
TbeTo. es Sublze aravis aweria, es sulebSia Camaluli
manam, sanam mwuxris Jami ar darekavs. aseTma Jamma, sau-
bedurod, bevrjer Camohkra.
anatol fransis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sayovel-
Tao mSvidoba izeimebs ara imitom, rom adamianebi uke-
Tesni gaxdebian, aramed imitom, rom mSvidobis moTxov-
nileba nakarnaxevi iqneba axali mdgomareobiT, axali
mecnierebiT, axali ekonomikuri moTxovnilebiT. mag-
ram aqve davZenT, rom sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis ka-
nonebis gamarjvebam adamianic ukeTesi unda gaxados.
RAMAZ GAKHOKIDZE — Academician of the Academy of Philosophical

Sciences of Georgia. Director of the Institute of Bioorganic Technologies
54
and Chair of Bioorganic Chemistry of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State
University, Professor, member of the scientific societies of the USA and
Europe, Academician of the orders of honour of Georgia and the United
States, author of over 500 scientific works, textbooks, monographies and
inventions in different fields of science. Ramaz Gakhokize was nominated
among the great minds of XXI century by the International Biographical
Centre (Cambridge, England).
SCIENCE AND MORALS
ABSTRACTS
The problem of ethics and morality is the concern of all

mankind. Promotion of science along with the growth of moral
values is necessary for human development. Many advancements
within the past decades have added to the field of technological
innovations. Techno ethics involves the ethical aspects of technology
within a society that is shaped by technology. This brings up a series
of social and ethical questions regarding new technological
advancements and new boundary crossing opportunities.
There is a need to incorporate humanitarian values into the
science and technology spheres. Science is an activity of the human
intellect. It has firm axiological foundations and searches for truth
and knowledge neutral. Scientific knowledge and new technologies
can give rise to new ethical or social problems. Scientists are
expected to be honest, ethical requirement on scientists is the proper
treatment of living subjects, both humans and animals. Science
education and moral education can be combined in various ways.
In this article the relationship between ethics and science has
been discussed.

Ta akademiis mecnierebis filosofiis ganyofilebam.
55
eTer ormocaZe — quTaisis akaki wereTlis sax. saxelmwifo uni-
versitetis filosofia — fsiqologiis departamentis asiste-
nt — profesori. muSaobs mecnierebis filosofiisa da bunebis-
mecnierebis filosofiis problemebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs sa-
mecniero statiebi da wignebi: `determinacia bunebismecniere-
basa da filosofiaSi~ (Tb., 2005), `sivrcisa da drois filoso-
fia~ (Tb., 2013), `zogadi unarebi. formalur — logikuri dava-
lebebi (Teoria da amoxsnis meTodika)~, (quT., 2013), i. gomarTe-
li — `neba da zneoba~ (quT., 2017).
neopozitivisturi da fizikuri
naturfilosofia sivrcisa da drois
Teoriebis urTierTobis
zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb
germaneli filosofosi hans raixenbaxi (1891 —

1953) „mesame pozitivizmis" anu neopozitivizmis erT-
erTi lideria (moric SlikTan erTad). igi iTvleba XX
saukunis mecnierebis filosofiis yvelaze TvalsaCino
warmomadgenlad, romlis filosofiuri interesis
erT-erT mTavar obieqts sivrcisa da drois problema
warmoadgenda. am problemas man 1928 wels miuZRvna
sqeltaniani fundamenturi gamokvleva „sivrce-drois
filosofiuri moZRvrebis filosofia", romelSic mo-
cemulia ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriis filoso-
fiuri analizi da SemuSavebulia originaluri filo-
sofiuri koncefcia sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb.
adolf griunbaumi (daibada 1923 wels) pitsbur-
gis universitetis profesori, mecnierebis filosofi-
is saerTaSoriso asociaciis prezidenti, sivrcisa da
drois filosofiuri problemis cnobili mkvlevaria.
1963 wels man gamoaqveyna fundamenturi naSromi „siv-
56
rcisa da drois filosofiuri problemebi" (rusulad
iTargmna 1969 wels), romelic dRemde yvelaze Rirebu-
lad iTvleba am problemis kvlevis istoriaSi. a. gri-
unbaumi Tavs raixenbaxis filosofiisagan davalebu-
lad Tvlis, Tumca xSirad Tavisi maswavleblis Tval-
sazriss kritikulad aanalizebs da sakuTar koncefci-
as upirispirebs.
qvemoT SevexebiT sivrcisa da drois filosofiis
ramdenime sakiTxs da vaCvenebT raixenbaxisa da griun-
baumis Tvalsazrisebis msgavseba-gansxvavebas am sakiT-
xTan dakavSirebiT.
orive moazrovnis erT-erT mTavar interess siv-
rcisa da drois monakveTebis kongruentobis (tolo-
bis) problema warmoadgens. es problema ki moicavs ro-
gorc sivrcis monakveTebis intervalebis gazomvis,
aseve erTdroulobis cnobil problemasac, romelic
ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriis Camoyalibebis Sem-
deg mkvlevarTa (gansakuTrebiT mecnierebis filoso-
fia) ganuwyveteli davis obieqts warmoadgens.
sivrcis problemasTan dakavSirebiT orive moaz-
rovnis yuradRebas ipyrobs sigrZis monakveTebis to-
loba-utolobis sakiTxi. rogor unda davadginoT siv-
rceSi erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli sigrZis ori monak-
veTis toloba? sigrZis ori monakveTi, romelic erT
sistemaSi tolia erT-erTi maTganis gadaadgilebis Se-
degad SesaZlebelia uTanazomo aRmoCndes. am faqtis
empiriuli dasabuTeba SeuZlebelia, vinaidan Tu maT
erTmaneTTan mivitanT da maT tolobas kvlav davad-
genT, es jer kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom maTi gancalkave-
bis SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva bunebrivi (Termuli, gravi-
taciuli da a. S.) Zalebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad uTana-
zomo ar gaxdes. yovel SemTxvevaSi logikurad aseTi
SesaZleblobis gamoricxva SeuZlebelia.
57
amis safuZvelze raixenbaxi Tvlis, rom sivrceSi
daSorebuli sigrZis monakveTebis kongruentobis da-
sabuTeba an uaryofa e. i. Semecneba SeuZlebelia. erT-
erT gamosavals igi imaSi xedavs, rom maTi toloba kon-
venciurad definiciis saSualebiT miviRoT. „miTiTe-
buli masStabi imave sididisaa Tu ara, rodesac igi sxva
adgilze gadagvaqvs, – wers igi, – aris ara Semecnebadi,
aramed igi mxolod definiciis saSualebiT dgindeba"
(1, gv. 24). es imas niSnavs, rom sivrceSi daSorebul sig-
rZis monakveTebs Cven vuwodebT tolebs, Tumca amave
uflebiT SesaZlebelia, rom maT uTanazomo vuwodoT.
arcerT SemTxvevaSi logikur winaaRmdegobas ar wavaw-
ydebiT. orive aRwera eqvivalenturi mniSvnelobis mqo-
nea. amgvar aRwerebs raixenbaxi eqvivalentur aRwerebs
uwodebs; romelTac WeSmaritebis SemecnebasTan aravi-
Tari kavSiri ara aqvs.
a.griunbaumisaTvis principulad misaRebia rai-
xenbaxis konvencionalisturi Tvalsazrisi sigrZis mo-
nakveTebis tolobis Sesaxeb, Tumca igi Tavis mxriv, am
Tvalsazriss sigrZis monakveTebis tolobis Sesaxeb,
azustebs. kongruentobis problema mas ori azriT es-
mis. erT SemTxvevaSi laparakia sivrceSi gadaadgile-
buli erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli sigrZis monakveTe-
bis, toloba-utolobis Sesaxeb. darCeba Tu ara toli
sigrZis monakveTebi, maSin, roca maT sivrceSi erTmane-
Tisagan davaSorebT? xom ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom
fizikuri Zalebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad maTi toloba
dairRva? igive kiTxva daismis. drois intervalebis
tolobis Sesaxeb ori sinqronuli saaTidan Tu erT-
erTs, vTqvaT, avstraliaSi waviRebT, SegviZlia Tu ara
kvlav vamtkicoT maTi sinqronuloba meore SemTxveva-
Si saqme exeba mocemuli sididis ara sxvasTan, aramed
58
Tavis TavTan tolobis sakiTxs. rCeba Tu ara sigrZis
monakveTi an drois intervali Tavisi Tavis toli, Tu
mas sxva adgilze gadavitanT? kongruentobis am as-
peqts a. griunbaumi „TviT kongruentobas“ uwodebs da
arsebiTad kvlav konvencialisturad wyvets TviTnebu-
ri definiciebis daSvebisa da Semecnebis SesaZleblo-
bis uaryofis Sedegad.
sivrcisa da drois kongruentobis problema uSu-
alod dakavSirebulia erTi mxriv geometriis relati-
urobis, xolo meore mxriv, erTdroulobis problemas-
Tan. orive SemTxvevaSi a. griunbaumi ZiriTadad eTan-
xmeba raixenbaxs, Tumca mainc motivirebulad aanali-
zebs mis koncefcias da originalur mosazrebebs ga-
moTqvams orive problemis Sesaxeb.
cnobilia, rom geometriis relatiurobis prob-
lema araevkliduri geometriuli sistemebis warmoSo-
bis Semdeg Camoyalibda; manamde evkliduri geometriis
erTaderTobis pirobebSi, aseTi problema ar SeiZleba
dasmuliyo, vinaidan evkliduri geometria ara marto
erTaderT SesaZlebel, aramed absolutur geometriad
iTvleboda. araevkliduri geometriuli sistemebi,
romlebic XIX saukunis 30-50-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda,
iseTive WeSmaritebis pretenziiT gamodioda, rogorc
misi winamorbedi evkliduri geometria. swored amitom
mTeli simwvaviT daisva sakiTxi erT-erTi maTganis WeS-
maritebis privilegirebulobis Sesaxeb. am problemas
pirvelad a. puankarem miaqcia yuradReba, romelmac mi-
si gadawyveta konvencionalizmis safuZvelze scada.
magram igive problema yvelaze srulyofilad mainc
raixenbaxma ganixila mis zemoxsenebul wignSi „sivrce —
drois moZRvrebis filosofia". raixenbaxi Tvlis, rom
evkliduri da araevkliduri geometriebidan arc erTs
ar SeiZleba upiratesoba mieniWos; TiToeuli maTgani
59
WeSmaritebis TvalsazrisiT eqvivalenturia. es imas
niSnavs, rom arc erTi maTgani ar aris ufro WeSmariti
an ufro mcdari, vinaidan arc erTi maTgani Semecnebas
ar warmoadgens, ris gamoc maT WeSmariteba — mcdaro-
bis predikatebi ar miewereba. zogjer, gveubneba rai-
xenbaxi, evkliduri geometriis upiratesobas mis intu-
iciurobaSi xedaven. marTlac, evkliduri geometriis
aqsiomebi ufro TvalsaCinoa, vidre araevkliduri.
magram sabolood raixenbaxi evkliduri geometriis am
upiratesobasac uaryofs. igi Tvlis, rom Cven evkli-
dur sivrceSi vcxovrobT da miCveuli varT evklidur
mimarTebebs. Tu Cven ara evklidur sivrceSi vicxov-
rebdiT, maSin araevkliduri tolobis mimarTebani ise-
ve TvalsaCino iqneboda, rogorc evkliduri. amasTana-
ve, raixenbaxs SesaZleblad miaCnia, araevkliduri geo-
metriis gaTvalsaCinoeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi ki evklidu-
ri geometria mTlianad dakargavs privilegirebul
mniSvnelobas.
miuxedavad amisa, raixenbaxi evkliduri geomet-
riis erTaderT upiratesobas simartiveSi xedavs. ev-
kliduri sivrce ufro martivia da, maSasadame, Cven-
Tvis ufro xelmisawvdomi. aq aSkaraa raixenbaxis kon-
vencionalisturi Tvalsazrisi. simartive, simarjve,
moxerxebuloba kriteriumebad iTvleba, rac saSuale-
bas gvaZlevs, rom evkliduri geometria avirCioT. mag-
ram raixenbaxi arc amaSi xedavs gamosavals. arsebiTad
yvela geometriuli sistema eqvivalenturia da amaSi
mdgomareobs geometriis relatiurobis problemis
konvencionalisturi gadawyveta, romlis poziciebzec
raixenbaxi dgas. definiciis Secvla geometriuli sis-
temis Secvlas iwvevs. xolo es definiciebi (evkliduri
da araevkliduri) sruliad tolfasovania.
60
a. griunbaumi akritikebs am Tvalsazriss da am-
tkicebs, rom „arsebobs usasrulod bevri sxva kongru-
entobis definiciebi, romlebic aseve zustad gvaZlevs
evklidur geometrias, magram isini Cveulebriv defini-
ciasTan SeuTavsebadia" (2, gv. 119-120). es niSnavs, rom
tolobis definiciis Secvlas, rogorc raixenbaxi fiq-
robs, yovelTvis rodi sdevs Tan geometriis Secvla.
misi azriT, arsebobs iseTi tolobis definiciebi, rom-
lebic evkliduri geometriis da, saerTod, geometriis
Secvlas ar iwvevs. miuxedavad am kritikuli SeniSvnebi-
sa, a. griunbaumisaTvis mainc misaRebia geometriuli
sistemebis eqvivalenturobis principi maTi Semecneba-
dobis uaryofis safuZvelze.
meore problema, romelic uSualod dakavSirebu-
lia sivrcis monakveTebisa da drois intervalebis kon-
gruentobis problemasTan, aris erTdroulobis prob-
lema. igi, rogorc cnobilia, warmoiSva ainStainis re-
latiurobis specialuri Teoriis Camoyalibebis Sem-
deg. ainStainamde niutonis sivrcisa da drois Teoria-
Si daSvebuli iyo sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis
absoluturi erTdrouloba. es koncefcia klasikur
fizikaSi gabatonebul Sorsmoqmedebis princips emya-
reboda, igi SesaZleblad Tvlida moqmedebis myisier
gadacemas nebismier manZilze. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi
mxedvelobaSi iyo sinaTlis siCqare. ainStainis rela-
tiurobis Teoria ki axlomoqmedebis principidan amo-
dis, romlis mixedviT moqmedebis gadacema xdeba siv-
rceSi arsebuli Suamavali punqtebis gavlis gziT da,
maSasadame, sinaTlis siCqare, Tumca uswrafesia, magram
mainc sasrulia da gavrcelebisaTvis dros saWiroebs.
amas ki Sedegad mosdevs sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomi-
lobebis erTdroulobis relatiuroba. sivrceSi daSo-
rebuli ori xdomileba erTi moZravi sistemis mimarT
61
SesaZlebelia erTdrouli iyos, magram ar iyos er-
Tdrouli sxva sistemebidan gazomvis Sedegad. amitom
SeuZlebelia laparaki sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilo-
bebis absoluturi erTdroulobis Sesaxeb. igi sxva-
dasxva mimarTebaSi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas iRebs da
amaSi mdgomareobs erTdroulobis relatiuroba. amas-
Tanave, miCneulia, rom arcerTi definicia ar aris upi-
ratesi, privilegirebuli, vinaidan maTi mniSvneloba
mxolod da mxolod mocemuli sistemis farglebiT ga-
nisazRvreba da am sistemebis gareSe azri ar aqvs.
ainStainis am fizikuri Teoriis safuZvelze rai-
xenbaxi ayalibebs filosofiur koncefcias sivrceSi
daSorebuli xdomilobebis erTdroulobis Sesaxeb.
ainStaini, iseve rogorc fizo, romelmac sinaT-
lis siCqare gansazRvra, im debulebidan amodis, rom
sinaTle cariel sivrceSi yvela mimarTulebiT Tanaba-
ri siCqariT vrceldeba. amazea dafuZnebuli ainStai-
nis erTdroulobis Teoria. raixenbaxi amtkicebs, rom
amgvari gamoangariSeba logikur wres Seicavs. winaswar
daSvebulia, rom sinaTle Tanabari siCqariT vrcelde-
ba da Semdeg ikvleven imas, Tu drois ra monakveTSi gai-
ara sxivma esa Tu is monakveTi. Tu imTaviTve davuSvebT
sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivobas, maSin azri aRar eqneba
Semdgomi gazomvis warmoebas, vinaidan daSvebuli ukve
gulisxmobs gazomvis Sedegebs. amitom SemTxveviTi ar
aris is garemoeba, rom ainStaini amodis sinaTlis siC-
qaris postulizebidan da mis safuZvelze agebs er-
Tdroulobis Teorias.
raixenbaxi ki sinaTlis siCqaris postulizebiT ar
kmayofildeba da sakiTxs logikur planSi ganixilavs;
sinaTlis siCqaris gasazomad aucilebelia rom ori
sinqronuli saaTi sivrcis sxvadasxva adgilze mova-
TavsoT; es niSnavs, rom sinaTlis siCqaris gazomva wi-
62
naswar gulisxmobs erTdroulobis codnas; magram, me-
ore mxriv, saaTebis sinqronulobis dadgenis anu er-
Tdroulobis gazomvisaTvis aucilebelia, rom winas-
war vicodeT sinaTlis siCqare.
amgvarad, Seiqmna logikuri wre: erTmaneTisagan
daSorebuli movlenebis erTdroulobis dasadgenad
Cven gvesaWiroeba sinaTlis siCqaris codna, xolo siC-
qaris gasazomad gvesaWiroeba erTmaneTisagan daSore-
buli movlenebis erTdroulobis codna" (a. g. 256).
rogor unda davZlioT es winaaRmdegoba? raixen-
baxi fiqrobs, rom amisaTvis saWiroa uari vTqvaT siv-
rceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis erTdroulobis Se-
Tanxmebaze da TviTneburi definiciebis daSvebiT Se-
movifargloT. misi azriT, „SesaZlebelia sivrceSi da-
Sorebuli xdomilobebis ara Semecneba, aramed defini-
cia, romelic TviTneburia (1; gv. 364). definiciis
TviTneboba, cxadia, absoluturi rodia, igi gansaz-
Rvrulia garkveuli pirobebiT, romlis farglebSi Se-
saZlebelia definiciis Tavisufali arCevani.
a. griunbaumi ki sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilebe-
bis sakmaod martiv gansazRvrebas gvTavazobs. „ori
xdomileba" – wers igi, – tipologiurad erTdroulia
Tu fizikurad SeuZlebelia sxva xdomilebaTa arsebo-
ba, romelic droSi maT Soris iqneba moTavsebuli“ (2,
gv. 257) am gansazRvrebaSi SesamCnevia tavtologiuro-
ba. Tu or xdomilebas Soris mesame xdomileba ar arse-
bobs, maSin, cxadia, erTdroulia, magram problemas
swored am mesame xdomilobis arseboba warmoadgens.
erTdrouloba xom sxvas arafers ar niSnavs, garda imi-
sa, rom or xdomilebas Soris mesame xdomileba ar arse-
bobs. amdenad, raixenbaxis Tvalsazrisi erTdroulo-
63
bis Sesaxeb ufro safuZvliani da damafiqrebelia, vid-
re a. griunbaumisa.
amasTan kavSirSia drois mimarTulebis problema.
raixenbaxs specialuri wigni aqvs dawerili drois mi-
marTulebis Sesaxeb, romlis damTavreba man ver moas-
wro. igi avtoris gardacvalebis Semdeg gamosca misma
meuRle maria raixenbaxma. raixenbaxi Tvlis, rom drois
absoluturi mimarTuleba ar arsebobs. dros aqvs mi-
marTuleba awmyodan momavlisaken da ara piriqiT. swo-
red amitom drois mimarTuleba entropiis zrdis mi-
xedviT unda ganvsazRvroT, Tumca arc mas aqvs abso-
luturi mniSvneloba. drois erTmimarTulebianobas
arsebiTad albaTuri xasiaTi aqvs.
a. griunbaumi ki drois mimarTulebis problemas
ikvlevs bunebaSi arsebuli Sebrunebadi da Seubruneba-
di procesebis mixedviT. drois araerTgvarovneba, Se-
ubrunebadi procesebis arsebobas ukavSirdeba. misi
azriT, dros sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT sxvadasxva Tvi-
sobrioba aqvs. misi azriT, SeuZlebelia drois mimar-
Tulebis mixedviT drois anizotropulobis (araer-
Tgvarovnobis) gansazRvra. „mtkiceba, wers igi, – rom
Seubrunebadi procesebi xdis dros anizotropiuls,
sruliad ar aris eqvivalenturi imisa, rom dro erTi
mimarTulebiT miedineba" (2, gv. 260).
raixenbaxisa da griunbaumis Tvalsazrisebis gan-
sxvaveba kargad Cans drois wesrigisa da mizezobrio-
bis urTierTobis sakiTxSi. raixenbaxi drois wesrigs
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris mixedviT gansazRvravs,
rasac arsebiTi kavSiri aqvs misi drois kauzalur Teo-
riasTan. mizezi win uswrebs Sedegs. amitom Tu cnobi-
lia, rom erTi xdomiloba aris meore xdomilobis mize-
zi, maSin iolia imis Tqma, rom pirveli ufro adrea meo-
64
reze. aqve igulisxmeba, rom SedegSi ar SeiZleba iyos
imaze meti realoba, rac mizezSia. am konstatacias rai-
xenbaxi uwodebs markirebis meTods. griunbaumi ki cdi-
lobs daasabuTos, rom drois wesrigs arsebiTi kavSiri
ar aqvs mizezobrivi kavSiris SeubrunebadobasTan. rai-
xenbaxis markirebis meTodi logikuri wris Semcvelia.
saxeldobr, aq igulisxmeba, rom mizezobrivi wesrigi
winaswar gulisxmobs drois wesrigis arsebobas. swo-
red amaSi xedavs a. griunbaumi raixenbaxis kauzaluri
Teoriis nakls. a. griunbaumi, gvTavazobs erT meTods,
romlis mixedviT, or xdomilebas Soris simetriuli
mizezobrivi kavSiri arsebobs. da ar Seicavs maTgan
erT-erTis meoreze miTiTebas. mas surs iseTi mizezob-
rivi kavSiris arsebobis dasabuTeba, romelSic mizez-
Sedegobrivi kavSirebi erTmaneTisagan iqneba gancal-
kevebuli.
am gziT mas SesaZleblad miaCnia drois wesrigis
asimetriulobis gamoricxva. erTi sityviT, a. raixenba-
xi, mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs drois msvlelobasTan
akavSirebs, a. griunbaumi ki maT erTmaneTisagan TiSavs.
raixenbaxsa da griunbaums Soris azrTa sxvadas-
xvaoba absoluturi sivrcis uaryofis sakiTxSic
mJRavndeba. raixenbaxi Tvlis, rom ainStainis relatiu-
robis Teoriam uaryo absoluturi droisa da sivrcis
arseboba. sivrce da droc relatiuria da ara absolu-
turi. orive maTgani sxvadasxva aTvlis sistemaSi sxva-
dasxva mniSvnelobas iZens. mxolod sivrcisa da drois
(sivrce-dro) universaluri kavSiria absoluturi. ain-
Stainis relatiurobis zogadma Teoriam, romelic
inerciuli sistemebiT ar ifargleba, kidev ufro
srulyofilad daasabuTa sivrcisa da drois relatiu-
roba.
65
saerTod unda iTqvas, rom a. griunbaumi absolu-
turi sivrcisa da drois Teoriisadmi ase Tu ise simpa-
Tiurad aris ganwyobili. igi svams kiTxvas: uaryofs Tu
ara ainStainis relatiurobis zogadi Teoria absolu-
tur sivrces? am kiTxvaze igi uaryofiT pasuxs iZleva.
misi azriT, absoluturi sivrcis arseboba zogad Teo-
riaSi miTs warmoadgens: igi wers: „SeuZlebelia
vTqvaT, rom TiTqos relatiurobis zogadma Teoriam
gadawyvita dava sivrcis absolutursa da relatiur
koncefciebs Soris am ukanasknelis sasargeblod" (2,
gv. 519).
sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb h. raixenbaxisa da a.
griunbaumis SexedulebaTa msgavseba — gansxvaveba sain-
teresoa am problemis mkvlevarTaTvis da sakiTxis Sem-
dgom damuSavebas emsaxureba. mecnierebis filosofiis
problemebis ori Tanamedrove didi mkvlevari aanali-
zebs ra sivrcisa da drois fundamentur aspeqtebs fi-
losofiuri TvalsazrisiT aRrmavebs im ideebs, rac
ainStainma, rogorc fizikosma, Camoayaliba.
literatura
1. Hans Reschendach, Philosophie der Raum — Zeit — Lehre,

Berlin, Leipzig 1928.
2. Грюнбаум, Философские проблемы простраества и времени.
М., 1963.
66
Eter Ormocadze – Doctor of Philosophy, Assistent. Professor of
Kutaisi ac. Tsereteli State University, works on science and nature —
philosophical problems; She has published scientific articles and
books: "The Determination in natural sciences and philosophy"
(Tb.2005); "The Philosophy of Space and Time" (Tb.2013); "General
skills, The formal — logical assignments" (Qut., 2013); "I. Gomarteli
— will and morality" (Qut., 2017).
THE NEO — POSITIVIST AND PHYSICAL

NATUROPHILOSOPHY ON SOME
ASPECTS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SPACE AND TIME THEORIES
In the work discusses the similarities differences of H.

Reichenbach and A. Grunbaum's views, on issues related to space
and time, such as the congruence of space and time, the problem of
simultaneity; it is interest also to the authors' argument about the
relationship between time, order, and causality, Which deepen the
ideas that Einstein formulated as a physicist.
For example, Reichenbach thinks that there is no absolute
direction of time, that is why the direction of time should be
determined by the increase in entropy, however, either it has no
absolute significance. The one — sidedness of time is essentially
probabilistic. As for a. At Greenbaum, he explores the problem of the
direction of time through the reversible and irreversible processes in
nature. In his view, the assertion of time is not entirely equivalent to
the fact that time flows in one direction.

67
SoTa SoSiaSvili — fiziko-maTematikur mecnierebaTa aka-
demiuri doqtori. ufrosi mecnier TanamSromeli. gamoqvey-
nebuli aqvs 55 samecniero Sroma elementaluri nawilalebis
fizikaSi. religiisa da mecnierebis urTierTmimarTebis sa-
kiTxebze gamoaqveyna 15 samecniero statia da wignebi saxel-
wodebiT: „kosmiuri samyarosa da sulis ukvdavebis Sesa-
xeb“(2003 w), „samyaro, mecniereba, religia“ (Tb., 2008 da 2009),
„kosmiuri samyaro Teosofiuri gadmosaxedidan“ wigni I da
wigni II (Tb., 2012) da wigni „rani vyofilvarT! ... rani viqne-
biT“ (Tb.,2015).
adamiani, yofiereba, kosmosi, RmerTi
vuZRvni akademikos
nodar kekeliZis
naTel xsovnas
Sesavali
adamianis ZiriTadi niSani Tavis tvinis moazrovne

nawilia, romlis ZiriTadi funqcia misi saarsebo area-
lis Semecnebasa da Sesabamisi mizandasaxuli azris ga-
momuSavebaSi mdgomareobs.
yofiereba niSnavs adamianis cnobierebisagan da-
moukideblad arsebul obieqtur realobas, romelic
materialistur-mecnieruli midgomiT, Semecnebadi
kosmosuri samyaroa, xolo obieqtur-idealisturi ga-
gebiT – absoluturi goni. kosmosur samyaroSi damar-
xuli WeSmaritebis Semecneba adamianisaTvis SesaZlebe-
lia azrovnebis sami formiT: xatovan-emociuri, rome-
lic vlindeba xelovnebaSi; simboluri — mistikuri –
religiaSi da cnebiT — racionaluri – mecnierebasa da
filosofiaSi.
68
miCneulia, rom adamianis mier yofierebaSi ar-
sebuli WeSmaritebis Semecneba, garda azrovnebisa, mi-
iRweva intuiciiTac. intuicia aris adamianis gansa-
kuTrebuli unari, riTac, cdisa da cnebiT — raciona-
luri azrovnebisagan damoukideblad, uSualod wvdeba
yofierebaSi arsebul idumal WeSmaritebas. miCneulia,
rom arsebobs intuiciis inteleqtualuri, emociona-
luri da mistikuri forma. inteleqtualuri intuicia
did rols asrulebs mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi, emoci-
uri intuicia – xelovnebasa da poeziaSi, xolo misti-
kuri intuicia – RmerTis SemecnebaSi.
Cemi azriT, intuiciisa da azrovnebis zemoxsene-
buli samive forma warmoadgens samyaros Semecnebis
wyaros da TiToeulis saSualebiT dagrovili infor-
macia flobs absoluturi WeSmaritebis garkveul na-
wils. me, kosmosuri samyaros Sesaxeb, kacobriobis mier
zemoxsenebuli samive saxis azrovnebiT mopovebul
codnaTa gadakveTis are me WeSmaritebad da Teoso-
fiur codnad miviCnie [1;194].
materialist-evolucionistebis gagebiT, yofie-
reba vlindeba bunebaSi, anu grZnobad kosmosur samya-
roSi. mecnieruli hipoTezis mixedviT, buneba marti-
via da aRiwereba martivi fizikuri kanonebiT. saWiroa
mxolod am kanonebis migneba bunebis Semecnebis meSveo-
biT. bunebis SemecnebisaTvis adamians, rogorc dam-
kvirvebels, gaaCnia sensoruli grZnobis organoebi:
Tvalis (xedva), yuris (smena), enis (gemo), cxvirisa
(ynosva) da kanis (siTbos, sirbilis SegrZneba) saxiT.
arsebobs mecnierulis alternatiuli hipoTeza:
samyaro rTulia da mas hyavs moazrovne Semoqmedi,
romlis Semecneba SeiZleba simbolur-mistikuri az-
rovnebiT.
69
mimaCnia, rom adamianis mier yofierebis Semecnebi-
saTvis arsebobs sami saxis xedva:
mecnieruli, roca adamiani Tavis Tavs aRiqvams
rogorc „me“-s, moTavsebuls xiluli samyaros centrSi
da Seimecnebs mis miRma obieqturad arsebul samyaros
grZnobis sensoruli organoebis meSvebiTa da cnebiTi
— racionaluri azrovnebiT;
meditaciuri, roca adamiani damatebiTi X — SesaZ-
leblobebiT, intuiciurad, uSualod (sensoruli or-
ganoebis gareSe) ukavSirdeba yofierebis uCinar for-
mas;
Teosofiuri, roca adamian — damkvirvebuli flobs
mecnierul, filosofiur da meditaciur codnaTa er-
Tianobaze dafuZnebul sibrZniseul codnas[2;355].
1. kosmosi meditaciuri xedviT
kosmosis asaxva miTologiaSi. miCneulia, rom uZ-

velesi xalxebi flobdnen yofierebis uSualo Wvreti-
sa da naTelxilvis unars. am gziT miRebuli codna sam-
yarosa da misi momavlis Sesaxeb inaxeboda da gadmoi-
cemoda Tqmulebebis meSveobiT miTebis formiT.
Sumerul miTologiaSi samyaros Semqnelad miCne-
ulia ufali, romelic arafrisagan, sityvis ZaliT,
hqmnis nivTier samyaros. Suamdinaruli kosmogonii-
saTvis SeuZlebelia arafrisagan raimes Seqmna. Sumeru-
li miTologiis mixedviT, samyaros miRma mudmivad ar-
sebobs uformo masala da wyvdiadi – saSo, sadac iw-
rToba da ibadeba samyaro [3; 96].
garkveuli drois gavlis Semdeg, wyvdiadSi da
mdumarebaSi CaZiruli samyaro kvlav ubrundeba Sesaq-
mis winadroindel viTarebas, raTa Tavis wiaRSi xelax-
70
la Svas axali samyaro. e.i. adgili eqneba kosmogoniuri
aqtis xelaxla ganmeorebas [3;69].
anu, Sumerul miTologiaSi Cadebulia azri samya-
ros ciklurad dabadebis Sesaxeb.
Suamdinaruli miTologiis mixedviT, adamiani ga-
Cenil iqna im mizniT, rom man aRmSeneblobiTi moRvawe-
obiT, mowesrigebuli yofis SeqmniT da SemoqmedebiTi
muSaobiT gaagrZelos RmerTebis mier wamowyebuli
saqme [3; 150].
cnobili frangi mwerlisa da filosofosis edu-
ard Siures (1841-1929 ww.) mixedviT, Zveli egvipteli
xeldasxmuli maswavleblebi, mowafeebs avarjiSebdnen
intuiciisa da gonebis srulyofis mizniT. romlis
drosac, didi sulieri daZabvis gziT, adamians SeeZlo
mieRwia im mdgomareobisaTvis, roca uSualod SeaRwev-
da Cveulebrivi adamianis aRqmisaTvis miuwvdomel sam-
yaroSi (ezoTerizmi). am miznis misaRwevad Zvel egvip-
teSi qurumebs SemuSavebuli hqondaT specialuri me-
Todi. fizikurad da sulierad saTanadod momzadebul
gandobils awvendnen sardafSi, specialurad gamoyo-
fil oTaxSi mdgar sarkofagSi da mxolod ramdenime
dRis Semdeg akiTxavdnen mas. sarkofagSi, sibnelesa da
siciveSi marto darCenili adamianis sxeuli TandaTan
iyineboda. is ganicdida kvdomis gamo gamowveul yo-
velgvar tanjva-wamebas, magram, Sesabamisad, misi sxeu-
lis sulieri nawili TandaTan Tavisufldeboda fizi-
kuri nawilisagan da Sedioda eqstazis mdgomareobaSi
[4; 117], rodesac adamiani sulis TvaliT Seicnobda u-
maRles WeSmaritebas. Cemi azriT, es warmoadgens xe-
lovnurad gamowveul klinikur sikvdils, roca adamia-
nis me erwymis uCinar samyaros, Seicnobs mas da ukan
dabrunebuli, iwyebs axal cxovrebas. analogiuri pro-
cesi gauvlia piTagoras egvipteSi mogzaurobisas.
71
piTagoras mier Semecnebuli samyaros suraTi.
Zveli saberZneTis gamoCenilma maTematikosma da
filosofosma piTagoram (580-500 Zv.w.) codnis gasaR-
rmaveblad imogzaura babilonsa da egvipteSi.egvipte-
Si mogzaurobisas piTagoras gauvlia yvela faza egvip-
teli adaptis cxovrebisa, TviT xelovnur sikvdilam-
de da aRdgomamde. igi mTlianad dauflebia egvipteli
qurumebis sibrZnis mwvervalebs [4; 233].
piTagora flobda: sulieri samyaros uSualo aR-
qmis unars da idumali samyaros gasaRebs. amave dros,
igi iyo umaRlesi rangis mecnieri da filosofosi [4;
304].
Cemi azriT, piTagora samyaros aRiqvamda Teoso-
fiuri xedviT.
piTagoras mixedviT, mTeli aRqmadi samyaro, masSi
arsebuli mineraluri sagnebi da cocxali organizmebi
„gamomdinareoben maRali sulieri wesrigisa da wina-
morbedi materiis evoluciisagan“ [4;263].
piTagoras swori warmodgena hqonia mzis sistema-
ze. romlis mixedviT, dedamiwa samyaros centrSia. mas
gars akravs 9 gamWvirvale ca erTi-meoris miyolebiT.
pirvel 7 caze damagrebulia Sesabamisad mze, mTvare da
xuTi cTomili (planeta) merkuri, venera, marsi, iupi-
teri da saturni. Semdeg modis varskvlavebis ca da bo-
los mecxre ca, romlis iqiTac „RmerTebis samyofe-
lia“. yvela es ca, masze damagrebuli mnaTobebiT, bru-
navs dedamiwis garSemo [4; 263].
piTagorasaTvis, ricxvi 1 (erTi) iyo Seuqmnadi
umaRlesi monada, rogorc erTiani da mTliani raoba.
igi Seicavs yvelafers da usasrulobas. misTvis 1 iyo
samyaros principi.
72
piTagoras mixedviT kosmosi warmoadgens 1-is har-
moniul gaSlas ricxvebis mixedviT. meore mxriv, sagnis
arsi misi formiT gamoixateba. forma ki, geometriuli
figuraa, romelic sivrceSi gaSlili ariTmetikaa, anu
ricxvebis harmoniuli erTobliobaa. ricxvebis harmo-
niuli erToblioba ki miiReba 1-is gaSliT garkveuli
arsis, anu kanonzomierebis mixedviT [4;245].
Sesabamisad, piTagoras mixedviT:
1  ricxvebi  geometriuli figurebi  sagne-
bi kosmosi.
anu:
1  kosmosi
meore mxriv, piTagoras Tanaxmad, ricxvi 1 (erTi)
aris RmerTis Sesabamisi, Seuqmnadi umaRlesi monada da
kosmosuri harmoniis Semqmneli namdvili arsi. igi re-
alurad win uswrebs empiriul bunebas da qmnis mas
[4;245]. 1-is arsi maradiulobaSi, sikeTesa, mSveniereba-
Si da SemoqmedobiTobaSi mdgomareobs, anu kosmosis
Semoqmedi uzenaesi RvTaeba – RmerTia. Sesabamisad:
1 RmerTia.
e.i. piTagoras swavlebis mixedviT, erTis mxriviv,
ricxvi 1 – RmerTia, xolo meore mxri ricxvi 1 – mTeli
kosmosia.
RmerTi  1  kosmosi
rac imas niSnavs, rom piTagoriseuli Teosofiuri
xedviT danaxuli kosmosi da RmerTi igivuri arsebebia!
RmerTi  kosmosi
aseTia udidesi moazrovnis piTagoras mier 2500
wlis win Teosofiri xedviT danaxuli yofiereba.
rogorc gairkva, qarTuli sityvebi „erTi“ da
„RmerTi“ protoqarTuli modgmis qurumebis mier gar-
kveuli mizniT Seqmnili sityvebia, romlebSic Caqso-
73
vil iqna imdroindeli pirveladi RvTiuri codna „er-
Ti RmerTisa“da misi igivurobis Sesaxeb kosmosTan
[2;237].
2. intuiciiT Semecnebuli kosmosi
rogorc aRvniSneT, adamians yofierebis Semecne-
ba, azrovnebis garda, intuiciiTac SeuZlia.
bunebis movlenebze dakvirvebis, gasaocari inte-
leqtualuri intuiciisa, imdroindel maTematikur
codnaze dafuZnebuli, fantaziisa da logikuri az-
rovnebis wyalobiT (da ara specialurad Catarebul eq-
sperimentul masalebze dayrdnobiT) Rebulobda in-
formacias elinisturi berZnuli civilizacia yofie-
rebis Sesaxeb.
uZvelesi warmodgenebiT, iTvleboda, rom brtyel
dedamiwas axuravs ca. ca warmoadgens myar TaRs, rome-
lic yvela mxridan erTvis dedamiwis zedapiris kide-
ebs. meore mxriv, ca iTvleboda RmerTis samyofel ad-
gilad. amitomaa, rom RmerTis aRmniSvnel simbolos – Ⴖ
warmoadgenda, rac qarTul asomTavrul damwerlobaSi
bgera R-s (anu RmerTs) Seesabameba.
sferuli formis dedamiwis SemTxvevaSi ki, casac
unda hqonoda sferuli zedapiris forma, romelic
warmoadgenda kosmosis sazRvars.
ZvelberZenma filosofosma anaqsimandrem (610-
550 Zv.w.) pirvelma Semoitana termini „kosmosi“, ro-
gorc samyaros cneba.
Zveli berZeni filosofosis heraklite efeselis
(520-360 Zv.w.)mixedviT, mTeli samyaro brZnulad agebu-
li kosmosia, romelic aravis Seuqmnia, aramed is iyo,
aris da iqneba „marad cocxali cecxli, romelic ka-
nonzomierad inTeba da kanonzomierad qreba“ [5].
74
heraklitesaTvis „cecxli“, ara marto, kosmosis
arsebobis materialuri safuZvelia, aramed ufro me-
tic, igi cecxls miawers RvTaebriv „gons“ („azrs“), ro-
melic kosmoss marTavs. e.i. man Semoitana gonieri cec-
xlis cneba, riTac igi uaxlovdeba dRevandeli gagebiT
energo-informaciuli substanciis cnebas.
heraklitem Semoitana „logosi“-s cneba.misi az-
riT, „RmerTi es igive logosi, anu samyaros gonebaa“
[5;298].
kosmosi platonis mixedviT. berZeni filosofos —
idealisti platonis (427-347Zv.w.) mixedviT, arsebobs
ori raoba: maradiuli-daubadebeli arsi da maradcva-
lebadi arsi.
marad cvalebadi arsi warmoadgens gonivruli
SegrZnebis sagans. romelic gamudmebiT ibadeba da
kvdeba. aq platoni grZnobad — kosmosur samyarosa da
masSi Semaval sagnebs gulisxmobs, romlebic ibadebian,
ganicdian ganuwyvetliv cvalebadobas da bolos, iS-
lebian. magram, platonis azriT, is rac ibadeba, auci-
leblad unda ibadebodes amaTuim mizezis gamo, radga-
nac SeuZlebelia umizezod daibados raime“ [6;28d].
misi azriT yovel dabadebuls unda hyavdes uzena-
esi Semoqmedi, xolo kosmosis pirvelnimuSad marad
„igiveobrivi, azrobrivi da gonebis meSveobiT sawvdo-
mi arsi“miaCnia.
platonis mixedviT Semoqmedma kosmosi Seqmna ide-
aTa samyaros pirvelnimuSis xatad. kosmosi warmoad-
gens xelovnebis qmnilebas. kosmosis goni – didostati
Semoqmedi, xelovnebis kanonebis mixedviT, winaswar
agebs kosmoss.
75
3. kosmosi winamecnieruli xedviT
Zveli aRmosavleTis moazrovneebi, egvipteli qu-

rumebi, Zveli berZeni da qarTveli sibrZnismetyvelebi
cnebiT — racionaluri azrovnebiTa da inteleqtua-
luri intuiciiT erkveodnen mecnierebaSi, xatovan —
saxieri azrovnebiTa da emocionaluri intuiciiT – xe-
lovnebis sakiTxebSi, poeziasa da mwerlobaSi, xolo
simboluri azrovnebiTa da mistikuri intuiciiT „uCi-
nari“samyaros idumal Tvisebebsa da religiis sakiT-
xebSi. amitom imdroindeli sibrZnismetyvelebi er-
Tdroulad iyvnen mecnierebic, xelovnebaTmcodneebi-
ca da Teologebic. mecnierebas, religiasa da filoso-
fias Soris wyveta moxda SemdgomSi.
ptolemes kosmologia. aleqsandrielma astro-
nomma klavdius ptolemem (87-165 ww.) Seqmna mzis siste-
mis geocentruli modeli, romlis mixedviT samyaros
centrSi moTavsebuli dedamiwis garSemo moZraobs 7
ciuri mnaTobi Semdegi rigiT: 1. mTvare, 2. merkuri, 3.
venera, 4. mze, 5. marsi, 6. iupiteri, 7. saturni. arsebobs
uZrav varskvlavTa gare – merve sfero. mnaTobebi merve
sferosTan erTad brunaven dedamiwis garSemo. cxadia,
es aris samyaros is nawili, romelsac adamiani akvirde-
ba [7;9].
ptolemes sistema aRiarebuli iyo qristianuli
eklesiis mier,romelmac merve sferos daumata mecxre
sfero, wmida angelozTa sasufeveli, anu RmerTiseu-
li samyaro.
rusTavelis kosmologia. saxelwodeba „rusTave-
lis kosmologia“ SemoiRo gamoCenilma qarTvelma as-
tronomma giorgi TevzaZem (1914-1988 ww.) naSromSi
„rusTavelis kosmologia“ [8].
76
rusTavelis mier agebuli mziurisistemis models
geo — heliocentruls uwodeben. mas SiSi mocemulia 2
centri: pirveli – varskvlavuri cis sferos centri
dedamiwa da pirveli centris garSemo mbrunavi meore
centri – mze, romelsac wriuli orbitebiT uvlian
planetebi. rusTavelis modelSi Svidi mnaTobis rigi
Semdegnairad aris warmodgenili: 1 mTvare, 2. mze,
3. merkuri, 4. venera, 5. marsi, 6. iupiteri, 7 saturni.
rusTavelis mixedviT agebuli es mziuri struqtura
Semofarglulia varskvlavuri uzarmazari cis sfero-
Ti. mis centrSi mdebareobs dedamiwa, romlis garSemo,
mTvaris Semdeg, sakuTar orbitalur moZraobas asru-
lebs mze, xolo TviT mzis garSemo moZraobs 5 planeta
[8;106].
rusTavelis mixedviT, mzis sistemis miRma arse-
bobda mamaRmerTis sauflo, sityva sofeli-s saxelwo-
debiT.
kopernikis kosmologia. polonelma mecnier —
astronomma nikolas kopernikma (1473-1543 ww.) uaryo
samyaros ptolemeosis geocentruli sistema da warmo-
adgina axali heliocentruli sistema, romlis mixed-
viT mzis sistemis centrSi dedamiwa ki ar mdebareobs,
aramed – mze. kopernikis mixedviT, mzis garSemo moZra-
oben planetebi Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: merkuri, ve-
nera, dedamiwa, marsi, iupiteri, saturni. saturnis miR-
ma uSvelebel manZilze moTavsebulia uZravi varskvla-
vebis sfero, romliTac Tavdeba xiluli samyaro[9].
nikoloz kopernikis biografiuli cnobebis mi-
xedviT, mas daudgenia, rom dedamiwa ara marto mzis ir-
gvliv, aramed sakuTari RerZis garSemoc brunavs, ra-
sac dedamiwa 24 saaTs andomebs. Tumca kaTolikuri ek-
lesiis risxvas moerida da Tavisi aRmoCenis Sesaxeb ga-
keTebuli daskvnebi mxolod astronomebis mcire
77
jgufs gaando. kopernikis megobrebma, misi wigni, mis
sikvdilamde, mxolod ramdenime dRiT adre, dabeWdes
da saCuqrad miarTves.
4. kosmosi
kiTxva Tu ra aris kosmosi? albaT erTxel mainc

yvelas gagvCenia. am sakiTxze debatebi daaxloebiT 300
wlis win dawyebula wamyvan filosofosebsa da fiziko-
sebs Soris,
germaneli filosofosi g.laibnicis mixedviT,
kosmosi aris samganzomilebiani usazRvro are, romel-
Sic mdebareoben sxeulebi da mimdinareobs movlenebi.
xolo dro aris moZraobisa da cvalebadobis mdgoma-
reobaTa Tanmimdevruli wesrigi.
ingliseli filosofosis samuel klarkis mtkice-
biT, kosmosi aris substanciaTa mTeli wyeba, romelic
yvelganaa. misi azriT, kosmosi giganturi „konteine-
ria“, romelic Seicavs samyaros yvela sagans: var-
skvlavebs, planetebs, adamianebs. garda amisa, klarki
amtkicebda, rom kosmosi RvTaebrivia – kosmosi Rmer-
Tia. klarkis azriT, Tu samyaro (sagnebi) ganadgurde-
boda, kosmosi (rogorc „konteineri“) mainc darCeboda.
kosmosis gaqroba ki iseve SeuZlebelia, rogorc Rmer-
Tisa.
amrigad, piTagoras mier 2500 wlis win gamoTqmuli
azri Teosofiuri xedviT danaxali kosmosis Sesaxeb,
rom RmerTi kosmosia, 2100 wlis gasvlis Semdeg, in-
gliselma filosofosma samuel klarkim, ukve mecnie-
rul xedviTa da inteleqtualuri intuiciiT danaxuli
kosmosis Sesaxeb, brZana: kosmosi RmerTia.
78
mecnierebis mixedviT, me-20 saukunis dasawyisamde,
kosmosad miCneuli iyo Cveni samganzomilebiani svrce,
xolo meoTxe ganzomilebad Tvlidnen dros, romelic
miiCneoda damoukideblad sivrcis sami ganzomilebi-
dan. Tumca 1905 wels fizikos-Teoretikosma al. ain-
Stainma fardobiTobis specialur TeoriaSi daamtkica,
rom sivrce da dro warmoqmnian erTian, 4-ganzomilebi-
an sivrce-droiT kontiniums, anu Cvens oTxganzomile-
bian kosmosur samyaros [10;345].
ainStainis kosmologia. 1915 wels al. ainStainma,
gravitaciuli da inerciuli masebis empiriuli tolo-
bis ideaze dayrdnobiT, gamoiyvana fardobiTobis zo-
gadi Teoriis (fzT) ZiriTadi gantoleba, romelic ga-
moiyena mTeli samyaros aRsawerad [11;38].
ainStainis fzT-s mixedviT, fizikuri energiis er-
TerTi forma – gravitaciuli energia ganpirobebulia
svrce — droiTi kontiniumis simrudiT. ainStainma CaT-
vala, rom kosmosur samyaros gaaCnia sferos forma, Se-
mosazRvruli radiusiT, romelic drois mixedviT
mudmivi da maradiulia.
5. samyaros warmoSobis „didi afeTqebis Teoria“
holandielma astronomma vilem desiterma erT-

erTma pirvelma aRiara ainStainis fzT. man 1917 wels,
ainStainis gravitaciuli velis gantolebebis safuZ-
velze, wamoayena gafarToebadi samyaros modeli. mis
mixedviT, cariel sivrceSi, Tu samyaroSi ugulebel-
vyofT gravitaciul urTierTqmedebas, maSin galaqti-
kebi erTmaneTs unda Sordebodnen eqponencialuri ka-
noniT. desiteris gafarToebad samyaroSi yoveli da-
moukidebeli obieqti Sordeba meores iseTi siCqariT,
79
romelic proporciulia am orobieqts Soris arsebuli
manZilisa. am mosazrebam hpova eqsperimentuli dadas-
tureba, romelic kosmologiaSi dafuZnda hablis ka-
nonis saxelwodebiT. amerikelma astronomma eduin pa-
uel hablim 1929 wels eqsprimentuli dakvirvebiT da-
adgina, rom galaqtika racufroSorsaa, miT meti siCqa-
riT gvSordeba.
mTavari, razec hablis kanoni miuTiTebs, isaa, rom
Cveni kosmosuri samyaro ganuwyvetliv farTovdeba!
da Tu, warmodgenaSi, aseTi gafarToebis gaTva-
liswinebiT samyaros ganviTarebas Tvals mivadevnebT,
aRmoCndeba, rom mivalT zemkvrivi da cxeli protoma-
teriis wertilamde, romelic, afeTqebis mere, farTov-
deba da civdeba. ase gaCnda samyaros warmoSobis Teo-
ria „didi afeTqebis Teoriis“ (daT) saxelwodebiT. es
Teoriuli mosazrebebi mogvianebiT dadasturebul iq-
na eqsperimentulad e.w. „reliqturi gamosxivebis“ aR-
moCeniT.
daT-s mixedviT kosmosuri samyaro daibada 13,8 mi-
liardi wlis win, gafarToebis Sedegad miaRwia garkve-
ul zomas da amJamadac farTovdeba. is STabeWdileba,
rom Cveni galaqtika da dedamiwa samyaros centrs war-
moadgens, mxolod imiTaa gamowveuli, rom Cven, ro-
gorc damkvirvebeli, vimyofebiT samyaros im wertil-
Si, romlisaganac sxva galaqtikebi gvSordebian [7;33].
amitomaa, rom yovelma adamian-damkvirvebelma Ta-
visi Tavi SeuZlia warmoidginos kosmosuri samyaros
centrSi myofad.
daT-T mecniereba cdilobs daasabuTos, rom sam-
yaro warmoiqmna Tavis Tavad arafrisagan, garedan yo-
velgvari Carevis gareSe.
(romis papma „didi afeTqebis“ Sedegad samyaros
80
dabadeba RmerTis Semoqmedebis aqtad, xolo, samyaros
Semqmneli RmerTi, samyaros miRma arsebulad miiCnia).
6. samyaros warmoSobis M — Teoria
elementaruli nawilakebis TeoriaSi momuSave fi-

zikosebma wamoayenes mosazreba, rom samyaro Sedgeba 11
ganzomilebiani sivrce — droiTi kontiniumisagan, ro-
melsac me kosmiuri samyaro vuwode. Cveni 4 — ganzomi-
lebiani aRqmadi kosmosuri samyaro kosmiuri samyaros
proeqciaa.
kosmiur samyaroSi, 11 ganzomilebidan, 1 droa, 3 –
Cveulebrivi sivrculi ganzomileba, 6 — Caxveuli uxi-
lavi sivrcul ganzomileba da 1 — damatebiTi usasru-
lod didi uxilavi sivrculi ganzomileba. dadginda,
11 — ganzomilebian samyaroSi absolutura dyvela sa-
xis materia ukavSirdeboda erT did struqturas, ro-
melsac membrana uwodes. samyaroSi mimdinare yvelana-
iri procesis amosaxsnelad Seiqmna axali Teoria, ro-
melsac membranis Teoria, anu M — Teoria ewoda [12].
fizikos — Teoretikosebis mixedviT, 11 — ganzomi-
lebian sivrceSi membranebisdajaxebis Sedegad ganuw-
yvetliv warmoiqmnebian da qrebian10 — ganzomilebiani
sivrce — droiTi buStulakebi. erT-erT aseT buStu-
laks warmoadgenda, Tavis sawyis stadiaSi dabadebisas,
Cveni kosmosuri samyaro, romelic Semdeg, masSi arse-
buli gansakuTrebuli sawyisi pirobebis gamo, ganvi-
Tarda didi afeTqebis Teoriis mixedviT.
M Teoriis mixedviT, 11 — ganzomilebiani kosmiuri
samyaros dro da sivrce, romelic arsebobda did afeT-
qebamdec, exlac arsebobs da momavalSic iarsebebs. anu,
moixsna samyaros arafrisagan warmoSobis problema.M —
81
Teoriapasuxs iZleva yvela kiTxvaze mineraluri samya-
ros Sesaxeb. Tumca ar gaaCnia pasuxi kiTxvaze Tu rogor
gaCnda sicocxle Cven kosmosur samyaroSi.
multisamyaros Sesaxeb. imisTvis, rom M — Teori-
as SesZleboda yvelafris axsna, mas unda daeSva para-
leluri samyaroebis arseboba kosmiur samyaroSi. M —
Teoriis mixedviT, yoveli membrana sxva (CvenTvis uc-
xo) samyaroa, romlis Sesaxeb Cven araferi arc viciT
da arc gvecodineba, maTi uCinarobis gamo. Cveni samya-
ro mxolod erT-erTia sxvadasxva membranebis dajaxe-
biT warmoSobili usasrulo raodenobis samyaroebs
Soris.
al. gutis mixedviT, sxva paraleluri samyaroebi
Cveni samyaros paralelurad arian ganlagebulni da
SeiZleba axlosac iyvnen, magram Cven maTi arsebobis Se-
saxeb ver vigebT. isini SeiZleba sruliad gansxvave-
bulni iyvnen da maTSi sruliad sxva kanonebi moqmedeb-
des. yvela maTganSi ver iqneba sicocxle, Tumca raRac
nawilSi albaT aris. da es wili ricxvobrivad rogori
patarac ginda iyos, roca saqme exeba paraleluri sam-
yaroebis usasrulo raodenobas, aseve usasrulo iqne-
ba iseTi samyaroebi, sadac civilizaciebi iarsebebs. am
samyaroebidan zogi SeiZleba Zalian hgavdes Cvensas im
gansxvavebiT, rom Cven iq ara varT [13].
eben aleqsanderis multisamyaro. amrigad, mec-
nierebis TvalsazrisiT, unda arsebobdnen paralelu-
ri samyaroebi, magram maTi Cveni samyarosTvis uCinaro-
bis gamo SeuZlebelia maTi arsebobis eqsperimentulad
dadastureba.
Tumca saqmeSi CaerTo yofierebis Semecnebis Teo-
sofiuri xedva, roca adamian-mecnieris goni, kliniku-
ri sikvdilis dros, uSualod ukavSirdeba yofierebis
uCinar formebs. cnobili amerikeli neiroqirurgi,
82
harvardis universitetis profesori eben aleqsande-
ri, 2008 wels, 7 dRe — Ramis ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda
klinikuri sikvdilis mdgomareobaSi. komidan gamos-
vlidan, garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg, man dawera
wigni saxelwodebiT „samoTxis damtkiceba“[14].
eb. aleqsanderi miiCnevs, rom igi aRmoCnda Cven 4 —
ganzomilebiani kosmosuri samyaros miRma arsebul, ga-
cilebiT did, usazRvro (11 — ganzomilebian), kosmiur
samyaroSi da naxa masSi arsebuli sxva – ucxo samyaro-
ebi. misi azriT, es samyaroebi warmoadgenen imave sayo-
velTao RmerTiseuli arsebis nawils, romlis nawil-
sac Cveni kosmosuri samyaro warmoadgens [14;25].
Cemi azriT, eb. aleqsanderis mier nanaxi „usaz-
Rvro sivrce“, masSi arsebuli sxvadasxva samyaroebiT,
SeiZleba miviCnioT usasrulo da maradiul kosmiur
sivrceSi arsebuli uCinari multisamyaros eqsperi-
mentul dadasturebad.
didi afeTqebis kosmologiuri M — Teoria warmo-
adgens imis cdas, rom samyaros warmoSoba aixsnas fizi-
kuri kanonebiT, arafizikuri Zalebis Carevis gareSe.
mecnierebi yovelTvis winaaRmdegni iyvnen arabunebri-
vi Zalebis arsebobisa da gansakuTrebiT umaRlesi Se-
moqmedis arsebobisa (magram man TviTon migviyvana uCi-
nari TviTSemoqmedebiTi samyaros arsebobamde).
M — Teoria xsnis yvelafers mineraluri samyaros
TvalsazisiT, magram is ver iZleva pasuxs sicocxlis
warmoSobis Sesaxeb. ismis kiTxva: xom ar aris TviT M —
Teoria bunebrivi Sedegi romeliRac SedarebiT zoga-
di principisa. fizikosebi imedovneben, rom aseTi
principi arsebobs da moiZebneba kidec [12;242].
Cemi azriT, es principi moiZebna da mdgomareobs
SemdegSi:
83
11 — ganzomilebiani usasrulo kosmiuri samyaro,
Teosofiuri TvalsazrisiT, warmoadgens usasrulo,
maradiul, mTel, TviTkmar, Semoqmedebis unaris mqone
ugonieres, TviTganviTarebad cocxal sulier arsebas
da evoluciurad miiswrafvis absoluturi srulyo-
fisaken [1;112].
am SemTxevaSi, kiTxvis dasma imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras
warmoadgenda kosmiuri samyaro usasrulo warsulSi
da rogori iqneba igi usasrulo momavalSi, mizanSeu-
wonlad mimaCnia.
7. ciklurad evoluciurebadi kosmiuri samyaro
rogorc aRvniSneT Cveni aRqmadi 4 — ganzomilebia-

ni kosmosuri samyaro sasruloa droSi da sivrceSi. ami-
tom garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg, masSiarsebuli-
civilizaciaganadgurebadia. es ki imas niSnavs, rom ada-
mianis arseboba azrs moklebulia, rac aralogikuria
da Zneli dasajerebeli. radganac gamodis, rom TiTqos
logikurad da harmoniulad mowyobil samyaroSi adami-
anis cxovreba mowyobilia alogikurad [15;81].
Cemi azriT, am absurduli situaciidan Tavis daR-
wevisaTvis aucilebelia davuSvaT:
1. kosmosur samyaroSi civilizaciis ganadgure-
bis Semdeg arsebuli civilizaciis ganviTarebis Sesa-
bamisi donis struqturebis Sesatyvisi informacia ina-
xebodes kosmiuri gonis saxiT, materiis garkveul, uCi-
nari formis, struqturebSi.
2. aucilebelia, rom axali civilizaciis warmo-
saSobad, adrindeli samyaros civilizaciis Sesatyvisi
informaciis safuZvelze, xelaxla warmoiqmnas unika-
lurad, harmoniulad da logikurad mowyobili axali
kosmosuri samyaro.
84
rogorc irkveva, savsebiT SesaZleblia, rom Cveni
samyaros leptonur udabnod gadaqcevis Semdeg, 11 gan-
zomilebian usasrulo da maradiul samyaroSi, xelax-
la warmoiqmnas Cveni samyaros msgavsi axali samyaro da
man ganviTarebis iseTi gza gaiaros, romelic msgavsi
iqneba Tavis droze Cveni samyaros mier gavlili gzisa.
logikuria, agreTve vifiqroT, rom Cveni samyaros war-
moqmnamdec arsebobda, misi msgavsi, misi winamorbedi
kosmosuri samyaro, romelic ganviTarebis garkveuli
fazis gavlis Semdeg, daiSala da usasrulo gafarToe-
bis Sedegad gardaiqmna usasrulo cariel uCinar sub-
stanciad. romelSic, kosmiuri gonis saxiT inaxeboda
yofil kosmosur samyaroSi arsebuli struqturebis
Sesabamisi informacia. am informaciis safuZvelze
warmoiqmna misi Semdgomi  Cveni kosmosuri samyaro.
amrigad, faqtobrivad miviReT Cveni samyaros
msgavsi samyaroebis warmoqmnis axali, evoluciurad
ganviTarebadi cikluri varianti  ciklurad evolu-
ciurebadi kosmiuri samyaro [15;83].
aseTi gagebiT, 11 — ganzomilebiani kosmiuri samya-
ro, Tavisi e.w. „sicarieliT“, usasruloa rogorc dro-
sa da sivrceSi, ise Tvisebrivi mravalferovnebiT. ami-
tom aseTi samyaro SesaZlebelia TviTkmaric iyos da
ganuwyvetel evoluciur ganviTarebasac ganicdides.
aseTi daSveba moiTxovs, rom samyaroSi arsebobdes
mudmivad evoluciurebadi kosmiuri goni [15;84].
8. substancia
miCneulia, rom substancia aris sxvaze damouki-

deblad, TavisTavad arsebuli obieqturi realoba,
pirvelsawyisi materia, yvela sagnisa da movlenis arsi.
85
arsebobs substanciis orgvari gageba: materia-
listuri da idealisturi. materializmi substanciad
miiCnevs materias, xolo idealizmi − idealur
arss,rogorc mTeli sinamdvilis arsebis safuZvels.
idealizmis mixedviT, substancia safuZvlad
udevs yovelgvar warmoSobasa da mospobas, magram Tvi-
Ton arc warmoiSoba da arc ispoba.
imisTvis, rom substancia SemoqmedebiTobiT xasi-
aTdebodes da SeeZlos realuri dakvirvebadi samyaro-
sa da sagnebis warmoqmna, is erTdroulad potenciu-
rad unda flobdes energias, rogorc nivTieri sxeule-
bismasalas da informacias, rogorc gegmas, xilvadi
samyaros Sesaqmnelad.
aseT warmodgenaSi, substancia, usasruloa siv-
rceSi da maradiulia droSi, ris gamoc savsebiT SesaZ-
lebelia, rom TviTkmari iyos. is Tavisive Tavis ganvi-
Tarebis mizniT, Tavisive TavSi, drodadro warmoqmnis
Cveni kosmosuri samyaros msgavs samyaroebs, romel-
Sic, garkveul pirobebSi, SeiZleba gaCndes damkvirve-
beli adamianis saxiT.
ioanes saxarebis mixedviT „Tavdapirvelad iyo
sityva da sityva iyo RmerTTan, da sityva iyo RmerTi“.
rac gamoxatavs „sityvisa“ da „RmerTis“ pirveladobasa
da igivurobas. Tu „sityvis“ qveS azrs − informacias
vigulisxmebT, maSin pirveladi yofila kosmiuri info-
macia – „kosmiuri goni“. am saxiT warmodgenili sub-
stancia zedroulia Cveni dakvirvebadi samyaros dro-
is mimarT, romelSic yvelaferi warmoiqmneba, viTarde-
ba da iSleba.
ismis kiTxva: ra mimarTebSia substanciuri arseba
RmerTTan?
filosofosTa erTi jgufi (dekarti, spinoza,
86
hegeli da sxva) Tvlis, rom substancia da RmerTi er-
Ti da igivea. anu:
substancia aris RmerTi da RmerTi aris sub-
stancia.
s. avalianis mixedviT, substancia aris arsis uni-
versaluri safuZvelTa safuZveli.arsi ki pirveladi,
abstraqtuli cnebaa, romlic farTo gagebiT, niSnavs
mTel arsebul sinamdviles (yofierebas). arsi aris
upirobo, anu absoluturi, usasrulo, maradiuli rao-
ba, romelic dajildoebulia TviTaqtiurobiTa daSe-
moqmedebiTobiT. SeuZlebelia substancuri arseba
gavigoT, rogorc usicocxlo, uZravi, gayinuli raoba
Tavisuflebis, gonebisa da nebelobis gareSe. igi qmnis
umSvenieres da unikalur samyaros, TviT adamianis CaT-
vliT, romelic garda yvelafrisa, sulierebiTac xasi-
aTdeba. amitom SeuZlebelia, rom substanciuri arsi
ar xasiaTdebodes gonierebiT, nebelobiT, Tavisufle-
biT, umaRlesi keTilobiTa da sulirebiT. magram, re-
ligiis filosofiis mixedviT, RmerTic zustad aseTi
TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. amitom logikurad substancia
aris RmerTi da RmerTi aris substancia [16;310].
rogorc aRvniSneT s.klarkis mtkicebiT, kosmosi
aris substanciaTa mTeli wyeba, romelic yvelganaa.
Cemi azriT substancia arsebobs sami saxiT:
a. fizikuri energia, romelic warmoadgens mate-
rialuri sagnebis safuZvels da realur samyaroSi ga-
movlindeba elemetaluri nawilakebisa da urTier-
Tqmedebis gadamtani velebis saxiT[17].
velis kvanturi Teoriisa da fardobiTobis Teo-
riis gaerTianebiT Seiqmna eleqtromagnituri velis
kvantuti Teoria, romlis mixedviT, eleqtromagnitu-
ri veli SeiZleba daikvantos fotonebis saxiT. amJamad,
87
yoveli tipis nawilakisaTvis SemoRebulia Sesabamisi
tipis kvanturiveli, romelic ganWolavs mTel siv-
rces, xolo, nawilakebi warmoadgenen am garemos „Sem-
kvrivebis“, energetikul kvantebs, romlebic warmoiq-
mnebian da „dnebian“.
aseT warmodgenaSi sityva „sicariele“ (vakuumi)
ar niSnavs „arafers“. is ganWolvilia sxvadasxva saxis
fizikuri velebiT.es velebi qmnian energetikul kvan-
Zebs, sxvadasxvanairi nawilakebis saxiT.
garda amisa vakuumi, virtualuri formiT, Seicavs
nebismieri saxis nawilak — antinawilakebs, maT safuZ-
velze, garkveul pirobebSi, warmoiqmnebian realuri
nawilak — antinawilakebi, anu Cveni nivTieri samyaros
samSeneblo agurakebi. aRmoCnda, romvakuumSi arsebu-
li virtualuri nawilak — antinawilakebis safuZvelze
SeiZleba warmoiqmnan virtualuri solitonebi.isini,
Tavis mxriv, qmnian usasrulo virtualur „vakuumur
tvins“, romelic SeiZleba miviCnioT kosmiuri gonis
materialur safuZvlad[18;242].
b.sasicocxlo energia – entelexia, romelic Cven
droSi mJRavndeba cocxali materiis arsebobis for-
mebSi – mcenareebSi, cxovelebsa da adamianebSi. gamrav-
lebisa da TviTSenaxvis unaris saxiT[19;196].
g. sulieri energia, romelic vlindeba adamianSi
gonieri sulis arsebobis saxiT. TviTSenaxva, rogorc
biologiur arsebas, adamiansac axasiaTebs. magram ada-
mians SeuZlia sakuTari sicocxlis gawirva sxvisTvis –
ufro maRali idealebisaTvis, rac niSnavs TviTSenax-
vis moTxovnaze amaRlebas. es ganpirobebulia adamian-
Si arsebuli gonieri suliT. amiT gansxvadeba adamiani
sxva cocxali arsebebisagan [19;198].
cxovelTa samyaroSi sasicocxlo energia – ene-
88
telxia batonobs. adamianis arseba ki cxovelebisagan
gamoirCeva gonieri suliT, romelic flobs Tavisuf-
lebasac, nebelobasac da cnobierebasac. gonieri suli
cnobierebaze metia. mxolod es xdis mas adamia-
nad[19;198].
mineraluri samyaros safuZvlad udevs fizikuri
energia, mcenareuls da cxovelurs − fizikuri da sasi-
cocxlo energia, xolo adamiani − fizikuri, sasicoc-
xlo da sulieri energiebis (substanciebis) erTobis
nayofs warmoadgens.
substanciur arsebaSi, rogorc samyarosa da ada-
mianis Semqmnel uzenaes arebaSi−RmerTSi unda vigu-
lisxmoT zemoxsenebuli samive saxis substanciaTa er-
Toba.
bolodroindeli mecnieruli miRwevebis (M — Te-
oria; kosmiuri gonis arsebobis dasabuTeba da sxva)
gaTvaliswinebiT 11 — ganzomilebiani usasrulo da ma-
radiuli kosmiuri samyaros vakuumixasiaTdeba Teo-
logiuri RmerTis yvela TvisebiT, imgansxvavebiT, rom
igi ucvleli ki ar aris, aramed mudmivad miiswrafvis
absoluturi srulyofisaken[1;218].
Cemi azriT,RmerTis saxiTSeiZleba vigulis-
xmoT11 — ganzomilebiani kosmiur samyaros sivrce —
droiTi kontiniumi − vakuumi, masSi arsebuli fiziku-
ri velebiT, sasicocxlo energiiT, „vakuumuri tvini“ —
Ta da energo — informaciuliveliT, anu kosmiuri go-
niT[2;339].
substanciis aseTi warmodgena SeiZleba miviCnioT
Teosofiuri xedviT miCneul koncefciad, radganac
igi erTmaneTs uTavsebs substanciis materialistur
da idealistur koncefcias.
89
daskvna:amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom uzenaesi
arseba — RmerTi warmoadgens usasrulo, maradiul, Se-
moqmedebis unaris mqone, ugonieres da usrulyofiles,
magram ara absoluturad srulyofil arsebas. mis um-
Tavres Tvisebas warmoadgens dauokebeli swrafva ab-
soluturi srulyofilebisaken. es niSnavs, rom Rmer-
Ti ganicdis usasrulo evoluciur ganviTarebas.
9. yofiereba, kosmosi, RmerTi da adamianis fun-
qcia — daniSnuleba hegeliseuli Tezisis, antiTezi-
sisa da sinTezis TvalsazrisiT.
Sesavali
kacobriobam uxsovari droidan moyolebuli ze-

moT naxensebi, mecnieruli, meditaciuri da Teosofi-
uri xedviT Semecnebuli samyaros amsaxveli ZiriTadi
cnebebis Sesaxeb daagrova uzarmazari informacia. igi
gadmocemulia samecniero da religiur JurnalebSi,
wignebSi da internetSi sxvadasxva formis informaciis
saxiT.
hegelis mixedviT, filosofia cnebaTa ganviTare-
bis safuZvelze agviwers yofierebas da misi Semecnebis
process. am ganviTarebis amosavalia umartivesi, Tav-
dapirveli cneba, romelic miCneulia Tezisad. Tezisi
sagnis Tvisebis miaxloebiTi da ara WeSmariti maxasia-
Tebelia. azri, sagnis Semecnebis procesSi. pirveli
umartivesi cnebidan aucileblobiT gadadis sapiris-
piro cnebaze – antiTezisze, antiTezisi sagnis Tvise-
bis meore donis, magram ara WeSmariti maxasiaTebelia.
yofierebis Semecnebis procesSi pirveli safexurisa
da meore safexuris cnebebis dialeqtikuri sinTezis
Sedegad miiReba mesame safexuris cneba – sinTezi, ro-
melic sagnis Tvisebis WeSmarit maxasiaTebels warmo-
90
adgens. hegeli cnebis ganviTarebas ganixilavs rogorc
triadul process, Tezisis, antiTezisa da maTi dia-
leqtikuri erTobiT miRebuli sinTezis, rogorc cne-
baTa erTobliobis nayofs.
me Sevecade cnebebi: yofiereba, kosmosi, RmerTi
da adamianis fuqcia — daniSnuleba warmomedgina cne-
bis hegeliseuli ganviTarebis mixedviT.
yofiereba.
Tezisi. yofiereba, materialistur — mecnieruli

midgomiT, aris Semecnebadi kosmosuri samyaro.
antiTezisi. yofiereba, obieqtur — idealisturi
gagebiT, aris absoluturi goni.
sinTezi. yofiereba,Teosofiuri midgimiT, aris11
— ganzomilebiani kosmiuri samyarosa da kosmiuri go-
nis erTiani cocxali usrulyofilesi arseba.
kosmosi
Tezisi.kosmosis Sesaxeb Tezisad miviCnie mudmi-

vad arsebuli da sivrculad SemosazRvruli kosmosu-
ri samyaros geocentriuli, geoheliocntruli da
heliocentruli modeli, romlis miRma arsebul usas-
rulo da maradiul sivrceSi imyofeba samyaros Semoq-
medi uzenaesi arseba – RmerTi.
antiTezisi.kosmosis Sesaxeb, antiTezisad miviC-
nie kosmosuri samyaros warmoSobis „didia feTqebis
Teoria“ da M — Teoria. am Teoriebis mixedviTkosmo-
suri samyaro warmoiqnaSemTxveviT, TavisTavad, gare-
dan daxmarebis gareSeda viTardeba evoluciurad bu-
nebis kanonebis mixedviT.
sinTezi. kosmosis Sesaxeb,sinTezad miviCnie samya-
ros iseTi modeli, romlis mixedviT RmerTi substan-
91
ciis saxiT ganfenilia 11 ganzomilebian kosmiur samya-
roSi.11 — ganzomilebiani kosmiuri samyaro, Tavisi e.w.
„sicarieliT“ da kosmiuri goniT, usasruloa rogorc
drosa da sivrceSi, iseTvisebrivimravalferovnebiT.
amitom aseTi samyaro SesaZlebelia TviTkmaric iyos da
ganuwyvetel evoluciur ganviTarebasac ganicdides.
RmerTi.
Tezisi. religiuri Teologiis TvalsazrisiT

RmerTi aris samyaros Semoqmedi uzenaesi arseba, ro-
melic xasiaTdeba Semdegi TvisebebiT: erTaderTi, da-
usabamo, ukvdavi, SemousazRvreli, yvelganmyofi, us-
xeulo, uxilavi,miuwvdomeli, uwmindesi, uZlieresi,
ugonieresi, Semoqmedi, usrulyofilesi da ucvleli
[2;156].
antiTezisi. religiis filosofiis mixedviT, sub-
stancia xasiaTdeba Teologiuri RmerTis maxasiaTebe-
li yvela TvisebiT. amitom logikurad substancia
aris RmerTi da RmerTi aris substancia [16. 310].
sinTezi. bolodroindeli mecnieruli miRwevebis
gaTvaliswinebiTa da samyaros Teosofiuri xedviT, 11
— ganzomilebiani usasrulo da maradiuli kosmiuri
samyaro (kosmosi) xasiaTdeba Teologiuri RmerTis
yvela TvisebiT, im gansxvavebiT, rom igi ucvleli ki
ar aris, aramed mudmivad, evoluciurad miiswrafvis
absoluturi srulyofisaken [2; 377].
adamianis funqcia — daniSnuleba
Tezisi. Suamdinaruli miTologiis mixedviT. ada-

miani gaCenil iqna RmerTis tvirTis Semsubuqebis miz-
niT. Suamdinaruli RmerTebi adamians hqmnian im miz-
92
niT, rom man aRmSeneblobiTi moRvaweobiT, mowesrige-
buli yofis SeqmniT da SemoqmedebiTi muSaobiT gaag-
rZelos RmerTebis mier wamowyebuli saqme [3;150].
antiTezisi. marTlmadidebluri rwmenis mixedviT
adamianis funqcia — daniSnuleba missave dambadebel
RmerTTan miaxlovebaSi mdgomareobs. am miznis aRsas-
ruleblad, adamianma Tavisi jvari unda ataros. man
jer unda Seimecnos Tu ra jvris tareba daakisra mas
ufalma RmerTma da Semdeg ecados, keTilsindisieri
SromiTa da sikeTis qmnadobiT, mis pirnaTlad Sesru-
lebas[2;361].
sinTezi. Teosofiuri TvalsazrisiT, adamianis
funqcia-daniSnuleba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom man Tavi-
si SemoqmedebiTi SromiTa da sikeTis qmnadobiT xeli
Seuwyos misive dambadebel kosmiur gons swrafvaSi ab-
soluturi srulyofilebisaken [2;363].
literatura:
1. S. SoSiaSvili, filosofiuri Ziebani; gam-ba „univer-

sali“, Tb., 2019.
2. S. SoSiaSvili, kosmiuri samyaro Teosofiuri gadmo-
saxedidan; wigniII; „meridiani“; Tbilisi 2012.
3. z. kiknaZe, Suamdinaruli miTologia. gam-ba „sabWoT
saqarTvelo”, Tb., 1979.
4. Шюре, Великие посвящённые. Калуга, 1914.
5. r. gordeziani, berZnuli civilizacia. „merani”. Tb.,
1988.
6. platoni, timeosi (Targmani baCana bregvaZisa),
Tb.,1994
7. А. Азимов, Вселенная. „Мир". Москва. 1969
8. g. TevzaZe. rusTavelis kosmologia. gam-ba „sies-
ta“. Tbilisi, 2014
93
9. Б. И. Спасский, История физики. Из — во Маск. Унив. — та
1963
10. Б. Г. Кузнецов, Развитие физических идей от Галилея до
Эйнштейна. Из. — во Ак. Наук СССР. М. 1963
11. А. Эйнштейн, Л.Инфельд. Эволюция физики. Из.во „Молод,
гвар“. 1968
12. Бр. ГРИН, Элэгантная вселенная. Москва. 2004
13. al. guti, paraleluri samyaroebi;
https://iillu.wordpress.com/tag
14.Эб. Александер, Доказательство Рая. Реальный опыт
нейрохирурга. Моск. 2013
15. S. SoSiaSvili, ciklurad evolucionisturi kosmo-
logia. gam-ba „nekeri“; Tbilisi, 2019.
16. s. avaliani, mecnieruli ontologia, „filosofiuri
biblioTeka”, Tb., 1996.
17. v. haizenbergi, nawili da mTeli. „ganaTleba”,Tb.,
1983.
18. S. SoSiaSvili, samyaro mecniereba religia; „meridi-
ani“; Tb.; 2008.
19. s. avaliani, Teoriuli filosofia. gam-ba „universa-
li”. Tbilisi, 2007.
94
Shota Shoshiashvili – Academic Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Scien-
ces. Senior scientist. He has published 55 scientific work in elementary particle
physics. During the past 25 years he has been working on the issues related to
the relationship between religion and science. He published 15 scientific articles
and books entitled "About The Cosmic World and the Immortality of the Spirit"
(2003), "The World, Science, Religion" (Tb., 2008 and 2009), "The Cosmic
World From Theosophical Perspective" Book I and Book II (Tb., 2012) and the
book "Who we were! ...Who we will be "(Tb., 2015).
HUMAN, EXISTENCE, THE COSMOS, GOD
ABSTRACT
The article discusses concepts of the cosmos, God, and their

interaction between Hegelian thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, from
ancient times, considering the current science.
Human will cognition cosmos as conceptual — rational, manifes-
ted in science and philosophy; iconic — emotional, manifested in art;
and symbolic — mystical, manifested in religion.For the knowledge
of the cosmosGod has given human along with wisdom, an intuition
that exists in the intellectual, emotional, and mystical form.
There are three types of vision for human cognition of the
cosmos:
Scientific, when a person perceives himself/herself as "I," which
is placed in the center of the visible world, and the world of beyond
he feels with a sensory organs of emotion and with a conceptual —
rational thinking.
Meditative, when a person intuitively, is directly related to the
invisible form of the universe.
Theosophical, when one possesses wisdom based on the unity of
scientific, philosophical and meditative knowledge.
According to Pythagoras' theosophical teaching, number one is
God,On the other hand, the number 1 is the cosmos.Means in the
Pythagora’s Theosophical view, cosmos and God are one and the
same creatures.
In the current scientific and theosophical sense, the concepts of
95
the cosmos and God, according to Hegelian development, are as
follows:
The cosmos.
Thesis.I consider the thesisabout the cosmos as a geocentric, geo
— heliocentric, and heliocentric model of the ever — existing and
spatially bounded cosmic universe, behind which is the supreme
being of the Creator of the universe – God.
Antithesis. About cosmos, in antithesis I consider of the Origin
of the Cosmos the “Big Bang Theory" according to which our
cosmic universe was created by accident, by itself, without outside
help, and evolving according to the laws of nature.
Synthesis. Concerning the cosmos,about the cosmos, I have con-
sidered the 11 — dimensional Cosmic world, Which With so called
"emptiness" and a cosmic mind is Infinite in time and space. Conse-
quently, it is a self — sufficient, capable creator and an evolutionarily
evolving creature of absolute perfection.
God.
Thesis.In religious theology, God is the supreme being of the
Creator of the cosmos, which exists beyond it and is characterized by
the following properties:one and only,immortal, unlimited, every-
where, without body, invisible, inaccessible, holiness, strongest,wise,
creator,perfect and unchanged.
Antithesis. According to the philosophy of religion, a substance
is spread out in the cosmos, and is characterized by all the
characteristics of a theological god.So logically God is the substance
and the substance is God.
Synthesis. Given today's scientific advances and theosophical
understanding of the universe,11 — dimensional infinite and eternal
cosmic universe (cosmos), which is characterized by all the qualities
of a theological God,It is god, unlike the fact that it is not permanent
and evolutionarily strives for absolute perfection.

96
politikis filosofia
PHILOSOPHY OF POLITIC
guram abesaZe — politikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis
saxelmwifo universitetis profesori, politikuri mecnie-
rebebis mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli; mravali samecniero
naSromis avtori politikis TeoriaSi, maT Soris gamoirCeva
monografia: `politikuri kultura: konceptualuri mode-
lebi da demokratiuli tranziciis paradigmebi~ (2015), ro-
melSic Tanamedroveobis bevri aqtualuri problemaa ganxi-
luli.
demokratiuli tranziti da
erovnul — politikuri identobis
formireba saqarTveloSi
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos politikuri tranzici-

is umniSvnelovanes procesad demokratiuli tranziti
unda miviCnioT, romelic Tavisi mwvave gamowvevebiTa
da riskebiT xasiaTdeba. qarTul demokratias Tavisi
gamorCeuli niSnebi da miRwevebi namdvilad aqvs, rom-
liTac axal demokratiul sivrceSi erT-erT mowinave
poziciebs inarCunebs; miuxedavad gamokveTili racio-
naluri paradigmebisa, iracionaluroba mudmiv menta-
lur da RirebulebiT Tvisebad iqca, romelic perio-
duli ciklurobiT arastabilurobis gancdas amkvid-
rebs da Tanamedrove erovnul da politikur idento-
bas garkveuli safrTxis winaSe ayenebs. es ori procesi
– demokratiuli tranziti da erovnuli identobis
formireba erTmaneTs ganapirobebs da erTian struq-
turul sistemad warmogvidgeba. demokratiul tran-
zitSi gamovlindeba eris identobis kulturul-Rire-
bulebiTi ganzomileba da misi politikuri potencia-
li, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove saxel-
mwifoebriobis TviTdamkvidreba. am gagebiT, erovnul
98
— politikuri identoba Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebri-
obisa da politikuri sistemebis arsebiTi da gamokve-
Tili paradigma gaxda.
Tanamedrove politikis mecnierebaSi farTod ga-
moiyeneba „erovnuli identobis“ cneba, romelic axali
terminia da asaxavs msoflioSi mimdinare erovnuli
TviTcnobierebis zrdis tendeciebs; msoflio axali
wesrigi axlebur erovnul azrovnebas moiTxovs, rome-
lic gamosaxulia saxelmwifoebrivi identobisa da
TviTdamkvidrebis procesebSi. erovnuli da saxelmwi-
foebrivi identoba TviTgadarCenis tolfasia da Tana-
medrove globalur sivrceSi gansauTrebuli sasicoc-
xlo mniSvnelobiT sargeblobs. realoba aseTia: Tana-
medrove msoflioSi mkveTrad gaizarda erovnuli da
politikuri nacionalizmi, romelsac Sedegad erov-
nul — politikuri identobis zrda mohyva.
politikuri identoba eris politikur meobaze
mianiSnebs, romelic politikuri organizebulobis
elementebiT ganisazRvreba; aq upirvelesad igulis-
xmeba eris saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba da po-
litikuri TviTmyofadoba, romelic maRal samoqalaqo
kulturasa da racionalurobas gulisxmobs. politi-
kur identobaSi eri avlens Tavis politikur — kultu-
rul mzaobas, daicvas Tavisi TviTmyofadoba da sasi-
cocxlo interesebi, romelic pragmatuli politikis
gatarebas gulisxmobs. pragmatuloba politikuri
identobis gamokveTili elementia, romelic Tanamed-
rove msoflioSi upirvelesad realuri politikuri
situaciis racionalur gaazrebasa da mis situaciur
gamoyenebiT SesaZleblobebs gamosaxavs. Tanamedrove
politikuri eri am SesaZleblobebis kombinaciis gare-
Se ver iarsebebs da mudmivi qaosisa da arastabiluro-
bis pirobebSi iqneba; amitom, qarTul politikur siv-
99
rceSi gansakuTebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba politikuri
identobis formirebas. samwuxarod, polarizebis ele-
mentebi garkveuli periodulobiT demokratiuli
tranziciis erTgvar sindromad iqca, romelic erTia-
nad angrevs qarTul erovnul — politikur erTianoba-
sa da identobas.
Tanamedrove qarTuli erovnul — politikuri
identoba Tavis formirebaSi or iracionalur tenden-
cias awydeba; pirveli, mkveTrad icvleba msoflio wes-
rigi, romelsac Tan axlavs geopolitikuri gavlenebis
gaZliereba da politikur ZalTa axali balansis formi-
reba; transformirdeba mezobel saxelmwifoTa sagare-
opolitikuri prioritetebi da saxelmwifoebrivi iden-
tobis kriteriumebi, romelic zogjer mkveTrad gamo-
xatul agresiul formebs iZens; sagareopolitikuri eq-
stremaluri situacia qarTuli saxelmwifos winaSe
axal gamowvevebsa da riskebs warmoSobs, romlis gada-
sawyvetad politikuri elita yovelTvis mzad ar aris
da pragmatul suliskveTebas ver avlens. am gagebiT,
msoflio situacia axal politikur da erovnul pragma-
tizms moiTxovs, romelic mkveTrad gamoxatul patrio-
tul aqtorebsa da inteleqts daemyareba. meore, damou-
kidebeli saxelmwifoebriobis mSenebloba mentalurad
rTuli aRmoCnda, romelmac erovnuli identobis pro-
cesis politikuri integracia ver SeZlo; politikuri
sivrce Rrma instituciur da RirebulebiT krizisSi
moeqca, romelmac klanuri formebi miiRo; moimata
erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi gaucxoebis elementeb-
ma, romelmac erovnuli ideis erTgvari daTrgunvac ki
gamoiwvia. demokratiuli tranziciis es ori iraciona-
luri tendencia TandaTanobiT daZleuli unda iqnas,
romelic axal pragamtul midgomebs saWiroebs.
demokratiuli tranziciis procesSi erovnul —
100
politikuri racionalurobis damkvidreba, romelic
politikuri identobis safuZvelia, moiTxovs ori Zi-
riTadi problemis gadawyvetas: pirveli, sazogadoe-
bis polarizebis daZlevas, romelic mudmivi qaosisa
da arastabilurobis reJimSia; es imas niSnavs, rom de-
mokratiuli tranzitis instituciuri dizaini ar aris
mowesrigebuli da klanurobis sindromiT gamoirCeva.
klanurobam da dominanturi partiis simdromma daan-
gria mTeli qarTuli politikuri sivrcis erTianoba
da erovnul — politikuri identobis gageba; amitom,
wina planze unda iyos wamoweuli erovnuli gagebis
mqone politikuri aqtorebi, romlebsac racionalu-
rad esmiT politikuri identobis arsi da Tanamedrove
gageba. meore, erovnuli pragmatizmis damkvidreba,
romelic erovnul — politikuri identobis formire-
bis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. msoflioSi nacionaliz-
misa da religiurobis zrdam qarTuli politikuri
pragmatizmi axali gamowvevebisa da riskebis winaSe da-
ayena, romelic mkveTrad gamoxatul racionalurobas
moiTxovs. destruqciuli da eqstremistuli Zalebis
aqtiurobis dro aRar aris, romelic erTianad angrevs
qarTul inteleqtualur fenomens; vgulisxmobT qar-
Tul racionalur azrovnebas, romelic yovelTvis ga-
moirCeoda politikuri situaciis realuri aRqmiTa da
gamowvevebisa da riskebis situaciuri gaazrebiT. sam-
wuxarod, politikurma sivrcem da drom wina planze
SemTxveviTi aqtorebi da klanuri inteleqtis mqone
Zalebi wamoswia, romlebic TavianTi avantiuristuli
da destruqciuli qmedebebiT safrTxis winaSe ayeneben
erovnul — politikuri identobis formirebas. poli-
tikuri inteleqti politikur — instituciur dizainSi
ar Cans, romelic avantiuristuli da eqstremistuli
azrovnebis mqone aqtorebis moRvaweobis politikur
101
velad gadaiqca. amitom, Tanamedroveobis umniSvnelo-
vanes procesad migvaCnia erovnuli politikis inte-
leqtualizacia, romelic demokratiul tranzicias
met erovnul da patriotul suliskveTebas SesZens.
demokratiuli tranziciis pirobebSi gansakuTre-
buli mniSvneloba eniWeba politikuri sivrcis insti-
tuciuri dizainis mowyobas, romelic aqtorTa iseT
ganlagebas gulisxmobs, sadac maTi funqciuri daniS-
nuleba konstituciurad gamijnulia. politikur — in-
stituciuri dizaini politikuri sivrcis stabiluro-
bis garantiebs iZleva da eris politikur formirebas
uwyobs xels. Tanamedrove qarTuli politikuri iden-
toba demokratiul instituciur dizains unda emyare-
bodes da legitimurobis konstituciur normebs aRia-
rebdes. samwuxarod, qarTul politikur scenaze legi-
timurobis politikuri wesrigi darRveulia, rac aras-
tabilurobis gancdas amkvidrebs. gansakuTrebiT es
vlindeba dominanturi Zalebis avtoritarizmSi, rome-
lic politikur velze demokratiuli politikuri Ta-
maSis wesebis damkvidrebas uSlis xels. qarTul poli-
tikur scenaze Camoyalibda iseTi realoba, rodesac
dominanti politikuri partia garkveuli periodis
Semdeg iqceva demokratiuli tranzitis Semaferxebel
Zalad.
Tanamedrove qarTuli politikuri scena Tavisi
aqtoruli ganlagebiT Rrma krizisis fazaSia; dominan-
tur Zalebs ar hyofniT inteleqtualuri potenciali
imisaTvis, rom erovnuli saqme akeTon da zedmetad ar
iyvnen transplantaciur procesebze damokidebulni;
vgulisxmobT qarTul sinamdvileSi evropuli Rirebu-
lebebis unificirebuli formiT damkvidrebas, rome-
lic erovnul mentalur Taviseburebebsa da Tvimyo-
fad kultul Tanacxovrebas yovelTvis ar emyareba; es
102
iwvevs demokratiuli traziciis siZnelebsa da eqstre-
mistuli da destruqciuli Zalebis aqtiurobas, rom-
lebic TavianTi miznebis misaRwevad avantiuristul
politikis gatarebasac ki ar eridebian.
Tanamedrove qarTul politikur scenaze demok-
ratiul tranzits gamokveTilad aklia politikur
ZalTa ganaxlebis procesi; mxolod moZvelebuli saxe-
ebi da xelmocaruli politikosebi veRar akmayofile-
ben axali drois moTxovnebsa da gamowvevebs. msoflio-
Si situacia icvleba erovnuli identobis mimarTule-
biT, xolo moZvelebuli politikuri Zalebis aRqma
dromoWmul Sexedulebebs emyareba, romlebic gasaqans
ar aZleven inteleqtualur da patriotul Zalebs. ase-
Ti tendenciebi sazogadoebaSi amkvidrebs politikuri
gaucxoebis sindromsa da demokratiuli tranzitisad-
mi nihilistur damokidebulebas. qarTuli politiku-
ri veli gadaiqca viwroklanuri interesebis mqone aq-
torebis dapirispirebisa da destruqciulobis sce-
nad, romelic erovnuli identobis polarizebis mize-
zad iqca. amitom, politikuri polarizeba qarTuli
politikuri procesisa da misi aqtorebis moRvaweobi-
Ti stili gaxda. „mtris xatis“ Zieba politikuri Zala-
uflebis mopovebisa da SenarCunebis sindromad gada-
iqca, romelmac Tanamedrove qarTul politikur saaz-
rovno da inteleqtualur sivrceSi garkveuli vakuumi
warmoSva.
Tanamedrove qarTul politikur scenaze erov-
nul — politikuri aqtorebis sisustem, wina planze wa-
moswia marTlmadidebeli eklesiis roli da pozicia;
misi daniSnuleba da politikur — funqciuri roli is-
toriulad cvlilebebis periodebSi yovelTvis gamok-
veTili da principuli iyo. marTlmadidebeli eklesia
erovnulobis gamoxatvis erTgvar ideologiur safuZ-
103
vlebs qmnida da politikuri erTsulovnobis garanti-
ebs iZleoda. aseTi gamowvevebisa da iracionaluri
tendenciebis momZlavrebis periodSi marTlmadidebe-
li eklesia Tavisi gamokveTili Semrigebluri pozici-
iT gamoirCeva da erovnul — politikuri identobis
formirebis upirveles aqtorad gvevlineba. amas Tan
daerTo msoflioSi religiuri renesansis periodi,
romelic mkveTrad upirispirdeba globalizaciis
procesebs. erovnuli da religiuri kuTvnileba gaxda
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisa da TviTSenarCu-
nebis erTgvari garanti. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTo-
likos — patriarqi ilia II aRniSnavs, rom „faqtia yve-
las gvinda Zlieri, ganviTarebuli qveyana gvqondes,
amis miRweva ki mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu
sazogadoebaSi swori RirebulebaTa sistema iarse-
bebs da am safuZvelze moxdeba politikuri, ekono-
mikuri da socialuri problemebis mogvareba, dezo-
rienteribuli sazogadoeba ki qaosSi CaiZireba da
saxelmwifos didad daazaralebs“.1
demokratiul tranziciaSi Tanamedrove qarTuli
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis funqciebi ramdenime mi-
marTulebiT gamoikveTa: pirveli, marTlmadidebeli
eklesia, politikur institutebTan SedarebiT, eris
politikur konsolidirebas axdens, romelic politi-
kuri stabilurobis garantias warmoadgens. meore,
qarTuli eklesiis pozicia mkveTrad gamoikveTa erov-
nuli Rirebulebebisa da tradiciebis dacvis mimarTu-
lebiT; igi gaxda Tanamedrove qarTuli RirebulebiTi
sivrcisa da erovnuli identobis formirebis erT-
erTi aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi da funqciurad mdgradi
1
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is sa-
aRdgomo epistole. Tb., 2018, gv.21-22.
104
instituti. mesame, marTlmadidebloba qarTul poli-
tikur sivrceSi Tavisi dominanturi da stabiluri si-
tuaciis SeqmniT tolerantuli da optimisturi gawyo-
bilebis formirebaSi aqtiurad monawileobs, romelic
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebriobis TviTdamkvidrebis
prioritetul Rirebulebas warmoadgens. meoTxe, de-
mokratiuli tranziciis pirobebSi politikuri socia-
lizaciis Tematika Zalian aqtualuri gaxda; qarTuli
eklesia mtkiced afiqsirebs Tavis pozicias ojaxis,
demografiuli situaciisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi ar-
sebuli problemebis mimarTulebiT; es sferoebi de-
mokratiuli tranzitisa da erovnul — politikuri
identobis formirebis procesSi prioritetuli gaxda
da axal midgomebs moiTxovs. mexuTe, marTlmadidebe-
li eklesia da sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos — pat-
riarqi ilia II sajaro politikur sivrceSi gamorCeu-
li reitingiTa da avtoritetiT sargeblobs; qarTuli
eklesia samoqalaqo sivrcis yvelaze aqtiuri da
mdgradi institutia, romelsac demokratiuli tran-
zitis Sedegad wamoWrili problemebis mimarT gamokve-
Tili konsensualuri midgomebi aqvs da advilad axer-
xebs dialogze agebuli situaciis Seqmnas.
amrigad, demokratiuli tranziti da erovnul —
politikuri identobis formireba erTian process
warmoadgens, romelic Tavisi racionaluri da iracio-
naluri tendenciebiT gamoirCeva. erovnuli identobis
formireba Tanamedroveobis yvelaze aqtualuri prob-
lema gaxda, romlis formirebis procesSi politikuri
scenis yvela aqtori unda monawileobdes; erovnuli
identobis formirebaSi Tavisi aqtiurobiTa da pozi-
ciiT marTlmadidebeli eklesia gamoirCeva, romelic
saxelmwifoebrivi TviTdamkvidrebis erT-erTi gamok-
veTili aqtoria.
105
literatura:
1. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos — patriarqis

ilia II — is saaRdgomo epistole. Tb., 2018
ilia II — is saSobao epistole. 2019 hhttp://patriarcha-
te.ge/geo/patriarqi/ilia — ii/epistoleebi — illia — ii/
4. g. abesaZe, n. abesaZe. Tanamedrove qarTuli politi-
kuri cnobiereba da erovnuli identoba. `filoso-
fiuri Ziebani“ /krebuli XXIII /. saqarTvelos filo-
sofiur mecnierebaTa akademia. ùniversali“, Tb.,
2019, gv. 229-235
5. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis rolis
gazrda qveynis demokratiul ganviTarebaSi. /mTava-
ri mkvlevari a. gegeSiZe, mkvlevarebi: e. metreveli,
q. emuxvari, n. sumbaZe, T. gegeWkori, T. kuxalaSvili/
saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebis kvlevis fondi. Tb., 2017
6. qarTuli erovnuli identoba: konfliqti da integ-
racia. /d. bogiSvili, i. osefaSvili, e. gavaSeliSvi-
li, n.guguSvili/. socialur mecnierebaTa centri.
`nekeri", Tb., 2016.
106
Guram Abesadze – Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor of Sokhumi
State University, head of Policy science direction. He is author of more than
60 scientific works, 2 securities and 4 monographs in politics; Among them
are monographs of "political culture" / Tbilisi., 2015 /, in which many
current issues of modernity are discussed.
DEMOCRATIC TRANSIT AND THE FORMATION

OF NATIONAL — POLITICAL IDENTITY IN GEORGIA
ABSTRACT
The democratic transition and the formation of national — political

identity in Georgia is a unified process. The formation of national
identity has become a pressing problem of modernity. The transition
to democracy in Georgia is notable for its difficulties. The modern
Georgian political space is institutionally weak, and society is
polarized. These processes influence the formulation of national
identity. The role of the Georgian Orthodox Church was especially
emphasized in the process of formation of national identity. The
authority and rating of the Georgian Church is very high in society.
He is actively involved in solving public policy problems.

Ta akademiis politikis filosofiis ganyofilebam.
107
daviT zaqaraia — filosofiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwi-
fo universitetis asistent — profesori. muSaobs socialu-
ri filosofiis sakiTxebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs wignebi:
„postindustriuli — informaciuli sazogadoeba“ (Tbilisi,
2006); „postindistriuli sazogadoebis TaviseburebaTa Se-
saxeb“ (Tbilisi, 2006); `sociologiis klasikosebi, persona-
lia“ (k.qecbaias TanaavtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2012).
demokratiuli avtoritarizmi
ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi sul ufro xSi-

rad mindinareobs diskusia demokratiasa da mis moma-
valTan dakavSirebiT. Freedom House — is 2017 wlis das-
kvnis mixedviT demokratiis ganviTareba ukanaskneli
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze metad Seferxda,
xolo 2018 wlis moxsenebis mixedviT, 195 qveynidan mxo-
lod 88 (45%) eqceva Tavisufali qveynebis kategoriaSi
(aSS, kanada, avstralia, evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwi-
foebi) 58 (30%) „nawilobriv Tavisufalia“, xolo 49
qveyana (25%) araa Tavisufali, maT ricxvSia iseTi qvey-
nebi rogoricaa CineTi, saudis arabeTi, ruseTi da sab-
WoTa kavSiris yofili wevri qveynebi. (1) Freedom House —
is 2019 wlis daskvnis mixedviT saqarTvelo `nawilob-
riv Tavisufali“ saxelmwifoebis kategoriasaa mikuT-
vnebuli. (2)
me-20 saukunis dasasruls demokratiaze vsaub-
robdiT rogorc marTvelobis, politikuri wesrigis
universalur formaze, sul raRac ori aTeuli weli
gamodga sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom dasavlur — libera-
luri demokratiis krizisis sakiTxi damdgariyo dRis
wesrigSi. SesaZloa visaubroT libertarianuli demok-
ratiis kriziszec. magram mTlianobaSi, amiT problemis
108
arsi faqtobrivad ar icvleba. sakiTxis sicxadisaTvis,
kiTxva SesaZloa Semdegnairadac CamovayaliboT: ram-
denad aRmoCnda mzad demokratia gamklaveboda Tana-
medrove gamowvevebs? anda aqvs Tu ara demokratias, Tu
gnebavT dasavlur liberalur demokratias resursi
imisaTvis, rom gaumklavdes axal gamowvevebs?
demokratiam, rogorc marTvelobis formam, popu-
laroba bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi TandaTano-
biT, rTuli barierebis gadalaxvisa da brZolebis Se-
degad moipova. miuxedavad amisa, skefsisi romelic `sa-
xalxo“ mmarTvelobis ideas imTaviTve Tan axlda amJa-
madac ar ganelebula da SesaZloa gamZafrda kidec. de-
mokratiis mimarT sazogadoebis gulgatexiloba upir-
veles yovlisa SesaZloa davukavSiroT populisturi
reJimebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlas, rogorc ganviTare-
buli demokratiis aseve mesame samyaros qveynebSi. pir-
velisagan gansxvavebiT, dabalganviTarebuli demokra-
tiis pirobebSi populisti marTvelebi arad dagideben
xelisuflebis cvlilebis aucileblobas, demokrati-
ul arCevnebs da sxvadasxva manipulaciebiT inarCune-
ben Zalauflebas. faqtobrivad demokratiis safar
qveS vRebulobT avtoritarizmis modificirebul
formas. axali demokratiis qveynebSi, dabali legiti-
maciis mqone an sulac aralegitimuri xelisufleba
mniSvnelovnad aferxebs sazogadoebriv progress, po-
litikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi mis rea-
lur Tanamonawileobas, aseve ekonomikur CarTulobas
da instituciur reformebs. Tavis mxriv ekonomikuri
stagnacia, umuSevroba, siRaribe – Sesabamisad apaTiu-
roba pirdapir korelaciaSi modis sazogadoebis mxri-
dan demokratiis negatiur SefasebasTan. kanonis uze-
naesobis principis ugulvebelyofa, korufcia, nepo-
tizmi, gayalbebuli arCevnebi, sajaro institutebis
109
erozia, xSir SemTxvevaSi sruli CamoSla da yovelive
amis fonze, saerTaSoriso demokratiuli institute-
bis Zalisxmevis araefeqturoba, SeaCeron antidemok-
ratiuli Zalebis triumfi, badebs sruliad legitimur
kiTxvas demokratiis krizsisTan dakavSirebiT. rasTan
gvaqvs saqme!? esaa krizisi mxolod axali demokratiis
qveynebSi da amis mizezi mesame samyaros qveynebis gan-
viTarebis dabali donea? Tu viTareba ufro rTuladaa
da SemTxveviToba sulac araa evrokavSiris wevr qvey-
nebSi – ungreTi, poloneTi, italia populisturi Zale-
bis xelisuflebaSi mosvla. nuTu ganviTarebuli de-
mokratiis qveynebsac ar gaaCniaT sakmaod efeqturi me-
qanizmebi imisaTvis, rom moaxdinon populistebis, ul-
tranacionalebis, avtoritarebis, oligarqebis, fun-
damentalistebis, Sovinistebis da sxva antidemokrati-
uli Zalebis lustracia, gaataron prevenciuli zome-
bi, xolo daavadebis gamwvavebis SemTxvevaSi, saerTo
saxalxo protestiT uzrunvelyon demokratiis gadar-
Cena.
demokratiis winaSe arsebul gamowvevebTan dakav-
SirebiT eqspertul — mecnieruli Sexedulebebi dRei-
saTvis SesaZloa or ZiriTad nawilad gavyoT. pirvele-
bi jerac civi omis dasrulebisa da socializmis aC-
rdilis CamoSorebis eiforiaSi arian da Tvlian, rom
`demokratias am etapze sxva ideologiuri gamowveva ar
udgas win. devid framis sityvebiT „iyo dro rodesac
Cvens babuebs da bebiebs komunizmis sjerodaT, an fa-
Sizmis, adamianebs marTla sjerodaT am ideebis. dRes,
yvelas esmis, rom arCevani mxolod or rames Sorisaa: an
demokratiis gziT waxval an qurdobis. qurdoba (klep-
tokratia), Tanamedrove samyaroSi demokratiis erTa-
derTi alternativaa“. (3) meoreni albaT ufro realis-
tebi arian. isini xedaven, rom mxolod socialisturi
110
ideologiis aradominanturi poziciebis imedze ver
viqnebiT, vinaidan axali gamowvevebic aranaklebi saf-
rTxis Semcvelia demokratiis momavlisaTvis. erT-
erTi pirveli vinc demokratiis mosalodnel kriziss
winaswarmetyvelebda, udaod iyo, amerikeli mecnieri
samuel hanTingtoni. wingSi `mesame talRa. demokrati-
zacia meoce saukunis dasasruls“, winaswarmetyveleb-
da mosalodnel sirTuleebs da msoflioSi demokrati-
is gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebul optimizms ar izia-
rebda. vinaidan Tvlida, rom „demokratia esaa procesi,
romelic SesaZlebelia damyardes ara `tranzitis“ meS-
veobiT, aramed moiTxovs sazogadoebisa da saxelmwi-
fos gademokratiulebas – ase vTqvaT zrdas demokra-
tiaSi. is wers `Tanamedrove demokratia soflis, Temis
Tu qalaq — saxelmwifos demokratia araa; esaa naciona-
luri saxelmwifos demokratia da Sesabamisad misi aR-
moceneba swored am ukanasknelis ganviTarebasTanaa
dakavSirebuli. (4. gv. 23) demokratiuli zrda, razec
hanTingtoni akeTebs aqcents, aris ara mxolod sajaro
institutebis reformireba, anda Tundac sawarmo Za-
lebis ganviTareba da saerTo erovnuli Semosavlis
zrda, aramed upirveles yovlisa sazogadoebrivi cno-
bierebis transformacia da demokratiis rogorc
cxovrebis wesis aRiareba. aRniSnuli varaudi araerTi
resursebiT mdidari (mag: saudis arabeTi, irani) magram
demokratizaciis TvalsazrisiT stagnaciaSi myofi
qveynebis magaliTebiTac dasturdeba, sadac navTob —
miliardebis miuxedavad sazogadoeba kvlavindeburad
imyofeba damorCilebul mdgomareobaSi. saqarTvelos
SemTxvevaSi viTareba kompleqsuria, Cven arc `navTob-
dolarebi“ gagvaCnia da arc ganviTarebuli sajaro in-
stitutebi. Sesabamisad demokratiisadmi moqalaqeebis
gulgatexiloba ra Tqma unda savsebiT mosalodnelia.
111
rasac Tavis mxriv mivyavarT, erT-erT umwvaves sakiT-
xTan – legitimaciis problemasTan – vinaidan sazoga-
doebas ar gaaCnia efeqturi meqanizmebi imisaTvis, rom
daicvas Tavisis ZiriTadi bunebriv — konstituciuri
ufleba airCios da iyos arCeuli demokratiuli pro-
cesiss pirobebSi. Cvenis aziT, aRniSnuli sakiTxi swo-
red imitomaa fundamenturi wyalgamyofi, rom legiti-
murobis dakargva avtoritaruli reJimebis umTavresi
mastimulirebeli faqtoria. esaa viTreba, rodesac
ndoba dakargul mTavrobas ar surs xelisuflebis
daTmoba, demokratiuli arCevnebis gziT misi gadacema
da midis yvelaze radikalur meTodebze, TviT samoqa-
laqo dapirispsirebis inspirirebis CaTvliT. rogor
unda vebrZoloT delegitimirebul xelisuflebas,
vfiqrobT, rom mesame samyaros qveynebis demokratiu-
li winsvlisaTvis esaa umTavresi politikuri sakiTxi.
amasTan dakavSirebiT uaRresad sainteresoa „demokra-
tiis mesame talRis“ avtoris Sexeduleba, is wers: „le-
gitimuroba – bundovani cnebaa, politikis analitiko-
sebi cdiloben mas moeridon. amis miuxedavad, legiti-
maciis sakiTxs fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvss me-20
saukunis ukanaskneli meoTxedis avtoritaruli reJi-
mebis arsSi gasarkvevad... hanTingtons J.J. rusos cno-
bili fraza mohyavs `yvelaze Zalmosilic ki ver iqneba
mudmivad mbrZanebeli, Tu man Zala kanons ar dauqvem-
debara, xolo morCileba movaleobad ar gardaqmna“ iq-
ve svams kiTxvas – maS raa avtoritari liderebis `kano-
nierebis“ da morCilebaze xalxis `valdebulebis“ wya-
ro? da TviTonve pasuxobas. axali drois avtoritaru-
li reJimebi sakuTar arsebobas nacionalizmisa da ide-
ologiis meSveobiT amarTlebdnen. Tumca pirvelis
efeqturoba mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia imaze
Tu ramdenad damajerebelia xalxisaTvis mtris xatis
112
misTvis SeTavazebuli versia, romlisaganac unda da-
vicvaT erovnuli identoba. roca nacionalizmze vsa-
ubrobT unda gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoeba rom, naci-
onalizmi saxalxoobis erT-erTi modifikaciaa da Sesa-
bamisad SesaZloa moaxdinos rogorc demokradiuli
mmarTvelobis, aseve avtoritarizmis legitimacia (4.
gv. 57-58). zemoaRniSnuli mosazreba naTelyofs im ga-
remoebas, rom demokratizaciis procesSi gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs xelisuflebis legitimurobis sa-
kiTxs, rac vfiqrobT amyarebs Cvens mier gamoTqmul va-
rauds imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom mesame samyaros axali
demikratiis qveynebSi gadamwyveti brZola mimdinare-
obs demokratiulad orientirebul farTo sazogado-
ebriv Zalebsa da xelisuflebis uzurpatorebs Soris.
es ukanaskneli, rogorc wesi, pirvel etapze, xelisuf-
lebaSi mosasvlelad, mimarTavs populizms, sazogado-
ebaSi aRvivebs urapatriotizms, borotad iyenebs mo-
saxleobis patriotul suliskveTebas da SesaZloa iT-
qvas sakuTari mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg awarmoebs hib-
ridul oms. hibriduli omis meTodebi, aseve warmate-
biT gamoiyeneba xelisuflebis SenarCunebis etapzec,
amjerad is gacilebiT agresiulia da àntisaxelmwi-
foebriv“ Zalebad asaxelebs ara mxolod mis ZiriTad
politikur oponentebs, aramed yvelas vinc oficio-
zisgan gansxvavebulad azrovnes. ase viRebT „demokra-
tiul avtoritarizms“, romelsac axasiaTebs – xeli-
suflebaze morgebuli saarCevno sistema, yvela Ziri-
Tadi finansurad Zlieri jgufis sakuTari gavlenis
sferoSi moqceva, sainformacio saSualebebze maqsima-
luri kontroli, yalbi sainformacio ambebis meSveo-
biT internet sivrcisa da socialuri mediis efeqtu-
robis minimalizacia, centralizebul — araformalu-
ri marTveloba da adgilobrivi demokratiis sruli ni-
113
velireba, saxelmwifo struqturebisa da sasamarTlo
xelisuflebis damorCileba, inteleqtualuri wreebi-
sa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis efeqturi kontroli.
„demokratiuli avtoritarizmis“ es modeli, faqtob-
rivad SesaZloa klasikuri avtoritarizmis gaumjobe-
sebel versiad miviCnioT. ax axal movlenasTan efeqtu-
ri brZolis meqanizmebi klasikuri tipis demokratiis
arsenalSi arcTu mravladaa. samarTlianobisaTvis un-
da iTqvas, rom es deficiti ukve faqtobrivad aRiare-
bulia da rogorc axali tipis virusis winaaRmdeg, ci-
vilizebuli samyaro koordinirebulad cdilobs Seq-
mnas am `demokratizebuli avtoritarizmis“ – hibridu-
li mutanti mmarTvelobis antidoti. SemuSavebuli me-
qanizmebis efeqturobaze saubari jer SesaZloa naad-
revia, magram pirveli saimedo signalia is, rom demok-
ratiulma samyarom gadawyvita adreul stadiaze, manam
sanam populizmi da cru informaciuli paralelizmi,
Sovinizmi, fundamentalizmi, nacizmi, oligarqizmi, an-
tiliberalizmi epidemiis saxes miiRebs da ganviTare-
buli demokratiis qveynebsac, mniSvnelovnad daazia-
nebs, erToblivi ZalebiT sawyis stadiaze aRkveTos am
antidemokratuli virusis gavrceleba.
Cvenis azrT, mesame samyaros qveynebSi demokratiu-
li ganviTarebis procesis SenarCunebisa da Semdegi
srulyofisaTvis, maRalganviTarebuli postindus-
triuli sazogadoebis mxridan gaweuli daxmareba unda
iyos kompleqsuri da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Ziri-
Tad sferoebi inovaciur reformebs daeqvemdebaros.
magram ara revoluciuri formiT, romlis ukuefeqti
yvelasaTvis naTelia, da ramac kontrrevoluciamde
migviyvana, aramed implementacia unda ganxorcieldes
beneficiarebis dawvrilebiTi informirebisa da re-
formis procesSi maTi Tanamonawileobis xarisxis maq-
114
simalurad amaRlebis gziT. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom
es ganzraxva mxolod survilad darCeba Tu ver moxer-
xda axali demokratiis qveynebSi avtoritarizmis SeCe-
reba iseTive gadamWreli zomebis gatarebiT, rogorc
es moxda meore msoflio omis Semdgom aRmosavleT da
centraluri evropis qveynebSi. rodesac aSS — s mier
gadadgmulma mkveTrma nabijebma SesaZlebeli gaxada
evropaSi komunistur — socialisturi cru da popu-
listuri ideologiis aRkveTa. warmatebis am formu-
las aqvs Tavisi saxeli – `marSalis gegma – evropis re-
konstruqciis programa“(5). dRes SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
viTareba faqtobrivad analogiuria da liberalur —
demokratiul samyaros mTlianad, xolo pirvel etapze
gansakuTrebulad axali demokratiis qveynebs kvlav
emuqrebT, modernizebuli sabWoTa imperiis Seqmnis
safrTxe. amJamadac iseve rogorc, omisagan dangreu-
li da gaRaribebuli evropis SemTxvevaSic, imperiuli
Zalebis mTavari mokavSire aris siRaribe, ekonomikuri
stagnacia da uperspeqtiobis SegrZneba. amjeradac ga-
mosavali mkveTri da gadamWreli moqmedebaa. aucile-
belia Seiqmnas àxali marSalis gegma“ romelic mimar-
Tuli iqneba „mesame samyaros“ qveynebis swrafi ekono-
mikuri da politikuri modernizaciisaken, rac SesaZ-
lebels gaxdis, iseve rogorc meore msoflio omis Se-
degad dangreul safrangeTSi, italiasa, Tu saberZneT-
Si, sabWour — imperiuli Zalebis damarcxebas da demok-
ratizaciis procesis Semdgom ganviTarebas.
115
literatura:
1. https://www.svoboda.org/a/28978803.html
2. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom — world/2019/georgia
3. https://www.amerikiskhma.com/a/crisis — for — liberal —
demoracy — and — what — it — means — for — eastern —
europe/4356517.html)
4. Хантингтон С.Третья волна. Демократизация в конце XX
века / Пер. с англ. – М.: «Российская политическая эн
циклопедия» (РОССПЭН), 2003. – 368 с.)
5. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php
David Zaqaraia — Doctor of Philosophy. Researcher of social philosophy,

the author of numerous articles and following books: ~Post — industrial
information society (problems)”, Tbilisi, 2006; ~On thecharacteristics of the
post — industrial information society”, Tbilisi, 2006; ~Classic authors of
sociology, personality”. (Co — author K. ketsbaia ).Tbilisi, 2012. Professor
of the Sokhumi State University.
DEMOCRATIC AUTHORITARIANISM
ABSTRACT
During this last years there is a lot of discussion about

democracy and its future.At the beginning of the 21st century, we are
talking about the crisis of Western democracy. The key question
today is whether the Democrat was ready to handle the modern
challenges — populism, fundamentalism, Nazism, oligarchism,
hybrid warfare or usurpation of power through what we call
“democratic authoritarianism”.
In the Third World New Democracy countries, a decisive battle
is taking place between democratically oriented public forces and the
116
usurpers of government. To maintain and further improve the
democratic development process, as in the case of war — torn and
ruined Europe, this time it is necessary to create a "new Marshall
Plan" aimed at the rapid economic modernization of the new
democracies.

117
mamuli beria — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sain-
Jinro ekonomikis, mediateqnologiebisa da socialur mecni-
erebaTa fakultetis socialur mecnierebebis programis
doqtoranti. muSaobs sadisertacio naSromze „qarTuli sa-
zogadoebriv — politikuri azrovneba da afxazeTis kon-
fliqtis gadaWris gzebi“. aqvs 15 wliani samuSao gamocdile-
ba soxumis saxelmwifo universitetSi. kiTxulobda leqcie-
bis kurss: „politikis mecnierebis Sesavali“, „qarTuli po-
litikuri azrovneba“, „politikuri ideologiebi“, „globa-
lizacia da eri — saxelmwifo“. eweva aqtiur sazogadoebriv
da poltikur saqmianobas.
„axali memarjveneebis“ poziciebi

afxazeTis konfliqtis gadawyvetasTan
dakavSirebiT
marTalia es partia, dRes did rols ar TamaSobs

qarTuli politikuri amindis SeqmnaSi da SeiZleba no-
minaluric iyos, magram sainteresoa maT mier Tavis
droze gamoTqmuli poziciebi afxazeTis konfliqtTan
dakavSirebiT problemis Seswavlis istoriis Tvalsaz-
risiT. sruliad gansxvavebuli poziciebi gaaCndaT ag-
vistos omis win saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTliano-
bis aRdgenis sakiTxze „axal memarjveneebs“. isini Ziri-
Tadad aqcents akeTebdnen institucionalur cvlile-
bebze. maTi azriT saprezidento mmarTveloba am prob-
lemas ver gadawyvetda, prezidentis instituti zepar-
tiuli ar aris, is erT-erTi partiis lideria da Sesaba-
misad gamoiricxeba miukerZoebloba saxelmwifo saqmi-
anobis ama Tu im dargSi.
„axali memarjveneebi“ sazogadoebas sTavazoben
politikuri mmarTvelobis axal formas – konstituci-
ur monarqias, romelic „mogvcems teritoriuli kon-
118
fliqtebis gadawyvetisa da afxazebTan erTad erTian
saxelmwifoSi Tanacxovrebis realur Sanss, swored mo-
narqia iZleva Tavis farglebSi ramdenime saxelmwifo-
ebrivi warmonaqmnis Tanaarsebobis SesaZleblobas. Ta-
nac am saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebs eqnebaT avtono-
miis maRali done.“ (ix. saqarTvelos prezidentobis
kandidatis, daviT gamyreliZis saarCevno programa, 24
noemberi, 2007.) magaliTad mohyavT gaerTianebuli sa-
mefo, inglisi, Sotlandia, uelsi da CrdiloeT irlan-
dia; belgiis samefo, espaneTis samefo, e.i am partias
mefis institutis SemoReba da konstituciuri monar-
qiis aRdgena miaCnia qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis
aRdgenis mTavar pirobad, mefe iqneba zepartiuli da
qveynis erTianobisa da stabilurobis garanti.
„axali memarjveneebis“ poziciebis gaanalizebisas
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konstituciuri monarqiis aRdge-
na TavisTavad keTilSobiluri ideaa, romelsac saqar-
TveloSi obieqturi istoriuli wanamZRvrebi gaaCnia.
magram saqarTvelos dRevandeli realuri politikuri
situaciis pirobebSi, sadac politikuri kultura da-
balia, dabalia demokratiuli institutebis xarisxi,
sustia partiuli sistema, Sesabamisad demokratiuli
azrovnebis dabali done, rodesac, sazogadoebas mid-
rekileba aqvs da orientirebulia qarizmatul lide-
rebze da politikuri sistemis normalurad funqcio-
nirebaze – politikur institutebs Soris funqciebis
danawilebis realurad arsebobaze, am pirobebSi SeiZ-
leba moxdes TviT am keTilSobiluri ideis gaufasure-
ba.
rac mTavaria, sakvlevi Temis problemidan gamom-
dinare, dasafiqrebelia Tu rogor uyurebs am sakiTxs
afxazuri mxare, miaCniaT Tu ara maT mefobis institu-
ti, qarTvelebTan erT saxelmwifoSi Tanacxovrebis ga-
119
rantiad, ramdenad mimzidveli iqneba es instituciona-
luri cvlileba maTTvis. postsabWoTa qveynebSi es re-
forma gamoiRebs realur politikur nayofs? miTume-
tes konfliqtur regionSi, rogoric afxazeTia, moi-
tans es CvenTvis sasargeblo Sedegs? iqneba es saqar-
Tvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis garantia?
konstituciuri monarqiis aRdgenis ideis dasasa-
buTeblad partias moyavs ganviTarebuli evropuli
monarqiebis magaliTi. jer erTi im qveynebSi es poli-
tikuri instituti arsebobda da arsebobs ZiriTadad
mTeli maTi istoriis manZilze uwyvetad, meores mxriv,
es evropuli sazogadoebebi Seguebulni arian amas da
ar ganicdian postkomunisturi sazogadoebisTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli demokratiuli konsolidaciis defi-
cits, rac realuria sinamdvileSi. amitom apelireba
ganviTarebul evropul monarqiebze da misi meqanikuri
gadmotanis survili saqarTveloSi migvaCnia naadre-
vad. saWiroa sazogadoebrivi azris momzadeba aseTi se-
riozuli institucionaluri reformebis Tu cvlile-
bebisTvis. Tu rogor da ra formiT unda ganxorciel-
des es procesi, sxva sakiTxia da specifikur kvlevas
saWiroebs. miTumetes gasaTvaliswinebelia did brita-
neTSi da espaneTSi mimdinare politikuri procesebi.
mxedvelobaSi maqvs Sotlandiis referendumisa da ka-
taloniis damoukideblobisaken swrfva. miuxedavad
imisa, rom did britaneTSi da espaneTSi monarqiis in-
stitutebebs aTaswlovani istoria aqvT, eWvis qveS
dgeba maTi erTianobis sakiTxi, ramdenadac saxeze iyo
aSkarad politikur partikularizmze dafuZnebuli
separatizmi.
„axali memarjveneebis“ azriT saqarTvelo CaTre-
uli aRmoCnda omSi, xelisufleba wamoego provokaci-
as. partiis erT-erTi lideri ambobda, rom „afxazeT-
120
Tan mimarTebaSi seriozuli problemaa daSvebuli xe-
lisuflebis mier, pirdapiri dialogis nacvlad urTi-
erToba maTTan xelovnurad gamwvavda. xelisuflebis
didi Secdomaa ruseTTan urTierTobis daulagebloba,
rusuli faqtoris da zogadad ruseTis geopolitiku-
ri interesebis gauTvaliswinebloba. demokratiis sus-
tma xarisxma dagvaSora afxazeTs, swored demokratiu-
li institutebis ganuviTareblobis gamo ar migviRes
„natoSi“. „natos“ meSveobiT teritoriuli mTlianobis
aRdgenis didi Sansi gvqonda. agvistos omis Semdeg axa-
li realoba Camoyalibda, saqarTvelos teritoriuli
mTlianobis aRdgenas ufro davSordiT. swored saqar-
Tvelos xelisuflebis gauTvlelma nabijebma miiyvana
qveyana am mdgomareobamde“. (ix.interviu „axali memar-
jveneebis“ erT-erT liderTan, manana naWyebiasTan,
Tbilisi, oqtomberi, 2008.)
partiis lideri ambobs, rom „saqarTvelo Zalze
myife saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnad iqca,Tvali ga-
vusworoT realobas da vaRiaroT, rom saqarTvelos
teritoriuli mTlianobis ki ara, qarTuli saxelmwi-
fos SenarCunebis sakiTxi dgas. saxelmwifoebriobis
gadasarCenad aucilebelia qveyana realurad iyos de-
mokratiuli, daculi iyos kerZo sakuTreba da adamia-
nis uflebebi.“ (ix. gazeTi „axali Taoba“, 22 — 28 seqtem-
beri, 2008.)
121
Mamuli Beria – PhD student of Technical University of Georgia,
program of social sciences, faculty of engineer economics, media
technologies and social sciences. Currently working on PhD thesis
“Georgian social and political thought and blueprints to resolve
conflict of Abkhazia”. Have 15 years of working experience as a
lecturer in Sokhumi State University. Lecture courses: “Introduction
to Politics”, “Georgian Political Thought”, “Political Ideologies”,
“Globalization and nation — state”.
NEW RIGHTS PARTY’S STANDPOINTS REGARDING

CONFLICT RESOLUTION OF ABKHAZIA
ABSTRACT
Even though this party doesn’t play significant role in

Georgian politics nowadays, their standpoints regarding the
problems, related to conflict of Abkhazia, is still interesting for the
sake of the history of problem analysis.
Particularly interesting is their standpoints related to new
model of governance – constitutional monarchy, which in their
opinion will ensure conflict resolution and real chance for
coexistence in unity with Abkhazians.

122
badri forCxiZe — saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa
akademiis akademikosi, filosofiis doqtori, quTaisis ak.
wereTlis sax. universitetis asocirebuli profesori; av-
tori mravali naSromisa filosofiis aqtualur problemeb-
ze, maT Soris wignebisa: „pirovnebaTa amocnobis istoriul —
filosofiuri horoskopi“(2007); „samarTlis filosofiis
aqtualuri problemebi“(Tanaavtori o.mindaZe, 2009); „arais-
toriuli, istoriamdeli da istoriisSemdgomi yofierebis
filosofia“ (2014); „oratoruli xelovnebisa da zogadi ri-
torikis socialur — filosofiuri da logikur — gnoseo-
logiuri safuZvlebi“ (2018). misi naSromebi xSirad ibeWdeba
Cvens gamocemaSi
neoliberaluri faSizmis
ideologiur — msoflmxedvelobrivi
wanamZRvrebi
neoliberalizmi gaxlavT politikur — ekonomi-

kuri filosofiis doqtrina, romelic Zireulad ewina-
aRmdegeba saxelmwifos Carevas (intervencias) adgi-
lobriv ekonomikaSi. is umTavres aqcents akeTebs Tavi-
sufal sabazro sistemaze da iseTi saxis meTodebze,
romlebic eqvemdebarebian minimalur SezRudvebs sa-
warmoTa fuqcionirebaSi da Sesabamisad, nakleb Care-
vas sakuTrebis uflebebSi. neoliberalizmis priori-
teti, sagareo politikis sferoSi,aris ucxoeTis baz-
rebis gaxsna sxvadasxva politikur — diplomatiuri da
ekonomikuri regulaciis meTodebiT, agreTve, saWiro-
ebis SemTxvevaSi, samxedro intervenciis formiT. saer-
TaSoriso bazrebis gaxsnaSi igulisxmeba Tavisufali
vaWrobis uzrunvelyofa da muSaxelis klasifikacia,
specializaciis mixedviT.neoliberalizmi, iseTi msxvi-
li,multilateruliorganizaciebis meSveobiT, rogo-
123
ricaa saerTaSorisosavaWroorganizaciadamsoflio-
banki, politikurzewolasaxorcielebs calkeul sa-
xelmwifoebze, romlebic e. w. axali globaluri msof-
lio wesrigis karnaxs ar emorCilebian. isasevepropa-
gandas uwevserovnulimTavrobebiswarmmarTveli ro-
lis minimumamde dayvanas; korporaciuli efeqturobis
misaRwevad ki, Zal — Rones ar iSurebs, raTa ukidure-
sad Sekvecos adgilobrivi profkavSirebis zegavlenis
SesaZleblobebi, minimaluri xelfasis sasazRvro niS-
nulis dadgenisa da muSaxelis koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis
sakiTxSi. neoliberalizmi SeuTavsebadia rogorc so-
cializmTan saerTod, aseve konkretul saxelmwifoeb-
riv proteqcionizmTan.praqtikulad cdilobs SezRu-
dos da Seaferxos mwvaneTa moZraobis gaaqtiurebaum-
sxviles sabazro komunikaciebSi. proteqcionizms, ro-
gorc aseTs, deklarirebulad ar uaryofs, Tumca mas
iyenebs rogorc erTgvari zewolis meTods, diploma-
tiur urTierTobebSi, raTa aiZulos ucxo qveynebi, mo-
axdinon sakuTari bazris liberalizacia. neolibera-
lizmi winaaRmdegobaSi modis agreTve iseTi saxis po-
litikur da ideologiur SexedulebebTan, romlebic
moiTxoven Tanasworuflebian vaWrobas da imgvar moZ-
raobaTainicirebas axdenen, romlebic saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebsa da ekonomikaSi, prioritetulad acxa-
deben muSaxelis uflebebsa da socialur Tanasworo-
bas.
sanam gadavalT ZiriTad sakvanZo sakiTxze, manam
mizanSewonilia mcire eqskursis gakeTeba, liberaliz-
mis klasikuri gagebis Sesaxeb, romelic warmoadgens
samoqalaqo da politikuri Tavisuflebis mxardamWer
politikur ideologias da istoriulad damkvidre-
bul ganmanaTleblobis tradicias.mis umTavres prin-
cipebad deklarirebulia warmomadgenlobiTi demok-
124
ratia, kanonis uzenaesoba da ekonomikuri Tavisufle-
ba. klasikur liberalizms safuZveli Caeyara me-19 sau-
kunis evropasa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. mar-
Talia, klasikuri liberalizmi agebuli iyome — 18-e sa-
ukunis miwurulis evropuli ganmanaTleblobis ideeb-
ze, Tumca, politikur realobaSi igi mxars uWerda kon-
kretuli saxis sazogadoebas, mTavrobas da sajaro po-
litikas, samrewvelo revoluciisa da urbanizaciis
totaluri gamowvevis sapasuxod. klasikuri libera-
lizmis ganviTarebaSi TavianTi mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitanes: jon lokma, Jan batist seim, Tomas robert
malTusma da devid rikardom. mis politikur da ekono-
mikur mimarTulebaze gavlena moaxdina agreTve, adam
smitis ekonomikurma Sexedulebebma da bunebiTi samar-
Tlis filosofiam, ieremia bentamis utilitarizmma da
gacilebiT ufro gvian, modernulma progresivistul-
ma ideebma (Dickerson 2009; 129). klasikuri liberalizmis
politikur — filosofiuri koncefcia imTaviTve dau-
pirispirda realizmis racionalur Teorias, romlis
mixedviTac saxelmwifoebi emyarebian racionaluri
egocentrizmis princips, rac gulisxmobs sxva saxel-
mwifoebTan regulirebadi TanamSromlobis pragmatul
SezRudulobas, sakuTari Zireuli interesebis dacvis
TvalsazrisiT. amis sapirispirod, liberalizmi abso-
lutur ndobas ucxadebs adamianis individualur po-
tencials, misi gonebrivi ganviTarebis usazRvro per-
speqtivas, romelze dayrdnobiTac gamoxatavs Tavda-
jerebul rwmenas, saxelmwifoebrivi CarCoebisa da
farglebis gadalaxvis gziT, ganaxorcielos saerTo
sakacobrio keTildReobisa da harmoniuli Tanacxov-
rebis humanuri ideali. saerTaSoriso urierTobebSi
liberalizmis ideologiuri Camoyalibeba da ganviTa-
reba ukavSirdeba Tanamedrove liberaluri saxelmwi-
125
foebis aRorZinebas, romlis Teoriuli bazis Semzade-
bas xeli Seuwyves lokis, bentamisa da kantis mier ini-
cirebulma socialur — politikurma da moralur —
eTikurma Tvalsazrisebma. klasikuri realizmisagan
gansxvavebiT, liberalizmi gadaWarbebul ndobas ucxa-
debda adamianis dadebiT Tvisebebs da miiCnevda, rom
ganmanaTlebluri zemoqmedebisa da pedagogiuri aR-
zrdis sagangebod SemuSavebuli meTodebis gamoyene-
biT, SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda yvela saxis uaryofiTi ma-
xasiaTeblebis daZleva da sruli aRmofxvra. maTi gage-
biT, amis ganxorcieleba moxdeboda adamianuri gonebis
racionaluri saqmianobis xarjze, rac mkafiod aisaxe-
boda saerTaSoriso saqmianobaSic.
adamianis racionalobis liberaluri gageba
mdgomareobs sazogadoebis wevrTa koleqtiuri inte-
resebis arsebobaSi, romelTa misaRwevad, isini awarmo-
eben mudmiv komunikacias, dialogisa da urTierT xel-
sayreli TanamSromlobis principiT. es gaxlavT buneb-
rivi Tanacxovrebis sazogadoebrivi meqanizmi, romlis
gareSec warmoudgenelia, ara mxolod calkeul adami-
anTa urTierToba, aramed saerTaSoriso doneze, sa-
xelmwifoebrivi urTierTdamokidebuleba da Tanam-
Sromloba, romelsac, maTi rwmeniT, moaqvs saerTo sar-
gebloba yvelasaTvis. aseTi midgoma Zireulad ewinaaR-
mdegeba klasikuri realizmis Teoriul Sexedulebebs,
romlis mixedviTac, saxelmwifoebi, wminda pragmatuli
mosazrebiT, avlenen racionaluri egoizmis miswrafe-
bas, rac iTvaliswinebs Sefaruli qmedebis Sedegad ga-
angariSebuli mogebis da sargeblobis calmxriv stra-
tegiul miznebsa da amocanebs, rac amavdroulad gvev-
lineba aqtiuri TanamSromlobis Semaferxebel garemo-
ebad.am yvelafers liberalizmi aRiqvams rogorc ira-
cionalur SiSebs, romlebic, maTive rwmeniT, daZleva-
126
dia da am daZlevis Sedegad miRweuli iqneba zogadsaka-
cobrio progresi. yvela kategoriis liberali erTnai-
rad iziarebs sayovelTao progresis ideas, Tumca isi-
ni araerTgvarovnad msjeloben im sirTuleebsa da dab-
rkolebaTa gadalaxvis perspeqtivebze, romlis gada-
laxvac mouwevs kacobriobas, aRniSnuli progresis
gzaze.
aseve radikalurad gansxvavebulia, liberalTa
mosazrebebi, realizmis mimdevarTa Sexedulebebisgan,
saxelmwifos sakiTxTan mimarTebaSic. Tu realizmis
Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo warmoadgens Zalmomreobis iuri-
diulad sanqcionirebul socialur — politikur da
samarTlebriv sistemas, liberalebi saxelmwifos gani-
xilaven, rogorc konstituciur warmonaqmns, romelic
adgens kanonis uzenaesobas da iRebs valdebulebas, mi-
si uzrunvelyofis Sesabamis pirobebsa da garemoebeb-
ze. magaliTad, ieremia bentamis swavlebis mixedviT,
aRniSnuli principebis ganuxreli dacva saxelmwifo-
ebs saSualebas aZlevs pativi scen erTimeores da saer-
TaSoriso samarTlis konvenciurad dafuZnebul nor-
mebs, rac gaxlavT urTierTanxmobisa da ormxrivad Ta-
nasworuflebiani TanamSromlobis safuZveli (Bentham
1843; 85 — 89).amitomaciTvleba igi liberaluriTeorii-
serT-erTfuZemdeblad, ramdenadac man, pirvelma ga-
moiyena saerTaSoriso samarTlis cneba. bentamis mo-
sazreba kidev ufro Rrmad da farTo mniSvnelobiT iq-
na warmoCenili imanuil kantis mier, romelic imedov-
nebda, rom konstitucionalizmis erTgulebis damcve-
li saxelmwifoebis erTiani ZalisxmeviT, sabolood
damyardeboda e. w. samaradJamo mSvidoba (Кант 1994; 12 —
28).sinamdvileSi, amJamindeli msoflioc, iseve ro-
gorc winandeli da mosalodneli, mSvidobiani mdgoma-
reobisganimaze ufro didi manZiliTaa distancirebu-
127
li, vidre liberalizmis zemoTaRniSnul, avtorite-
tul mamebs warmoedginaT. rac ufro izrdeba dasavlu-
ri zesaxelmwifoebrivi samxedro — politikuri Zala-
uflebis hegemonia, kontinenturi regionebis mTel
sibrtyeze, aRmosavleTiT da samxreTiT, miT ufro in-
tensiurad ikidebs fexs saerTaSoriso terorizmi.
Tumca yovelive amis miuxedavad, liberaluri ideolo-
giis kredo kvlavindeburad ZalaSi rCeba: teqnokrati-
uli cnobierebis mier inicirebuli modernizaciis
procesi aRiarebulia, rogorc erTaderTi ualterna-
tivo gza kacobriobis progresisa, adamianuri yofa —
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. mxolod modernizebuli in-
tegraciis globalur qselSia SesaZlebeli mWidro sa-
zogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis ukidegano asparezis
uzrunvelyofa. liberaluri da neoliberaluri doq-
trinis apologetTaTvis sadao araa gansxvavebul kul-
turaTa da sociumTa totaluri Serwymis, ekonomikuri
kavSirurTierTobisa da mmarTveli instituciebis ie-
rarqiulad kontrolirebadi sinTezis perspeqtiva;
maTTvis gasarkvevi da dasazustebelia mxolod dasa-
xuli amocanebis taqtikur RonisZiebaTa etapebi, maTi
teqnologiuri realizaciis pirobebi da meqanizmebi.
miuxedavad, erTiani strategiisa, liberalizmis ideo-
logia wrmodgenilia ramdenime ganStoebis saxiT, ro-
melTa Soris, ikveTeba e. w. demokratiuli mSvidobis
Teoria, globaluri usafrTxoebis Teoria, sociolo-
giuri liberalizmi, urTierTdamokidebulebis Teoria
da instituciuri liberalizmi. dasaxelebuli ganSto-
ebebidan, yvela maTganma erTnairi warmatebiT ver da-
imkvidra adgili saerTaSoriso politikuri konkuren-
ciis inteleqtualur sivrceSi, vinaidan realizmis
klasikuri politikuri doqtrinebis mxriv, waawydnen
damangrevel kritikas da Seuval gnoseologiur argu-
128
mentacias. rac Seexeba danarCen maTgans, maT moaxerxes
adaptacia Tanamedrove socialur — politikur urTi-
erTobebSi da gadaiqcnen, saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba-
ze,farTo da mravalferovani zemoqmedebis propagan-
distul sabazo centrebad.
erTerTi aseTi gavrcelebuli da popularuli
gaxlavT sociologiuri liberalizmi, romlis ZiriTa-
di da amosavali ideologiuri platforma ganisaz-
Rvreba ara mxolod saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobe-
bis analiziT da SefasebiT, aramed moicavs transnaci-
onalur kavSirebsa da mimarTebebs, raSic warmodge-
nilni arian calkeuli, metnaklebad popularuli pi-
rovnebebi politikaSi, biznesSi, Sou — biznesSi, masme-
diasa da socialur qselebSi, aseve adamianTa garkveu-
li jgufebi, subkulturebi, arasamTavrobo organiza-
ciebi, romlebic moRvaweoben da funqcionireben sxva-
dasxva qveynebSi. isini ar eqvemdebarebian saxelmwifo-
ebrivi urTierTobebis reglamentiT gaTvaliswinebul
mocemulobebs da cdiloben, oficialuri struqture-
bisa da rgolebis gverdis avliT, iqonion mWidro kon-
taqtebi da saqmiani TanamSromlobis praqtikuli saSu-
alebebi. am mimarTulebiT, is aqcents akeTebs iseTi ti-
pis aqtivobebze da aqtorebze, romlebic cdiloben ax-
leburi orientirebisa da Rirebulebis damkvidrebas,
„sazogadoebrivi pluralizmis“ SesatyvisiterminiT
da deviziT. Tanamedrove amerikeli sociologis, jeims
ruzenaus ganmartebiT, transnacionaluri urTierTo-
bebi gaxlavT iseTi universaluri kavSirebi da SesaZ-
leblobani, romlebic mkveTrad aRematebian saxelmwi-
foTa Soris damyarebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri
urTierTobebiT gaTvaliswinebul Sedegebsa da moce-
mulobebs; am gziT iqmneba sruliad axleburi sazoga-
doebrivi formirebani, romlebic ara mxolod Tanac-
129
xovroben calkeul saxelmwifoebTan erTad, aramed
bevr SemTxvevaSi, seriozul konkurencias uweven maT-
save saxelmwifoebs(Rosenau 1980; 109). transnacionalur
urTierTobaTa — „obobas qselis“ saxelwodebiT gav-
rcelebuli erTob mniSvnelovani modeli SemogvTava-
za aseve cnobilma Tanamedrove amerikelma sociolog-
ma, jon bartonma, romelmac fokusireba moaxdina sa-
xelmwifos im Semadgenel nawilebze, romelTac gaaCni-
aT sxvadasxvagvari kavSirurTierTobebi da interese-
bi. aseTTa Soris saxeldebian: religiuri jgufebi,
biznes wreebi, profesiuli kavSirebi da sxva. am sqemas
is upirispirebs realisturi skolis warmomadgenelTa
mier aprobirebul „biliardis burTis“ models, rome-
lic saxelmwifoTa Tanamezoblobas da urTiermimar-
Tebas adarebs biliardis burTebis mwkrivebs, sadac
TiToeuli maTgani ganasaxierebs erTian da myar saxel-
mwifo struqturul Taviseburebas; braitons surs
dagvarwmunos „obobas qselis“ transnacionaluri mo-
delis upiratesobaSi, romlisTvisac prioritetuli
gaxlavT gansxvavebul sazogadoebriv jgufebsa da or-
ganizaciebs Soris xelsayreli interesTa Tanxvedra
da urTierTsasargeblo TanamSromloba, antagonizmsa
da konfliqtebTan SedarebiT (Burton1993; 181 — 183).aR-
niSnuli avtorebis mier SemoTavazebul TeoriebSi
vlindeba pirovnul individTa damoukidebeli qcevis
im SesaZleblobaTa dinamika, romelic maTi praqtikuli
potencialisa da ganaTlebis maRali donis gaTvalis-
winebiT, ara Tu ar eqvemdebareba saxelmwifos sistemis
zemoqmedebis funqciebs, aramed garkveul konkurenci-
asac uwevs mas makro doneze. aseTi saxis individTa mi-
er ganxorcielebul operaciebs sul ufro mzardi gav-
lena aqvT msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebze. ase, rom
centralizebuli saxelmwifoebrivi marTvis meqanizme-
130
bi marTalia, kvlavindeburad ZalaSi rCeba, Tumca mas-
Tan erTad Tanaarsebobs multi — centruli msoflio,
romelic ganisazRvreba, saxelmwifos struqturebis-
gan Tavisufal individTa da calkeul koleqtiur daj-
gufebaTa mier, romlebic imyofebian konkurentunari-
an damokidebulebaSi centralizebul saxelmwifo
struqturebTan da saxelmwifo suverenitetiT SezRu-
dul aqtorebTan. ruzenaus azriT, amgvari pluralis-
turi samyaro, romelic Sedgeba transnacionaluri
qselebisagan, ufro warmatebuli, nayofieri, efeqturi
da mSvidobiania, vidre TavisTavad aRebuli saxelmwi-
foTa Soris urTierTobebi, Tumca iqve angariSs uwevs
imasac, rom es SesaZloa gaxdes arastabiluri politi-
kuri viTarebis gamomwvevi mizezi, radgan igi ewinaaR-
mdegeba saxelmwifoTa tradiciuli keTilmowyobis
principebs. amis miuxedavad, mainc imedovnebs, rom
msgavsi tipis konfliqtebi omamde ar migviyvans, vinai-
dan rac ufro mravalricxovani iqneba e. w. kosmopoli-
tani pirovnebani, romlebic warmodgenilni arian sxva-
dasxva tipis organizaciebsa da gaerTianebebSi, ar mis-
cemen TavianT saxelmwifoebriv — politikur siste-
mebs maTi antagonistur banakebad dayofisa da gadam-
terebis saSualebas. amgvarad, socialuri liberaliz-
mi cdilobs individTa transnacionaluri kavSirebi da
maT mier konstruirebuli alternatiuli TanamSrom-
lobis interesTa iniciativebi, ama Tu im qveynebs So-
ris urTierTobebze da maT sasicocxlo interesebze
maRla daayenon, rac ganisazRvreba saxelmwifoTa eq-
skluziuri urTierTobis SezRudulobiT da masTan Se-
darebiT, individTa transnacionalur, inkluziur ur-
TierTobaTa mkveTri mravalferovnebiT, efeqturobi-
Ta da dinamiurobiT, rac uzrunvelyofs mSvidobiani
msoflios nanatr momavals.
131
rac Seexeba liberaluri urTierTdamokidebule-
bis Teorias, masSi moiazreba mTavrobebi da xalxebi,
romlebic mtkivneulad ganicdian sxva qveynebSi mom-
xdari politikuri da ekonomikuri kataklizmebis ze-
gavlenas. am TeoriaSi erTob popularuli gaxlavT „pe-
pelas efeqti“, romelic erTob popularuli gamonaT-
qvamis mixedviT, peplis afrena erT qveyanaSi iwvevs me-
ore qveynis qariSxals. am Teoriis mixedviT, aziis, af-
rikis, evropis, avstraliisa da amerikis orive konti-
nenti Taviseburad ganicdis yvela im saxis zegavlenas,
rac gamowveulia romelime regionSi mimdinare movle-
nebis mkveTri cvlilebiT. aRniSnuli Teoriis avtore-
bi arian jozef naimi da robert kiohani, swored maT Ca-
moayalibes kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis
Teoria, gasuli saukunis saerTaSoriso socialur mec-
nierebebSi gaxmaurebul naSromSi: „Zala da urTier-
Tdamokidebuleba“(1977) (Keohane; Nye 1977).maTi azriT,
meoce saukunis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, SeiZleba
davyoT, meore msoflio omamde da da omis Semdgomi pe-
riodis or diametrulad gansxvavebul stadiad: pir-
vel stadiaSi, saerTaSoriso politikuri molaparake-
bis magidasTan, konfliqtur damokidebulebaSi myofi
qveynebis liderTa molaparakebisas, saboloo da ga-
damwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda samxedro Zalis gamo-
yenebas, ramdenadac samxedro Zalis faqtori asocir-
deboda, erovnuli usafrTxoebisa daTviTgadarCenis
sakiTxSi, „did politikasTan“, xolo ekonomikisa da
socialuri sakiTxebi, romelsac daqvemdebarebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeboda, „mcire politikasTan“. meore
msoflio omis Semdeg viTareba mkveTrad Seicvala da
saerTaSoriso politikur sivrceSi TandaTanobiT Ca-
moyalibda kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis
epoqa, sadac erovnuli usafrTxoebisTvis zrunvis
132
amocanam TandaTanobiT ukana planze gadaiwia da saer-
TaSoriso TanamSromlobis ekonomikurma, socialurma
interesebma mowinave poziciebi daikava.xsenebuli av-
torebis azriT, aRniSnuli movlena ganpirobebuli iyo
ori ZiriTadi mizeziT, pirveli mizezi mdgomareobda
imaSi, rom Tanamedrove etapze, qveynebs Soris urTier-
Toba aRar ganixileba, rogorc martooden maTi lide-
rebis mier warmoebul politikur molaparakebad da
miRweul SeTanxmebad; meore mizezi ki gulisxmobs mra-
vali saxis urTierTobas, romelic myardeba calkeul
adamianebsa da adamianTa jgufebs Soris, saxelmwifo-
ebrivi urTierTobebis gverdis avliT. aseT viTareba-
Si, samxedro Zalis gamoyenebas prioriteti naklebad
eniWeba, samagierod gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva
iseTi tipis resurss, rogoricaa diplomatiuri mola-
parakebis warmoebis unar — Cvevebi. amasTanave demokra-
tiuli saxelmwifoebi erovnul usafrTxoebasTan Se-
darebiT, upiratesobas aniWeben ekonomikuri Tanam-
Sromlobisa da saerTo socialuri interesebis sfe-
ros; amdenad, maTi azriT, realizmis doqtrinisagan
gansxvavebiT, kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis
Teoria warmoadgens usafrTxo da mSvidobiani msof-
lios garantors (Keohane; Nye 1977; 155 — 157).
kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebani ganisaz-
Rvrebian grkveuli tipis socialur — politikuri in-
strumentebiT, romelTagan yvelaze ufro xelSesaxebi
gaxlavT: transnacionaluri subieqtebi da aqtorebi,
rogoricaa arasamTavroboorganizaciebidatransnaci-
onalurikorporaciebi, romlebic cdiloben sakuTari
interesebis ganxorcielebas, saxelmwifosgan damouki-
deblad. kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis sis-
temaSi Zala da lideroba ganisazRvreba kulturuli
da ekonomikuri dargebis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad, ri-
133
si nimuSic gaxlavT dania da norvegia, imis da mixedviT,
rom maT ekuTvniT aRiareba savaWro da gadazidvis
transportis biznesSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom ar gaaCni-
aT mowinave iaraRiT aRWurvili samxedro — sazRvao
floti. amasTan erTad, avtorebi aRniSnaven imasac,
rom kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebuleba ar aris
homogenuri xasiaTis, ramdenadac is jerjerobiT,
vrceldeba msoflios garkveul regionebze da ara
yvelgan, rogoricaa dasavleT evropa, CrdiloeT ame-
rika, iaponia, avstralia da axali zelandia, rac imaze
metyvelebs, rom msgavsi tipis urTierTdamokidebule-
bani axasiaTebT demokratiul, liberalur da plura-
listuri azrovnebis wamaxalisebel saxelmwifoebs,
romelTa dominirebis roli, modernizaciis procesis
paralelurad, TandaTanobiT ufro mniSvnelovani da
aqtualuri xdeba. modernizaciasTan dakavSirebiT, da-
saxelebul avtorTa mier sagangebod Seiqmna uaxlesi
nawarmoebi, romelic warmoadgens miTiTebuli naSro-
mis logikur gagrZelebas da gamocemul iqna statiis
saxiT, Jurnal sagareo urTierTobebSi, saTauriT: „Za-
la da urTierTdamokidebuleba sainformacio sauku-
neSi“(1998). mocemul statiaSi gatarebulia Tvalsaz-
risi imis Taobaze, rom axal epoqaSi sainformacio teq-
nologia gaxdeba yvelaze saWiro da ganmsazRvreli re-
sursi, riTac safuZveli eyreba e. w. sainformacio re-
voluciis xanas, romelic jerjerobiT sawyis fazaSia,
Tumca ukve man Zlieri zegavlena moaxdina kompleqsu-
ri urTierTdamokidebulebis ramdenime maxasiaTebel-
ze. am maxasiaTeblebidan erTerTia saerTaSoriso so-
cialuri kavSirebi da komunikaciebi, romelmac pirda-
piri Tu arapirdapiri zemoqmedebis ZaliT gamoiwvia
samxedro Zalis faqtoris Sesusteba, am ukanasknelma
ki Sesabamisi asaxva hpovaerovnuli usafrTxoebis sa-
134
xelmwifoebrivi interesis ganelebis sakiTxSi, rome-
lic Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kon-
teqstSi, sul ufro naklebi mniSvnelobis matarebelia.
aseTi saxis metamorfozi gamowveulia internetisa da
informaciuli saSualebebis intensiuri funqcionire-
bis Sedegad, ramac xeli Seuwyo mravalmxrivi kontaq-
tebis damyarebas sxvadasxva qveynebs Soris. miuxedavad
aseTi saxis Zireuli cvlilebebisa da gardaqmnebisa,
samxedro Zala da erovnuli usafrTxoeba jer kidev
inarCuneben TavianT poziciebs saerTaSoriso politi-
kuri urTierTobebis sistemaSi, rac Cvens mier xsenebu-
li avtorebis azriT, ganpirobebulia ori mTavari mi-
zeziT: erTi maTgani mdgomareobs politikuri zedam-
xedvelobisdawesebulebaSi, sadac arsebuli koniuqtu-
ra adgens politikur reglaments imisa, Tu ra saxis in-
formacia iqnas gavrcelebuli da gaziarebuli, sadac
politika aregulirebs informaciul vels. meore mize-
zi ki isaa, rom demokratiuli da liberaluri urTier-
Tobebis miRma ar moqmedebs saerTaSoriso kompleqsuri
urTierTdamokidebulebaTa socialuri qseli, vinaidan
aseT regionebSi daxSulia saerTaSoriso sainformacio
velis zemoqmedeba (Keohane; Nye 1998; 75 — 77).
sainformacio revoluciuri velis gafarToebisa
da SeRwevadobis mizniT, nai da kioheni gvTavazoben
ori saxeobis sainformacio iniciativas: erTerTi gax-
lavT bihevioristuli (qcevaze daqvemdebarebuli Za-
la), xolo meore, ZiriTad resursze damokidebuli Za-
la. bihevioristuli Zala ori qvesaxeobiT aris war-
modgenili, sadac erTerTi ganasaxierebs rbil Zalas,
romlis principic ganisazRvreba, Zaldatanebis gare-
Se, iseTi saxis informaciuli zemoqmedebis moxdenaSi,
romelic waaxalisebs konkretuli adresatis ukmayo-
filebis gamomwvev mizezTa mimarT protestantul emo-
135
ciebsa da ganwyobilebebs, rac, adre Tu gvian, gamoiw-
vevs am mdgomareobiT dainteresebuli mxaris sasur-
vel Sedegs. meore qvesaxeobas ki, warmoadgens xisti Za-
la, romelic mimarTulia muqaris, sanqciebis da sxva
saxis mkacri zemoqmedebis gziT, aiZulos obieqti, gaa-
keTebinos sasurveli Sedegis Sesabamisi saqme. sanqci-
ebSi igulisxmeba rogorc ekonomikuri berketebi, ase-
ve samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba, saerTaSoriso koalici-
uri wevri subieqtebis mxridan. rac Seexeba ZiriTad
resursze damokidebul Zalas, aseTad miCneulia uax-
lesi sainformacio piar — teqnologia, romelic Tana-
medrove epoqis meTodologiur resursadaa Seracxu-
li. naSromis avtorebi iTvaliswineben imasac, rom in-
formaciuli piar — teqnologiebis eraSi gardauvalia
Warbi informaciebis gavrceleba, rasac Sedegad mos-
devs yuradRebis moduneba, erTi mimarTulebiT da
imavdroulad, yuradRebis gamaxvileba sxva mimarTu-
lebiT, rac damokidebulia gavrcelebuli informaci-
is sandoobaze. sandoobis sakiTxi ganisazRvreba ara
marto informaciis gamavrceleblisgan, aramed mimRe-
bisganac, radgan am ukanasknelma unda gansajos, Tu
ramdenad sando wyaroebTan aqvs Sexeba da romel maT-
gans mianiWos upiratesoba. statiis avtorebs miaCniaT,
rom demokratiul saxelmwifoebs gaaCniaT veeberTela
resursi imisa, rom maTi Tavisufali SeRwevis sainfor-
macio diapazonSi, moigon yvela ZiriTadi sainforma-
cio omi da miaRwion sandoobis umaRles niSnuls, imis-
da miuxedavad, ramdenad sasurvel informacias miawo-
deben isini Sesabamis adresats, misi erovnuli usaf-
rTxoebis interesTa sawinaaRmdegod. maTi azriT, Tana-
medrove politikuri dapirispireba ganisazRvreba sa-
informacio omis principebiT, romelSic TiToeuli
136
mowinaaRmdege cdilobs gaacamtveros sapirispiro
mxaris informaciis sandooba da sakuTari informaci-
is damajerebloba uzrunvelyos. aseTnairi maRalteq-
nologiuri da profesionaluri wyaroebis arseboba
sinamdvileSi ukve aprobirebulia,risi naTeli dadas-
turebac gaxlavT bibisis sainformacio saagento.
Tavisi Sinagani arsiT da daniSnulebiT, nebismie-
ri Tanamedrove liberaluri da neoliberaluri soci-
alur — politikuri ideologiebi emsaxurebian msof-
lios xalxebze batonobis mosurne imperialistur
klanebs, romelTac xelT upyriaT saerTaSoriso ba-
zarze zemoqmedebis ZiriTadi finansur — ekonomikuri,
samarTlebrivi da strategiul — politikuri berkete-
bi; maT mier SemouSavebuli informaciuli piar — teq-
nologiebi gaxlavT efeqturad moqmedi globaluri
dawesebulebi da saorganizacio centrebi, romelTa
mier marTuli samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo institu-
ciebi, msoflios umravles regionebSi, detalurad
akontroleben maT sainformacio velSi moqceul uk-
lebliv yvela saxelmwifos, im saxelisuflebo da opo-
ziciuri speqtris warmomadgenlobis mier, romelTac
isini arCeven sagangebo damuSavebis, zombirebisa da
dresirebis Sedegad, im ganzraxviT, rom maT zedmiwev-
niT Tanmimdevrulad da gegmazomierad aRasrulon Se-
sabamisi instruqtaJiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebule-
bani, raTa operatiulad da efeqturad gaarTvan Tavi
maTze dakisrebul amocanebs. liberalizmis, demokra-
tiis, tolerantobis, adamianTa uflebebis, emansipaci-
is, rasizmis, qsenofobiis, siZulvilis enis sawinaaR-
mdego ybadaRebuli kampaniebi, antidiskriminaciuli
kanonebi, agreTve am boloxanebSi aJitirebuli, polit-
koreqtulobis standartebi, da sxva warmoadgenen im
ideologiur — propagandistuli zemoqmedebis moqnil
137
instrumentebsa da meqanizmebs, romliTac amsaerTaSo-
riso imperialistur teqnokratiul monstrebsa da
klanebs xelT upyriaT azarmazari Zalaufleba yvela
kontinentze, miliardobiT adamianis dasamoneblad da
dasakabaleblad. am ideologiebiTa da globaluri po-
litikuri zemoqmedebis nacadi berketebiT, isini er-
Tianad upirispirdebian tradiciuli sazogadoebebis,
mama — papuri ojaxebis, erovnul — saxelmwifoebrivi
suverenitetis niSandobliv wes — Cveulebebs, princi-
pebs, Rirebulebebs, fundamentur religiur siwminde-
ebs da patriotul grZnobebs, romelTa umkacresi daT-
rgunvisa da ukiduresi dakninebis mizniT, finansur —
ekonomikuri xelSewyobis, samarTlebrivi manipulire-
bis da politikuri proteqcionizmisa dasxvadasxvagva-
ri aqtiuri mxardaWeris formiT, inicirebas ewevian an-
tisocialuri, antisaxelmwifoebrivi, marginaluri
elementebis, seqtanturi warmonaqmnebis, feministuri
jgufebis da e. w. seqsualuri umciresobebis mobilize-
bis mizniT, romlebic ganTavsebulni arian rogorc ama
Tu im, samTavrobo, arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa da
gaerTianebebSi, aseve saxelisuflebo gundSi da opo-
ziciur partiul speqtrSi.aRniSnul destruqciul
elementebsa da warmonaqmnebs eniWebaT Seuvali imuni-
tetis tolfasi uflebebi da gansakuTrebuli privi-
legiebi, raTa maTi gamoyenebiT, globalurma imperia-
listurma politikurma, ekonomikurma da saerTaSori-
so sabazro biznes centrebma, daubrkoleblad Zar-
cvon da gaaniavon rogorc calkeuli qveynebis buneb-
rivi wiaRiseuli da simdidreebi, aseve am qveynebis mTe-
li mosaxleoba, garda amisa, isini yovelnairad cdilo-
ben, cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, maT mier daqiravebuli
da organizebuli filial — saministroebis marionetu-
138
li Cinovnikuri kadrebis meSveobiT, gegmazomierad ga-
ataron iseTi saxis e. w. reformebi da eqsperimentebi,
riTac isini warmatebiT uzrunvelyofen masobriv si-
Ratakes, gaunaTleblobas da totalur umuSevrobas.
masobrivi siRatake aris erTerTi moxerxebuli piroba
imisa, rom ama Tu im qveynis mosaxleobam ver SeZlos
Tavisi bunebrivi ukmayofilebisa da protestis orga-
nizebuli formiT gamoxatva da zemoaRniSnuli fili-
al — saministroebis struqturebisa da instituciebis
paralizebis mizniT, qmediTi RonisZiebis gatareba. ma-
sobrivi gaunaTlebloba aseve momgebiania, imisaTvis,
rom ucodinari xalxi advilad daeqvemdebaros sxva-
dasxva cbier da TaRliTur SemoTavazebebs, raTa ar ga-
aCndes bnel masas araviTari kuturuli, istoriuli da
tradiciuli memkvidreobis mimarT raime garkveuli
warmodgena da Sesabamisad, ar flobdes erovnul TviT-
Segnebas da mis Sesatyvis RirebulebaTa sistemas, rom-
lis dacvisa da SenarCunebis survilic gauCndeba mas,
mosalodneli gamowvevebis viTarebaSi. totaluri
umuSevroba gaxlavT erTob xelsayreli foni, imisa,
rom dapirebuli samuSaos sanacvlod, moqalaqeTa da-
yaCaRebaSi xelgawafulma komerciulma firmebma da sa-
banko sistemebma, xangrZlivi drois manZilze moaxdi-
non Sromisunariani fenebis dakabaleba, maTi uZrav —
moZravi sakuTrebis miTviseba da mTeli samuSao Zalis
mimarT ganuxreli eqsploatacia. aseve mniSvnelovania
fundamenturi religiisa da tradiciuli ojaxis in-
stitutebis dakninebac, radgan am gziT, ama Tu im qvey-
nis sazogadoeba gaxdeba sruliad qmeduunaro, imisaT-
vis, rom man winaaRmdegoba gauwios imperialisturi eq-
spansiis Semotevas, yvela saxis frontze, raTa erTia-
nad amoiwuros da gamoifitos rogorc sulieri aseve
fizikuri resursi imisa, rom erovnul — saxelmwifoeb-
139
rivi, eTno — socialuri da kulturul istoriuli mem-
kvidreoba Tvalsa da xels Sua daikargos da ukvalod
gaqres.
aseTi savalalo perspeqtiva, romelic emuqreba
kulturul — istoriul erebs, ikveTeba globalizaci-
is epoqaSi, sadac e. w. liberaluri da neoliberaluri
politikuri doqtrinebi aSkarad Rebuloben faSistu-
ri mentalobisa da cnobierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
simptomebs. amis sailustraciod, mizanSewonilia ga-
vixsenoT amerikis cnobili prezidentis, ronald rei-
ganis erTgvari gafrTxileba, Tu winaswarmetyveleba:
Ronald Reagan: „If Fascism Ever Comes to America, It Will Come
in the Name of Liberalism“(Tu odesme amerikaSi faSizmi
damkvidrdeba, is damkvidrdeba liberalizmis saxe-
liT). am mxriv aseve Zalze angariSgasawevia cisferebis
gurud Seracxuli maikl sviftis e. w. „geebis manifes-
ti“, sadac is aqveynebs SeuniRbav muqaras, imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor daimkvidrebs gabatonebul mdgomareobas
seqsualuri gaukuRmarTeba, aratradiciuli seqsua-
luri orientaciis warmomadgenlebis mier rogor mox-
deba msoflios yvela warmmarTveli berketebis dauf-
leba da gankargva, amasTanave rogor umweo mdgomareo-
baSi Caayeneben isini rogorc tradiciuli ojaxis, re-
ligiebisa da moralis mqadageblebs, agreTve maTi
mxardamWeri hetero — seqsualuri qorwinebis mimdev-
rebs (Swift 1887).
dasasruls SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove li-
beraluri da neoliberaluri politikuri ideologie-
bi ukve im saerTaSoriso politikuri koniunqturis
doneze amaRldnen, rom mniSvnelovan Zalisxmevas aRar
mimarTaven TavianTi antisocialuri da antisaxelmwi-
foebrivi suliskveTebis SesaniRbavad, ufro metic, Se-
niRbvisa da konspiraciis nacvlad, isini ukve Riad ewe-
140
vian saxelmwifoebrivi kontrolisgan damoukidebeli,
transnacionaluri korporaciuli urTierTTanam-
Sromlobisa da erovnul — saxelmwifoebrivi institu-
ciebis mimarT, sxvadasxva globaluri meqanizmebiTa da
piar — teqnologiebiT seriozuli winaaRmdegobis ga-
wevis propagandas, rac maTi warmmarTveli politikuri
centrebisa da organizaciebis mxridan aRiqmeba, ro-
gorc Tanamedrove liberaluri demokratiisTvis ni-
Sandoblivi saerTaSoriso Tanacxovrebis progresuli
norma da arsebiTi ganmsazRvreli principi.
literatura:
1. Bentham Jeremy., "Critique of the Doctrine of Inalienable,

Natural Rights", in Anarchical Fallacies, vol. 2 of Bowring (ed.),
Works, 1843.
2. Burton John W., "Conflict Resolution as a Political Philosophy."
In Dennis J.D. Sandole and Hugo van der Merwe, eds. Conflict
Resolution Theory and Practice: Integration and Application.
Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. 1993.
3. Dickerson M. O. et al., An Introduction to Government and
Politics: A Conceptual Approach., 2009.
4. Keohane O Robert; Nye Jr Joseph., Power and interdependence.,
Boston : Little, Brown. 1977.
5. Keohane O Robert., Nye Jr Joseph. `Power and interdependence
in the information age,” Foreign Affairs, Sept/Oct 1998.
6. Rosenau James., The Study of Global Interdependence: Essays
on the Transnationalism of World Affairs. New York: Nichols.
Qouted in Jackson and Sorensen, 1980.
7. Michael Swift: "Gay Revolutionary" From Gay Community
News, Feb. 15 — 21, 1987.(reprinted from The Congressional
Record, with preface restored).
8. Кант И. Идея всеобщей истории во всемирно — гражданском
плане // Соч.: в 8 т. М., 1994.
141
9. ronald+reagan+on+liberal+fascism&rlz=1C1GGRV —
ruGE867GE867&oq=rona&aqs=chrome
Badri porchkhidze – Academican of the Academy of Philosophical

Sciences of Georgia, Doctor of Philosophy, Assoc. Professor of Kutaisi AK.
Tsereteli State Universithy, author of many labour, about topical problems
of Philosofhy, Including books: “Historical — philosophical horoscope of
personality recognition” (2007); “Actual Problems of Law Philosophy”
(Coauthor O. Mindadze 2009); “The philosophy of non — hisictoric,
prehistoric, and post — historic being” (2014); "The Social — Philosophical
and Logical — Gnosiological Basis of Oratory Art and General
Rhetoric"(2018). His works are often printed in our publications.
THE IDEOLOGICAL — WORLD VIEW SPRE CONDITIONS

OF LIBERAL FASCISM
ABSTRACT
Neoliberalism is the doctrine of political — economic

philosophy, which is fundamentally opposed to state intervention in
the local economy.It focuses primarily on the free market system and
such kindsof methods, which are subject to minimum restrictions on
the operation of enterprises and consequently, less interference with
property rights.The priority of neoliberalism in the field of foreign
policy is to open foreign markets, through various political —
diplomatic and economic regulation methods, also, if necessary, in
the form of military intervention.
Neoliberalism is incompatiblewith socialism in general, as
well as a particular state of protectionism.It does not deny
protectionism as formally, but uses it as a method of pressure in
diplomatic relations, to force foreign countries to liberalize their
market.Modern liberal and neoliberal political ideologies have
already risen to the level of international political conjuncture that
142
they will no longer make significant efforts to embody their anti —
social and anti — state spirit,moreover, instead of disguise and
conspiracy, they are already openly propagandizing transnational
corporate relations, independent of state control.With global
mechanisms and PR technologies, they are seriously resistance to
state institutions,what is perceived as the progressive norm and the
essential defining principle of international coexistence by their
leading political centers and organizations that is characterized to
modern liberal democracy.

143
mamuli beria — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sain-
Jinro ekonomikis, mediateqnologiebisa da socialur mecni-
erebaTa fakuletis socialur mecnierebebis programis doq-
toranti. muSaobs sadisertacio naSromze „qarTuli sazoga-
doebriv — politikuri azrovneba da afxazeTis konfliqtis
gadaWris gzebi“. aqvs 15 wliani samuSao gamocdileba soxumis
saxelmwifo universitetSi. kiTxulobda leqciebis kurss:
„politikis mecnierebis Sesavali“, „qarTuli politikuri
azrovneba“, „politikuri ideologiebi“, „globalizacia da
eri — saxelmwifo“. eweva aqtiur sazogadoebriv da polti-
kur saqmianobas.
saqarTvelos respublikuri partiis

poziciebi afxazeTis konfliqtis
gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebiT
qarTul politikur speqtrSi gansakuTrebuli ad-

gili ukavia „respublikuri partiis“ Sexedulebebs af-
xazeTis problemis gadawyvetis Sesaxeb. afxazeTis kon-
fliqtis problemis mogvarebis Taobaze am partiis
xedva efuZneba „saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi afxazeTis
gansakuTrebuli statusis Sesaxeb“ koncefciaSi Camo-
yalibebul midgomebs.
„arsebul politikur realobaze, Sesabamis saer-
TaSoriso gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, regionalizmi-
sa da federalizmis principebis Serwymis safuZvelze
SemuSavebulia saqarTvelos teritoriul — saxelmwi-
foebrivi mowyobis specifikuri modeli. es modeli Se-
saZleblobas iZleva angariSi gaewios afxazeTis da af-
xazobis istoriulad da samarTlebrivad Camoyalibe-
bul gamorCeulobas saqarTvelos sxva regionebis,
kulturuli, istoriuli da geografiuli Tavisebure-
bebis fonze. koncefciaSi detalurad aris ganxiluli
144
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi afxazeTis gansakuTrebu-
li politikur — samarTlebrivi statusi, am statusi-
dan gamomdinare uflebebi da valdebulebebi. gansaz-
Rvrulia afxazeTis gansakuTrebuli uflebamosileba-
Ta konkretuli nusxa, SemoTavazebulia damatebiTi ga-
rantiebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen afxazTa TviTmyo-
fadobis dacvisa da ganviTarebis pirobebs politikur,
ekonomikur, socialur, demografiul da sxva sferoeb-
Si“ (ix. „saqarTvelos respublikuri partia“, saarCevno
programa, Tbilisi, 2008).
am koncefciiT, pirvelad konkretulad ganisaz-
Rvra federaluri urTierTobis Sinaarsi afxazeTTan
mimarTebaSi. isini sTavazoben qarTul sazogadoebas,
afxazur mxares da msoflio Tanamegobrobas konfliq-
tis mSvidobiani mogvarebis Tavisebur gzas.
am koncefciam, rogorc qarTuli politikuri
speqtris mxridan ise sazogadoebis mxridan didi kri-
tika gamoiwvia. politikuri partiebi da calkeuli po-
litikuri moRvaweebi emijnebian mas eleqtoratis da-
kargvis SiSiT. ufro metic, droTa ganmavlobaSi mis av-
torobaze uars amboben TviT zogierTi misi Semoqmed-
ni. mainc ra saSiSroeba imaleba am koncefciaSi? ra aris
aq miuRebeli qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis? aRsaniSnavia
isic, rom Tavis droze is sakmaod ybadaRebuli iyo da
masmediis saSualebebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi did yurad-
Rebas uTmobdnen mas. arsebiTad saqme raSia? faqtiu-
rad saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena-
ze aq laparaki arc aris, aq laparakia afxazeTis prob-
lemis gadawyvetis maTeul versiaze, romelmac SeiZle-
ba realurad daarRvios qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi
sxeuli. koncefciis avtorebi arc axseneben saqarTve-
los teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenas dadebiT kon-
teqstSi.
145
upirveles yovlisa, mTavaria, yuradReba gavamax-
viloT koncefciis sayrden debulebebze. umTavresi
aris is, rom afxazeTi saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawi-
li, cxaddeba saqarTvelos wevr saxelmwifoebriv er-
Teulad. es termini naxmaria mravlobiT ricxvSi. es
aris pirdapir saqarTvelos danawevreba, anu saqarTve-
los dRevandeli samarTlebrivi sxeulis, samarTleb-
rivi sivrcis Secvla saxelmwifo warmonaqmnTa erTob-
liobis modeliT. konkretulad afxazeTTan, rogorc
saxelmwifoebriv erTeulTan ideba xelSekruleba, rac
pirdapir miuRebelia saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrio-
bisTvis da misi erTianobis damangrevelia. xelSekru-
leba TavisTavad aris is dokumenti, romlis darRveva
SeiZleba. mudmivi xelSekrulebis cneba ar arsebobs. am
xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg Zveli samarTlebrivi
statusi (avtonomiis) gauqmebuli iqneba. Tumca avto-
rebi amboben, rom xelSekrulebaSi Caiwera, rom afxa-
zeTs saqarTvelodan gasvlis ufleba ara aqvs, magram
xelSekrulebis gauqmebis ufleba bunebrivia nebismier
mxares aqvs. radgan xelSekruleba TavisTavad gulis-
xmobs nebayoflobiTobas mis dadebaSi, agreTve neba-
yoflobiTobas gasvlaSi. afxazebs eZlevaT SesaZleb-
loba, Cven gadmogvabralon xelSekrulebis Seusru-
lebloba da gavidnen am xelSekrulebidan. isini mas ga-
auqmeben sakuTari legitimuri, calmxrivi struqture-
bis meSveobiT an referendumis meSveobiT. erTi sagu-
lisxmo momenti aris is, rom xelSekrulebis dadebis
dros demografiuli balansi meore mxaris sasargeblo
iqneba. am koncefciiT, afxazeTis dRevandeli, mTeli
msoflios mier ukanono cnobili ukanono reJimi xdeba
legitimuri. anu eTnowmendaSi, genocidSi,saqarTve-
los teritoriul rRvevaSi, centraluri xelisufle-
146
bis winaaRmdeg amboxsa da mravali saxelmwifo da saka-
cobrio danaSaulis Semoqmedi da Tanamonawile reJimi
xdeba kanonieri! meores mxriv am reJimis legitimacia
sxva TvalsazrisiTac xdeba; is warmoisaxeba, rogorc
afxazeTis mosaxleobis nebis gamomxatveli organo da
am TvalsazrisiT devnilebi, 300 000 qarTveli, ar arian
am procesis subieqtebi da Tu iqidan gamodevnili mo-
saxleobis or mesameds ar iqneba arCevanisa da Tavisi
azris gamoxatvis ufleba. SeiZleba afxazuri mxaris
legitimurad miCneva? amdenad am koncefciiT devnile-
bi ar arian afxazeTSi mimdinare procesebis monawilee-
bi, Sesabamisad unda vivaraudoT, rom devnilebis udi-
desi nawili am koncefciis avtorTa warmosaxviT afxa-
zeTSi ar unda dabrundnen, raTa iq ar Seicvalos de-
mografiuli balansi, anu ar moxdes im demografiul
suraTs aRdgena, rac omamde iyo.
am koncefciis fundamenturi nawili uzarmazar
safrTxes Seicavs ara marto afxazeTis, aramed sxva te-
ritoriis TvalsazrisiTac. afxazeTi cxaddeba saqar-
Tvelos ara nawilad, aramed wevrad. Cven viyaviT sabWo-
Ta kavSiris wevri, axla gvinda evrokavSiris wevroba da
koncefciis avtorTa azriT, saqarTvelos aseTive wev-
ri unda iyos afxazeTic! ufro metic, iq wevr saxelmwi-
foebzea laparaki, romelebSic unda vivaraudoT, ara
marto aWara, aramed samegreloc da saqarTvelos sxva
regionebic. amdenad es Zalze saxifaTo tendenciaa.
am koncefciis mixedviT formulirebulia saxel-
mwifoebrivi mowyobis Semdegi forma: suverenuli afxa-
zeTi suverenuli saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi, rac Ta-
visTavad gaurkvevlobas iwvevs da kiTxvebs badebs. verc
saqarTvelos prezidenti da verc parlamenti pirdapir
ver axorcieleben TavianT uflebamosilebas. koliziis
SemTxvevaSi saqme sasamarTlom unda gaarCios.
147
am koncefciis avtorebma, TavianT politikur —
samarTlebriv Sexedulebebs Sesabamisi istoriuli da-
sabuTeba mouZebnes. koncefciaSi pirdapir weria, rom
saqarTvelo yofila afxazebisa da qarTvelebis sam-
Soblo. xolo afxazeTi mxolod afxazebis samSoblo,
sadac qarTvelebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi cxovrob-
dnen. faqtiurad asabuTeben, rom afxazeTi saqarTve-
lo ar aris. „respublikur partias“ Tavisi poziciebi
afxazeTTan dakavSirebiT agvistos omis Semdgom peri-
odSi ar Seucvlia. partiis mesveurebs is ybadaRebuli
koncefcia fundamentur da Seucvlel midgomad miaC-
niaT. maTi azriT am koncefcias alternativa ar aqvs –
qarTvelebisa da afxazebis erToblivi saxelSekrule-
bo saxelmwifo.
Mamuli Beria – PhD student of Technical University of Georgia, program

of social sciences, faculty of engineer economics, media technologies and
social sciences. Currently working on PhD thesis “Georgian social and
political thought and blueprints to resolve conflict of Abkhazia”. Have 15
years of working experience as a lecturer in Sokhumi State University.
Lecture courses: “Introduction to Politics”, “Georgian Political Thought”,
“Political Ideologies”, “Globalization and nation — state”.
REPUBLICAN PARTY OF GEORGIA’S STANDPOINTS

REGARDING CONFLICT RESOLUTION OF ABKHAZIA
ABSTRACT
The following article reviews the standpoints of Republican

Party of Georgia, regarding the conflict of Abkhazia. The views of
the party are based on the ideas solidified in the concept “About
special status of Abkhazia, within Georgia”.
148
Abovementioned concept of Republican Party of Georgia
suggests establishing federal relationships, in other words –
establishment of contractual state with Abkhazia, which carries
colossal risks, not only for Abkhazia, but also for other territories of
Georgia.

149
sociologia da socialuri
fsiqologia
SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL

PSYCHOLOGY
meqi lobJaniZe — filosofiis doqtori, frofesori, Tbi-
lisis Ria universitetis socialur da humanitarul mecnie-
rebaTa skolis dekani. muSaobs socialuri filosofiis
problmebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero naSromebi mec-
nierebis am sferoSi. aris monografiis avtori.
kaxa qecbaia — filosofiis doqtori, profesori. saqarTve-

los filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi — mdi-
vani. muSaobs Teoriuli filosofiis (ontologia, gnoseo-
logia), sociologiisa (Teoriuli, dargobrivi da metasoci-
ologia) da religiis filosofiisa da sociologiis prob-
lemebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 100-ze meti samecniero naSro-
mi mecnierebis am sferoebSi. eweva aqtiur pedagogiur da
mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas.
marsel mosi:
religia da simboluri gacvla
traibalur sociumebSi
religiis sociologiaSi diurkemTan erTad mis

disSvils, cnobil eTnografsa da sociologs marsel
moss (1872-1950) moixsenieben xolme. pirvelyofili re-
ligiebis mimarT interesi man jer kidev axalgardobaSi
gamoavlina. mosma traibalur sazogadoebaSi urTier-
Tobis iseTi formis specifika Seiswavla, rogoricaa
gacvla (materialuri sagnebis gacvla – sakvebi, Sromis
iaraRebi, aseve qalebi da sxv.).1 misi kvlevebis Tanaxmad
gacvlas traibalur sazogadoebaSi moraluri sazrisi
aqvs. man erT-erTma pirvelma aCvena, rom sxvadasxva so-
ciumisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia specifikuri fizikuri,
1
traibaluri warmosdgeba laTinuri sityvidan tribus – gvari
da sityvasityviT gvarovnuls niSnavs.
151
fiziologiuri gamovlinenebi „sxeulis teqnikisa“. mo-
sis ideebma religiis kvlevaSi SesaZlebeli gaxada re-
ligiis rolisa da religiur simboloTa gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb arsebuli erTob sociologiuri gagebidan
mTlianad adamianuri azrovnebis Seswavlaze gadasvla.
traibalur da SeiZleba Tanamedrove sazogadoe-
baSic gacvla Cuqebis, ZRvenis mirTmevis saxiT xorci-
eldeba da ormxrivi xasiaTi aqvs. mosi am faqtis siR-
rmiseul analizs axdens. igi ZRvenis mirTmevas tota-
lur faqtad ganixilavs, romelic arqauli sazogadoe-
bis yvela sferos ganmsWvalavs. simboluri gacvla to-
taluri ekonomikuri gacvlis ZiriTadi elementia, ro-
melsac mudmivad aqvs adgili arqauli sazogadoebis
segmentirebul nawilebs Soris. arqaul sazogadoebaSi
gacvla ara mxolod individebs, aramed jgufebsa da be-
ladebs Sorisac xdeba, romlebic klanebs, erTobas ga-
nasaxiereben. ZRvenis mirTmevis arsebuli sistema fa-
ruli utilitaruli xasiaTis mqonea da socialurad
normirebulia. bunebrivia, ZRvenis mirTmevis wesi magi-
uri da religiuri warmodgenebiT regulirdeba. sagu-
lisxmoa, rom mosi Cuqebisa da ZRvenis mirTmevis msgavs
wesebs SedarebiT civilizebul sazogadoebebSic pou-
lobs, mag., romaul, indur da Cinur samarTlebriv da
religiur teqstebSi. ZRvenis mirTmeva, rogorc simbo-
luri gacvlis forma, nebismier sazogadoebaSi ekono-
mikuri balansis SenarCunebisTvis aris aucilebeli.1
magia, religia, sazogadoeba: mosis kvlevebma aC-
vena, rom religia da socialuri realoba erTmaneTs
moicaven, rom religiuri, magiuri ritualebi socia-
luri bunebis matarebelia. amis magaliTs, mosis azriT,
1
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi socialuri gacvlis Teoreti-
kosebi j. homansi da p. blau arian.
152
locva iZleva, romelic erTob individualuri da ker-
Zo xasiaTis mqone movlenaa, romlis miuxedavad, masSi
mainc Cans socialur sinamdvilesTan kavSiri. dRes
Cven locvas ganvixilavT rogorc Sinagani gamocdile-
bis formas, rac sakuTar gulSi RmerTTan saubrs niS-
navs. moss miaCnia, rom istoriulad locvebi yovel-
Tvis vokalizebuli iyo da sajaro xasiaTi hqonda. cno-
bilia, rom mravali arqauli sazogadoeba kerZo, indi-
vidualur locvebs krZalavda. faqtobrivad, indivi-
dualuri locva sajaro ceremoniebis memkvidred
gvevlineba, romlebSic koleqtiuri warmodgenebi in-
dividualuri cnobierebis elementebi xdebian. am Sem-
TxvevaSi koleqtiuri warmodgenebis internalizebas-
Tan gvaqvs saqme. igive exeba magias, romelsac, erTi Se-
xedviT, sazogadoebis gavlena ar Sexebia. diurkemisa-
gan gansxvavebiT, moss miaCnia, rom magia socialuri bu-
nebis matarebelia. am sakiTxis gasarkvevad igi erTma-
neTs adarebs magiur da religiur ritualebs da aRniS-
navs, rom religiuri ritualebi yovelTvis koleqtiu-
ri da oficialuri xasiaTis matarebelia, maSin rode-
sac magias kerZo da aralegaluri xasiaTi aqvs. Tumca
mosi a. iuberTan erTad amtkicebda, rom magiac im idee-
bis, nivTebisa da moqmedebebis wrezea damokidebuli,
razedac religia. igi yovelTvis romelime religiuri
warmodgenidan aris nawarmoebi. Zalebi, romlebsac ma-
gebi, Samanebi msxverplis mosaklavad an nadirobaSi
warmatebis misaRwevad mouxmoben, yvelasaTvis, mTeli
tomisaTvis saerTo sulieri Zalis nairsaxeobebia,
romlebsac wynari okeanis kunZulze mcxovrebi abori-
geni tomis umravlesoba manas uwodebs. Tumca es suli-
eri Zala socialuri bunebis matarebelia, ramdenadac
individze koleqtivis Zalauflebas ganasaxierebs.
153
oficialuri religia mas Tavisi koleqtiuri miznebi-
saTvis iyenebs, xolo magi – Tavisi piradi amocanebis
gansaxorcieleblad. am SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa religiasa
da socialur realobas Soris kavSiri, rac mosisa da
diurkemis religiis definicias ganapirobebs. maT mi-
xedviT religia sulac ara aris iluzia. igi realuri
faqtis – sazogadoebis Zalauflebis gansaxierebaa. ar-
qaul sociumebSi mana konkretuli realobaa. ufro
sworad, emociuri energia romelic adamianebs Soris
cirkulirebs da maT Sinaganad, mistikurad aRZravs.
mosi amtkicebda, rom magia xSirad efeqturobiT gamo-
irCeoda, kerZod iq, sadac magebis sjerodaT da TaRli-
Tebad ar miaCndaT. TavianTi rwmenis ZaliT magebi ada-
mianebze emociur Zalauflebas aRwevdnen da magia rea-
lur substanciad iqceva, romelic socialur atmosfe-
roSi emociuri aRgznebis saxiT cirkulirebs. tomis im
wevrisTvis, romelsac magiis sjera, Tojina vudusgan
miRebuli werili sikvdilis tolfasia. am SemTxvevaSi
es Tojina TviT am wevrs ganasaxierebs. sociologiuri
TvalsazrisiT, magia ara mxolod axirebuli ucnauri
Cveulebaa, aramed Tavisi warmomavlobiT socialuri
fenomenia, romelic individualuri cnobierebis ele-
menti da socialuri upiratesobebisaTvis brZolaSi
pirovnuli strategiis nawili xdeba. igi agreTve aCve-
nebs imas, rom socialuri Zalebi uxilav Rrublebad ki
ar kidia sazogadoebis Tavze, aramed individebs Soris
cirkulirebs da maTi intensivobis gazomva socio-
logs xelewifeba. am Zalebis socialuri cirkulaciis
generators ritualebi warmoadgenen. magiisa da magiu-
ri Zalebis mosiseuli analizi im meqanizmis demon-
strirebas axdens, romelic im adamianTa qarizmis sa-
fuZvelia, romelTac veberma qarizmatuli pirovnebebi
154
uwoda. es Segvaxsenebs, rom qarizma jadosnuri joxis
qnevis Sedegad ki ar Cndeba (veberisagan gansxvavebiT),
aramed socialuri stratifikaciisa da socialurad
inspirirebuli rwmenis Semadgeneli nawilia. am Sem-
TxvevaSi mosi individs im Zalebis matareblad ganixi-
lavda, romelTa pirvelwyaro socialuri makrostruq-
turaa, Tumca misi naazrevi sxva mimarTulebiTac wari-
marTeba da mosi am makrostruqturis axsnas cdilobs.
am meqanizmis Sesaxeb ukve aRvniSneT, rom, mosis mixed-
viT, es aris gacvla, romlis erT-erTi forma Cuqeba,
ZRvenis mirTmeva an miRebaa.
simboluri gacvla traibalur sociumebSi: es
sakiTxi man sagangebod ganixila 1925 wels Seqmnil naS-
romSi „ZRveni“, Tumca jer kidev 1914 wels igi gamoT-
qvamda mosazrebas, rom mana, magiuri Zala materialur
obieqtebSi kristalizdeba da imis Tavwyaros warmoad-
gens, rac mogvianebiT fulis saxiT mogvevlina. sxva
sityvebiT, ekonomika religiur rwmenas emyareba, am
sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT. fuli gacvlis saSualeba,
fasis sazomi da universaluri standartia, romelze-
dac nebismieri tipis sikeTe daiyvaneba. am Tvalsazri-
siT, monetaruli ekonomika nela viTardeboda, vidre
igi advilad konvertirebad qaRaldis fulamde da ka-
pitalis sxva epifenomenebamde ar mivida. arqauli „fu-
li“, romelze yuradRebas amaxvilebda mosi jer kidev
mZime da rTuli samarTavi iyo, magram prestiJulobisa
da sakralurobis im niSnidan gamomdinare, romelic mas
sazogadoebam mianiWa, socialuri xasiaTi ukve hqonda.
sazogadoeba mas im socialur ndobas aniWebda, rome-
lic fulis universalurobis aRiarebisTvis aris saWi-
ro. mosi amiT amtkicebs, rom fuli magiuri, religiuri
warmomavlobisaa, rom ara magia, fulic SeiZleba ar yo-
155
filiyo. ratom? imitom rom magia koleqtiuri manas, ma-
giuri Zalis individualur gamoyenebas warmoadgens.
pirvel adamianTa obieqtebi saiuveliro nivTebs waa-
gavda, gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasi nivTebi, romlebic eq-
straordinaruli esTetikuri Tvisebebis mqoned gani-
xileboda. am obieqtebis gansakuTrebuli fasi ara mxo-
lod iSviaTobiT, aramed maTi socialuri mniSvnelo-
biT iyo ganpirobebuli, ris gamoc isini gacvlis meSve-
obiT SedarebiT rTuli socialuri struqturis makon-
struireblebad gvevlineba.1 is, rom sazogadoeba mis
nawilebs Soris gacvlis sistemas warmoadgens, axali
ar aris. amis Sesaxeb mosazrebebs adam smiti, utilita-
ristebi da herbert spenseri gamoTqvamdnen. moss miaC-
nia, rom Tuki gacvla mxolod materialuri upirate-
sobebis sferos Seexeba, maSin am doneze ekonomika Se-
uZlebeli iqneba, radganac utilitarul egoizms ara
gacvla, aramed motyueba, TaRliToba da yvelas wina-
aRmdeg omi axasiaTebs, amitom mosi diurkemTan erTad
sagangebod arkvevs „xelSekrulebamdeli“ solidaro-
bis zneobriv da emociur mizezebs da midis im daskvnam-
de, rom materialuri ekonomika, am sityvis pirdapiri
gagebiT, ritualuri gacvlis sistemis safuZvelze iq-
mneboda. gacvlis ori done arsebobs, romelTagan erT-
erTi (simboluri, ritualuri) pirveladia da meores
(materialurs) ganapirobebs.
sakuTari azris sisworeSi dasarwmuneblad moss
moaqvs gacvlis magaliTi trobrianis kunZulebze
1
arqaul civilizaciebamde Zvirfasi qvebis Zebna teqnolo-
giurad SeuZlebeli iyo, magram TviT am ekonomikurad gau-
wafav sistemebSic ki Zvirfaseulobas magiuri Zalis mqoned
miiCnevdnen da maT qonas beladebis, mefeebisa da uzenaesi
religiuri personebis prerogativad aRiarebdnen.
156
mcxovreb aborigenebSi. yoveli kunZulis beladi mezo-
beli kunZulisken mimaval savaWro eqspedicias meTau-
robs. eqspediciis monawileebs ori tipis saqoneli:
Tevzi, qoqosis kakali da sxva msgavsi produqti miaqvT
gansakuTrebul ZRvenTan erTad barteruli gacvli-
saTvis, rac Cveulebrivi ekonomikuri vaWrobaa, ro-
melsac win vaWrobis gansakuTrebuli forma – simbo-
luri vaWroba uZRvis. Camosuli beladebi adgilobrivi
tomis beladebs ornamentuli niJarebisa da samajure-
bis (dRevandeli saiuveliro nawarmis ekvivalenti) sa-
xiT ritualur ZRvens miarTmeven da pasuxad analogi-
ur saCuqrebs iReben, rasac Tevzis da sxva saqonlis
gacvla mosdevs da ase trialebs „simboluri fuli“
kunZulis macxovreblebs Soris. ritualuri ZRveni
diplomatiis formaa. maT mirTmevamde sxvadasxva to-
mis SeiaraRebuli warmomadgenlebi eWvis TvaliT uyu-
reben erTmaneTs da Cveulebrivi ekonomikuri vaWrobis
dawyeba ar SeuZliaT, sanam mSvidobis garantia – ZRveni
ar gamoCndeba. mosis azriT, amgvari ram mTlianobaSi
ekonomikuri struqturebis paradigmas warmoadgens.
misi centraluri idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom garige-
bamde socialuri kavSirebi unda Sedges. Tanamedrove
terminebiT Tu vityviT, am SemTxvevaSi mtkicdeba maqs
veberis idea, rom ekonomika religiuri da statusuri
sistemebiT aris organizebuli. statusuri jgufebi,
veberis azriT, cxovrebis saerTo stiliT gamoirCevian
da mTel rig sikeTeebs erTmaneTs trobrianeli bela-
debis msgavsad miarTmeven, rasac saRamoebze, wveule-
bebze, sxvadasxva dResaswaulze saCuqrebi adasture-
ben.
mosi ekonomikis sxvadsxva formas aRwers, rom-
lebSic ekonomikur gacvlas simboluri uswrebs an Tan
sdevs. trobrianelebTan gacvla sakmaod egalitaru-
157
lia da horizontalurobiT gamoirCeva. sxva adgileb-
Si, wynari okeanis da axali gvineis samxreT nawilSi
ZRvenis gacvlas ierarqiuli „gamanawilebeli“ forma
aqvs. beladi ZRvens saWmlis da simdidris sxva simbo-
loebis saxiT iRebs, romelsac didi dResaswaulebis
dros Tavis momxreebs unawilebs. am SemTxvevaSi bela-
di upirates mdgomareobaSi myofeba. Sesabamisad, igi
socialurad da politikurad jildovdeba da tomis
wevrTa yuradRebis ritualuri centri xdeba. SeiZleba
es arqauli dResaswaulebi politikur kampaniebs hgva-
nan, romlebSic maRali statusi im adamianebs eZlevaT,
romelTac meti mimdevrebi an momxreebi hyavT.
ZRvenis gacvlas SeiZleba konkurentuli xasia-
Tic qondes, rac kanadis wynari okeanis sanapiroze
mcxovreb aborigenebSi SeiniSneba, sadac beladebi Ta-
vianTi metoqeebis dajabnas imiT cdiloben, rom maT
iseT ZRvens miarTmeven, romlis Sesadarsac maTgan pa-
suxad ver miiReben. amiT metoqe Tavis socialur sta-
tuss kargavs, amitom statusis sfero, mosis azriT,
stratifikaciis sferoa, romelic erTnairi statusis
mqone individebs akavSirebs, romelTac erTmaneTSi Ta-
nabari fasis mqone ZRvenis gacvla xelewifebaT. amas-
Tan aseTi gacvla impliciturad gamoricxavs yvelas,
visac Sesabamisi simboluri gacvlis SesaZlebloba ar
gaaCnia. am SemTxvevaSi TiTqos ZRvenis gacvla hori-
zontalur doneze xorcieldeba, magram cxadi xdeba,
rom mas vertikaluri ganzomilebac aqvs. yovelive es
simboluri gacvlis Tanamedrove versias Seesabameba,
romelic kulturuli kapitalis bazarze didad fa-
sobs (p. burdie).
aqrauli sazogadoebebis magiuri ritualebis
Seswavlis Sedegad mosi iseT mosazrebebamde mivida,
158
romlebic religiis sociologiis TvalsazrisiT dRem-
de sainteresoa. maT Soris mniSvnelovania mosis ideebi
religiuri ritualebis socialuri funqciisa da, sa-
erTod, socialuri erTobisa da religiuri rituale-
bis organuli erTianobis Sesaxeb.
religiuri ritualebi (msxverplSewirva), ro-
gorc kacobriobisa da kulturis pirvelsawyisi: mo-
sis azriT, religiuri ritualebi, gansakuTrebiT
msxverplSewirvis rituali, kacobriobisa da kultu-
ris sawyisi elementia. amiT iwyeba kultura, rogorc
aseTi. ratom msxverplSewirva da ara sxva romelime ri-
tuali? imitom, rom msxverplSewirva erT-erTi pirve-
lia religiur ritualebs Soris, romelic jgufis, sa-
zogadoebis da, Sesabamisad, kacobriobis pirvelwya-
roa, – amtkicebs mosi. mas, rogorc sociologs, msxver-
plSewirvis logikuri da socialuri struqturis gage-
ba ainteresebs, rac moiTxovs pasuxs kiTxvaze: ratom
tardeba es rituali? Tuki gvecodineba misi sazrisi da
mniSvneloba, maSin im siRrmiseul organizacias Cav-
wvdebiT, romelic adamianis, sazogadoebisa da kultu-
ris gagebaSi dagvexmareba.
msxverplSewirva koleqtiuri ritualia, romel-
zedac sxvadsxva amocanis gadawyvetaa damokidebuli
da romlebic, saboloo jamSi, individis an jgufis on-
tologiuri statusis cvlilebas ukavSirdeba.
religiur ritualebs Soris msxverplSewirva
erT-erTi uZvelesia. igi sakralizebul sivrces, gare-
mos moicavs, romelSic dawesebuli msxverplis neba-
darTuli mkvleloba xdeba. msxverpls sakraluri Tvi-
sebebi miewereba. igi RvTisTvis mirTmeuli ZRvenia,
romelic misi Semwirvelis mdgomareobis (socialuri,
159
emociuri da sxv.) gaumjobesebas emsaxureba (simbolu-
ri gacvla aqac saxezea).
msxverplSewirva RvTaebriv sawyisTan dadebul
xelSekrulebas gulisxmobs, romelic mocemul jgufs
waredgineba, rogorc yvela misi wevris gamaerTianebe-
li da maorganizebeli, maTi mcveli da mfarveli anda
amasTanave damsjeli Zala. es maintegrirebeli Zala,
profanulisagan gansxvavebiT, sakraluri samyaros
kuTvnilebaa. msxverplSewirva im ZalasTan molapara-
kebas gulisxmobs, romelsac did wyalobasTan erTad
gaugonari sasjelis movlineba SeuZlia.
adamiani ZRvens miarTmevda sakralurs misgan
profanul saqmeebSi xelSewyobis, kurTxevisa da mfar-
velobis miRebis mizniT, rac koleqtiuri xelSekrule-
bis pirveli formaa, romelic jgufis cxovrebis gaum-
jobesebazea mimarTuli. amiT sazogadoeba da adamiani
bunebasTan wonasworobas amyarebda da amas sakralurs
umdloda.
ritualis procesSi sakralurTan kavSiri myarde-
ba, ra drosac mTavar rols msxverpli asrulebs, rome-
lic ritualis msvlelobisas unda ganadgurdes.
msxverplis, ZRvenis meSveobiT simboluri kavSiri
myardeba sakralur da profanul samyaroebs Soris.
ZRveni SeiZleba romelime nivTi, mcenare, cxoveli an
adamian(eb)i yofiliyo. rituali mkacrad dadgenili
wesebis mixedviT sruldeboda, romelTa darRveva sa-
SiS movlenad miiCneoda. ritualuri moqmedebebi sxva-
dasxvagvari iyo da Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT erTmane-
Tisagan gansxvavdeboda saqorwino, bavSvis dabadebis,
statusuri iniciaciis, samkurnalo, codvebis gamos-
yidvis, Secdomebis gamosworebis da sxva ritualebi,
Tumca zogadad maT winaSe erTi mTavri amocana idga
160
yovelTvis, rac konkretuli individis an jgufis sta-
tusis Secvla iyo, romelic, bunebrivia, axlis Seqmnas,
transformacias, adamianis an sazogadoebis feriscva-
lebas gulisxmobda. ritualis procesSi ganwmenda, uw-
mindurobebisagan gaTavisufleba xdeboda, anu ritu-
als azrobrivi funqcia da sazrisi gaaCnda, romelic
adamianis an jgufis Sinagani mdgomareobis gardaqmnaSi
gamoixateboda. religiuri ritualebis meSveobiT ada-
miani an jgufi agresiul impulsebs, mtrul grZnobebs
da avadmyofur warmodgenebs umklavdeba, romlebic
uiRblobas an bunebis ZalTa winaSe SiSs da sxvadsxva
uZlurobebs ukavSirdeba.
msxverplSewirvis aqtSi ZRveni mis Semwirvels ga-
nasaxierebda, anu mas cvlida simbolurad. ZRvens is
Tvisebebi SeiZleba ganesaxierebina, romelTaganac ga-
Tavisufleba surda mis Semwirvels an piriqiT. ritua-
lis procesSi masSi sakraluri samyarodan is sasurve-
li Tviseba an mdgomareoba gadmodioda, romelic
msxverplis Semwirvels aintesebda. es SeiZleba im bo-
rotebis daTrgunva yofiliyo, romelmac ziani mouta-
na, an wyalobisa da kurTxevis, garkveuli zebunebrivi
Zalis miReba. msxverplis gamRebs transformacia unda
ganecada, kurneba da madli mieRo an sakuTari statu-
suri mdgomareoba gaeumjobesebina. simbolurad igi
ZRvenSi Tavis im nawils debda, romlisganac gaTavi-
sufleba surda. nebismier ritualSi monawileobda qu-
rumi, romelic aseve Suamavlis rols asrulebda sakra-
lursa da profanuls Soris. am piris gareSe ritualis
Sesruleba TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo. miaCndaT, rom igi
sakraluri samyaros WeSmaritebis matarebeli da im
codnis mflobeli iyo, Tu rogor unda Catardes ritu-
ali. sxva mxriv, igi im adamianTa erTobas anu sociums
161
ganasaxierebda, romelic mas endoboda da amis gamo ri-
tualis Sesrulebas akisrebda da andobda.
religiuri TvalsazrisiT, sneulebebi, codva,
sikvdili sakralurTanaa SexebaSi. maTTan dakavSirebu-
li gancdebi ki gansakuTrebul mopyrobas saWiroeben.
Zvel erTobebSi msgavsi funqciiT msxverplSewirvis
rituali iyo aRWurvili da, amdenad, igi kulturis Ca-
saxvis formas warmoadgens. kerZod, es rituali pir-
vel kulturul urTierTobebsa da gacvlebs gulis-
xmobs. igi adamiansa da jgufs uwmidurebisagan Tavis
daRwevis saSualebas, warmatebis miRwevis imeds usaxav-
da.
im arqaul droSi, romelzedac mosi wers, jgufis
socialuri cxovreba msgavsi ritualebiT imarTeboda,
rac socialuri wyobis winare saxe da ideologiisa da
kulturis Casaxvis winapirobaa. es yvelaferi religi-
uri ritualebis meSveobiT yalibdeboda. faqtia, rom
msxverplSewirva socialur funqcias asrulebda da
koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis Tavisebur formas warmo-
adgenda.
religiuri rituali socialurad moazrovne apa-
ratis rols asrulebda, romelic, rogorc afeqtebisa
da impulsebis gadamamuSavebeli Sinagani mowyobiloba,
sakuTar uwmidurobasTan, codvebTan da koleqtiur
RirsebasTan Sesabamisoba — Seusabamobas umklavdeba.
adamiansa da sazogadoebas, jgufs iseTi oreuli –
ZRveni, msxverpli sWirdeba, romelSic igi intensiur,
gausaZlis gancdebs moaqcevs da msgavsi koleqtiuri
gavleniT, profanul gamocdilebaSi sakraluris ana-
rekls Seitans da amiT Tavs ukeT igrZnobs. yovelive es
msxverplSewirvis erTi mxarea, romelic kavSirSia
jgufis yoveli wevris Sinagan gamocdilebasTan. meore
162
mxriv ki, igi adamianTa organizebuli urTierTobis
pirveli gamocdilebaa, pirveli socialuri praqtikaa,
romlis meSveobiT gaCnda tradiciebi, socialuri wyo-
ba, Rirebulebebi da kulturis normebi. yvelafer amas
religiuri Zirebi aqvs.
sagulisxmoa agreTve mosis kvleviTi paradigma,
romlis mixedviT, faqtebis danaxva ki ar aris mTavari,
aramed maTi arsis wvdoma. erTxel man amis Sesaxeb b. ma-
linovskisac ki usayvedura, rom igi trobrianelebze
mis mier Catarebuli dakvirvebebis arsSi ver gaerkvia.
mosma es Tavisi meTodologia TiTqmis yvela sa-
kiTxis kvlevisas gamoiyena da aCvena, rom bazrisa da
fulis gaCenas arqaul sociumebSi ZRvenis meSveobiT
simboluri gacvla udevs safuZvlad. ZRveni sakmaod
rTuli fenomenia, romelic gamoixateba formuliT:
„micema – aReba – dabruneba“. aqedan erT-erTi moTxov-
nis Seusrulebloba gacvlis aqtorebs Soris urTier-
TobaSi seriozul Sedegebs iwvevs. sam aqtSi: „micema –
aReba – dabruneba“, rogorc erTian fokusSi, Tavs iy-
ris sazogadoebis iseTi ZiriTadi socialuri institu-
tebi, rogorebicaa socialuri statusi (socialuri
stratifikacia), religiuri rwmena (religia) da ekono-
mikuri kavSirebi (ekonomika).
163
literatura:
1. mosi, m. „narkvevi msxverplSewirvis bunebisa da

funqciis Sesaxeb“, 1899, (el.versia);
2. mosi, m. „klasifikaciis pirvelyofili formebis Se-
saxeb“, 1903, (diurkemis TanaavtorobiT), (el.ver-
sia);
3. mosi, m. „narkvevi magiis zogadi Teoriis Sesaxeb“,
1904, (a. iuberis TanaavtorobiT), (el.versia);
4. mosi, m. „narkvevi eskimosTa sazogadoebaSi sezonu-
ri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb“, 1906, (a. beSis monawileo-
biT), (el.versia);
5. mosi, m. „gacvlis formebi da safuZvlebi arqaul sa-
zogadoebaSi“, 1925, (el.versia);
6. mosi, m. „sikvdilis Sesaxeb koleqtiurad STagone-
buli azrebis fizikuri zemoqmedeba individze“ (av-
stralia, axali zelandia), 1926, (el.versia);
7. mosi, m. gacvlis forma da safuZvlebi arqaul sazo-
gadoebaSi, wignSi – „sazogadoeba, gacvla, pirovne-
ba“, m, 1996, (el.versia);
8. qecbaia, k. religiis sociologia (ganaxlebuli sa-
xelmZRvanelo), Tsu, 2019, (el.versia).
164
Meki Lobjanidze – Doctor of Phylosophy, Professor, Dean of
Humanitarian and Social Sciences School Tbilisi Open university.
Kakha Ketsbaia – doctor of Philosophy, Professor. Academician —

secretary of the Academy of Philosophical Sciences ofGeorgia.
Studies problems of theoretical philosophy (ontology, gnosiology),
sociology (theoretical, branch, meta — sociology) and philosophy of
religion and theology. Heis the author of more than 100 scientific
works in these spheres of science. Lectures on these problems,
translates scientific works into Georgian.
MARCEL MAUSS: RELIGION AND

SYMBOLICEXCHANGE IN TRIBAL SOCIUS
ABSTRACT
Alongside with Durkheim, his nephew Marcel Mauss (1872 — 1950)

a famous ethnographer and sociologist is usually referred to in
sociology of religion. Mauss studied specific features of such form of
communication in tribal socities as exchange (exchange of material
objects – food, instruments of labour, as well as women etc.). His
research demonstrated that exchange has a moral and social meaning
in tribal society and that social status (social stratification) and
economic relations (economics) have religious foundations.

Ta akademiis sociologiisa da socialuri fsiqolo-
giis ganyofilebam.
165
nestan lomaia — filosofiis doqtori, soxumis saxel-
mwifo universitetis biznesisa da socialur mecniere-
baTa fakultetis asoc. profesori. aris samecniero
wignebis avtori, gamoqveynebuli aqvs Sromebi, rogorc
saqarTveloSi, aseve ucxoeTSi. monawileoba aqvs miRe-
buli ara erT serTaSoriso konferenciaSi. ZiriTadad
muSaobs genderisa da feminizmis sakiTxebze.
genderisa da feminizmis
zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis
sociologia, sxva mecnierebebTan SedarebiT yve-

laze axalgazrdaa, igi demokratiuli sazogadoebis
mecnierebaa, im martivi mizezis gamo, rom tiraniis,
diqtaturis, absoluturi monarqiis, totalitarizmi-
sa da avtoritarizmis farglebSi socialuri sferos
kvlevis saWiroeba ar arsebobs, radganac tradiciul
sazogadoebebSi, monarqi iTvleboda absoluturi WeS-
maritebis matarebel figurad.
sociologia sazogadoebis modernizaciaa, rome-
lic Tavis mxriv, emyareba subieqtis aqtivobis princi-
pebis damkvidrebas.
socialur sferoSi mimdinare cvlilebebma dRis
wesrigSi daayena iseTi mecnierebebis Camoyalibebis
aucilebloba, romelic socialur kanonzomierebebs
gamoikvlevda, Seiswavlida sazogadoebis struqturasa
da misi funqciobis xarisxs, gamoikvlevda sazogadoeb-
riv azrs da a.S. swored am moTxovnis safuZvelze gaC-
nda axali mecniereba sociologia, romelic ara mxo-
lod sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebis kvleviT iyo
dakavebuli, aramed momavlis mimarT interess amJRav-
166
nebda. dagegmva, prognozireba da winaswarmetyveleba
sociologiis erT-erT ZiriTad amocanad gamocxadda.
sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda socialuri sinamdvilis des-
krifcia. sociologiuri Teoriis „srulyofisaTvis“
sociologia iZulebuli gaxda gadaelaxa aRweris far-
glebi da miemarTa preskrifciisaTvis, rac erTi Sexed-
viT, gamarTlebuli Cans, radgan zogierTi mosazrebis
Tanaxmad, sociologiis mizans ara marto sinamdvilis
aRwera, aramed momavlis xdomilebebis ganWvretac eva-
leba da, aqedan gamomdinare, socialur Terapias war-
moadgens.
Tanamedrove gagebiT, sociologia wminda evro-
puli movlenaa. damoukidebel mecnierebad misi Camoya-
libeba axali drois evropaSi mimdinare sazogadoeb-
rivma gardaqmnebma da evropuli sazogadoebis gamoR-
viZebis, demokratizaciis procesebma ganapiroba. so-
ciologiis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba, SeiZleba iT-
qvas, evropuli demokratiuli sazogadoebis formire-
bis Tanamdevi procesi iyo. (berZeniSvili, 2011w.; gv. 86)
sityva „sociologia“ laTinuri da berZnuli sit-

yvebisagan warmodgeba: laTinuri – socius – kompanions,
xolo Zveli berZnuli – logos – moZRvrebas, swavlebas
niSnavs; sityvasitviT sociologia urTieTrobebis,
kompanionebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas, swavlebas niSnavs.
Tanamedrove gagebiT es adamianebs Soris urTierTobis
procesebis Seswavlaa. termin sociologiis meorenai-
ri ganmartebac arsebobs, romlis mixedviTac is Semde-
gi nawilebisagan Sedgeba: laTinuri – societas – sazoga-
doeba da Zv. berZnuli logia sityva, rac pirdapiri mniS-
vnelobiT iqneba „mravali, mravali sityva sazogadoe-
bis Sesaxeb. orive SemTxvevaSi termini naTlad miuTi-
167
Tebs imaze, Tu ra aris sociologia: es aris moZRvreba,
swavleba, mecniereba, sazogadoebis Sesaxeb.(gidensi,
2011w. :gv.7)
terminologiuri da mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT,
sociologiis, rogorc sazogadoebis Semswavleli mec-
nierebis, fuZemdebeli frangi sociologi ogiust kon-
tia.
mecnieruli obieqturoba da simkacre, rom See-
narCunebina Tanamedrove sociologia iZulebuli gax-
da xeli aeRo sazogadoebis, rogorc mTelis kvlevaze,
moexdina socialuri sinamdvilis fragmentacia da Ca-
moyalibda e.w. dargobrivi sociologiuri discipline-
bi: ojaxis sociologia, religiis sociologia, poli-
tikuri sociologia, xelovnebis sociologia, gende-
ris sociologia da ase Semdeg, anu gamoiyo socialuri
cxovrebis is sferoebi, romelTa SeswavlisaTvis upri-
ania kvlevis empiriuli meTodebi.
me – 20 saukunis 80 — iani wlebidan iwyeba genderis
Teoriis, rogorc axali mecnieruli dargis ganviTare-
ba. mecnierebaTa qseli, romelic CarTulia genderul
kvelvebSi metad farToa: filosofia, sociologia,
fsiqologia, anTropologia da a.S.
genderi – momdinareobs berZnuli sityvidan „ge-
nos“ – dabadeba, warmoSoba, jiSi, gvari, STamomavali,
sqesi (forma gender mimReobis formaa). Tanamedrove
mecnierebaSi termini „genderi“, sqesis biologiuri ga-
gebisagan gansxvavebiT, sqesis socialuri fenomenisa
da sociologiuri diskusiis aRsaniSnavad ixmareba. so-
cialur mecnierebaSi ki mas erT-erTi centraluri ad-
gili uWiravs. sqesis socialuri Teoria, sqesTa Soris
arsebuli tradiciuli patriarqaluri urTierTobe-
bis egalitaruli urTierTobebiT Secvlas iTvaliswi-
168
nebs umTavresi principis – sqesTa Tanasworuflebia-
nobis realizacias gulisxmobs, mTlianobaSi ki aris
cneba, romelic gulisxmobs kulturiT ganpirobebul
Sexedulebebs qalisa da mamakacis inteleqtualur Se-
saZleblobebs, maT pirovnul Tvisebebsa da qcevebs.
filsofiuri da sabunebismetyvelo kvlevebi, li-
teratura da publicistika, gamoyenebiTi xelovneba
Tu religiuri traqtatebi ZvelTaganve amaxvilebdnen
yuradRebas qalebis problemebze mis sazogadoebriv
Tu ojaxur mdgomareobaze, Tanasworuflebianobaze,
qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris. am mosazrebiT mniSvnelo-
vani iyo XVIII saukune, romelmac swored iseT process
Cauyara saZirkveli, rogoricaa qalTa sakiTxis gaazre-
ba sazogadoebaSi. frangi filosofos – ganmanaTlebe-
li J. a. kondorsi werda: „yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani
saerTo saqmisaTvis, aris kacobriobis ganviTarebis
progresuli Sedegebi, ngreva im araTanasworuflebia-
nobisa, romelic arsebobs or sqess Soris, romelic
damRupvelia imisaTvisac ki, vinc xels uSlis am proce-
sebs (lomaia, 2009w.: gv. 30).
socialuri roli – aris pirovnebis sazogadoeba-
Si orientaciis maorganizebeli meqanizmi – rodesac
urTierTqmedeba „egosa“ da „sxvebs“ Soris SeiZens met-
naklebad myar maorganizebel xasiaTs, yalibdeba ro-
lebrivi modelebi: „sxva elodeba, rom individi moiq-
ceva gansazRvruli wesiT, moqmedebis gansazRvruli
rolebi is meqanizmebia, romelTa meSveobiTac Rirebu-
lebiTi etalonebi institucinalizdeba socialur
sistemaSi, anu SeiZens empiriul gamoxatulebas. socia-
luri rolebi Zalauflebisa da prestiJis matarebe-
lia. isini socialuri sistemis integracias ganapiro-
beben. genderuli rolebi aris konkretuli sazogado-
169
ebis mier gansazRvruli, qalisa da mamakacis qcevis
formebi, normebi da Rirebulebebi. normebis nakrebi,
romlebic Seicaven ganzogadebul informacias Tvise-
baze, romelic miewereba orive sqessa ewodeba sqesob-
rivi anu genderuli rolebi. genderuli rolebis (qa-
lebis da mamakacebis) gansazRvra subieqturia da kon-
kretul istoriul xasiaTs atarebs. TiToeul sazoga-
doebas aqvs Tavisi Cveulebebi, tradiciebi da normebi,
romlebic socialur-sqesobriv rolebs gansazRvravs.
dRes genderuli urTierTobebi ganixileba, rogorc
mamakacebsa da qelebs Soris sazogadoebrivi cxovre-
bis sxvadasxva sferoSi arsebuli urTierTobebis, erT-
erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqti. aRniSnuli prob-
lematika saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebisa
da analizis sagani gaxda gasuli saukunis 90 — iani wle-
bidan.. es periodi ki dakavSirebulia mniSvnelovan po-
litikur da socialur gardaqmnebTan. am procesebis
genderul meTodologiaze dayrdnobiT Seswavla da
ganzogadeba saSualebas iZleva SemuSavebul iqnes ise-
Ti teqnologiebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs qalis re-
socializacias sazogadoebaSi, misi rolisa da statu-
sis amaRlebas da sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani strate-
giebis Camoyalibebas.
genderuli Tanasworoba, adamianis uflebaTa ga-
nuyofeli nawilia: sqesi gulisxmobs biologias, adami-
anis genetikur da fiziologiur Tvisebebs, romlebic
gviCveneben, mamria igi Tu mdedri. genderuli Tanaswo-
roba gulisxmobs Tanabar SesaZleblobebs, uflebebs
da pasuxismgeblobebs qalebisa da kacebisaTvis – po-
litikas, romelic uzrunvelyofs Tanabar misawvdomo-
bas ekonomikuri resursebisadmi, ekonomikur damouki-
deblobas, movaleobaTa ganawilebas ojaxSi, Tanabar-
170
monawileobas, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, sa-
zogadoebriv cxovrebasa da socialur saqmianobaSi.
Cven vibadebiT konkretuli sqesiT, magram vswavlobT
genders e.i. imas Tu ras niSnavs iyo kaci da qali.(sumba-
Ze, 2012 w.:gv. 30).
genderi, moicavs, ara marto im damaxasiaTebel
niSnebs da Tvisebebs, romlebsac Cven mamakacurad an
qalurad vTvliT, aramed imasac, ris gakeTebasac moe-
lian kacebisa da qalebisagan: ra rolebisa da amocane-
bis Sesruleba ekisrebaT maT, da rogori qcevaa mosa-
lodneli.
genderis kategoriebi normatulia, rac imas gu-
lisxmobs, rom winaswaraa gansazRvruli, Tu ra unda
akeTon mamakacebma da qalebma da rogor unda moiqcnen
isini. mamakacebisa da qalebis qceva, rolebi, pasuxis-
mgeblobebi da normebi warmoadgens socialur kon-
struqciebs, romlebic ganpirobebulia sazogadoebri-
vi, kulturuli, religiuri mosazrebebiT, Rirebule-
bebi da emyareba politikur, ekonomikur, religiur da
socialur struqturebs. sqesisagan gansxvavebiT, gen-
deri dinamiuria, rac imas niSnavs, rom kulturis, qvey-
nis, socioekonomikuri statusis, eTnikurobis asakob-
rivi jgufis, religiisa da a.S. Sesabmisad icvleba.
eris kultura, did zegavlenas axdens sazogadoe-
baze da rasakvirvelia calkeul individze, romelic
swored am sazogadoebaSi moiazreba. sazogadoeba Ta-
vis Tavad gulisxmobs, saxelmwifos, misi ekonomiuri
politikuri da sulieri RirebulebebiT, romelic sa-
boloo jamSi ganapirobebs – eris sazogadoebisa da sa-
xelmwifos sicocxlisunarianobas. swored maRalgan-
viTarebul saxelmwifoSi xdeba, iseTi sakiTxebis gaSu-
qeba rogoricaa genderuli Tanasworoba.
171
genderuli sakiTxebis aqtualoba akademiur dis-
ciplinaSi Semovida aSS-is da dasavleT evropaSi femi-
nisturi moZraobis zrdis Sedegad 70-ian wlebSi. femi-
nizmi politikur moZraobas warmoadgenda da mimarTu-
li iyo qalisa da mamakacis socialuri, ekonomikuri da
politikuri Tanasworobis mopovebisaken, iseve ro-
gorc calkeuli socialuri problemebis gadaWrisaken.
80-iani wlebidan warmoiSva qalTa sakiTxebis Semswav-
leli akademiuri disciplina, romelic daeyrdno 60-
iani wlebidan dagrovil mecnierul codnas istoriasa
da dokumentur faqtebze dayrdnobiT xSirad mas aka-
demiur feminizms uwodeben. es akademiuri disciplina
swavlobs qalTa socialur Tu fsiqologiur mdgoma-
reobas sazogadoebaSi mamakacTan mimarTebaSi (berekaS-
vili, 2016w.: gv. 7).
feminizmi – (laT. Femina, „qali“) sazogadoebrivi
da politikuri moZraobaa, romlis mizania qalTa uf-
lebebis aRiareba da maTi gaTanasworeba mamakacebTan,
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.
feminizmi aris msoflmxedveloba, romlis mixed-
viTac qalebs unda hqondeT ekonomikuri, socialuri,
samoqalaqo, politikuri da kulturuli uflebebi. am
miznis misaRwevad qalebs xangrZlivi, winaaRmdegobri-
vi da saintereso gzis gavla mouxdaT. erTis mxriv, isi-
ni iRvwodnen sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebisaTvis sa-
zogadoebaSi da saxelmwifoSi, xolo meore mxriv – ib-
rZodnen Cagvris ganmapirobebeli kulturuli norme-
bis Sesacvlelad.
saukuneebiT gamyarebul rwmena-warmodgenebSi qa-
lis adgili da realizaciis asparezi zRvardadebuli,
determinirebuli iyo, romelic mxolod reproduqci-
uli funqciiT, Svilebis aRzrdiTa da ojaxur – naTesa-
uri urTierTobebiT Semoifargleboda.
172
pirveli etapis feminizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-
lia, mainc qalebis brZola saarCevno xmis uflebis mo-
povebisaTvis.
dasavluri feminizmis meore etapi, metad mniSvne-
lovania feminizmis istoriaSi, romelsac xSirad gan-
maTavisuflebel moZraobasac uwodeben. mas safuZveli
Caeyara me-20 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan, romelic 90-ian
wlebamde gagrZelda. es is aqtiuri periodia, roca fe-
ministurma moZraobam xmis micemis aucileblobidan
TviTon qalis sxeulis, misi reproduqciisa da biolo-
giur gansxvavebasTan asocirebuli mniSvnelobebi Seq-
mna da wamowia.
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ojaxSi msxdomi da mo-
fusfuse qalebis goneba, mxolod im urTierTobebs
swvdeboda, rac maT sociumma uboZa, romelic nakarna-
xevi iyo im kulturuli RirebulebebiT, tradiciebiT,
adaT – wesebiT, da im istoriuli warsuliT, romelSic
maT, uxdebodaT cxovreba da moRvaweoba. qalis xvedri
mZime da gausaZlisi gaxda, sanam TviTon qalebma ar ai-
maRles xma im dromoWmuli sazogadoebrivi gadmonaS-
Tebis winaaRmdeg da ar dasves konkretuli kiTxvebi:
rodemde unda gagrZeldes maTi Cagvra? ratom ar sar-
gebloben xmis micemis uflebiT? ratom ar arian Cabmu-
li sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi? dasmul kiTxvebze pa-
suxis ZiebaSi Caebnen aqtiuri qalebi, romlebsac Sem-
deg feministebi uwodes.
literatura:
1. berekaSvili nana, „genderi, sazogadoeba, politi-
ka“, gamocema „ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis universi-
teti“, Tb., 2003 w.
173
2. berZeniSvili amiran, „politikuri sociologia“,
Tb., 2011 w.
3. berekaSvili nana, „feminizmi da genderuli demok-
ratia“, Tb., 2016 w.
4. gidensi entoni, „sociologia“, Tb., 2011 w.
5. lomaia nestani, „genderis sakiTxebi“, Tb., gamomcem-
loba „universali“, 2009 w.
6. sumbaZe nana, „Taobebi da Rirebulebebi“, fondi
„Ria sazogadoeba — saqarTvelo~, Tb., 2012 w.
7. https www.google.ge search=genderi feminizmi.
Nestan Lomaia — Doctor of Philosophy, Associate Professor at Sokhumi

State University — Faculty of Business and Social Politics. Is author of
several scientific manuals and publications in Georgia and as well as in
foreign countries. Nestan lomaia participated in many international
conferences and is focused on Gender and Feminism issues.
FOR SOME ISSUES ABOUT GENDER AND FEMINISM
ABSTRACT
In this article we study the Sociology as a young Science,

which explores social regularity, examines the structure and quality
of the society and public opinion. In general the development of
sociology has laid the foundation for new directions, including the
gender sociology.
In the paper is discussed a Gender, which implies the
intellectual abilities of men and women, their personal qualities and
behaviors. In the article there is also a sense that gender equality is
an integral part of the human being.
174
The relevance of Gender issues is proceeded by feminist
movement in a number of countries in 18th and 19th centuries of US
and Europe.
The first phase of feminism is characterized by the struggle to
gain rights such as the right to vote for women, the right of property
and divorce.
The second phase of feminism, often called the liberating
movement, is very important in the history of feminism. It has been
founded in the 60s of the 20th century, which lasted until the 90s.
This is an active period when the feminist movement created the
female body, the reproduction and the biological deference
associated with the necessity of voting.
At the end of the article, summarizing the significance of the
feminist movement that laid the foundation for the idea of gender
equality that women have own with their hard and active work.

giis ganyofilebam.
175
manana gagoSiZe — filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqto-
ri, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis, biznesisa da
socialur mecnierebaTa fakultetis assist. profeso-
ri. aris samecniero wignebis avtori, gamoqveynebuli
aqvs Sromebi, rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve ucxoeTSi.
Tanamedroveobis riskebi da safrTxeebi
ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisidanve rogorc so-

ciologiis Teoretikosebi miiCneven, aris sazogadoe-
baSi gamokveTili riskebi da safrTxeebi, romlebic
gavlenas axdenen adamianTa cxovrebaze; amasTanave
aris tendenciebi, romelTa gavlenis Sedegebze savara-
udo pasuxebia mxolod.
Zalzed rTulia iTqvas, rom dRes Cven amovwureT
yvela arsebuli SesaZleblobebi da amis gamo istoriam
ganviTareba SeaCera; aseve Zalian rTulia iTqvas Tu
rogori ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli wyo-
bis formebi gaCndeba momavalSi.
gaCnda egreT wodebuli problemebi, dRis wesrig-
Si dadga msoflios yvela qveynisa da xalxis usaf-
rTxoeba. pirvelad kacobriobis istoriaSi safrTxis
qveS aRmoCnda planetis buneba, haeri, wyali, niadagi;
pirvelad kacobriobis istoriaSi omma dakarga Cveuli
azri da sazrisi. masSi yvela marcxdeba; misi mogeba Se-
uZlebelia; igi daRupviT emuqreba kacobriobas da si-
cocxles dedamiwaze. msoflio erTbaSad aRmoCnda axa-
li istoriuli viTarebis winaSe.
Tanamedroveobam dakarga uryevi rwmena Tavisi
simyarisadmi. socialur mecnierebaTa mkvlevarebi gan-
sakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven Tanamedrove sazoga-
doebaSi mimdinare zogierT gansacvifrebel cvlile-
bas da cdiloben gansazRvron maTi sazrisi. mosalod-
176
nelia RirebulebaTa didi gadafaseba. "SeiZleba dai-
kargos politikuri Tavisufleba, SeiZleba savsebiT
gaqres yvelaze saSiSi daavadebani, Cven unda vcadoT
yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan cvlilebaTa prognozire-
ba. yvela cvlilebis prognozireba ki srulad SeuZle-
belia. momavali yovelTvis Seicavs ganusazRvrelobas
da es unda gvaxsovdes” (2).
socialuri krizisebis epoqaSi gansakuTrebiT
mwvaved dgeba adamianisa da socialuri erTobebis ar-
sebobis problema. vin varT da ra sazogadoebaSi vcxov-
robT, — es kiTxvebi yvelaze mtkivneulad aRiqmeba,
Tanamedroveobam Semoitana uaxlesi momentebi
msoflios ekonomikur arqiteqturaSi. Cven vcxovrobT
sazogadoebaSi, romelsac arsebobis, cvalebadobis da
ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoria gaaCnia. aTeul aTa-
sobiT wlebi dasWirda imas, rom veluri, umweo, goneb-
riv sibneleSi myofi adamiani bunebisa da sakuTari Ta-
vis meufed gadaqceuliyo, mieRwia maRali materialu-
ri da sulieri Rirebulebebis Semoqmed, Tanamedrove
civilizebul sazogadoebamde, romlis winaSec gadaS-
lilia winsvlisa da srulyofis kolosaluri perspeq-
tivebi.
sociologia miznad isaxavs gaarkvios arsebuli
realobis socialuri arsi, misi mizezebi da socialuri
Sedegebi, gviCvenos Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs nebismieri
problemis gadaWras adamianTa keTildReobisTvis, ro-
gor aviciloT Tavidan uaryofiTi safrTxeebi, socio-
logia yvela risk — problemas ganixilavs uSualod
adamianTan, mis sasicocxlo interesebTan da moTxovni-
lebebTan mimarTebaSi. politikuri fonis pirobebSi
sistemuri cvlilebebi ekonomikaSi warimarTa imgva-
rad, rom xalxis, sazogadoebis yuradReba politiku-
ridan TandaTanobiT socialur problemebze gadavida.
dapirispireba, romelic politikur xasiaTs atarebda,
177
TandaTan Senelda, magram gaZlierda sazogadoebis di-
ferenciacia qonebrivi mdgomareobis da Semosavlebis
mixedviT. farTo masebis energia ZiriTadad mimarTu-
lia socialuri amocanebis gadaWraze, xSir SemTxveva-
Si, arsebobis SenarCunebaze. bolo periodis gamocdi-
leba gviCvenebs, rom iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa ada-
mianis mkurnaloba, ganaTlebis miReba, sacxovrebeli
pirobebis sazogadoebriv — organizaciuli uzrunvel-
yofa ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT ekonomikuri zrdis amo-
canisagan gancalkevebiT. masobrivi siRaribis proble-
mis gadaWra aucilebelia ara mxolod socialuri sa-
marTlianobisa da politikuri stabilurobis uzrun-
velyofis TvalsazrisiT, aramed qveynis saerTo ganvi-
TarebisTvis.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adamianTa umravle-
sobas saarsebo saSualebebi aqvs daqiravebuli Sromis
xarjze. es imas niSnavs, rom xelfasi Semosavlis Ziri-
Tad, xolo umravlesobisTvis erTaderT wyaros warmo-
adgens. dabal SemosavlianTa Soris aRmoCnda ganaTle-
bis, mecnierebis, kulturis, jandacvis sferoSi dasaq-
mebul adamianTa umravlesoba; es mosaxleobis is fenaa,
romelic socialuri dacvis sistemis gareTaa moqceu-
li. Semosavlebis ganawilebis disbalansi, saboloo
jamSi, zarals ayenebs sazogadoebis yvela fenas. soci-
aluri polarizaciis gaRrmavebis Sedegad irRveva
SromiTi morali, SeimCneva ganaTlebis xarisxis dacema,
TandaTanobiT mcirdeba umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis
SesaZlebloba, izrdeba danaSaulebebi da sxva. Tana-
medrove individualuri da sazogadoebrivi cnobiere-
bisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaxda faseulobaTa sistemis
rRveva, rac ganpirobebulia krizisuli movlenebiT
gardamaval sazogadoebaSi, es yvelaferi gamoixateba
sazogadoebisagan adamianis gaucxoebiT, imedgacrue-
biT, pesimizmiT da a. S.
178
saintereso iqneba, Tu ufro mets vimsjelebT ris-
kebze da safrTxeebze, romlebic problemebs uqmnis
Tanamedrove adamians da mis keTildReobas. riskis de-
finicia samecniero literaturaSi „riskis“ cnebasTan
aris gaigivebuli. „riski yovelTvis socialuria, ram-
denadac is producirdeba socialuri subieqtebis mi-
er, xolo misi Sedegebi zemoqmedeben maT arsebobasa da
urTierTqmedebaze“ (4). socialuri riskebi da saf-
rTxeebi mniSvnelovanwilad socialuri cvlilebebis
Sedegad warmoiSoba. safrTxeebi: globaluri daTboba,
ozonis xvrelebi, atmosferos gabinZureba, dedamiwis
mravalferovnebis daqveiTeba, gaudabnoeba, hidrosfe-
ros da mdinareebis gaWuWyianeba da ase Semdeg, ar SeiZ-
leba SeizRudos calkeuli qveynebis sazRvrebiT da
calke aRebul arc erT qveyanas ar SeuZlia maTi gadaW-
ra. gasuli saukunis meore naxevridan dRemde msoflio
sazogadoebebi Zireul transformaciebs ganicdis, rac
did gavlenas axdens adamianebis cxovrebasa da maTi so-
cialuri dacvis xarisxze. dRes samwuxarod socialu-
ri riskebis raodenoba gaizarda. Cveni qveynis magali-
TebiT Tu vimsjelebT, maT ricxvs miekuTvneba: mosax-
leobis ricxvis kleba, janmrTelobis gauareseba, xa-
risxiani ganaTlebis naklebi xelmisawvdomoba, umuSev-
robis zrda, Semosavlebis simcire, cxovrebis donis
gauareseba, SromiTi uflebebis daucveloba, sulier —
zneobrivi krizisi da a. S. SevCerdebiT zemoT CamoT-
vlili arasruli CamonaTvalidan problemaze, gnebavT
safrTxe davarqvaT, xarisxiani ganaTlebis xelmiuw-
vdomlobaze. marTalia xarisxiani ganaTleba did xar-
jebTan aris dakavSirebuli, magram mosaxleobis umrav-
lesobisaTvis igi xelmisawvdomi unda iyos. dRes saqar-
TveloSi profesionalizmis deficiti erT-erTi didi
socialuri riski da mwvave gamowvevaa, aseve mkveTrad
aris Semcirebuli da SezRuduli mosaxleobis dasaqme-
179
bis SesaZleblobebi, rac umuSevrobas qveynisTvis um-
wvaves socialur — ekonomikur problemad aqcevs. amas
ebmeba siRaribe, rogorc erT-erTi didi socialuri
riski da problema (4).
dRes msoflioSi resursebis gamoyeneba erTnai-
rad ar xdeba. msoflios mosaxleobis mexuTedi ar iT-
vleba momxmareblad. araaRdgenadi da SezRuduli re-
sursebis daCqarebuli gamoyeneba ekosistemas riskis
qveS ayenebs. garemos mzardi dabinZureba zians ayenebs
tyeebs, sasmel wyalsa da okeaneebs.
dRes ukve aravis epareba eWvi imaSi, rom ekologi-
uri usafrTxoeba metad mniSvnelovania; sadReisod ka-
cobriobas didad aRelvebs energetikuli problema.
aSkara Seusabamobaa saTbob — energetikaze moTxovni-
lebebis zrdasa da realurad arsebul, bunebriv re-
sursebs Soris. amis gamoxatulebaa msoflios energe-
tikuli momaragebis gauareseba. qveynebis umetesoba
„energetikuli SimSilis" zRvarzea. ifiteba da ileva
tradiciuli saTbobis – qvanaxSiris, navTobis, airis
sabadoebi. marTalia, yoveli qveyana raRacas matebs
msoflio ekonomikas, magram am process mainc dedami-
wis bunebrivi energetikuli resursebis gamudmebuli
kleba mohyva.
yvelaze mwvaved, ekologiuri problematikis
TvalsazrisiT, atomuri energetika dgas. atomuri
eleqtrosadguris Tundac patara avariam SeiZleba
uzarmazari ziani miayenos ara marto im qveyanas, sadac
es auzi mdebareobs, aramed mraval sxva saxelmwifosac.
Zalian seriozuli problemaa birTvuli narCene-
bis Senaxva. iseve rogorc sxva „WuWyiani sawarmoebi",
birTvuli narCenebic globalur CrdiloeTs globa-
lur samxreTSi gaaqvs da iq marxavs. es adgilobrivi mo-
saxleobis mZafr protests iwvevs. amis da mravali sxva
problemis gamo atomuri energetika, miuxedavad siia-
180
fisa da moxerxebulobisa, TandaTan nakleb rols Tama-
Sobs da mosalodnelia misi Secvla energiis ekologiu-
rad sufTa saxeebiT.
atmosferos, klimaturi cvlilebebi erT-erTi se-
riozuli globaluri problemaa. mrewvelobisa da
transportis ganviTarebam kritikul zRvramde miiyva-
na haeris gabinZureba. zogierT samrewvelo qalaqSi
mavne gamonabolqvi gazebis Semcveloba haerSi ramdeni-
me aseuljer aRemateba dasaSveb normas. saqme marto
atmosferos gabinZurebaSi rodia. gamonabolqvi gaze-
bis da, pirvel rigSi, naxSirorJangis Semcvelobis
zrdam atmosferoSi gamoiwvia egreTwodebuli siTbu-
ri efeqti anu globaluri daTboba. saTbobis wvis Sede-
gad gamoyofili gazebi sabaniviT efareba atmosferos
qveda fenebs, rac zrdis haeris saSualo temperaturas.
ukanaskneli 150 wlis ganmavlobaSi dedamiwaze haeris
saSualo temperaturam 2 gradusiT moimata, Tu moma-
valSic ase gagrZeldeba, eqspertTa varaudiT daiwyeba
antarqtidisa da grenlandiis yinulebis dnoba, rac
msoflio okeanis dones ramdenime metriT aswevs da
mTeli rigi qveynebis dablobi teritoriebi wyalqveS
aRmoCndeba. cxadia, es umwvavesi globaluri proble-
maa da yvela saxelmwifos erTian moqmedebas moiTxovs.
atmosferos gabinZurebas ukavSirdeba ekologiu-
ri problemebi, rogoricaa mJave wvimebi. es gogirdis
orJangisa da azotis Jangis SereviT gamowveuli nale-
qebia. maTi ekologiuri Sedegebi umZimesia. aranakleb
mwvave ekologiuri problemaa atmosferos damcav
ozonis garsSi, romelic dedamiwis cocxal organiz-
mebs mzis radiaciisagan icavs. ozonis pirveli xvrelis
gaCenam antarqtidis Tavze, adgilobrivi faunis masob-
rivi daRupva gamoiwvia.
kidev erTi umwvavesi problema tyeebis dacvas
exeba. rogorc cnobilia, dedamiwaze Jangbadis erTa-
derT wyaros mcenareebi warmoadgens, amitom tyeebiT
181
dafaruli farTobis sidide JangbadiT atmosferos ga-
jerebis pirobaa. Tanamedrove pirobebSi, roca warmoe-
bis procesis intensifikaciis gamo haerSi sxvadasxva
mavne gazebi gamoifrqveva, tyeebiT dafaruli farTo-
bebis zrda atmosferuli wonasworobis dacvis sawin-
daria. swored amitom uwodeben tyiT dafarul teri-
toriebs (gansakuTrebiT amazonis junglebs) dedamiwis
filtvebs. samwuxarod, unda iTqvas, rom tyiT dafaru-
li teritoriebis farTobi dedamiwaze ganuxrelad
mcirdeba, rac umZimesi problemis winaSe ayenebs ka-
cobriobas.
tyeebis gaCexvis Sedegad, klebulobs naleqebis
raodenoba da Sesabamisad Cndeba wylis deficiti, ic-
vleba mcenareuli safari; yovelive amis Sedegia gau-
dabnoebis intensiuri procesi, romelmac msoflios
mravali regioni moicva. gansakuTrebiT mwvaved am pro-
cesma afrikis kontinentze iCina Tavi. yovelwliurad
milionobiT heqtari tye iCexeba da TiTqmis amave rao-
denobis nayofieri miwebi ifiteba. paralelurad deda-
miwis mosaxleoba weliwadSi 90 milioni adamianiT ma-
tulobs, es ki imis maCvenebelia, rom dedamiwis yoveli
mcxovrebis miwiT da, Sesabamisad, sursaTiT uzrunvel-
yofa Semcirdeba.
aseve seriozuli problemaa biomravalferovnebis
dacva. biomravalferovneba dedamiwaze bunebrivad ar-
sebuli mcenareuli da cxoveluri saxeobebis mraval-
ferovnebaa. industrializaciis epoqaSi uamravi saxeo-
ba dadga gadaSenebis zRvarTan. maTi dacva da gadarCe-
na aseve sakacobrio, globaluri problemaa.
kacobriobas aranakleb awuxebs Camoyalibebuli
disbalansi erTi mxriv, kvebis produqtebze msoflio
mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebsa da meore mxriv maTi dak-
mayofilebis realurad arsebul SesaZleblobebs So-
ris.
182
globalizaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli mravali
norma, romelic marTavs Cvens cxovrebas; maT Soris —
aTasobiT teqnikuri standarti, agreTve adamianis uf-
lebebi. es da sxva mudmivad mzardi normebi da wesebi
pirvel rigSi sayovelTaoa da naklebad emorCileba sa-
xelmwifo — erovnul interesebs.
Tuki uwin problemebi, rogorc klasobrivi xved-
ri ise daiZleoda, dRes adamianebi iZulebulni arian
yvelaferi Tavis Tavs daabralon, rogorc piradi wa-
rumatebloba; adamianebi dRes cxovrebis maxeebSi uf-
ro moulodnelad ebmebian, vidre es iyo uwin da am maxe-
ebidan Tavis daxsna martos uwevT. dRes adamianebis um-
ravlesoba umuSevrobis brWyalebSia momwyvdeuli da
Tu adamiani samuSaos kargavs, es imas niSnavs, rom is Ta-
vis „saxes“ kargavs. Seqmnili mdgomareoba safrTxeebis
biografiaa, rogorc mas beki uwodebs (1).
adamianebi moulodnelad aRmoCndnen iseT situa-
ciebSi, romelic sayovelTaod miRebuls diametralu-
rad ewinaaRmdegeba.
dRes kontinentTa kulturebisa da religiebis wi-
naaRmdegobani, ozonis xvreli da Zroxis cofi, sapen-
sio reforma da politikur partiaTa kaprizebi, yvela-
feri es dausruleblad iWreba adamianTa pirad cxov-
rebaSi (1).
Cveni drois erT-erTi umTavresi globaluri
problemaa TermobirTvuli omis safrTxe. adrindel
omebs marTalia didi ngreva da msxverpli mosdevda
xolme, magram dRis wesrigSi arasodes damdgara adami-
anis modgmis yofna — aryofnis sakiTxi.
aranakleb riskis Semcvelia erovnuli da zneob-
rivi faseulobebis gaufasurebis tendencia, romelic
SeiZleba sulier — zneobriv krizisSi gadaizardos.
swored am sferoSi iCina Tavi yvelaze mtkivneulad Ta-
namedrove epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebelma cvlilebebma.
183
arcTu iSviaTad xorcieldeba ieriSi iseT fundamen-
tur faseulobebze, rogoricaa ojaxi, siyvaruli, me-
gobroba, urTierTdaxmareba da a. S.
bevri fiqrobs, rom TandaTan qreba erovnuli
kulturebis radikaluri mravalferovneba da yalib-
deba zeerovnuli masobrivi kultura. erovnuli kul-
turebis nacvlad yalibdeba kosmopolituri kultura,
sadac yvelaferi erovnuli ukan gadaiwevs an sulac
ikargeba
Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi didi safrTxe patara
erebisa da qveynebisaTvis mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi
maT akargvinebs damoukidebel ekonomikur safuZvlebs
da undaT Tu ar undaT sabolood mdidari da Zlieri
qveynebis monopoliaTa gasaRebis bazrad unda gadaiq-
cnen. aseTi perspeqtiva, romlis konturebi dRes ukve
aSkarad ikveTeba, realur safrTxes uqmnis erovnul
suverenitets da TviTmyofadobas. am safrTxis Tavi-
dan asacileblad yvelaze efeqturi iaraRi Cemis az-
riT, eris inteleqtualuri da mwarmoebeli Zalebis
potenciur SesaZleblobaTa maqsimaluri amoqmedebaa.
mxolod is eri SeinarCunebs Tavis erovnul saxes da
cxovrebis wess, erovnul meobas da TviTmyobadobas,
vinc amas SeZlebs.
literatura:
1. beki ulrix. ra aris globalizacia, 2013 w. „elfis"

gamomcemloba;
2. e. koduasTan, sociologia, Tsu, 1998;
3. anTaZe c. socialuri riskebi Tanamedrove saqar-
TveloSi, Jurnali „ekonomisti“, №2, 2010;
4. Зубков В – социологическая теория риска: Монография — М.
Изд — во РУДН, 2003.
184
Manana Gagoshidze — Doctor of Philosophy, Assistent Professor at
Sokhumi State University — Faculty of Business and Social Politics.
Is author of several scientific manuals and publications in Georgia
and as well as in foreign countries.
THE RISKS AND DANGERS OF MODERNITY
ABSTRACT
In conclusion, we can assume that changes, risk and threats

which are the concomitant for our century, have reach to every
sphere of society. This can be politics, economic, culture, media,
military sphere, demography, ecology, medicine, private life and etc.
These changes became the basics of restructuration of old standards,
mechanisms and approaches in process management.

giis ganyofilebam.
185
raul RibraZe — filosofiis doqtori, saqarTvelos
teqnikuri universitetis profesori. gamoqveynebuli
aqvs samecniero Sromebi, saxelmZRvaneloebi, monogra-
fiebi filosofiis, socialuri filosofiisa da soci-
ologiis sferoSi.
sociologiis ZiriTad cnebaTa Sesaxeb
1. ra aris cneba?
cneba aris azri, sagnis an saganTa klasis arsebiTi
niSan — Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. rogorc viciT, sagnebsa da
movlenebs uamravi niSan — Tvisebebi gaaCniaT, magram
yvela es niSan — Tvisebebi cnebaSi ar aisaxeba, cnebaSi
Sedis sagnisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli is umniSvnelovane-
si niSan — Tviseba, romelic arsebiTad gansazRvravs am
sagnisa da movlenis ZiriTad arss. yvela mecnierebasa
da disciplinas Tavisi cnebaTa kategorialuri apara-
ti, cnebaTa sistema gaaCniaT, riTac isini operireben.
cnebebi gansxvavdebian TavianTi zogadobis formiT,
magaliTad, filosofiaSi, rogorc uzogades mecniere-
baSi arsebobs uzogadesi cnebebi, rogoricaa: cnobie-
reba – yofiereba, dro – sivrce, raodenoba – Tvisobri-
oba, aucilebloba — SemTxveviToba, arseba – movlena,
mizezi – Sedegi da sxva aseT uzogades cnebebs katego-
riebs uwodeben, romelsac sayovelTaod yvela konkre-
tuli mecniereba iyeneben, magaliTad ekonomikis mecni-
erebis ZiriTadi cnebebia: Sroma, warmoeba, fuli, oq-
ro, kapitali, Rirebuleba, TviTRirebuleba da a.S. iu-
risprudenciis cnebebia: kanoni, samarTali, kodeqsi,
sasjeli, danaSauli, braldeba da a.S. aseve sociologi-
asac aqvs Tavisi cnebaTa sistema, romelic garkveuli
186
zogadobiT xasiaTdeba da gansakuTrebiT socialuri
mecnierebebic moixmaren.
sociologiis mecnierebis dafuZnebidan moyole-
buli klasikosi mamebi zrunavdnen sociologiis Ziri-
Tad cnebaTa sistemis Seqmnaze, magaliTad: o·kontma
Semoitana „sociologiis“, „sociologiuri mecniere-
bis“, „sociumis“, "pozitiuris“, „progresis“, „socia-
luri statistikis“, „socialuri dinamikis“, „socio-
logiis mecnieruli meTodebis“, „socialuri anali-
zis“, „wesrigisa“ da sxva mniSvnelovani cnebebi; h. spen-
serma · „sayovelTao” evoluciis“, „sazogadoebis, ro-
gorc erTiani organizmis“, „bunebrivi gadarCevis“,
„arsebobisTvis brZolis“, „analogiis meTodis“, „er-
Tgvarovnebidan mravalgvarobisken“, „diferenciaci-
is“, „svla martividan rTulisaken“, „integraciis“ da
sxva cnebebi. e. diurkheimma – „socialuri faqtoris“,
„socialuri solidarobis“, „socialuri institute-
bis“, „socialuri sneulobisa da sijansaRis“ cnebebi
da sxva. 8. veberma – „ekonomikuri racionalobis“, „ra-
cionaluri biurokratiis“, „socialuri kontrolisa“
da sxva.
sociologiis mecnierebis cnebaTa sistemis Semu-
SavebaSi didi wvlili miuZRviT Semdgomi Taobisa da
Tanamedrove gamoCenil sociologebs: f.vizes, gelens,
veblens, darendorfs, axons, bels, zimels, morenos,
parsons, mertons da a.S.
sociologiis cnebaTa sistemaSi yvelaze farTo
da mniSvnelovani „socialuri“ universumis“ cnebaa,
romelSic moiazreba mTeli socialuri sinamdvile,
rogorc erTiani, mTliani, magram gamoyenebis Tvalsaz-
risiT sociologiaSi damkvidrebulia „sociumis“ –
Socium (zogadi, saerTo, erToblivi) cneba, romelSic
187
moiazreba didi, myari, socialuri erToba, magram amave
dros „sociumis cnebas iyeneben calkeuli didi dasru-
lebuli sistemebis aRsaniSnavad, rogoricaa: socio-
kulturuli erTobebi, eTnikuri da erovnuli erTobe-
bi, konfesiuri da teritoriuli erTobebi. „sociumis“
cnebaSi moiazreba ara mxolod didi mTlianobis das-
rulebuli erTianoba, aramed misi Semadgeneli didi
dasrulebuli nawilebi, rogoricaa: socialuri erTo-
bebi, socialuri sistemebi, socialuri organizaciebi,
socialuri institutebi da sxva didi socialuri jgu-
febi. sociumis umaRles formad miCneulia „sazogado-
ebis“ cneba, rogorc sruli socialuri sistema, Tavisi
Semadgeneli didi, dasrulebuli qvesistemebiT (sazo-
gadoebaze, rogorc sociologiis mecnierebis umniS-
vnelovanes kategorias miuZRvniT Semdgom Tavs). ze-
moT aRniSnuli cnebebis garda sociologiis mecniere-
bis kuTvnilebaa da Sesaswavli sagania iseTi mniSvne-
lovani cnebebi da Temebi, rogoric aris: ojaxi, gvare-
bi, tomebi, Temebi, erovnebebi, erebi, politikur —
ekonomikuri struqturebi, kulturul — religiuri
da sxva socialuri jgufebi, socialuri erTobebi,
socialuri fenebi, klasebi, strategi, kastebi da
sxva mravali socialuri erTobebi.
2. sociologiis zogierTi ZiriTadi cnebebi
„socialuri erTobebi" — s cneba Tavisi farTo
mniSvnelobiT zogadi sociologiis umniSvnelovanesi
kategoriaa, romelsac moixmaren adamianTa yovelgvari
gaerTianebis aRsaniSnavad, nebismieri socialuri jgu-
fis gansasazRvravad, definiciis Camosayalibeblad.
adamians, rogorc bio — ·socialur arsebas, radgan er-
TmaneTis gareSe cxovreba ar SeuZliaT, iZulebuli
arian icxovron jgufebad sxvadasxva erTobebis saxiT.
188
„socialuri erTobis“ cnebaSi tradiciulad moi-
azreba: eTnikuri, demografiuli, teritoriuli, kul-
turuli, klasobrivi socialuri fenebi, rogoricaa:
ojaxi, gvari, tomi, Temi, xalxi, erovneba, eri (romel-
sac Semdgom TavebSi mokled ganvixilavT).
socialuri erToba aris bunebrivad myari so-
cialuri kavSirebiT gamtkicebuli, istoriulad Ca-
moyalibebuli adamianTa erToba, mTeli rigi saerTo
niSan — TvisebebiT. xelovnurad Seqmnili da Camoyali-
bebuli jgufebi erTobis cnebaSi ar moiazrebian, mag-
ram arian moazrovnebi, romlebic socialuri erTobis
cnebis qveS yovelgvar jgufebsa da gaerTianebebs moi-
azreben.
socialuri erTobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan for-
mas „socialuri jgufebi“ warmoadgens. arsebobs didi
da mcire socialuri jgufebi.
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi socialur jgufebad
moixsenieben mravalgvar gaerTianebebs. socialuri
jgufi aris adamianTa erToba, romlebic gaerTiane-
bulni arian saerTo miznebis, interesebis, ideale-
bis Sesabamisad da ewevian garkveul saqmianobas. so-
cialuri jgufebi SeiZleba Camoyalibebuli iyos ofi-
cialuri struqturebis mier an individebis mier Tavi-
anTi nebiT. epoqis Sesabamisad adamianebs uyalibdebaT
materialuri da sulieri interesebi, moTxovnilebebi
da miznebi da erTiandebian garkveul socialur jgu-
febSi. socialuri jgufebi ki qmnis sazogadoebebs.
burJuaziuli urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg,
gacilebiT meti dinamiuroba SeiZina, gamravlda da gam-
ravalferovanda socaluri jgufebi. Cndeba didi da
mcire socialuri jgufebis cneba. ansxvaveben forma-
189
lur da" araformalur jgufebs, eTnikurs da terito-
riuls, asakobrivsa da profesiuls da sxva mravals.
daviwyoT „socialuri mcire jgufiT“, romel-
Sic moiazreba erTgvarovani sulieri da materialuri,
mWidro kontaqtebis mqone adamianebi, romelTac gaaC-
niaT msgavsi fsiqo — fizikuri, zneobriv — inteleqtu-
aluri da msoflmxedvelobrivi maxasiaTeblebi. mcire
socialuri jgufebis CamoyalibebaSi didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba individTa Soris simpaTia — antipaTias, xasi-
aTs, ganwyobas, dros da viTarebas. jgufis simravle
damokidebulia pirovnebebis survilze, aqtiurobasa
da energiulobaze, kontaqturobasa da sxva paramet-
rebze. socialuri jgufebis aRiarebuli mkvlevari da
mcire socialuri jgufis cnebis damfuZnebeli j. mo-
reno (1892 – 1974w.) Tvlis, rom mcire socialur jgufSi
moiazreba 3 — dan 20 adamianamde. Tu socialur mcire
jgufebs swavlobs mikro sociologia, „socialuri
didi jgufebi“ makro sociologiis Sesaswavli sagania,
Tavisi gansxvavebuli midgomebiTa da kriteriumebiT.
socialuri didi jgufebi, rogorc wesi, mcire socia-
luri jgufebisagan Sedgeba da SedarebiT rTuli
struqturisaa, radgan moicavs uamrav sxvadasxva kate-
goriis jgufebs, organizaciebs, socialur fenebs,
klasebs, eTnosebs, erebs da sxvadasxva did socialur
gaerTianebebs. didi socialuri jgufebis wevrebi SeiZ-
leba arc icnobdnen da maT Soris araviTari kontaqti
ar arsebobdes, sxvadasxva regionsa da qveyanaSi cxov-
robdnen, magram ama Tu im niSniT miekuTvnebodnen did
socialur jgufs. magaliTad, mewarmeTa, an mSromelTa,
an inteligentTa, an mdidarTa, an RaribTa, an studen-
tTa da sxva did socialur jgufs.
arsebobs formaluri da araformaluri socia-
190
luri jgufebi: formaluria iuridiuli statusis mqo-
ne, samarTlebriv CarCoebSi moqmedi socialuri jgu-
febi. araformaluria iseTi socialuri jgufebi, rom-
lebic iuridiulad ar arian registrirebulni, rogo-
ricaa samegobro, saZmoebi da sxvadasxva saxis dajgu-
febebi.
axla ki mokled ganvixiloT sociologiis zogi-
erTi mniSvnelovani cnebebi, rogorebicaa: socialuri
realobis, socialuri procesis, socialuri integ-
raciisa da diferenciaciis, socialuri faqtis, so-
cialuri situaciis, socialuri krizisis, socialu-
ri konfliqtis, biurokratiis, pirovnebis statusi-
sa da rolis, socialuri kontrolis, socialuri
prognozirebisa da diagnostikis cnebebi.
„socialuri realobis“ cnebaSi moiazreba mTeli
sazogadoebrivi sinamdvile, Tavisi mravalgvarobiT,
sazogadoebaSi mimdinare sulieri da materialuri
procesebiT, ekonomikiT, politikiT, samarTliT, zneo-
biT, religiiT, kulturiT da a.S. socialuri realobis
cnebasTan Zalzed axlos aris „socialuri procesis“
cneba, rac niSnavs mimdinareobas, winsvlas. socialur
realobaSi adgili aqvs cvalebadobas, mobilobas, gan-
viTarebas da saerTod sazogadoebaSi mimdinare sxva-
dasxvagvar procesebs, magaliTad socialur integra-
ciis (aRdgena, Sevseba). es niSnavs raime mTliani proce-
sis mowesrigebas, struqturirebas. socialuri integ-
racia gulisxmobs socialur urTierTobaSi myof mxa-
reebis mowesrigebul mdgomareobas. socialuri integ-
raciis sapirispiro cnebaa. socialuri diferencia
(sxvadasxvaoba, gansxvavebuloba), rac gulisxmobs gan-
viTarebis procesSi myofi sagnis mxareebis, nawilebis
safexurebs mTliani movlenis doneebad daSlas. rea-
191
lobaSi mimdinare socialuri procesebis integracia –
diferenciaciis saxiT mimdinareobs.
sociologiaSi xSirad iyeneben socialuri faqti-
sa da socialuri situaciis cnebebs. „socialuri faq-
ti“ aris sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis momxdari soci-
aluri sinamdvile, ambavi. mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT
Rirebulad iTvleba iseTi socialuri faqtebi, romle-
bic namdvili da sarwmunoa, amas ki vaRwevT sociolo-
giuri kvlevis meTodebis gamoyenebiTa da konkretuli
sociologiuri kvleviT.
socialuri faqtis cnebasTan mWidro kavSirSia
„socialuri situaciis“ cneba, romelSic · moiazreba
mravalgvari mdgomareoba, es SeiZleba dadebiTi an
uaryofiTi, SeiZleba neitraluric. socialuri situa-
cia SeiZleba iyos Seqmnili subieqturad, adamianis ne-
ba — survilidan an obieqturad – bunebrivad, mdgoma-
reobidan gamomdinare. amgvarad, socialuri situaci-
is cneba aris problemuri urTierTobebis erTobli-
oba, romelic ganpirobebulia subieqtisa da obieq-
tis aqtivizaciiT. socialuri situaciebi gansakuTre-
biT did mniSvnelobas iZens problemuri viTarebis
dros, romlis gamomwvevi mizezebis kvleva da situaci-
is gamosworebis mizniT rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba ga-
moyenebiTi sociologiis sferos ganekuTvneba.
„socialuri krizisis“ cnebis qveS moiazreba
„socialuri winaaRmdegobebis gamovlenis mwvave
forma, romelic dakavSirebulia socialuri stabi-
lurobis darRvevasTan“. krizisuli mdgomareoba gu-
lisxmobs problemur situaciebs. socialuri krizisi
swored problemuri situaciebis saxiT vlindeba. kri-
zisuli viTarebebi SeiZleba Seiqmnas socialuri cxov-
192
rebis yvela sferoSi. subieqturi da obieqturi winaaR-
mdegobebi warmoadgens krizisis safuZvels.
„socialur konfliqts“ vuwodebT iseT situa-
cias, romelSic dapirispirebuli mxareebis miznebi
da amocanebi SeuTavsebadia an aRiqmebian mxareebi
maT SeuTavseblad, romlis drosac adamianTa Soris
irRveva urTierTobebi. konfliqtis eskalaciisa da
daZabulobis gamwvavebis nacvlad saWiroa kompromis-
ze, raRacis daTmobaze wasvla, konfliqtis mogvarebis
mizniT saukeTeso TanamSromlobis strategiaa „mogeba
— mogebis“ principiT·
„socialuri biurokratiis“ cneba m. veberma Se-
moiRo, rogorc dadebiTi Sinaarsis matarebeli termi-
ni, saxelmwifo aparatis saSualo rangis Cinovnikuri
sistemis aRsaniSnavad biurokratiis qveS moiazreba
ara mxolod saxelmwifoebrivi struqturebi, aramed w
nebismieri socialuri organizaciis mmarTvelobiTi
kancelariebi. biurokratia ganixileba ara mxolod po-
litikuri Tu ekonomikuri marTvis struqturad, ara-
med rogorc sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da efeqturi,
socialuri organizaciis aucilebel formad, rome-
lic dafuZnebuli iqneba urTierTdaqvemdebarebaze,
angariSvaldebulebaze da gonivruli marTvis sistema-
ze. Tumca biurokratias mmarTvelis uniaTobisa da
ukontrolobis pirobebSi negatiur rgoladac SeiZle-
ba gadaiqces, an TavianTi komfortisken gauCndeT mid-
rekileba, rac damazianebeli iqneba biurokratiuli
mmarTvelobis sistemisTvis. amitom did mniSvnelobas
iZens „socialuri kontrolis“ cneba, romelic orga-
nizaciis an mTlianad sazogadoebis TviTregulirebis
meqanizms warmoadgens. kontrolis meqanizmSi igulis-
xmeba moraluri, samarTlebrivi, administraciuli we-
193
sebi da kanonebi, romlis dacva socialuri institute-
bis ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgens.
sociologiaSi arsebobs iseTi mniSvnelovani cne-
bebi, rogoricaa „socialuri prognozirebisa da soci-
aluri diagnostikis“ cnebebi, isini sociologiuri
kvlevis daskvniT nawils warmoadgenen, romlebic so-
cilogiis mecnierebas usvavs xazs, mecnieruli kvleve-
bis meSveobiT damdgari Sedegebis mixedviT akeTebs
mecnierul prognozebs da svavs kvlevis Sedegad miRe-
bul mecnierul diagnozs, romelsac acnobs rekomen-
daciebis saxiT kvlevis damkveTs.
Cvens mier mokled mimoxiluli sociologiis
mniSvnelovani cnebebi ra Tqma unda ar amowuravs mTel
realobas. Cvens wignSi sociologiis zogierT mniSvne-
lovan cnebebs TiTo Tavi aqvs miZRvnili, rogoricaa:
sazogadoebis, socializaciis, demografiis, socialu-
ri struqturis, socialuri mobilobis, socialuri
stratifikaciis, industriuli da postindustriuli
sazogadoebebis, Ria da daxuruli sazogadoebebis,
teqnostruqturis, klasebis, kastebis, fenebis, ojaxis
da sxva umniSvnelovanesi cnebebi.
literatura:
1. e. kodua. sociologia, I nakveTi, Tb., 1998 w.

2. r. andriaSvili. sociologia, Tb., 2012 w.
3. s. briusi. sociologia (mokle Sesavali), Tb., 2018 w.
4. k. qecbaia. sociologiis Sesavali, „meridiani“, Tb.,
2015 w.
5. k. noniaSvili. sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi.
Tb., 2009 w.
6. r. RibraZe. sociologia, Tb., 2014 w.
194
Raul Gibradze – — Doctor of Philosophy, Is author of several scientific
manuals and publications in Georgia and as well as in foreign countries.
MAIN NOTIONS OF SOCIOLOGY
ABSTRACT
This article will deal with some important notions of the

science of sociology, such as: notions of “social universe”, “social
medium”, “social cohesion”, “social groups”, “small social groups”,
“large social groups”, “social reality”, “social process”, “social
integration and differentiation”, “social fact”, “social crisis”, “social
conflict”, “social bureaucracy”, “social control”; “social forecast”
and “social diagnostics”.
Of course, these important notions considered by us don’t
cover the whole reality.

giis ganyofilebam.
195
grigol kikaliSvili — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universite-
tis sainJinro ekonomikis, mediateqnologiebisa da socia-
lur mecnierebaTa fakultetis, socialuri mecnierebebis
sadoqtoro programis doqtoranti, muSaobs mcire socia-
luri jgufebis marTvis problemebze.
mcire araformaluri socialuri

jgufebis arsi da mniSvneloba
organizaciaSi
nebismieri organizaciis marTvis safuZvels war-

moadgens is formaluri jgufebi, romlebic kanonmdeb-
lobis safuZvelze organizaciis saqmianobisaTvis iq-
mneba xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebiT da imarTeba
maT mierve. aseTi jgufebis efeqturad marTvaze pir-
dapir proporciulad aris damokidebuli organizaci-
is warmateba, Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom ne-
bismieri organizaciis saqmianobisas menejerebs ar un-
da gamorCeT mxedvelobidan is araformaluri organo,
romelsac araformaluri jgufi hqvia da romelic ya-
libdeba samuSao adgilze (garemoSi) xelmZRvanelobas-
Tan SeTanxmebisa da maTi nebis gareSe.
socialuri erTobis erT-erT formas jgufi war-
moadgens. adamianebis erTobas jgufi rom vuwodoT,
unda arsebobdes ramdenime piroba, kerZod, maT Soris
unda arsebobdes socialuri urTierTobebi, unda iy-
vnen erTmaneTze damokidebulni, rac gulisxmobs imas,
rom erTi wevris qmedeba aisaxeba meoreze, urTierToba
unda iyos droSi gamocdili, myari, adamianebs unda
hqondeT saerTo mizani da Tavs aRiqvamdnen jgufis
wevrebad.
196
Cester barnardi Tavis àRmasruleblis funqci-
ebSi“ araformalur jgufebs Seiswavlis da wers: àra-
formaluri jgufebi Sedgeba sazogadoebrivi proce-
sebisagan, romlebic aracnobieria formaluri organi-
zaciis cnobier procesebTan SedarebiT. maT ori mniS-
vnelobvani saxis efeqti aqvT:
1. is garkveul damokidebulebebs, wesebs,
Cvevebs ayalibebs;
2. qmnis pirobas, romelze dayrdnobiTac Se-
saZlebelia formaluri organizaciebi Camoya-
libdes“.
Cveni mizania ganvsazRvroT ra aris mcire àra-
formaluri socialuri jgufi“, ra ganapirobebs mis Ca-
moyalibebas da ra rols TamaSobs is, organizaciis saq-
mianobaSi?
jgufis wevrTa raodenobis mixedviT gamoiyofa:
mcire, saSualo da didi jgufebi. rogorc wesi `mcire
jgufis“ zoma ar aRemateba ramdenime aTeul adamians.
igi SesaZloa arsebobdes nebismieri zomis organizaci-
aSi. mcire jgufis wevrebi piradad icnoben erTmaneTs,
dakavSirebuli arian erTmaneTTan rogorc SromiTi
urTierTobebiT, ise RirebulebiTi da sulieri kavSi-
rebiT. `maTi urTierToba, rogorc Tanamoazreebisa da
identuri faseulobebis matarebeli adamianebisa,
grZeldeba samuSaos gareTac, rac maT kavSirs ufro
mtkices xdis“ [4; gv. 14].
mcire jgufi niSnavs jgufs, romlis wevrebic ga-
erTianebuli arian saerTo socialuri saqmianobiT da
aqvT uSualo piradi komunikacia, rac safuZvelia emo-
ciuri urTierTobebis, jgufuri normebisa da jgufu-
ri procesebis warmoSobisaTvis. amgvarad SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom `mcire jgufi aris jgufi, romelSic
197
socialuri urTierTobebi moqmedebs uSualo piradi
kontaqtebis formiT“ [5; gv. 27].
mcire jgufebis Seswavlisas udidesi mniSvneloba
eniWeba pirad kontaqts jgufis wevrebs Soris da iT-
vleba, rom mcire jgufi aris nebismieri sazogadoebis
asociacia, rodesac maT Soris uSualo personaluri
kontaqtia damyarebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom jgufebi
gavlenas axdenen TavianT wevrebze, raTa uzrunvelyon
jgufis normebis Sesruleba. mcire socialuri jgufis
wevrebi gaerTianebulni arian saerTo saqmianobiT da
erTmaneTTan uSualo stabilur personalur komunika-
ciaSi imyofebian, rac safuZvelia rogorc emociuri
urTierTobebis, aseve jgufuri faseulobebisa da qce-
vis normebis gaCenisTvis [5; gv.28].
amrigad, mcire jgufi SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes
rogorc jgufi, romelic Sedgeba minimum ori adamia-
nisgan, romlebic Sedian uSualo interpersonalur
kontaqtebSi, aqvT saerTo mizani, am jgufSi maTi kuT-
vnilebis Sesaxeb informirebuloba da jgufSi urTi-
erTqmedebis zogadi normebi.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom jgufSi arsebuli urTi-
erTobaTa formis mixedviT gamoyofen pirvelad da me-
oreul jgufebs. meoreuli jgufebis erT-erTi sainte-
reso saxea: araformaluri socialuri jgufi. arafor-
maluri jgufebi socialuri urTierTobebis bazaze Ca-
moyalibebuli adamianTa jgufebia. maTi warmoSobisaT-
vis gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia erTidaimave sawarmoSi
(organizaciaSi) dasaqmebuli, identuri miznis misaRwe-
vad momuSave adamianebis erToba.
araformaluri jgufebi iqmneba spontanurad, maT
Soris, formaluri organizaciis farglebSi, inter-
personaluri urTierTobebis, saerTo interesebis,
urTierTpativiscemis safuZvelze. araformalur jgu-
198
febs axasiaTebT SedarebiT damoukidebloba oficia-
luri struqturebisgan, zogjer naTlad ar aris gamo-
xatuli jgufuri saqmianobis mizani, jgufis wevrebze
araformaluri kontroli.` aseT jgufebs zogjer in-
teresTa jgufebad moixsenieben“ [5; gv. 28].
amgvarad jgufebi, romlebic organizaciisa da
kontrolis formalur sistemas emyarebian , forma-
lur jgufebs warmoadgenen. maTgan gansxvavebiT, ara-
formaluri jgufebi organizaciisa da kontrolis
araformalur sistemas emyarebian“ [3; gv. 171 ].
ismis kiTxva, ratom uCndeba adamians moTxovni-
leba Seqmnas da gaerTiandes araformalur jgufSi?
xSir SemTxvevaSi is xom am jgufSi formalurad, xel-
mZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebiT, isedac iricxeba? saqme
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom araformalur jgufSi adamia-
nebi sxvadasxva mizniT SesaZloa gaerTiandnen. maT So-
ris aris imis gancda, rom formalur jgufSi isini
iricxebian imis miuxedavad saerTo moraluri princi-
pebi da sulieri Rirebulebebi gaaCniaT Tu ara. amis sa-
pirispirod adamianebi araformalur socialur jguf-
Si erTiandebian saerTo Rirebulebebisa da principe-
bis garSemo da amgvari kavSiriT cdiloben ufro sasia-
movno da kreatiuli gaxadon rutinuli samuSao gare-
mo, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi dadebiTad aisaxeba Sromisna-
yofierebaze da iZleva karg Sedegs.
gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom araforma-
luri jgufi SesaZloa xisti da araefeqturi marTvis
pirobebSi safrTxed iqces organizaciisaTvis, rac gu-
lisxmobs im faqts, rom araerT mmarTvels misi marTvis
qveS myof organizaciaSi arsebuli araformaluri
jgufebis mimarT uCndeba negatiuri damokidebuleba,
radgan umetes SemTxvevaSi organizaciis mmarTveli pi-
rebi ar arian maT organizaciaSi arsebuli araforma-
199
luri jgufis wevrebi, anda ar aRiarebens aseTi jgufe-
bis arsebobas, da Sesabamisad, verasodes xvdebian imas
Tu ra aerTianebT am adamianebs, ra miznebisaTvis Seiq-
mna igi da ra asazrdoebs maT.
swored arasaTanado damokidebuleba da maTi ar-
sebobis ugulebelyofa SesaZloa gaxdes araformalu-
ri jgufis wevrebisasTvis maprovocirebeli TviTonac
gauCndes negatiuri damokidebuleba organizaciisa da
misi mmarTveli gundis mimarT.
aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom Zlieri lideris ar-
sebobis SemTxvevaSi( romelic Sedis konfliktSi orga-
nizacis mmarTvel jgufTn) mas SeuZlia aiyolios jgu-
fis sxva wevrebic destruqciuli moqmedebebisaken, ra-
sac organizaciis daSlac ki SeuZlia [6; gv. 2].
ismis kiTxva, sad da raSi mdgomareobs gamosava-
li?
upirveles yovlisa mmarTveli gundi mudmivad
unda iyos mzad maT organizaciaSi dasaqmebul adamia-
nebs gasces pasuxi yvela kiTxvaze rac maT daebadebaT
saqmianobis procesSi. aseve mniSvnelovania yvela ga-
dawyvetilebis miRebamde, SeZlebisdagvarad maqsima-
lurad iyos CarTuli yvela dainteresebuli piri (maTi
survilis SemTxvevaSi) gadawyvetilebis miRebis pro-
cesSi. xelmZRvanelobam maT unda gauCinos gancda imis
Taobaze, rom mmarTveli gundi mudam mzadaa gulisyu-
riT moisminos TanamSromelTa problemebi da daexma-
ron maT maT winaSe mdgari problemuri sakiTxebis ga-
daWraSi. aseve mniSvnelovania, xemZRvanelobis mier
aRiarebul iqnes araformaluri jgufebis arseboba da
maT mimarT mmarTvel gunds ar gauCndes uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba, radgan rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
mcire araformaluri jgufebi efeqturi marTvis pi-
robebSi araTu saziano aramed Zalze sasargeblo aris
200
organizaciis winsvilisa da ganviTrebisaTvis. amis
brwyinvale magaliTia a.S.S. ilinoisis Statis qalaq Ci-
CeronSi kompania `vestern eliktriki“ — s qarxanaSi Ca-
tarebuli eqperimenti. am eqperimentma aCvena, rom ara-
formalur jgufs swori marTvis pirobebSi SeuZlia
gazardos Sromis nayofiereba.
àraformalur organizacias axasiaTebs Semdegi
ZirTadi niSnebi:
1. organizaciis wevrebis socialuri kontroli,
2. cvlilebebisadmi dapirispireba,
3. araformaluri lideris arseboba“.
organizaciis socialuri kontroli aixsneba
imiT, rom organizaciis qceva da saqmianoba eqvemdeba-
reba araformaluri jgufis SigniT dadgenil wesebs da
nebismieri devianturi qceva jgufis mier aRiqmeba ara-
sando, araRirseul saqcielad, romelmac SesaZloa ga-
moiwvios jgufis wevris garicxva, Sesabamisad, jgufi-
dan garicxuli wevris Sesaxeb cnobili xdeba sxva ada-
mianebisaTvis (jgufebisaTvis) rac saboloo jamSi ne-
gatiurad moqmedebs jgufidan garicxuli wevris av-
toritetze, Sesabamisad, swored socialuri kontro-
lis meqanizmis wyalobiT wesrigdeba urTierTobebi
jgufis wevrebs Soris, rasac SesaZloa davarqvaT ara-
formaluri socialuri jgufis qcevaTa maregulire-
beli normebi.
rac Seexeba cvlilebebisadmi araformaluri jgu-
fis wevrebis damokidebulebas, cvlileba nebismieri
jgufisadmi safrTxis Semcvelia, radgan maT ar ician
Tu ra Sedegi SesaZloa dadges maTTvis cvlilebebis
Semdeg. maTi xisti da negatiuri moqmedebebis Tavidan
asacileblad xelmZRvaneli pirebi unda cdilobdnen
araformalurma jgufebma pirvelwyarodan miiRon in-
formacia dagegmili cvlilebebis Sesaxeb, rac ar da-
201
tovebs araformalur jgufSi adgils dauzustebeli
da dausabuTebeli informacisiiTvis. cvlilebebi Se-
saZloa SevadaroT situacias, rodesac patara biWma ga-
dawyvita Citis bude gadaxuros raTa ar dasveldnen
bartyebi, Tumca frinvelebma amis Sesaxeb araferi ici-
an da sanam biWi maT budeSi msxdom bartebTan aris mos-
veneba aqvT dakarguli.
aqve sasurvelia SeZlebisdagvarad gavceT pasuxi
kiTxvas mcire araformalur jgufebSi arseboben Tu
ara liderebi (privilegirebuli adamianebi) da ra gana-
pirobebs maT arsebobas (Camoyalibebas).
araformalur jgufSi arian adamianebi, romlebic
SesaZloa ganvixiloT am jgufis liderad. isini xSir
SemTxvevaSi aran formalur jgufSi samsaxurebrivad
maRal safexurze myofi muSakebi, romelTac jgufis
sxva wevrebTan SedarebiT aqvT ufro meti gavlena or-
ganizaciaSi, arian gadawyvetilebebis mimRebi pirebi da
aqvT mdidari samuSao gamocdileba. isini mudmivad
mzad arian araformaluri jgufis problebebis mar-
Tvas Caudgnen saTaveSi da amiT gvevlinebian jgufis
sxva wevrebis mfarvelad da megobrad.
`froids miaCnda, rom adamianebi qmnian jgufebs
da rCebian am jgufebSi nawilobriv imitom, rom maT
uyalibdebaT erTgulebis grZnoba da aseve morCilebis
grZnoba jgufis lideris mimarT. froidis mixedviT es
xdeba ara imitom, rom liderebs axasiaTebT raRac gan-
sakuTrebuli Tvisebebi, aramed gapirobebulia imiT,
rom Cven liderebs uZlevel, RmerTis tol pirovnebeb-
Tan vaigivebT [2; gv. 30].
araformaluri jgufebis marTvas didi Zalisxmeva
unda moandomis nebismierma menejerma, Tumca am sakiT-
xSic arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. erTni fiqroben,
rom mTeli Zalisxmeva daxarjon araformaluri jgu-
202
febis daSlaSi, Tumca amiT sakiTxis gadaWris efeqtu-
roba umetes SemTxvevaSi eWvqveS dgeba, radgan erTi
araformaluri jgufis daSlis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa
(umetes SemTxvevaSi asea) warmoiSvas igive wevrebisagan
dakompleqtebuli sxva araformaluri jgufi, romlis
wevrebis raodeneba SesaZloa iyos meti an naklebi, ro-
melic Tavidanve negatiurad iqneba ganwyobili mmar-
Tveli gundisadmi da nebismier cvlilebaze eqneba
mwvave reaqcia. amasTan, xelmZRvanelobisa da organi-
zaciisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebulebis gamo mis wev-
rebs eqnebaT mudmivi mcdeloba datovon organizacia
da gadavidnen sxva kompaniaSi, rac TavisTavad niSnavs
imas, rom ar iqnebian im organizaciis erTgulni sadac
arian dasaqmebuli da ar iqnebian dainteresebuli am
organizaciis warmatebiT, rac TavisTavad negatiurad
aisaxeba maT Sromisnayofierebasa da kompaniis ganvi-
Tarebaze.
zemoTxsenebulidan gamomdinare SesaZloa mivi-
deT im daskvnamde, rom umjobesia ara araformaluri
socialuri jgufis daSla, aramed, misi gamoyeneba or-
ganizaciis grZelvadiani da moklevadiani miznebisaT-
vis. amisaTvis upirveles yovlisa saWiroa aRiarebul
iqnes organizaciaSi araformaluri jgufis arseboba,
Seswavlili iqnes maTi mosazrebebi da molodinebi, sa-
boloo gadawyvetilebis miRebamde sasurvelia sakiT-
xis ganxilvaSi Cabmul iqnen jgufis wevrebi da miwode-
bul iqnes maTTvis zusti da amomwuravi informacia.
literatura:
1. e.baraTaSvili, l.qoqiauri, menejmentis principebi,

Tbilisi, 2010;
203
2. n. smelzeri, socialuri jgufebi
http://socium.ge/downloads/socshesavali/jgufebi;
3. k. qecbaia, sociologiis Sesavali, Tb., 2011;
4. g. SublaZe, b. mRebriSvili, f. wowkolauri, menej-
mentis safuZvlebi, gam. „universali“, Tbilisi,
2008;
5. Т. ГАЛКИНА, СОЦИОЛОГИЯ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ: от группы к
команде, М. 2003;
6. В. Герчиков, Типологическая концепция трудовой мотива-
ции // Мотивация и оплата труда. 2005, № 3.
Grigol kikalishvili – PhD student of social sciences doctoral program on

Engineering Economics, Media Technologies and Social Sciences Faculty
at Georgian Technical University. Works on the problems related tu the
management of small social groups.
ESSENCE AND IMPORTANCE OF SMALL SOCIAL

GROUPS IN AN ORGANIZATION
ABSTRACT
Any organization’s management is based on small formal

groups which are created and administered by the leadership on the
basis of legislation for implementation of organizational duties.
Though, any leadership should not leave out of focusexistence of
informal groups, which usually are formed without their approval
and consent.
Those informal groups are established spontaneously, within
formal organizations, based on interpersonal relations, shared
interests and respect for each other. Informal groups are
characterized by relative independence from formal structures;
sometimes the aims of informal group’s activities and forms of
204
informal control on the members of group are not clearly evident.
Sometimes such groups are called interest groups.
Informal organization has following major characteristics:
1. Social control of the members of organization;
2. Being in opposition to changes;
3. Existence of informal leader
Any leader should devote significant effort to managing
informal groups as far as those groups might act as threat to
organization if the management of organization is inefficient and
rough. Though, not all share this assumption. Some believe that they
should put vast effort inbraking — up informal groups. Though,
whether this strategy is efficient raises doubts, as far as dismantling
one informal group may lead to establishment of new informal
groups with the members of old ones.
As a result, it is better to focus not on dismantling informal
groups, but using them for fulfilling organization’s short and long —
term goals.

giis ganyofilebam.
205
lia metreveli — ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa akademiuri doq-
tori. saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sainJinro eko-
nomikis, mediateqnologiebisa da socialur mecnierebaTa
fakultetis profesori. aris saxelmZRvaneloebis avtori.
gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero Sromebi rogorc saqarTve-
loSi aseve ucxoeTSi. monawileoba aqvs miRebuli araerT sa-
erTaSoriso samecniero konferenciaSi. ZiriTadad muSaobs
fsiqologiisa da ganaTlebis problemebze.
distanciuri swavleba, rogorc

Tanamedrove informaciuli
teqnologiebis erT-erTi forma
Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, swavlebas

mravalferovani xasiaTi aqvs, rasac xsnis, dRes ukve
pedagogis da mozardTa urTierTobebis, formebis da
mravalferovan meTodTa gamoyenebis sixSire. swavleba
sakmaod rTuli procesia , mas saukuneebis ganmavloba-
Si akvirdebodnen da ikvlevdnen swavlulebi, adgen-
dnen garemo faqtorebs , ganwyobis, motivaciis, peda-
gogisa da moswavleebis urTierTobebis mniSvnelobas
da gavlenas swavlebis xarisxze.
mogexsenebaT, swavleba ormxrivi, erTiani, organi-
zebuli procesia, romelic mimdinareobs erTi mxriv
maswavleblis uSualo monawileobiT da meore mxriv
moswavlis aqtiuri CarTulobiT, sadac xdeba codna —
CvevaTa gadmocema da moswavleebis mxridan maTi aTvi-
seba.swavleba orientirebuli unda iyos moswavleze,
rodesac mniSvnelovania maTi ganviTarebis procesi da
maT mier miRweuli Sedegebi..moswavle unda aRiWurvos
codniT da im unar — CvevebiT, romlebic uzrunvel-
yofs mis sulier da inteleqtualur, fizikur ganviTa-
206
rebas da TviTganviTarebas: moamzadebs damoukidebeli
cxovrebisaTvis da srulfasovn moqalaqed Camoyali-
bebisaTvis.
jer kidev me-17 saukuneSi ian amos komeniusi (ko-
menski) didaqtikis pirvel da ukanasknel miznad miiC-
nevda, epova da maswavleblamde mietana swavlebis ise-
Ti xerxebi/meTodebi, romelTa daxmarebiTac moswavle
maswavleblis naklebi CareviT mets iswavlida da sko-
lac uwindeburad mosawyeni aRar moeCveneboda. amis mi-
saRwevad komeniusi moiTxovda didaqtikuri azrovne-
bis Secvlas, rac imas gulisxmobda, rom mxolod swav-
lebis Sinaarsi ki ar unda yofiliyo maswavleblis yu-
radRebis centrSi, aramed im xerxebis/meTodebis Zieba
da povnac, romelTa meSveobiTac moswavleebi ufro
advilad da meti xalisiT aiTvisebdnen Sinaarss.
mas Semdeg, rac komeniusma es didaqtikuri prin-
cipi gamoTqva, sam saukuneze meti gavida. am xnis ganmav-
lobaSi SemuSavda, gamoicada da praqtikaSi dainerga
uamravi saswavlo meTodi. am meTodebis efeqtianoba
mniSvnelovanwilad imazea damokidebuli, ramdenad
adekvaturad SevarCevT maT.
aucilebloba moiTxovs, rom gavecnoT, terminis
mokle da yvelaze gavrcelebul ganmartebas. ra aris
„meTodi“?
cneba "meTodi" sxvadasxva viTarebaSi sxvadasxvag-
varad aRiqmeba, magram nebismier viTarebaSi gulis-
xmobs miznis misaRwev gzebs.
mimdinare saukunis saganmanaTleblo sistemis
Tanamedrove moTxovnebi da principebi, teqnikuri
progresi da teqnologiuri procesebi axal — axal
problemebs qmnis da did zegavlenas axdens ganaTlebis
arsebul sistemebze. aqedan gamomdinare saWiroa arse-
207
buli saganmanaTleblo sistemis Zieba, dadga dro, obi-
eqturi sinamdvilis asaxvisTvis. adamianis aRqmis apa-
rati gadaewyos virtualurze., rasac ganusazRvreli
adgili uWiravs evoluciuri cvlilebebis gzaze. da
igi aprioruls uaxlovdeba. miznis msaRwevad saWiroa ,
memkvidreobiTi pedagogouri gamocdileba da mecnie-
ruli kvlevebis Serwyma, Tanamedrove informaciul
teqnologiebTan. es SeTanxmebuli urTierTmoqmedeba,
cxadia, gamiwvevs saganmanaTleblo sivrcis xarisxob-
riv cvlilebebs, romelic gansazRvravs ganaTlebis
momavals da safuZvels uyris Cveni qveynis socialur –
ekonomikur ganviTarebas. danarCeni samyarosTan ad-
ftirebas da integracias msoflio sazogadoebaSi.
Tanamedrove informaciuli teqnologiebis nair-
saxeobis erT-erTi formaa distanciuri swavleba, rom-
elsac dRevandeli pedagogiuri terminologiiT in-
ternet — ganaTlebis teqnologia ewodeba. aRsaniSna-
via, rom internet — ganaTlebis mimarTuleba dReisaT-
vis warmoadgens swrafad ganviTarebad teqnologiebs.
mas didi yuradReba eqceva msoflios saganmanaTleblo
sivrceSi da gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs evropis
ganviTarebuli qveynebis saxelmwifo programebSi.
aRmiSnuli termini calsaxad gamoxatavs rom,
distanciuri swavleba zogadad, Sori manZilidan swav-
lebas niSnavs, anu process, roca swavlebis garkveuli
nawili mimdinareobs Tanamedrove telekomunikaciuri
sistemebis gamoyenebiT (internetis globaluri qse-
lis, risi saSualebiTac xdeba saswavlo masalis mom-
xmareblebze – moswavle, studenti miwodeba. ase rom,
moswavle, studenti, iyenebs ra internetSi ganTavse-
bul informaciul resursebs, individualurad iRebs
sasurvel codnas Tavisi interesis sferoSi. distanci-
uri swavlebis ZiriTadi informaciuli resursebi kom-
208
piuteruli codnis bazebi, eleqtronuli sawvrTnele-
bi, video da audio Canawerebi,multimedia, eleqtronu-
li saxelmZRvaneloebi, sakonsultacio da sakontro-
lo sistemebi (teqsturi, grafikuli, xmovani, animaciu-
ri da a. S.) yvelaferi es arsebul tradiciul saxel-
mZRvaneloebTan, damxmare saxelmZRvaneloebTan, meTo-
duri miTiTebebiT da a. S. codnis miRebis aqtiur gare-
mos qmnis. aseTi aqtiuri garemos Seqmna xels uwyobs
maswavleblisa da moswavles Soris erTgvar saintere-
so dasaxaliso urTierTobis damyarebas. „amrigad dis-
tanciuri swavleba, es aris ara mxolod teqstebis wa-
kiTxva informaciul nakadSi, aramed mTliani procesi,
romelic Seicavs internetSi sasurveli informaciis
Ziebas, azrTa gacvla — gamocvlas maswavlebelsa da
moswavles Soris, kamaTs, konsultaciebs, saSinao dava-
lebebis gacema — Sesrulebis mimdinareobas, sakurso
proeqtebs, sadiplomo da sxva msgavsi tipis samuSaoe-
bis Sesrulebas, samecniero kvlevebis Tu perioduli
gamocemebiT sargeblobas da sxva.“ aseve gTavazobT,
korespodentuli skolis evropis asociaciis (AECS)
prezidentis Bemd Schachtsiek — is azrs distanciuri
swavlebis Sesaxeb: „distanciuri ganaTleba es gacile-
biT metia, vidre kiTxva, mosmena, Cveneba, damoukideb-
lad Seswavla, gacilebiT metia, vidre treningebi, Ria
swavleba.“
pedagogikis mecnierebebSi mudmivad mimdinare
kvlevebis Seswavlisas da misi analizis safuZvelze
vaskvniT, rom swavlebis meTodebis ZiriTadi moTxov-
naa misi efeqturobis xarisxi. xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT,
rom distanciuri swavlebis efeqturoba pirdapir ga-
nisazRvreba saswavlo masalis organizebulobis do-
niT, swsvlebis damuSavebuli scenarebis da misi reali-
209
zebis saSualebebiT, saswavlo — didaqtikuri principe-
bis dacviT, informaciis aRqmis fsiqologiuri da er-
gonomikuri TaviseburebebiT, programuli da qseluri
resursebis maqsimaluri gamoyenebiT da rac mTavaria,
swavlebis motivaciiT, es ukanaskneli ki, unda iTqvas,
Rrmad aris Camjdari distanciuri swavlebis elemen-
tebSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom zemoT miviyvaneT Bemd
Schachtsiek — is azri distanciuri swavlebis Sesaxeb da
romelic faqtiurad warmodgenas gviqmnis distanciur
swavlebaze, mTlianobaSi mainc ver iZleva naTel su-
raTs, distanciuri swavlebis arssa da Sinaarsze. unda
iTqvas, rom distanciuri swavleba, rogorc XXI — sau-
kunis uaxles pedagogiuri teqnologiis, jerjerobiT
ara aqvs erTiani sistemuri gansazRvra. amitom dargis
specialistebi misi gansazRvris sxvadasxva interpre-
taciiT Semoifarglebian, romelic erT, zogad, magram
mainc distanciuri swavlebis ZiriTad filosofias ga-
moxatavs, rogorc aRniSnuli ganmartebebis analizi-
dan Cans , didaqtikuri ganaTlebis ZiriTadi filoso-
fia isaa, rom igi pasuxobs Tanamedrove realobas, Sina-
arsobrivad esadageba, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mim-
dinare procesebs. emsaxureba informaciuli sazoga-
doebis ganviTarebis da Sesabamisad misi saganmanaT-
leblo funqcia kanonzomieri movlenaa.
bolo aTaswleulSi diqtanciurma swavlebam far-
To gvarceleba hpova msoflios aTeulobiT qveyanaSi.
aSS — Si, inglisSi, germaniaSi, ruseTSi da sxva qveynebSi
warmatebiT funqcionirebs distanciuri swavlebis
saswavlo centrebi. saxelmwifo da arasaxelmwifo
umaRles dawesebulebebSi Seqmnilia distanciuri swav-
lebis specialuri ganyofilebebi. am mimarTulebiT
sakmaod didi nabijebi saqarTveloSic gadaidga. maTi
210
warmatebiT gadaWra xdeba ivane javaxiSvilis saxelo-
bis saxelmwifo universitetSi, saqarTvelos teqnikur
universitetSi , ilias saxelobis saxelmwifo universi-
tetSi... magram distanciuri ganaTlebis marTvisa da
distanciuri swavlebis teqnologiebis Camoyalibebul
sistemaze saubari cota adrea. mTeli rigi mizezebis
gamo ...
Cvens qveyanaSi distanciuri swavlebis marTvis
aucilebloba gamowveulia uwyveti ganaTlebis
zrdiT.amasTan dakavSirebiT, distanciuri swavlebi-
sadmi interess gansazRvravs telekomunikaciuri saSu-
alebebis ganviTareba. rac ara marto ganaTlebis axal
SesaZlebobebs iZleva aramed swavlis Rirebulebas aia-
febs. Cvens qveyanaSi aseTi teqnologiebis arseboba
dagvexmareba, rigi socialuri problemebis gadaWraSi,
rogoricaa: ganaTlebis misawvdomobis gafarToeba( sa-
ganmanaTleblo momsaxureobis ekonomikuri da teri-
toriuli misawvdomoba) swavlebis donis maRali xaris-
xis uzrunvelyofa (saswavlo procesSi maRalkvalifi-
ciuri pedagogebisa da specialistebis mozidvis SesaZ-
leblobis meSveobiT). swavlebisa da sawarmoo saqmia-
nobis SeTavsebis SesaZlebloba, agreTve Tanamedrove
telekomunikaciuri saSualebebis praqtikuli gamoye-
neba da saswavlo procesebis individualizacia.
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saminis-
trom farTo masStabiani RonisZiebebi gaatara mTlia-
nad ganaTlebis sistemis reformirebisaTvis. distan-
ciuri swavlebis sistemebis Seqmnis mTeli sirTule
dakavSirebulia swavlebis am saxeobis rTuli jaWvis
yvela rgolis xarisxis, mecnieruli dasabuTebisa da
didaqtikuri uzrunvelyofis realizaciis mimarT wa-
yenebuli maRal — maRal moTxovnebTan.
211
distanciuri swavlebis didaqtikur uzrunvelyo-
faSi specialistebi gulisxmoben saswavlo – meTodur
kompleqss konkretuli saswavlo disciplinisaTvis (an
disciplinebis ciklisaTvis), romelic agebulia dis-
tanciuri swavlebis sistemuri principebis safuZvel-
ze. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba Semdeg prin-
cipebs: didaqtikuri gamosadegoba, Tanamimdevruloba
da sistemuroba, moduloba, kognituroba, adaptiuro-
ba da sxva.
didaqtikuri gamosadegoba aris distanciuri
swavlebis Tviseba, xeli Seuwyos moswavlis pirovnebis
ganviTarebas swavlebis miznebis Sesabamisad. is gani-
sazRvreba SerCevis SesaZleblobebiT, Sinaarsis
struqturirebiT da misi warmodgeniT sxvadasxva mi-
sawvdomi formiT im poziciis Sesabamisad, rasac moiT-
xovs codnis formirebadi sistemis aqtualuroba, mec-
nieruloba, moswavleTa fsiqo — fizikuri Tavisebure-
bebisa da maTi asakis gaTvaliswinebiT.
naSromSi, Tanamedrove realobidan gamomdinare,
miznad davisaxeT gamogvekveTa distanciuri ganaTle-
bis ganviTarebis sferoSi arsebuli problemebi da Se-
mogveTavazebina zogierTi maTganis gadaWris gzebi.
amisaTvis, SeZlebisdagvarad gavaanalizeT warsulis,
rogorc samamulo, ise ucxouri pedagogiuri gamocdi-
lebebi, amovkrifeT maTgan sasargeblo, raTa Segvenar-
Cunebina tradiciuli pedagogikis Siga mdgradoba,
evoluciuroba da SevaerTeT igi axal, Tanamedrove
perspeqtiul mimarTulebasTan. migvaCnia rom aseTi
midgoma warmoadgens distanciuri swavlebis sistemu-
ri ganviTarebis universalobis ZiriTad wyaros.
distanciuri swavlebis teqnologiebis dajerebu-
lobisa da saimedoobisaTvis saWiroa, pirvel rigSi da-
vamuSaoT distanciuri swavlebis teqnologiebis pro-
212
cesebis didaqtikuri koncefcia, sadac mTavari aqcen-
ti misi fsiqopedagogiuri procesebis damuSavebas da
ganxorcielebis teqnikur mxareze unda gadavitanoT.
cxadia, gamokveTili unda iyos distanciuri swav-
lebis mTavari principebi, sadac SenarCunebuli iqneba
zemoaRniSnuli tradiciuli pedagogikis ucvleli
elementebi. miRebuli principebi unda esadagebodes
distanciuri swavlebis miznebsa da amocanebs, winaaR-
mdegobaSi ar modiodes qveynis ganaTlebis koncefci-
asTan.
am principebad moiazreba:
* swavlebis humanurobis principebi:
*axali informaciuli teqnologiebis swavlebaSi
danergvis pedagogouri mizanSewoniloba;
* distanciuri swavlebiT ganxorcielebuli sas-
wavlo disciplinebis Sinaarsis dadgena da SerCeva;
* distanciur swavlebaSi akumulirebuli infor-
maciuli nakadis usafrTxoebis dacvis principi;
* Sesaswavli masalis Sinaarsis modelisa da misi
teqnikuri realizaciebis teqnologiuri adekvaturo-
bis principi;
* xelmisawvdomobis Ria principi — igulisxmeba
monacemTa sainformacio bazebisa da bankebis iseTi
qselebis Seqmna, sadac moswavles, students an nebismi-
er dainteresebul pirs saSualeba eqneba Seitanos mas-
Si Sesabamisi koreqtivebi da winadadebebi. kompiute-
ruli telekoncefciebis, telekonsultaciebis da a.S.
gamarTva da sxva.
* swavlebaSi axali informaciuli teqnologiebis
da teqnikuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba;
* swavlebis modulebis principi;
213
* swavlebis informaciuli teqnologiebis SezRu-
duloba da moqniloba;
* Tanamedrove tipis maswavleblis (koordinato-
ri, konsultanti, xelmZRvaneli, scenaristi da a.S.)
formireba;
* swavlebis xelmisawvdomoba da ekonomikuri
efeqturoba;
* swavlebis maRali xarisxi;
* swavlebis xarisxis kontroli nebismier donesa
da safexurze.
ra Tqma unda mxolod aq CamoTvlili principebiT
ar amoiwureba distanciuri swavlebis teqnologiebis
mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebi, es principebi dargis
ganviTarebis paralelurad nabij — nabij ixveweba da
srulyofil saxes Rebulobs, garda amisa, distanciuri
swavlebis pricesSi, saWiroa, studentisadmi, moswav-
lisadmi pirveli rigis fsiqopedagogikuri mxardaWe-
ra. anu keTilganwyobili fsiqologiuri garemos Seq-
mna.am sentenciaSi vgulisxmobT, aRmovuCinoT stu-
dents, moswavles daxmareba, raTa gamoimuSaos indivi-
dualuri saganmanaTleblo mimarTuleba, romelic
orientirebuli iqneba swavlebis sxvadasxva formebis,
maT Soris, tradiciulis, efeqtur Serwymaze. aqve gvin-
da gavakeToT mnisvnelovani SeniSvna: rogori gasakvi-
ric unda iyos, distanciur swavlebaze yvelas daSveba
ar SeiZleba. magaliTad, fsiqologiurad mizanSeuwo-
nelia distanciur swavlebaSi iseTi pirebis CarTva,
romlebsac aqvT mZime nerviuli problemebi, depresia,
SiSebi, akviatebuli azrebi da sxva. unda gvaxsovdes,
rom aseT SemTxvevaSi distanciuri swavlebas SeiZleba
uaryofiTi, anu radikaluri Sedegi mohyves.
214
litratura:
1. trainievi, e. menejmentis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi,
2009;
2. swavlebis axali informaciuli teqnologiebis gan-
viTarebis istoria da dRevandeli mdgomareoba sa-
qarTveloSi, stu — s saerTaSoriso simpoziumis
Sromebi „sabunebismetyvelo da sainJinro dargebis
ganviTarebis istoriis sakiTxebze“, Tbilisi, 15 — 18
ivnisi, 2014;
3. CaCaniZe, g. sarTania v. internet ganaTlebis teqno-
logiebi da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi, Tbili-
si, 2004;
4. metreveli, l. Tanamedrove sainformacio sisteme-
bi, teqnologiebi da komunikaciebi saganmanaTleb-
lo sivrceSi. Sromebi — marTvis avtomatizirebuli
sistemebi, stu — s UNESCO — s kaTedris „informa-
ciuli sazogadoeba“ daarsebis 15 wlis iubile, 2018.
Lia Metreveli – Academic Doctor of Education Sciences. Associate

Professor, Faculty of Engineering Economics, Media Technologies and
Social Sciences, Georgian Technical University. Is the author of few
textbooks, has published scientific articles both in Georgia and abroad. Also
she has participated in many international scientific conferences. The
spheres of her research mainly are psychology and education problems.
DISTANCE LEARNING – ONE OF THE FORMS OF

MODERN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
ABSTRACT
One — line teaching is considered to be the system constantly

developing and striving towards perfection consisting of specific
215
methods, means and forms. The author emphasizes the problem of
creating a system of guiding one — line teaching technology and one
— line teaching itself. It is known that factors such as economic
conditions educational needs of social groups, scientific — technical
progress, management ways and strategies in the sphere of
education. The complex mixture of these factors is characterized by
coexistence of interinfluence and determination. Abovementioned
mentioned factors have a serious impact on the formation of
management as well, as one — line teaching is part of education. The
article describes the structure of levels of levels of one — line
teaching management in which the level criteria is definite subject of
management. Based on existed instructions and statements the
process of realization of teaching technology is guided and
controlled by the teacher on the first level. On the second level the
subject of technology management is the high education
establishment in which the given technology is utilized. The third
level of management belongs to the state authority and governing
bodies working on passing law regulations. The author also offers
didactic structure of one — line teaching.

giis ganyofilebam.
216
mariam xeTagaSvili — saqarTvelos teqnikuri univer-
sitetis sainJinro ekonomikis, mediateqnologiebisa da
socialur mecnierebaTa fakultetis, socialuri mec-
nierebebis sadoqtoro programis doqtoranti, muSaobs
ojaxuri konfliqtis problemebze da ikvlevs maTi gav-
lenis sakiTxs dawyebiTi klasis moswavleTa emociur
Taviseburebebze.
ojaxis funqciebi, aRzrdis stili da

misi roli pirovnebis formirebis procesSi
tradiciulad aRzrdis mTavar instituts ojaxi

warmoadgens, Sesabamisad ojaxis roli bavSvis aRzrdis
procesSi ganuzomelia. bavSvi ojaxSi atarebs Tavisi
ganviTarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan periods. swored
amitom ojaxs bavSvze zemoqmedebis xangrZlivobiT
sxva vercerTi socialuri instituti ver Seedreba. ad-
reul asakSi ojaxSi SeZenili unar — Cvevebi bavSvs mTe-
li cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi gahyveba. ojaxSi iwyeba bav-
Svis pirovnebad Camoyalibebis procesi, Sesabamisad
mSoblebis pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi, xasiaTi, ojaxu-
ri garemo, aRzrdis stili gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs.
ra aris ojaxi? rogor ganisazRvreba igi?
ojaxi socialuri institutia da jer kidev piro-
velyofil sazogadoebaSi – Sua paleoliTSi warmoiSva.
filistimikis – ojaxis Sesaxeb mecnierebis mixedviT,
ojaxi aris qorwinebisa da sisxliT naTesaobis niadag-
ze Seqmnili socialuri sistema – mcire jgufi, romlis
wevrebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni arian yofa —
cxovrebis erTianobiT, moraluri urTierTpasuxis-
mgeblobiT da urTierTdaxmarebiT. rodesac ojaxis
cnebis ganmartebas vcdilobT gasaTvaliswinebelia
217
Tanamedrove samyaro da dasavleTSi mimdinare proce-
sebi. Sesabamisad ojaxis ganmarteba ufro swori iqneba
Tu vityviT, rom „ojaxi aris daqorwinebuli meuRlee-
bi SvilebiT an maT gareSe, an martoxela mSobeli Svi-
liT.“ e. gidensi ojaxis Semdegnair gansazRvrebas
gvTavazobs: òjaxi naTesaur kavSirze damyarebuli
adamianTa jgufia, romelSic zrdasrul wevrebs bav-
Svebze mzrunvelobis pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT“. [3;
179].
òjaxis, rogorc institutisa da mcire jgufis
saxe SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT Semdeg safuZvlebze: 1.
sisxliT naTesaoba; 2. yofa — cxovrebiTi erTianoba; 3.
ojaxis wevrTa erTianoba da urTierTTanamSromloba;
4. moraluri pasuxismgebloba. am niSnebs Soris umTav-
resia sisxliT naTesaoba, romlis safuZvelzedac ya-
libdeba sxva, meoradi niSnebi“ [1; 4].
ojaxi socialuri organizaciis mniSvnelovani
elementia da masTan dakavSirebulia garkveuli valde-
bulebebi: urTierTsiyvaruli, emociuri dacva, regu-
laruli sqesobrivi kavSiri, socializacia. socialuri
statusis SenarCuneba – es swored isaa, raSic gamoixa-
teba ojaxis ZiriTadi funqciebi:
 siyvarulisa da emociuri usafrTxoebis saWiro-
eba: siyvarulis saxeliT aRebuli veldebulebe-
bia, finansuri da emociuri resursebis ganawile-
ba, Tbili urTierToba, erTguleba, mzrunveloba,
ojaxis keTildReobisTvis Tavganwirvis survils
da upirobo siyvaruls;
 sqesobrivi urTierTobis regulirebis saWiroe-
ba;
 axali Taobis aRzrdis saWiroeba da maTi socia-
lizacia;
218
 bavSvebisa da unar SezRudulebis movlisa da
dacvis saWiroeba
 socialuri statusis mopovebis saWiroeba: adami-
anis statusi bevradaa damokidebuli ojaxze[9;
452 — 453].
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sazogadoebaSi mimdinare
materialur, sulieri da socialuri pirobebis fonze
icvleba ojaxis funqciebi da gvaqvs misi klasifikaci-
is gansxvavebuli variantebi. maT Soris erT-erTi Sem-
degia:
reproduqciuli funqcia – am funqciiT xdeba
ojaxis wevrebis seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis dakma-
yofileba. am funqciis Sesruleba Zalian mniSvnelova-
nia, radgan uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis kvlavwarmoe-
bas;
emociuri funqcia – adamianis iseTi moTxovnile-
bebis dakmayofileba, rogoricaa simpaTia, pativiscema,
emociuri mxardaWera, fsiqologiuri dacva. es fun-
qcia uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis emociur stabilu-
robas, xels uwyobs sazogadoebis wevrebis fsiqologi-
ur janmrTelobas;
materialuri funqcia – am funqciis SesrulebiT
adamiani Sromis dros daxarjuli Zalebis aRdgenas ax-
dens.
sulieri funqcia – sulieri funqciebis ganxor-
cielebisaTvis aucilebelia materialuri funqciebis
Sesruleba.
rekreaciuli funqcia – adamiani sakuTari Tavis
realizacias axdens upirveles yovlisa sazogadoebri-
vad sasargeblo qcevaSi. yoveldRiuri Sromis Semdeg
yvelaze mniSvnelovani adgili Zalebis mokrebisa da
dasvenebisaTvis aris ojaxi.
219
regulaciuri funqcia – igi warmoadgens ojaxis
wevrebs Soris, sxva adamianebsa da sazogadoebas Soris
urTierTobebis regulacias. es funqcia uzrunvel-
yofs ojaxis wevrebis mier socialuri normebis Sesru-
lebas.
felicitologiuri funqcia – „felicito“ la-
Tinurad niSnavs bednierebas. felicitologiuri fun-
qciaa ojaxis yoveli wevris bednierebisaTvis saWiro
pirobebis Seqmna.
aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia – igi mWidrodaa dakav-
Sirebuli reproduqciul funqciasTan. mosaxleobis
kvlav warmoqmnaSi ara mxolod biologiuri, aramed so-
cialuri momentebic sayuradReboa. aqedan gamomdina-
re Svilis gaCenasTan erTad misi aRzrda da socialuri
unarebis gadacmemac mniSvnelovania.
ojaxis sociologiis mkvlevaris a. xarCevis mixed-
viT ojaxis funqciebi ZiriTadad iyofa orad: specifi-
kuri, romlebic gamomdinareobs misi arsidan da asa-
xavs mis Taviseburebas, rogor socialur movlenas (
SvilTaSoba, aRzrda da maTi Senaxva). araspecifikuri
funqciebi dakavSirebulia sakuTrebis dagrovebasa da
gadacemasTan, statusTan, warmoebis organizaciasTan
[10; 27].
ojaxis keTilganwyobil garemoSi axorcielebs
bavSvi pirovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi Tvi-
sebebis SeZenas. ojaxi uzrunvelyofs bavSvis msof-
lmxedvelobis, ganwyobebis, zneobrivi normebis Camo-
yalibebas, ganapirobebs mis fizikur da fsiqikur jan-
mrTelobas. sxvadasxva tipis ojaxSi sxvadasxvanairad
mimdinareobs bavSvis aRzrda.
ojaxis klasifikaciis erT-erTi parametria oja-
xuri marTvis stili, rac bavSvebis aRzrdis stilzec
220
axdens gavlenas. aRzrdis stili gulisxmobs rogorc
meTodebsa da principebs, ise mis Teoriul Sinaarssac,
romelzec aigeba aRzrda. aRzrdis stilis kvleva me —
XXsaukunis 20 — ani wlebidan daiwyo. warmoSobiT ebra-
eli germaneli fsiqologi kurt levini (Lewin.K)erTma-
neTisagan ganasxvavebda aRzrdis sam stils: avtorita-
ruls, demokratiulsa da liberalurs [4].
urTierTobis avtoritaruli stili gamoirCeva
maRali kontroliT, mkacri wesebiT, igi bavSvisgan mo-
iTxovs usityvo morCilebas.
demokratiuli stili uzrunvelyofs bavSvis aq-
tiur pozicias. bavSvma zrdasTan erTad damoukideb-
lad da sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis SegnebiT unda imoq-
medos. aRmzrdeli qmnis ndobisa da urTierTgagebis
pirobebs.
liberaluri stili – ufrosebi cdiloben TanamSrom-
lobas, aRmzrdelebi gamoirCevian zedmeti toleran-
tobiT aRsazrdelTa saqcielis mimarT, bavSvebi iSvia-
Tad kontroldebian, amitom isinic ver akontroleben
TavianT impulsebs da dabali aqvT piradi pasuxismgeb-
lobis Segneba [8].
levinis klasifikaciaze dayrdnobiT amerikelma
fsiqologma diana baumrindma (Baumrind,1991) gamoyo
aRzrdis oTxi stili, sadac pirveli sami zustad imeo-
rebs leviniseul stils: am klasifikaciis mixedviT
ojaxi oTx ZiriTad tipad iyofa: avtoritetuli, avto-
ritaruli, liberaluri da indiferentuli [11; 25 — 44].
indiferentuli mSobeli gamoirCeva Svilebisad-
mi kontrolis dabali doniT, siTbos naklebobiT. ase-
Ti mSoblebi ar adgenen aranair SezRudvebs rac bav-
Svis pirovnebis formirebisaTvis SeiZleba damRupveli
aRmoCndes. emociurad gulgrili damokidebuleba
mSoblebis mxridan sakmaod adreuli asakidan, srul
221
Tavisuflebas aniWeben bavSvs. amgvari damokidebule-
bis Sedegad bavSvs uCndeba simartovis da ususurobis
gancda iseTi cxovrebiseuli sirTuleebis gadalaxvi-
sas, romelTac, mSoblebis mxardaWeris SemTxvevaSi ad-
vilad gaarTmevda Tavs. mSobliuri siTbosa da yurad-
Rebis deficitis pirobebSi SeiZleba garkveuli prob-
lemebi Seeqmnas bavSvis inteleqtualur da fsiqikur
ganviTarebas. gardamaval asakSi aseTma bavSvebma SeiZ-
leba Tavi mianebon swavlas d moxvdnen arakeTilsaime-
do garemoSi. swored amitom, mSoblebis umTavres amo-
canas bavSvisTvis keTilganwyobili da siyvaruliT
savse garemos Seqmna unda warmoadgendes. mxolod siy-
varuls SeuZlia siyvarulis swavleba. mxolod mSob-
lebTan mWidro kontaqtma SeiZleba agrZnobinos
bavSvs, rom is uyvarT da masze zrunaven. mSoblebis
mxridan yuradRebis, zrunvisa da siyvarulis defici-
tis pirobebSi myofi bavSvebi xSirad avadmyofobasac
ki natroben, rom iqneb maSin mainc moicalon mSoblebma
da garveuli dro dauTmon mas.
avtoritetuli mSoblebi axorcieleben Svilebze
maRali donis kontrols. miuxedavad amisa maT Svileb-
Tan Tbili urTierTobebi aqvT. isini uweseben Svilebs
wesebs, akontroleben maT, magram amavedros uxsnian am
wesebis mizezs da amitom Svilebs mSoblebis saqcieli
usamarTlod ar eCvenebaT. aseTi mSoblebis Svilebs
aqvT maRali TviTSefaseba, maRali akademiuri moswre-
ba da gamoirCevian maRali socialuri unarebiT.
liberaluri mSoblebs axasiaTebT liberaluri
aRzrdis stili. isini Svilebs ar uweseben SezRudvebs.
aqvT SvilebTan Tbili urTierTobebi. isini ar zRuda-
ven Svilis qcevas da avlenen maTdami „upirobo siyva-
ruls“.
222
avtoritaruli mSoblebi Svilebs uweseben mkacr
wesebs. axorcieleben Zlier kontrols maTze. avtori-
taruli aRzrdis stilis mqone mSoblebi gascemen
brZanebebs da iTxoven am brZanebebis upirobo Sesru-
lebas. aseTi mSoblebis Svilebi ZiriTadad Caketilni,
pasiurni da nerviulni arian. isini ZiriTadad imeore-
ben Tavian ojaxebSi aseT aRzrdis stils. avtoritaru-
li aRzrdis stili bavSvebSi iwvevs SiSis, daucvelobis
grZnobas. roca bavSvi skolidan kargi niSnebiT brun-
deba, mas ar aqeben. nacvlad amisa, ukiTxaven morals,
Tu risken unda iswrafodes cxovrebaSi. dabali niSne-
bis miRebis SemTxvevaSi ki – sjian. bavSvTan urTierTo-
baSi xSirad adgili aqvs ironias, dacinvas. aseT oja-
xebSi bavSvebs ara aqvT emociuri usafrTxoebis gan-
cda. maT uCndebaT undobloba adamianebis mimarT, Tavs
arideben maTTan urTierTobas. aseTi bavSvebi mozrdi-
lobaSi xdebian sastikebi, uxeSebi, matyuarebi, fari-
sevlebi, unebisyofoebi, gaborotebulebi da Surisma-
Zieblebi.
Tavad baumrindi miuTTiTebda imas, rom saukeTe-
so aRmzrdelobiTi Sedegi miiRweva, roca mSoblebi
icaven oqros Sualeds da ar arian arc Zalian dam-
sjelni, da arc civebi. aseT ojaxebSi bavSvebi ganviTa-
rebas aRweven siTboTi da siyvaruliT gamoxatuli aR-
zrdiT.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom aRmzrdelobiTi gansxvave-
buli stili da meTodebi erTmaneTisagan absolutu-
rad izolirebuli ar aris da vxvdebiT aRmzrdelobiT
stilTa kombinirebas.
yovelive zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare Seg-
viZlia davaskvnaT, rom avtoritaruli stili antipe-
dagogiuria. liberaluri stili mizanSewonilia zogi-
erT SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, maSin, rodesac bavSvs aqvs
223
arakompetenturobis gancda, aklia sakuTari Tavis
rwmena). aRzrdis avtoritetuli stili metyvelebs aR-
mzrdelis maRal profesionalizmze, mis pozitiur
zneobriv maxasiaTeblebze da bavSvebis siyvarulze.
urTierTobis aseTi strategia saukeTeso pirobaa bav-
Svis pirovnebis ganviTarebisTvis.
literatura:
1. givi rogava, ojaxis sociologia, Tb., 2012;

2. ekaterine fircxalava, ojaxis wevrTa urTierTaR-
qmis Taviseburebani, sadisertacio naSromi, Tbili-
si, 2008;
3. entoni gidensi, sociologia, Tb., 2011
4. zaqaria giunaSvili, aRzrdis stili da misi mniSne-
loba bavSis pirovnebis formirebisaTvis, Tb., 2013 –
http://mastsavlebeli.ge/?p=2332
5. mzia wereTeli, genderi – kulturuli da socialu-
ri konstruqti, Tbilisi, 2006 ;
6. naTia janaSia, naTela imedaZe, sofio gorgoZe, gan-
viTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi, maswavlebelTa
profesiuli ganviTarebis erovnuli centri, Tbi-
lisi, 2008;
7. fircxalava e., ojaxis wevrTa urTierTaRqmis Tavi-
seburebani, Tb., 2008;
8. qeTevan osiaSvili, tipuri Secdomebi ojaxur aR-
zrdaSi http://mastsavlebeli.ge/?p=1561
9. qreg kalhuni, donald laiTi, suzen keleri, T., 2008;
10. Анато́лий Гео́ргиевич Ха́рчев «Исследования семьи: на
пороге нового этапа» // Социологические исследования.
1986. № 3 (отв. ред.);
224
11. Baumrind. (VOLUME 8, NUMBER 1, 2005.). Comparison of
Change Theories. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
MANAGEMENT, BUSINESS, AND ADMINISTRATION.
Mariam Khetagashvili – PhD student of social sciences doctoral

program on Engineering Economics, Media Technologies and Social
Sciences Faculty at Georgian Technical University. Works on the
Role of the Family Conflict in the emotional development of the
primary school students.
FAMILY FUNCTIONS, PARENTING STYLES AND THEIR

EFFECTS IN CHILDREN'S PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT
ABSTRACT
Traditionally the main institution of parenting is the family, so

the role of the family in the process of raising a child is immense.
The child spends the most important period of its development in the
family. Early — life skills acquired in the family will lead the child
through life. The process of developing a child into a family begins
with the personal characteristics of the parents, the character, the
family environment, and the style of upbringing.
Family is an important element of social organization and it
has certain obligations: mutual love, emotional protection, regular
sex, socialization. Maintaining Social Status – This is what the main
functions of the family are.
According the sociologist of the family studies, family
functions are divided: specific, which derive from its essence and
reflect its peculiarity as a social event (childbearing, upbringing and
225
keeping them). Non — specific functions are related to the
accumulation and transfer of ownership, status, production
organization.
One of the parameters of family classification is the style of
family management, which also influences the style of parenting
children. Parenting style studies began in the 20s of the 20th century.
Kurt Levin (Lewin.K) distinguished three styles of education:
authoritarian, democratic and liberal, and Diana Baumrind
(Baumrind, 1991) identified four styles of parenting children:
authoritative, authoritarian, liberal and indifferent. The authoritative
style of parenting is the best condition for developing child's
personality.

giis ganyofilebam.
226
religiis filosofia da
religiaTmcodneoba
PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION AND
RELIGIOUS STUDIES
kaxa qecbaia — filosofiis doqtori, profesori. saqarTve-
los filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi — mdi-
vani. muSaobs Teoriuli filosofiis (ontologia, gnoseo-
logia), sociologiisa (Teoriuli, dargobrivi da metasoci-
ologia) da religiis filosofiisa da sociologiis prob-
lemebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 100 — ze meti samecniero naS-
romi mecnierebis am sferoebSi. eweva aqtiur pedagogiur da
mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas.
georg zimeli religiis Sesaxeb
„religia – es igive
sociologiis saxelmZRvaneloa“.
g. zimeli
religia da religiuroba: g. zimelis naazrevs

religiis sociologiaSi dRemde jerovani yuradReba
ar eqceva. am mxriv igi TiTqos didi avtoritetebis –
veberisa da diurkemis CrdilSia moqceuli, maSin rode-
sac, yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT termin „religiis
sociologiis“ fuZemdebeli zimelia.
religias zimeli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uT-
mobs da Tavisi metad rTuli – formaluri sociologi-
uri koncefciis prizmidan ganixilavs. am mxriv sayu-
radReboa misi mosazrebebi religiis definiciis, re-
ligiis genezisis, religiurobisa da religiuri rwme-
nis socialuri Taviseburebebis da sxva msagsvi sakiT-
xebis Sesaxeb.
zimelis azriT, im problemebs Soris, romelTa
winaSe religiis sociologia dgas, umTavresi metafi-
zikuri spekulaciebisagan da religiis fsiqologizmi-
sagan gaTavisuflebaa. es ukanaskneli religiis wyarod
228
grZnobebs, impulsebs, sxvadasxva fsiqikur motivebs,
SiSs, siyvaruls, winaprebis Tayvaniscemas da a. S. miiC-
nevs da ara sazogadoebas, socialur institutebsa da
adamianebs Soris urTierTobas, amitom religiis soci-
ologiam religia „socialuri cxovrebis safuZvelze
unda gaigos, romelic yovelgvari religiis miRma im-
yofeba“, – werda zimeli Tavis erT-erT cnobil naS-
romSi – „religiis sociologiisaTvis“.
zimelma socialur movlenaTa mTeli rigi aRmoa-
Cina, romlebic religiis warmoSobas adastureben. mis
mixedviT, religia sociokulturuli cxovrebis um-
Tvaresi elementia. adamianebs Soris urTierToba, so-
ciacia religiuri elementis Semcvelia. sakmarisia mas
amaRlebuli grZnobadi garsi SevuqmnaT, rom saxeze re-
ligiuri Tayvaniscemis obieqti (sakraluri) iqneba. am
SemTxvevaSi zimeli wminda, formalur da socialur
religiurobas ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan. wminda anu
formaluri religiuroba martiv, wrfel da ubralo
adamianur urTierTobebs emyareba, xolo rodesac am
urTierTobebs socialuri institutebi – saxelmwifo
da eklesia aRiareben, maSin igi socialur statuss
iZens. saboloo jamSi, religiurobis es ori forma er-
TmaneTs erwymis, anu miwieri urTierTobebi religiuri
Rirebulebebis rangSi aiyvaneba, xolo maTi socialuri
Sinaarsi sulieri, religiuri xdeba. amis magaliTia sa-
xelmwifo, romelsac socialuri urTierTobebi kano-
nis rangSi ahyavs da religiur institutTan – eklesi-
asTan erTad altruizmisa da sikeTisaken swrafvis sak-
ralizebas axdens, Sesabamisad, eklesia da saxelmwifo
arasodes ar icavda da aqezebda Ralats, hedonistur
da egoistur zraxvebs. religiis socialur funqciebs
Soris zimeli umTavresad mis maintegrirebel funqci-
229
as miiCnevs, romelsac igi sanqciebis sistemis saxiT
axorcielebs da adamianTa qcevas sasurvel kalapotSi
aqcevs. am TvalsazrisiT, religia adamianebs Soris ur-
TierTobis formaa, romelSic umTavresia rwmena.
zimeli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs rwme-
nis rols adamianisa da sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. sa-
zogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi igi im dvritas warmoad-
gens, romelic erTianobisa da mTlianobis pirobaa. am-
denad, religiis gareSe sazogadoeba warmoudgenelia.
rwmenis SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania Sinagani su-
lieri xedva. amis gareSe religiuri praqtika azrs mok-
lebulia. am gagebiT qristianoba rwmenis sxva tipia,
fsiqologiurisagan gansxvavebuli. qriste idealuri
realobaa, romelsac ara grZnobiT, aramed Sinagani su-
lieri xedviT aRviqvamT. religiaSi sakraluris rwmena
institucionalizebuli simboloebis: xatebi, wignebi,
da sxva msgavsi religiuri artefaqtebis saxiT aris mo-
cemuli da igi ara mxolod asaxavs adamianTa socialur
urTierTobebs, aramed „didi ekranze“ refleqsirebu-
li saxiT warmoadgens. ra saxec unda hqondes am urTi-
erTobas, religia mas yovelTvis Tavis enaze gadmos-
cems. amitom Tu adamianebs Soris urTierTobis kvleva
gvinda, maSin, pirvel rigSi, religia unda vikvlioT. am
azriT, „religia sociologiis saxelmZRvaneloa, rome-
lic refleqsirebuli saxiT cxadad aCvenebs imas, rac
am saxelmZRvanelos wakiTxvis SemTxvevaSi bundovani
da gaugebaria“. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT reli-
giis zimeliseuli definicia aseT saxes miiRebs: reli-
gia sociaciis formaa, romelic misi empiriuli Sinaar-
sisagan gamoyofilia da, amdenad, TviTkmar substanci-
as warmoadegns“. socialuri cxovrebis zeciur, sakra-
lur ekranze proeqtireba, kinos msgavsad, yovelTvis
230
idealizebulia. realuri cxovreba uxeSi da antago-
nisturia. aq adamianebi erTmaneTs ebrZvian. aqedan re-
ligiis kidev erTi funqcia momdinareobs, rac sulier
relaqsaciaSi gamoixateba. amiT zimeli religias da
religiurobas kidev erTxel akavSirebs „socialur
mdgomareobebTan da urTierTobebTan“. Tu adamianur
urTierTobaTa safuZvels fsiqikaSi vipoviT, maSin re-
ligiuroba am fsiqikis Sinagani Semadgeneli nawili iq-
neba.
RvTis rwmenas zimeli sulis subieqturi mdgoma-
reobis gamovlinebad miiCnevs da, amdenad, formaluri
gagebiT, religiis miznebs sulis elementebSi eZebs,
romelTa funqcia individTa religiuri ltolvis dak-
mayofilebaa. saerTod, religiis mizezebi iraciona-
luria da RvTis rwmenis zogadi religiuri toni ira-
cionalurTan erTad socialur pirobebTan aris kav-
SirSi. religia realuri sinamdvilis nawilia, romel-
sac zimeli erTgan Semdegnairad ganmartavs: „sinamdvi-
le ubralo samyaro rodia, aramed igi erT-erTi samya-
roa xelovnebasa da religiasTan erTad, romelic imave
masalisganaa Sedgenili, oRond sxva formebiT, ra masa-
lisganac Cveni grZnobebi da goneba. igi iseve intensiu-
rad aRmocendeba axali urTierTobebis saxiT, rogorc
religiuri samyaro“. sinamdvileSi, samyaroSi zimeli
socialur urTierTobaTa samyarosac gulisxmobs, mag-
ram am urTierTobaTa safuZvlad religiuri msoflaR-
qma miaCnia. faqtia, rom zimeli religiur poziciebze
dgas ise, rom RmerTis obieqturi arsebobis sakiTxs ar
exeba da mas cnobierebasTan da socialur realobasTan
akavSirebs ise, rom adamianis religiur moTxovnileba-
Ta maradiulobas aRiarebs, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebaSi
religiis saWiroebis momxrea.
231
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom zimeli sicocxlis filo-
sofiis warmomadgenelia da nicSes ideebs garkveulwi-
lad iziarebs, oRond mis maradiuli dabrunebis Teo-
riaSi religiuri msoflmxedvelobis gamyarebas xe-
davs, rac nicSes erT-erTi originaluri interpreta-
ciaa.
ramdenadac zimeli formaluri sociologiis
warmomadgenelia, igi religiurobis abstraqtul mo-
dels, religiis „wminda formas“ eZebs da amosaval
principad individualuri cxovreba aqvs aRebuli, ro-
melsac Sinagani antinomiuroba axasiaTebs: cxovreba
mxolod erTxel gveZleva, ganumeorebelia da xanmok-
le, magram yovlismomcvel sazogadoebriv procesebSi
ileva da adamianuri istoriis uwyvet universalur
jaWvSia moqceuli. sakiTxvaia, rogor erTvis individu-
aluri cxovreba sazogadoebis moZraobasa da istori-
as, anu individis sociaciis ra meqanizmebi arsebobs?
am kiTxvaze pasuxs zimeli cxovrebis myari for-
mebis analizis Sedegad iZleva. Tavis mxriv, es formebi
is konceptebi, mudmivebi, universaluri elementebia,
romlebic erTeul moZraobebSi vlindeba da mraval-
ricxovan socialur movlenaTa msvlelobaSi ucvleli
rCeba.
adamians sulieri da materialuri moTxovnilebe-
bis mouwesrigebeli masa gaaCnia, romlebic „sasicoc-
xlo nivTierebebs“ qmnian. moTxovnilebaTa yoveli saxe
Tavisi formebiT kmayofildeba. mag., teqnika im formas
iZleva, romliTac bunebaze batonobis moTxovnileba
kmayofildeba. bazari sikeTeebis gacvlisa da SeZenis
formas warmoadgens. am formebiT sazogadoeba pirov-
nebaTSoris kavSirebs uzrunvelyofs. Cveni cxovreba
am formebiTaa savse, romlebic moqmedebis saTamaSo
socialur vels qmnian da adamianis individualoba
232
garkveuli formebis urTierTkavSiris Sedegad yalib-
deba. socialuri identoba sulieri materiis struq-
turebis meSveobiT miiReba.
cxovrebis arasrulyofilebas adamiani religiu-
ri formebiT ivsebs, anu religiur moTxovnilebebs ik-
mayofilebs. Tavis mxriv, es moTxovnilebebi is sulie-
ri nivTierebebia, romlisganac SeiZleba religia war-
moiqmnas, magram es jer kidev ar aris religia. mag., Se-
iZleba ganicado bednierebis wyurvili, magram religi-
uri ar gaxde. gzneba, ltolva religiisTvis aucilebe-
lia, magram religiurobis Sedegi rodia. religia am
yvelafers aRemateba da „cxovrebisa da samyaros gan-
cdis sulier saSualebas“ warmoadgens da pirovnuli
yofierebis formaa, romlis ZiriTadi funqcia sulie-
ri, religiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaa, ro-
melic fragmentul arsebobas erTianobas, sazriss da
srulyofilebas sZens.
zimeli pirovnuli yofierebis or dones, rogorc
cxovrebis or sarTuls, gamoyofs. dabali – gamocdi-
lebisa da praqtikis donea, romelzedac teqnikis dax-
marebiT bunebis gegmazomieri daufleba xdeba. meore
doneze TamaSis, xelovnebis, mecnierebisa da religiis
sferoebia mocemuli. pirvel sarTulze moqmed for-
mebs Soris religia ori niSniT gansxvadeba: pirveli ni-
Sania imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi sinamdvilis mTliano-
bas, erTianobas da totalobas icavs; meore niSani ki is
aris, rom mas saqme ukve gadamuSavebul nivTirebebTan
aqvs. religiuri samyaro kidev erTxel qmnis sinamdvi-
les da amiT mTel pirovnul yofierebas tons aZlevs.
cxovrebis nivTierebaTagan igi iseTs arCevs, romelic
mis moTxovnebs akmayofilebs, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi
misTvis upiratesi adamianebs Soris urTierTobebis
233
saxiT faqtobrivi sazogadoebrivi masalaa, saidanac
religiuri sinamdvile yalibdeba.
adamianuri yofierebis mTlianoba religias miR-
mur samyaroSi gadaaqvs. RmerTi „jgufis ZalTa tran-
scendenturi adgili xdeba“. danawevrebuli socialu-
ri realoba masSi erTiandeba da srulyofili xdeba.
zimelis azriT, RvTisa da adamianis urTierToba sazo-
gadoebisa da adamianis urTierTobas hgavs. religia im
kavSirebs imeorebs, romlebic individsa da socialur
jgufs Soris arsebobs. jgufi individTa ubralo jami
rodia. individTa jgufuri erTobidan ufro maRali
rangis erToba warmoiqmneba. am SemTxvevaSi RmerTi
jgufis Zalebis transcendirebis adgilsamyofelia.
Zveli warmodgena, rom RmerTi absolutia, xolo yve-
laferi adamianuri SefardebiTi, zimelTan axal mniS-
vnelobas iZens. kerZod, adamianebs Soris urTierToba
Tavis substanciur gamovlinebas RmerTis Sesaxeb war-
modgenaSi poulobs.
zimeli yuradRebas aqcevs e. w. religiis para-
doqss, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom igi sazogadoebis
iqiTa mxares ki ar iSleba, aramed sazogadoebaSi Rrmav-
deba, oRond imgvarad, rom Tavis aRzevebas mis gareT
aRwevs.
religia sxva yvelaferTan erTad im winaaRmdego-
bebis gadalaxvis saSualebacaa, romlebsac seriozul
sazogadoebriv konfliqtebamde mivyavarT. religiis
es funqcia zimels mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia.
religiis Sinaarsi da movlena sasicocxlo nivTi-
erebebisa da religiuri formebis erTobas warmoad-
gens, xolo rac Seexeba obieqtur religiur warmonaq-
mnebs – eklesias da dogmatikas, zimelis azriT, isini
religiis wminda formis susti anareklebia mxolod.
234
religiuri forma individualuri cxovrebis funqciaa
da, Sesabamisad, calkeul individTa moTxovnilebebi
unda daakmayofilos. droTa gamnavlobaSi eklesia, ro-
gorc socialuri instituti, gamyardeba da dogmatika
TviTmizani gaxdeba, amitom individualuri realoba
mudmivad winaaRmdegobaSi modis dogmatikasTan, ekle-
siasTan da awuxebs maT.
literatura:
1. berZeniSvili, a. klasikuri sociologiuri Teorie-

bi, VII leqcia, georg zimelis sociologia, Tb., 2013;
2. gabiZaSvili, o. religiis sociologiis sakiTxebi,
Tb., 1984;
3. garaja, v. religiis sociologia, m. 2005;
4. zimeli, g. religia, socialur — fsiqologiuri eti-
udi, wignSi „rCeuli Txzulebebi“, t. 1. kulturis
filosofia, m. 1996 (gv. 545 — 606);
5. zimeli, g. religiis gnoseologiuri Zirebis sakiT-
xisaTvis, wignSi „rCeuli Txzulebebi“, t. 1. kultu-
ris filosofia, m. 1996 (gv. 606 — 618);
6. zimeli, g. RvTis pirovneba, wignSi „rCeuli Txzule-
bebi“, t. 1. kulturis filosofia, m. 1996 (gv. 363 —
651);
7. zimeli, g. religiis sociologiisaTvis, wignSi „rCe-
uli Txzulebebi“, t. 1. kulturis filosofia, m.
1996 (gv.618 — 635);
8. religiis sociologia, qrestomaTia, m. 1996;
9. qecbaia, k. religiis sociologia, ganaxlebuli
eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelo, Tsu, 2019.
235
Kakha Ketsbaia – doctor of Philosophy, Professor. Academician —
secretary of the Academy of Philosophical Sciences ofGeorgia. Studies
problems of theoretical philosophy (ontology, gnosiology), sociology
(theoretical, branch, meta — sociology) and philosophy of religion and
theology. Heis the author of more than 100 scientific works in these spheres
of science. Lectures on these problems, translates scientific works into
Georgian.
GEORG SIMMEL ON RELIGION
ABSTRACT
Georg Simmel’s ideas concerning religion which he

developed in sociological essays are discussed at length in the article.
According to Simmel, religion is the same as a textbook of
sociology. He analyzed religion from a rather difficult viewpoint –
that of formal sociological conception. In this respect his ideas
concerning definition of religion, genesis of religion, social
peculiarities of religiousness and religious faith and other similar
issues are worth considering.

Ta akademiis religiis filosofiisa da reliagiaT-
mcodneobis ganyofilebam.
236
nodar abesaZe — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis so-
cialuri mecnierebebis programis doqtoranti, 15 — ze meti
samecniero naSromis avtori religiisa da politikis urTi-
erTobebis sakiTxebze; misi kvleviTi Tema exeba saqarTvelos
eklesiis rols Tanamedrove erovnul — politikuri iden-
tobis formirebis procesSi.
marTlmadidebeli eklesia da
Tanamedrove qarTuli
erovnul — politikuri identoba
Tanamedrove msoflio wesrigi erovnuli da poli-

tikuri identobis mkveTri aRmavlobiT gamoirCeva. Se-
icvala damokidebuleba globalizaciis procesisadmi,
romelic aRqmulia, rogorc erovnuli TviTmyofado-
bis dakargvis safrTxed; wina planze wamoiwia erovnu-
li meobisa da kulturebis SenarCunebis problemebma.
eri — saxelmwifoebi, romlebic emyarebodnen erovnul
— saxelwifoebriv identobasa da TviTmyofadobas, di-
di gamowvevebisa da riskebis winaSe aRmoCndnen. dasav-
leTis civilizacia da liberaluri demokratiuli siv-
rce geopolitikuri transformaciebisa da migraciu-
li procesebis Sedegad, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, kri-
zisul situaciaSi aRmoCnda. amitom, globaluri mas-
StabiT metad aqtualuri gaxda erovnul — politikuri
identobis SenarCunebisa da axali msoflio wesrigis
Sesabamisad misi formirebis problema.
Tanamedrove qarTul politikur sivrceSi poli-
turma tranziciam mkveTrad daayena erovnuli da po-
litikuri identobis formirebis problemebi; mimdina-
reobs politikuri sistemis instituciuri da Rirebu-
237
lebiTi transformacia, romelic mwvaved ayenebs po-
litikuri identobis formirebis aucileblobas. qar-
Tuli erovnuli da politikuri identoba erTmaneTs
gansazRvravs da erTian dinamikur procesad warmog-
vidgeba. politikuri identoba erovnuli identobis
maRali safexuria da eris gamorCeul saxelmwifoebriv
da moqalaqeobriv kulturaze miuTiTebs. amitom, mwva-
ved dgas Tanamedrove qarTuli politikuri identobis
formirebis problemebi, romelic Tavisi damaxasiaTe-
beli racionaluri da iracionaluri procesebiT gamo-
irCeva.
Tanamedrove qarTul politikur sivrceSi insti-
tuciuri aqtoruli balansi darRveulia, romelic pe-
rioduli arastabilurobis gancdas amkvidrebs; poli-
tikur velze Tavis ganusazRvrel Zalauflebas domi-
nanturi instituciur — partiuli Zalebi avlenen, rac
mudmivi polarizebis mizezi xdeba. aseTi mdgomareoba
iwvevs instituciur vakuumsa da partiul nihilizms,
romelic sazogadoebaSi pesimistur ganwyobilebas
warmoSobs. amitom, aseT situaciaSi Tavisi gamokveTi-
li da gawonasworebuli poziciiT qarTuli marTlma-
didebeli eklesia da misi meTauri sruliad saqarTve-
los kaTolikos — patriarqi ilia II gamoirCeva.
Tanamedrove qarTuli politikuri identobis
formirebis procesi erovnuli identobis kriteriume-
biT ganisazRvreba, romelic miznad saxelmwifoebriv
TviTdamkvidrebas isaxavs; es aris politikurad da in-
stituciurad damkvidrebuli eri, romelsac aqvs Tavi-
si TviTmyofadi sajaro politikuri sivrce e. i. poli-
tikuri identoba aris saxelmwifoebrivad formirebu-
li eri, romelsac axasiaTebs erTiani erovnuli idea,
238
cnobiereba da ideologia, maRali politikuri da sa-
moqalaqo kultura.
politikuri identobis formirebis umniSvnelo-
vanes paradigmas qarTuli politikuri eris formi-
reba warmoadgens. es aris politikuri meobis kriteri-
umebiT Seqmnili da SekavSirebuli erToba, romelsac
gaazrebuli aqvs Tavisi politikur — istoriuli misia
da umklavdeba politikuri drois gamowvevebs. poli-
tikuri eri samoqalaqo kulturul — RirebulebiT ma-
Ral dones emyareba da politikur sivrceSi stabilu-
ri demokratiulobiT gamoirCeva. qarTveli eri jer-
jerobiT ver amaRlda politikuri eris gagebamde,
radganac erovnuli meobis gaazrebis kultura Zalian
dabalia. aqac SeimCneva aqtiuroba garkveuli politi-
kuri aqtorebisa, romlebic libertarianuli ideolo-
giiT gamoirCevian da Segnebulad aknineben qarTul
TviTmyofadobasa da politikur mentalur kulturas.
uwmindesi da unetaresi ilia II aRniSnavs, rom „yvel-
gan TvalSi sacemia tradiciul RirebulebaTa mos-
pobis, patriotuli suliskveTebis dakninebis, erov-
nuli meobis gaqrobis tendencia, didia mcdeloba
zogierTi mZime codvis bunebriv mdgomareobad ga-
mocxadebisa“.1
politikuri eris formirebis erT-erTi arsebiTi
niSania politikuri sazogadoebis arseboba, romelic
qarTul politikur sivrceSi Zalze sustia. politiku-
ri sazogadoeba es aris instituciurad mdgradi da sa-
xelmwifoebrivad integrirebuli adamianTa erToba,
romelic Tavis politikur miswrafebebs racionalu-
robasa da pragmatizmze agebs da poltikuri demokra-
1
Sobao epistole. Tb., 2018, gv. 5.
239
tiis ZiriTad principad pluralizmi miaCnia. politi-
kuri sazogadoebis formireba politikuri Tanacxov-
rebis xangrZliv periods saWiroebs da eris damouki-
debeli saxelmwifoebrivi Tanacxovrebis did gamocdi-
lebas efuZneba. qarTul sinamdvileSi misi sisuste ga-
movlindeba iracionalurobasa da polarizebaSi, rome-
lic yvela reJimis mudmivi sindromia. klanuri pola-
rizeba angrevs politikur sazogadoebas da amkvid-
rebs fasadurobasa da imitaciur procesebs.
qarTulma marTlmadidebelma eklesiam, gamodis
ra erovnuli da politikuri identobis formirebis
erT-erT gamorCeul institutad, Tavidan ver aicila
Sida dapirispirebebi; es mosalodnelic iyo, radganac
qarTuli eklesia yvelaze gamorCeuli avtoritetiTa
da reitingiT sargeblobda sazogadoebaSi, xolo po-
litikuri procesis sxva institutebis aqtoruli ro-
li dakninebuli iyo. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen
opoziciuri Zalebi, romlebic uaRresad iracionalur
da destruqciul Zalad mogvevlinen; politikur vel-
ze gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobs iseTi klanuri dajgufe-
bebi, romlebic Tavisi destruqciulobiT gamoirCevi-
an, radganac maT sazogadoebaSi reitingi dakarguli
aqvT; mxolod politikurad gaucnobierebeli jgufe-
bis mxardaWeriT sargebloben da moCvenebiT avtori-
tets iqmnian.
Tanamedrove qarTul politikur sivrceSi es e.w.
klanuri dajgufebebi cdiloben TavianTi dasayrdeni
ipovon qarTul marTmadidebel eklesiaSic da Searyi-
on misi avtoriteti. amis naTel dadasturebas warmo-
adgens destruqciuli aqtiuroba garkveuli Zalebisa,
romlebmac augad moixsenies uwmindesi da unetaresi;
maT TavanTi radikaluri gamonaTqvamebiT Seuracxyo-
240
fa miayenes mTlianad qarTul eklesiasa da sazogadoe-
bas, romelic marTlmadideblobaSi xedavs Tavis erov-
nul da politikur identobas, radganac es instituti
gamodis eris politikuri erTianobis simbolod. mxo-
lod eklesia darCa erovnuli da politikuri mTlia-
nobis SemnarCunebel Zalad, romelic kravs eris mTli-
an cnobier da ideologiur samyaros; swored es aris
safuZveli politikuri identobisa da saxelmwifoeb-
rivi TviTdamkvidrebisa. politikuri Zalebi ki mxo-
lod TavianTi klanuri interesebidan gamomdinare
moqmedeben da politikur sivrceSi destruqciulobiT
gamoirCevian.
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos — patriarqma
ilia II-m aseT rTul viTarebaSi gamoiCina maqsimaluri
TavSekaveba da Semwynarebloba; man ki ar gaamwvava
mdgomareoba, aramed maqsimalur kompromisebze wavida
da Semrigebluri pozicia daafiqsira; amiT patriarqma
polarizeba ki ar moaxdina, aramed Searbila situacia
da sazogadoebas misca ufleba, Seefasebina Seqmnili
mdgomareoba; sazogadoeba mowodebis simaRleze aR-
moCnda da dagmo destruqciulobis sindromis Semota-
na qarTul eklesiaSi, rac SeiZleba damRupveli aRmoC-
ndes qarTuli erTiani erovnuli da politikuri iden-
tobisaTvis. patriarqma saqarTvelos eklesiis wminda
sinodis sxdomaze 2019 wlis 31 oqtombers ganacxada
rom „Cven ar unda mivceT sababi sazogadoebas dab-
rkoldes eklesiisa da sarwmunoebis mimarT. dRes
Cven aq SevikribeT ara imisaTvis, rom vinme davsa-
joT, aramed imisaTvis, rom davexmaroT erTmaneTs.
Cven ki ar unda davumZimoT erTmaneTs tvirTi, ara-
med unda SevumsubuqoT. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cem-
Tvis araerTxel daumZimebiaT jvari, me arasodes mi-
241
fiqria vinmes dasja. me mudam mxolod Tqvens daxma-
rebaze vfiqrob. me aRvizarde iseT ojaxSi, sadac mu-
dam iyo didi krZalva RvTisadmi da TanagrZnoba
moyvasisadmi. Cveni ojaxi araerTxel ifaravda dev-
nil samRvdeloebas. dRes rTuli droa. Cven unda ga-
viaroT bewvis xidze. Cven yvelaferi unda gavake-
ToT, rom eri ar dabrkoldes, Cveni qcevisa da ga-
mosvlebis gamo. yovel mRvdelmTavars aqvs dadebu-
li fici RvTisa da patriarqis winaSe erTgulebisa
da am ficis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, igi did codvas
idebs sakuTar Tavze“.1
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia da sru-
liad saqarTvelos kaTolikos — patriarqi ilia II yo-
velTvis mTeli principulobiT moiTxovda ilia WavWa-
vaZis mier iyo Camoyalibebuli Cveni erovnuli ideo-
logiuri principebis – „mamuli, ena, sarwmunoebis“
dacvas; Tumca, uwmindesma cota sxvanairad gamoTqva –
„RmerTi, samSoblo, adamiani“; man amiT xazi gausva re-
ligiisa, da gansakuTrebiT qarTveli adamianisaTvis
marTlmadideblobis, mniSvnelobas, rodesac msofli-
oSi gamokveTilad izrdeba religiuri cnobierebis
roli erovnuli identobis formirebaSi; amasTanave,
patriarqi wina planze ayenebs adamians, mis niWsa da
unarebs, romelic Tanamedrove politikuri procesisa
da politikuri identobis upirvelesi aqtoria. uwmin-
desi da unetaresi ilia II aRniSnavs, rom „yoveli ada-
miani ganumeorebelia da unda gavufrTxildeT er-
TmaneTs. Cven unda veZeboT adamianebi, gansakuTre-
1
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is ga-
ncxadeba wminda sinodis sxdomaze 2019 wlis 31 oqtombers.
https://www.ambebi.ge/article/238697-ilia-meore-miuxedavad-imisa-rom-
chemtvis-araertx/
242
biT isini, romelnic Tavdadebulni arian samSoblo-
saTvis. samwuxarod ki gvaxasiaTebs is, rom: Cven ar
vafasebT maT, ar gvesmis rogori didi saunjea TiTo-
euli maTgani. minda giTxraT, rom yovel adamians
aqvs raime niWi, es aris RvTisagan boZebuli saCuqari
da es unda davafasoT da niWier adamins mxarSi unda
amoudgeT. ar arsebobs adamiani uniWo, mxolod saWi-
roa im niWis gamovlena... moZebneT Tqveni niWi da
RmerTi daagvirgvinebs Tqvens niWs didi warmatebiT,
didi SedegebiT... Seuracxyofas nu miayenebT erTma-
neTs, cils nu daswamebT erTmaneTs. giyvardeT er-
TmaneTi.“1
saqarTvelo istoriulad multikulturul sa-
xelmwifos warmoadgenda, romelsac religiuri mra-
valferovani konfesiuri sivrcec uwyobda xels. kon-
fesiuri mravalferovani TviTmyofadoba ar gamoric-
xavs dominanturi religiis gansakuTrebul rolsa da
tolerantul suliskveTebas. qarTuli marTlmadide-
beli eklesia warmoadgens tolerantul urTierToba-
Ta safuZvels, romelic amkvidrebs erTian multikul-
turul politikur identobas. am azriT, Tanamedrove
qarTuli politikuri identoba gamoirCeva Tavisi re-
liogiur-konfesiuri mravalferovnobiT, romelsac
marTlmadidebluri saxelmwifoebrivi gageba da cno-
biereba udevs safuZvlad. 2019 wlis 15-16 noembers, to-
lerantobis saerTaSoriso dResTan dakavSirebiT,
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos — patriarqma, uwmin-
desma da unetaresma ilia II-m sapatriarqo rezidenci-
1
kvirao qadageba 2019 wlis 10 noembers. https://www.interpres-
snews.ge/ka/article/572044-ilia-meore-sheuracxqopas-nu-miaqenebt-ertma-
nets-ciliscamebas-nu-miaqenebt-ertmanets-giqvardet-ertmaneti
243
aSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiebisa da konfesie-
bis liderebi da maTi warmomadgenlebi miiRo. maT So-
ris iyvnen: ebraelTa Temis, muslimTa sammarTvelos,
somexTa samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis, la-
Tin — kaTolikeTa, iezidTa sasuliero krebis, evange-
lur — luTeruli da saxarebis rwmenis eklesiis xel-
mZRvanelebi da maTi Tanxlebi pirebi. stumrebma aRniS-
nes, rom saqarTvelo istoriulad tolerantuli qve-
yanaa da marTlmadidebeli eklesia da piradad kaTo-
likos — patriarqi Tavisi moRvaweobiT xels uwyobs
Semwynareblobis ganmtkicebasa da sxvadasxva religiu-
ri da eTnikuri jgufis mSvidobian Tanacxovrebas. isi-
ni movidnen aq imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelos kaTolikos
— patriarqisaTvis Tanadgoma da pativiscema gamoexa-
taT da madloba gadaexadaT misTvis tradiciuli Ri-
rebulebebis dacvisa da Semwynareblobis ganmtkicebi-
saTvis. Tavis mxriv, patriarqma aRniSna, rom „me gu-
liTadad mogesalmebiT, moxaruli var, rom dRes
CvenTan mobrZandiT. tolerantobis dRea, urTier-
Tdaxmarebis, urTierTgagebis, dacvis, im faseulo-
bebis dacvis, romelsac saukuneebis manZilze vicav-
diT Cven da Cveni winaprebi... ai, am urTules dros
Cven vcxovrobT mravali problemebis winaSe. er-
Tsulovneba da tolerantoba, Tqven mogexsenebaT,
aqtualuria da aucilebelia. Cven yvelaferi unda
gavakeToT, rom erTsulovneba SevinarCunoT.“ poli-
tikuri identobis formirebis safuZvelia erovnul
Rirebulebebsa da tradiciebze agebuli saganmanaT-
leblo procesi da aRmzrdelobiTi sistema. samwuxa-
rod, am sferos ar eRirsa stabiluroba da Tanamedro-
ve sistemaze gadasvla; vcxovrobT mudmivi cvlilebe-
bis reJimSi, romelmac saswavlo procesi srul degra-
244
daciamde miiyvana. transplantaciurma procesma
mkveTrad Secvala socializaciis procesis erovnuli
modeli, romelmac daarRvia balansi am procesis agen-
tebs Soris. Sedegad miviReT gaunaTleblobis sindro-
mi, romelmac erTianad daaknina swavla — aRzrdiasa da
mecnieruli kvlevebis procesi. patriarqi miuTiTebs,
rom `pirvel rigSi saTanado yuradReba unda mieqces
erovnuli suliskveTebiT moswavleTa aRzrdas; sas-
wavlo programebidan, samwuxarod, TiTqmis amoRe-
bulia Cveni klasikosi mwerlebis nawarmoebebi, ga-
moCenil pirovnebaTa da movlenaTa Rirssaxsovari
TariRebi; xSirad ar ewyoba eqskursiebi Cveni qvey-
nis sxvadasxva kuTxis gasacnobad... unda gatardes
sxva RonisZiebebic, rom ymawvilebSi samSoblos siy-
varuli gaRvivdes da isini Rirseul moqalaqeebad
Camoyalibdnen. lukma-puris SovnisTvis saxlidan
gasul mSoblebs Zalian cota dro rCebaT Svilebi-
saTvis; amitomac saxelmwifom da, aqedan gamomdina-
re, skolam unda itvirTos rogorc swavlebis, ise
aRzrdis funqcia... skolam unda Caunergos moswav-
leebs Sromis siyvaruli, unari patiebisa da sxvisi
sixaruliT gaxarebisa, simarTlis dacvisa da megob-
ris erTgulebisa, daCagrulis Tanadgomisa da, saer-
Tod, sikeTis qmnisa.~1
erovnuli da politikuri identobis formirebis
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes da Zalze mwvave problemad
Tanamedrove ojaxis mdgomareoba rCeba, romelic tra-
diciul funqcias veRar asrulebs; axalgazrda Taoba
pirvelad politikur socializaciasa da RirebulebiT
1
Sobao epistole. 2019 hhttp://patriarchate.ge/geo/patriarqi/ilia-ii/episto-
leebi-illia-ii/.
245
aRqmas iRebs ojaxSi, romelic, tradiciuli situacii-
sagan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove epoqaSi, gaucxoebis
elementebiT sargeblobs. samwuxarod, ojaxuri aR-
zrdis sistema Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisad
veRar muSaobs; gaucxoebulia RirebulebiTi gageba
Svilebsa da mSoblebs Soris, romelic mZime socialur-
ekonomikurma mdgomareobamac gamoiwvia; amas emateba
politikuri polarizebisa da klanurobis sindromi,
romelic axalgazrdobaSi erTgvar RirebulebiT gada-
fasebas iwvevs. erovnuli da politikur — saxelmwifo-
ebrivi nihilizmi ver uzrunvelyofs politikuri
identobis formirebisaTvis saTanado pirobebis Seq-
mnas. patriarqi ilia II miuTiTebs, rom `dRes xSir Sem-
TxvevaSi ded-mama Svils ver aqcevs saTanado yurad-
Rebas; samwuxaroa is faqti, rom mSobeli naklebad
monawileobs skolis cxovrebaSi, rac dauSvebelia;
savaldebulo unda gaxdes pedagogebTan xSiri Sex-
vedra; maT unda igrZnon Tavisi pasuxismgebloba da
maswavleblebTan erTad yvelaferi gaakeTon Svil-
Tan mimarTebaSi swori midgomebis gansazRvrisaT-
vis.“1uwmindesi ojaxTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs, rom
`saerTod, ojaxi aris eris, saxelmwifos, sazogadoe-
bis mTavari qvakuTxedi. igi patara saxelmwifoa,
qristianuli gagebiT ki – `mcire eklesia."2
amrigad, saqarTvelos eklesiis reitingi da av-
toriteti politikur scenaze instituciuri da Rire-
bulebiTi racionalurobis amaRlebis mimarTulebiT
1
Sobao epistole. 2019 hhttp://patriarchate.ge/geo/patriarqi/ilia-ii/episto-
leebi-illia-ii/.
2
Sobao epistole. Tb., 2014, gv.10.
246
kidev ufro izrdeba. garkveuli politikuri Zalebi
cdiloben daakninon qarTuli eklesiis mzardi avto-
riteti da gavlena politikur sivrceSi; maT mier erT-
erT kriteriumad aRebulia qarTuli eklesiis gazrdi-
li politizireba, rac TviT politikuri procesis
diskursSi ar jdeba. marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier
politikur sivrceSi dasmuli problemebi politikuri
mniSvnelobisaa, romlebic emsaxureba Tanamedrove
qarTuli erovnul — politikuri identobis formire-
bis process. qarTuli erovnuli identobis raciona-
lurad da pragmatulad gageba da gamoyeneba qarTuli
eklesiis mizania, romelic politikuri identobis
formirebis safuZvelia.
literatura:

ilia II — is saSobao epistole. Tb.,2014
ilia II — is saSobao epistole.Tb., 2018
ilia II — is saSobao epistole. 2019
hhttp://patriarchate.ge/geo/patriarqi/ilia — ii/epistoleebi — illia —
ii/
ilia II — is gancxadeba wminda sinodis sxdomaze 2019
wlis 31 oqtombers.
https://www.ambebi.ge/article/238697 — ilia — meore —
miuxedavad — imisa — rom — chemtvis — araertx/
ilia II — is sakvirao qadageba 2019 wlis 10 noembers
https://www.interpressnews.ge/ka/article/572044 — ilia — meore
247
— sheuracxqopas — nu — miaqenebt — ertmanets — ciliscamebas —
nu — miaqenebt — ertmanets — giqvardet — ertmaneti
6. saqarTveloSi moqmed religiaTa xelmZRvanelebma
tolerantobis dRes saqarTvelos kaTolikos —
patriarqs Tanadgoma gamoucxades 2019 w. 16 noembe-
ri. https://fortuna.ge/ardaidardo/post/chven — vkhedavt — rom —
ojakhis — simtkice — tandatan — ecema — sadac — mtkice —
ojakhia — iq — mtkice — sakhelmwifoa — ilia — meore
7. sapatriarqos gancxadeba RvTismSoblisadmi saqar-
Tvelos wilxvdomilobis dRed gamocxadebasTan
dakavSirebiT. 5 aprili, 2019
https://www.interpressnews.ge/ka/article/540832 — sapatriarko —
gvtismshoblisadmi — sakartvelos — cilxvdomilobis — dged —
gamocxadebastan — dakavshirebit — gancxadebas — avrcelebs/
8. g. abesaZe, n. abesaZe. Tanamedrove qarTuli politi-
kuri cnobiereba da erovnuli identoba. `filoso-
fiuri Ziebani“ /krebuli XXIII /. saqarTvelos filo-
sofiur mecnierebaTa akademia. ùniversali“, Tb.,
2019, gv.229 — 235
Nodar Abesadze – Doctor of Social Sciences of Georgian Technical

University, Author of more than 15 scientific papers on issues of
religion and politics; His research focuses on the role of the Georgian
Church in the formation of modern national — political identity.
ORTHODOX CHURCH AND MODERN

GEORGIAN NATIONAL — POLITICAL
ABSTRACT
Modernity is marked by the rise of national and political

identities. The Orthodox Church plays an important role in shaping
248
modern Georgian national — political identity. The Church of
Georgia has great authority in the political space. Its role in the
formation of political society and state self — government is
prominent. The Church is one of the actors of modern political
socialization. Its main task is to shape national and political
identities. The work of the Church of Georgia is the foundation of
political and institutional stability.

249
manana CiteiSvili — filosofiis doqtori, akaki wereTlis
saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori; muSa-
obs religiisa da xelovnebis, religiisa da eTikis sakiTxeb-
ze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs wignebi: „religiis istoriis sakiT-
xebi“ (quTaisi, 2004); „qarTuli qristianuli xelovnebis sa-
kiTxebi“ (quTaisi, 2005); „eTikis safuZvlebi biznesisaTvis“
(quTaisi, 2008); „taZris egzistencialuri da religiuri as-
peqtebi“ (quTaisi, 2013); „xelovnebis filosofiis probleme-
bi“ (quTaisi, 2017); avtoria filosofiis problemebze samec-
niero statiebis.
taZris msxvrevis,
anu ganwmendis gagebisaTvis
taZris msxvrevisa da misi nagavsayrel adgilad ga-

daqcevis Sesaxeb arsebobs winaswarmetyvelebebi. dani-
elis wignSi saubaria ierusalimSi, momavalSi, mefis
mosvlisa da misi sikvdiliT dasjis Sedegebze: „sibil-
wis frTebze iqneba gamtialebeli, vidre gangebuli
dro ar eweva gamtialebels (daniel winaswarmetyveli,
9:27). aRniSnuls mxars ubamen maxareblebi da gadmosce-
men iesos sityvebs, taZris momavali dangrevis Sesaxeb
(„gatialebis“ Sesaxeb), (maTe, 24:4), (markozi, 13:14), (lu-
ka, 21:20).
Zvel aRTqmaSi vxvdebiT erT, TiTqmis SeumCnevel,
magram saintereso epizods, israelis mefis, iuis mier,
baalis taZris dangrevis Sesaxeb: „sanagve adgilad aq-
cies dResamomde“ (meoTxe mefeTa, 10:27). maSasadame,
qristianTa pozicia ierusalimuri taZris mimarTebaSi
mniSvnelovan wilad gapirobebuli iyo ara ubralod
danielisa da qristes winaswarmetyvelebiT, aramed
kargad nacnobi eTikuri poziciis logikurad Camoya-
250
libebiT, anu: taZari ara marto unda daingres (Tu amas
imsaxurebs), ufro metic, is unda gadaiqces nagvis Sek-
rebis adgilad. muslimebma gadaaTamaSes ra aRniSnuli
Tvalsazrisi, Semoitanes erTis mxriv, qiamiti (aRdgo-
ma) da meores mxriv, gumamaTi (nagvis Sekrebis adgili).
Tumca, muslimebi SeCerdnen gavrcelebuli motivis
mxolod ritorikulad dafiqsirebis doneze.
taZris ganwmenda warmoadgens sakralur – eTikuri
rigis pirvel da mniSvnelovan motivs, taZrul Teolo-
giaSi. rogorc Cans, es funqcia Tavidanve iyo winaswar-
metyveluri – sicocxlis damkvidreba, ganwmenda – ga-
naxlebis gziT (wmida wyliT, wvimiT).
taZris ganwmendis faqti muhamedisa da misi gare-
mocvisaTvis aris yvelaze maRali rigis sakraluri aq-
ti, romelic acxadebs axal sataZro sivrceSi Sesvlas
da ganuyofel kavSirebs, abraamiseuli wris sataZro
Teologiis arsebul normebTan.
sayuradReboa, kavSirebi eklesiebsa da abanoebs
Soris, rac SeiniSneba bizantiis mTel istoriaSi. mag.,
saeklesio ierarqebis mier igeboda eklesiebi abanoebis
gverdiT.
taZrebTan mimarTebaSi, mniSvnelovania sxva movle-
nac, kerZod, taZrisaTvis saxelis gadarqmevis faqti
(roca is, sxva rwmenis mqone adamianis xelSi gadadis),
rac mis dangrevas ganasaxierebs (gadakeTdeba misi in-
terieri da sxva). amgvarad, taZris dangreva ar warmo-
adgens taZruli azrovnebis safuZveldebul toposs.
es Semotanili, magram taZruli ontologiisaTvis Tan-
mxlebi toposia.
gavixsenoT iesos sityvebi, roca is daangrevs „xel-
Tqmnil taZars“ (sityva „xelTqmnili“ mag., Zv. aRTqmaSi
251
niSnavs „cru RmerTebs“, xalxis xeliT Seqmnils), ro-
melSic is moiazreboda mag., i. kangaris azriT, rogorc
zeciuri da miwieri taZrebis urTierTdapirispireba.
ierusalimur taZrebSi ieso gulisxmobs raRac iseTs,
rac kerpebTanaa Sesadari da mouwodebs misi dangrevi-
sa da axlis aRmarTvisaken.
cnobilia, rom muhamedma, ebraelTa adgilobriv
TemTan ganxeTqilebis Semdeg, Seicvala samlocvelo
Tayvaniscemis orientacia, ierusalimidan – meqaze
(esaa, muhamedis mier, meCeTis orientaciis Secvlis ga-
regnuli axsna). siRrmiseuli da ritualuri safuZvle-
bis Sesaxeb, aRniSnulia yuranis Sesabamis adgilas (yu-
rani, 2:144). Tavidan, muhamedis mier, orientirad ieru-
salimze, gamoyenebuli iyo Tavis saxl – meCeTSi, ubra-
lo 2 qva (wiTeli da Savi). sakraluri Tayvaniscemis
obieqti, pirvel rigSi, aRmoCnda Savi qva (xadJar al –
asvad), romelic ganlagebuli iyo qiblas kedelTan (ke-
deli, romelic miuTiTebs locvis mimarTulebas). yve-
la mkvlevari am qvaSi xedavs protomihrabs. Tavdapir-
velad, locvebis mimarTva ierusalimis mxares SemTxve-
viTi ar iyo, vinaidan medineli ebraelebi warmoSobiT
ierusalimidan iyvnen (isini, romaelebis mier, meore
taZris dangrevis Semdeg gamoiqcnen saxelovani qala-
qidan). medinaSi dRemde SemorCa meCeTi, sadac muhamed-
ma pirvelad Secvala qiblas orientacia. mas ewoda mas-
jid al – qiblataini, anu meCeTi ori qiblaTi. Sig dRem-
de loculoben, jer meqisaken mimarTuli, xolo Semdeg
– ierusalimisaken. Secvala ra, qiblas mimarTuleba,
muhamedma, TiTqos, samaradisod daaSoriSora muslime-
bisa da iudevelebis sivrculi orientacia. muslimebi
myarad darCnen ierusalimis sivrculi mizidulobis
252
qveS da SeeZloT qaabidan advilad „daenaxaT“ ierusa-
limi. amiT, sabolood, gadawyda taZris mTisa da morias
kldis (as – sahras) bedi. amgvarad, abraamiseuli tra-
diciebis taZrul cnobierebaSi Seiqmna kidev erTi ori-
entiri da topologiurad gamowrTobili realoba – Sa-
vi qva.
islamis mimdevrebSi, qvis mniSvneloba, Cadebulia
erT-erT samlocvelo formaSi – ziqri, romelic dRem-
de praqtikaSia. am ukanasknelSi, manipulacia xdeba qve-
biT (locvebis ganmeorebis raodenobrivi zrda xorci-
eldeba kenti ricxvebis farglebSi). yvela am qvis da
locvebis ricxvTa saboloo Segrovebisa da dalagebis
mizania samwaxnagovani piramiduli forma (harami), mag-
ram amjerad, adamianis sulieri centris mniSvnelobiT
(piramida, taZruli cnobierebis universaluri saxea,
romelic egviptis siZveleebidan modis da Semdeg, Zvel
saberZneTSi, piTagorelebTan aisaxeba).
taZari ar arsebobs misken mimavali gzis gareSe. ta-
Zari aris adgili, sadac RmerTi xvdeba adamians. gavix-
senoT, rom qristes erT-erTi epiTetia „gza“. daos
centraluri mniSvnelobaaris „usasrulo gza“. naTla-
daaCamoyalibebuli gzis mniSvneloba „odigitriis“ sa-
xeSi (rac niSnavs berZnulidan „gzamkvlevs“). aRniSnu-
li ikonografiuli tipi, Tavad luka maxareblis mieraa
dawerili da qristianul xatweraSi umniSvnelovanesia.
momlocveloba muslimebTan rwmenis „xuT burjSi“
Sedis. es ar aris ubralod taZrisken svla, aramed mi-
marTebaa RmerTis samyofi adgilisaken: „samjer gami-
marTe dResaswauli weliwadSi“ (gamosvlaTa, 23:14);aRi-
niSneba dResaswaulebic, romliTac xdeba samjeradi
momlocveloba: „Seni RvTis winaSe ufuarobis dResas-
253
waulze, Svideulis dResaswaulze da karvobis dResas-
waulze“ (meore rjuli, 16:16). TviT ierusalimTan miax-
loeba niSnavda RmerTTan miaxloebas. Zveli aRTqmis
striqonebi gveubnebian, rom Tavisi arsiT, morwmuneTa
esqatologiuri moZraoba taZrisken, niSnavs israelis
erTobas, yvela xalxis erTobas. taZarTan midiodnen
ritualuri simRerebiT: „simRera geqnebaT rogorc
dResaswaulis ganaTvlis Rames da gulis sixaruli ro-
gorc salamuriT mimavals uflis mTaze, israelis
kldeze asasvlelad“ (esaia, 30:29).
taZari moipoveba gzaSi, iakobma xom swored ase,
gzaSi aRmoaCina taZari, romelsac daerqva beiT – el
(uflis saxli). Zvel aRTqmaSi, ara erTxel aris miniSne-
buli ebraelTa mTeli xetialis Sesaxeb ucxo miwaze,
rogorc erTgvari momlocvelobaze, molodinsa da
siwmindis Ziebaze – ierusalimis mTaze. „im dRes axmian-
deba didi sayviri da movlen aSuris qveyanaSi dakar-
gulni da egviptis qveynad gagdebulni, rom Tayvani
scen ufals wminda mTaze ierusalimSi“ (esaia, 27:13).
taZarTan dakavSirebulia desakralizaciisa da re-
sekralizaciis problemebi. cnobilia, rom ebraelebma
taZris dangrevidan mravali wlis Semdeg, ganaxorcie-
les morias mitovebul kldeebze msvleloba. amgvari
saxiT grZnobis gamoxatva ar tovebdaT ebraelebs, vid-
re sataZro moedani, sabolood ar daikaves muslimebma.
ebraelebs wasasvleli arsad hqondaT, taZris adgil-
samyofelma statusi Seicvala. amgvari saxiT, statusis
Secvla desekralizaciaa. mis adgilas, sxva, arqtiteq-
turulad axali formis siwmindis gaCena (sxva sarwmu-
noebrivi sawyisebiT) – resekralizacia. aRniSnuli ma-
galiTi gviCvenebs, rom sakuTriv, taZruli sivrcis
254
sakralurobis yofna ar warmoadgens aucileblobas.
sakraluri grZnoba rCeba taZris dakargvis, an ar arse-
bobis SemTxvevaSic.
qristianul tradiciaSi momlocvelobis pirvel
gamocdilebad unda miviCnioT mogvTa Tayvaniscema. sa-
yuradReoba is azri, rom Tavad qriste ierusalimSi Se-
vida, rogorc momlocveli. mis Sesvlas Tan axlda Sey-
virebebi, osana: „kurTxeulia uflis saxeliT momavali;
gakurTxebT uflis taZridan (fsalmuni, 117:27). mom-
locvelobis analogiuri tipi aRmoCenilia indoeTSic
– janakpuru. islamis damkvidrebiT SemoRebuli iqna
momlocveloba – haji (meqasa, nafic meCeTSi – haramSi
da qaabaSi), romelic yvela muslimis 5 movaleobaTa
ricxvSi Sevida. axali azri, meqaSi momlocvelobis
idea, jer kidev medinaSi yofnisas Seitana muhamedma,
ebraelTa gavleniT. yvela wlis, daTqmul Tves (zu – l
– xija), milioni muslimi mTeli qveynidan miemarTeba
meqaSi. Tu is, srulfasovani hajis arsulebs, aucile-
belia moinaxulos medina – muhamedis dakrZalvis adgi-
li. muhamedi gamoaZeves meqadan. yvela xalifi (mogvia-
nebiT, xarun ar — raSi — dis garda) cdilobda ar Sesu-
liyo meqaSi. medinadan hajis Sesrulebisas, mniSvnelo-
vania qaabis irgvliv 7 — jer ritualuri Semovla (rac
unda moxdes marcxena mxridan). yovelwliuri momloc-
velobis dros, meqaSi agzavnidnen karavs, romelic Se-
kerili iyo Zvirfasi naWrebidan da morTuli iyo Zvir-
fasi qvebiT, e.w. mahaliT (am ukanasknelTan erTad qaa-
bisaken gaemgzavreboda gadasafarebeli – qisva. is das-
venebuli iyo aqlemze, romelic qaravnis TavSi idga da
rogorc fiqroben, sakraluri funcqiebiT iyo aRWur-
vili (romlis azri dReisaTvis ucnobia). meqaSi, mahma-
255
lis gagzavnis faqti, gvianistoriul periodSi dadas-
turda (aRniSnuli movlena uSualodaa dakavSirebuli
taZris SeqmnasTan da taZruli cnobierebis wyaroeb-
Tan). bundovani aRweris Tanaxmad, karavi mahmalis Sig-
niT iyo moTavsebuli, xolo saganZuri – yuranis xelna-
weriT, gragnilis, an wignis saxiT. mahmalis mowyoba
Segvaxsenebs nacnob paralels, iseTs, rogoricaa, mo-
ses karavi da masSi Senaxuli aRTqmis kidobani.
qaabaSi, mahmalis gagzavnis istoriaSi, erTi sainte-
reso epizodia. am ukanasknelis gasarkvevad, aucilebe-
lia davubrundeT taZrisaken momlocvelobis geneti-
kuri kavSiris ideas, iudaizmTan. iudaizmis Temenolo-
gia ganuyofelia Sehinas cnebidan (Sxina), romelic war-
moadegns RvTaebrivi daswrebis da uflis sidiadis uxi-
lav gamosaxulebas, moses miSkanSi – RrublissaxiT (ie-
rusalimur taZarSi) da zeciur qalaqSi (ezekielis xil-
vebSi), swored Sehina ganasaxierebda Slomis (solomo-
nis) sibrZnes, anu apriorulad iyo dakavSirebuli taZ-
ruli cnobierebis sawyisebTan. RvTaebrivi Zala, Tavis
mudmiv samyofelad irCevs taZris Siga sivrces da niS-
navs uxilav yofnas. „roca gamovidnen mRvdlebi wmidaTa
wmidadan, Rrubelma aavso RvTis saxli. veRar dadgnen
msaxurebisaTvis iq mRvdlebi am Rrublis gamo, radgan
uflis didebas daefara saxli“ (mesame mefeTa, 8:10 — 11).
taZari, Sehinas idealuri adgilsamyofelia. ezekielis
winaswarmetyvelebis Tanaxmad, taZris aRorZineba war-
moadgens uflis didebis dabrunebas (ezekieli, 10:18:19).
„aimarTa uflis dideba qalaqidan da daadga mTas, qala-
qis aRmosavleTiT rom aris“ (ezekieli, 11:23).
islamis taZruli cnobierebisaTvis, mahmalis dab-
runeba sakinasTan erTad simptomaturia, radgan iuda-
256
izmisagan gansxvavebiT, muslimisaTvis taZari aris ara
marto nafici meCeTi qaabiT, aramed mTeli samyaro.
locvas muslimi asrulebs iq, sadac mas locvis Sesru-
lebis dro mouwevs. ieso qristem Seqmna xelTuqmneli
taZari TavisiT da TavisTvis: „xolo me geubnebiT
Tqven: aq aris is, vinc taZarzec umetesia) (maTe, 12:6).
qristianuli taZris sakmeveliT avseba analogiuri
iyo (ufro Zvel tradiciaSi) iudevelebTan, oRond,
RrubelTan RvTaebrivi daswrebiT (e.i. sakmeveli
Rrublis nacvlad), romliTac ivseboda nakurTxi kara-
vi da solomonis taZari, kidobnis Semotanisas (Rrube-
li niSnavs wm. suls).
muslimi, romlis gulSic sakinaa, zRudavs Tavis
Tavs drosa da sivrceSi, samlocvelo xaliCiT. uaRre-
sad mniSvnelvoania xaliCis naxati, romelic sruldeba
TaRis gamosaxulebiT, meCeTis gumbaTiT, an mihrabis
msgavsebiT, rac gansazRvravs mlocvelis mdgomareo-
bis statikurobas. ver vityviT, rom taZruli cnobie-
rebis anTropocentruli aspeqti, islamis mosvlasTan
erTad Seiqmna. gavixsenoT, mociqul pavles naTqvami:
„nuTu ar iciT, rom Tqveni sxeuli taZaria TqvenSi dam-
kvidrebuli sulis wmidisa, romelic gaqvT RmerTisa-
gan da ar ekuTvniT Tqvens Tavs?“ (pirveli korinTelTa
mimarT, 6:19).
qristianobaSi, ise rogoc islamSi, pirvel SemTxve-
vaSi (qristianobaSi) sakraluri gamoisaxeba xatis for-
miT, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – damwerlobiT. muslim
mxatvrebTan mravalkuTxovani kuburi formis Srifti,
mogvagonebs meandras (berZnuli tipis ornaments), ro-
melic labirinTiseul kompozicias qmnis. islamis mxat-
vrulma praqtikam SeimuSava damwerlobis gansakuTre-
257
buli forma – anTropomorfuli da zoomorfuli saxee-
biT. damwerlobisa da taZris cnebaTa kavSiri imanentu-
ria. yuranis adreul damwerlobaSi, surebs Soris Cnde-
ba sataZro kolonebis gamosaxuleba – tradiciuli lam-
pari (ara naxatis gaformebis funqcionaluri miznebis
misaRwevad, aramed wm. werilsa da taZris semantikur
kavSirs Soris gancxadebis gasakeTeblad).
arabuli warwerebis gamoCena meCeTebisa da medre-
sebis gareT kedlebze, sabolood adasturebs ori mo-
naTesave episTemis urTierTkavSiris istorias, abraa-
miseuli tradiciebis religiaTa sulier da mxatvrul
SemoqmedebaSi.
literatura:
1. biblia;
2. yurani;
3. Флавии Иосиф – Иудейские древности. СПБ, 1895.
258
Manana Chiteishvili – Doctor of Philosophy, Associate Professor of Akaki
Tsereteli State University; works about religious, art and ethics matters. Her
books include: “Historical Matters of Religions” (Kutaisi, 2004); “Georgian
Christian Art Matters” (Kutaisi, 2005); “Ethics Foundations for Business”
(Kutaisi, 2008); “Existential and Religious Aspects of the Temple” (Kutaisi,
2013); “Problems of Art Philosophy” (Kutaisi, 2017); the author of some
scientific articles about the problems of philosophy.
FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF TEMPLE

BREAKING OR PURIFICATION
ABSTRACT
There are several prophecies about Temple breaking and

transforming it as a place of trash. In Daniel’s book there are some
passages telling about the coming of the king of the future in
Jerusalem, his death penalty and its outcomes (Daniel the prophet,
9:27). This prophecy is also supported by gospellers and talk about
Jesus’s words about the temple breaking (Mathew, 24:4), (Marcus,
13:14), (Luke, 21:20). In the Old Testament we see an unnoticeable
but a very interesting episode about the breaking of Baal Temple by
Jui, the king of Israel (the Fourth of the Kings, 10:27). The
purification of the temple represents the first and important motif of
sacral — ethical rank in cathedral theology. As it seems, this function
was prophetical from the beginning – living by purifying and
refreshing (by pure water or rain).
In terms of cathedrals (temples) it is relevant to take the fact of
changing the name of cathedral into consideration (when it is given
to the people of different confessions), which reflects the breaking of
a cathedral (its interior is redecorated etc.). This is contributed, but
characteristic moment for cathedral ontology. It is considerable, that
Mohamed changed his chapel worship orientation from Jerusalem to
259
Mecca after having a discord to the local community (Koran, 2:144).
The object of sacral worshipping was the Black Stone, which was
placed at the wall of Kibla (the wall which indicates the direction for
praying). According to the Islam followers, the meaning of a stone is
included in one of the praying type – Zikri. The final aim of
collecting the sum of theses prayers and stones is a pyramidal shape
(Haram).
Not any cathedral is built without a stone. Pilgrimage with
Muslims is included in their “five piers”. This is not only the
movement to the cathedral, but moving to the place of God (Out —
comers, 23:14); (the Second Oath, 16:16). Problems of
desacralization (changing the status of the place of cathedral) and
resecralization (evolving the sacredness of architecturally new shape)
are related to the cathedral.
The idea of pilgrimage in Mecca by sending a tent is also
important. The tent was sewn with precious cloth and was decorated
with small stones, i.e. Mahal. The fact of sending Mahal to Mecca
with Kisva (a cloth which covered the back of a camel) was
confirmed in the late historical period. According to the vague
description, the tent was placed inside the Mahal and the treasury
with Koran manuscript, reeling or a book. The testimony of Mahal
reminds of familiar parallel such as the tent of Mosses and the ark of
Testament kept inside it.

260
esTetika
AESTHETICS
nana guliaSvili — filosofiis doqtori; Tbilisis iv.
javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis
asistent — profesori; muSaobs esTetikis, kulturis
filosofiis, qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriis
problemebze; gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero statie-
bi da wigni: àrCil jorjaZis filosofiur — esTetiku-
ri naazrevi~ (Tb. 2012 w.).
fridrix Slegeli antikuri xelovnebis

da romantizmis Sesaxeb
ienis skolis romantikosebi TavianT Semoqmedebas
ZiriTadad kantis da fixtes filosofiis gavleniT ageb-
dnen. garda amisa erTmaneTis Semoqmedebazec axdendnen
zegavlenas. mag. fr. Slegelis naSromi – `berZnuli poe-
ziis skolebis Sesaxeb“ atarebs herderis gavlenis kvals,
xolo naSromi – `berZnebi da romaelebi“, ki fr. Sileris
naSromis — `miamiti da sentimentaluri poeziis Sesaxeb“
— gavlenas ganicdis.
iseve rogorc sxva romantikos — Teoretikosebi
mag. fr. Selingi, fr. Sileri, fr. Slegelic gatacebuli
iyo antikuri xelovnebiT ris Sesaxebac Tavis SromebSi
saubrobs.
fr. Slegeli Tavis ZmasTan vilhelmTan erTad, axa-
li romantikuli esTetikisaTvis brZolas awarmoebs fix-
tes subieqturi filosofiis niadagze. misi Sexedulebis
ZiriTad winamZRvrad fixtes idealisturi filosofia
warmodgeba, konkretulad ki fixtes naSromi `moZRvreba
mecnierebis Sesaxeb.“
ienis romantizmis esTetika eyrdnoba swored ger-
manuli klasikuri idealizmis monacemebs. es Cans xelov-
nebis bunebis, xelovnebisa da sinamdvilis damokidebu-
262
lebis, xelovnebisa da ideologiis sxva dargebs Soris
damokidebulebis gagebaSi. esTetikis am ZiriTadi sakiT-
xebis garkvevisas romantikosebi dganan idealizmis nia-
dagze, da gadaWriT ilaSqreben realisturi esTetikis
principebis winaaRmdeg.
fr. Slegeli subieqtur idealistur poziciaze
dgas, rodesac xelovnebisa da sinamdvilis damokidebu-
lebas arkvevs. xelovneba, romelsac Slegelebi romanti-
kuls uwodeben, gansxvavdeba klasikuri, ganmanaTleblu-
ri xelovnebisagan ara mxolod imiT, rom uaryofs xe-
lovnebis ganmsazRvrel garegan faqtorebs, aramed imi-
Tac, rom aris universaluri, mravali Janris, adamianis
sulieri Semoqmedebis mravali formis Semcveli da gama-
erTianebeli.
`romantikuli poezia“ – wers fr. Slegeli aris
progresuli, universaluri poezia;
misi daniSnuleba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom xelaxla
gaaerTianos poeziis yvela gancalkevebuli saxe, moiyva-
nos poezia filosofiasa da ritorikasTan SexebaSi. Jur-
nal àTeneumis“ 238 – fragmentSi mocemulia fr. Slege-
lis debuleba `transcendenturi, anu universaluri po-
eziis Sesaxeb. Ès gibt eine Poesie, dein eines ind alles das…” igi
wers: arsebobs iseTi poezia, sadac urTierTmimarTebaa
idealsa da realobas Soris, xilulsa da uxilavs Soris,
ucnobsa da nacnobs Soris. am analogiis mixedviT filo-
sofiis xelovnebis enas SeiZleba ewodos transcenden-
turi anu universaluri poezia. xolo rac Seexeba cneba
ùniversalurs“ gulisxmobs sayovelTaos, igi moicavs
yvela Janrs, `progresuli“ gulisxmobs, rom poezia aris
mudmivad qmnadi dausrulebeli procesi, romelic poe-
ziis sazrisis usasrulobas gulisxmobs. aTeneumis 116
fragmentSi mocemulia Slegelis debuleba: `Die
263
romantische Poesie ist die eine progressive universalpoesie.”sadac
Slegeli ambobs, poezia unda iyos sicocxliT savse,
cocxali. cxovreba da sazogadoeba poetad unda iqces.
aseve igi adasturebs romantikul universalur poezias,
romlisganac igi moiTxovs Teoriul TviTgaazrebas.
`mxolod romantikul poezias, eposis msgavsad, SeuZlia
gaxdes mTeli garemomcveli qveynis sarke, epoqis ukum-
feni. mas gaaCnia unari iparpaSos warmosaxulsa da war-
momsaxvels Soris poeturi refleqsiis frTebze, mas, yo-
velgvari realuri interesisagan Tavisufals. romanti-
kuli poezia xelovnebaSi igivea, rac gonebamaxviloba
filosofiaSi, urTierToba, megobroba da siyvaruli
cxovrebaSi... romantikuli poezia imyofeba jer kidev
dadginebis procesSi; kidev meti: misi namdvili arseba
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi mudamJams iqneba dadginebis
procesSi. arasdros ar miaRwevs dasrulebulobas... poe-
ziis romantikuli Janri, es erTaderTia, romelic aris
raRac ufro meti, vidre calke Janri. igi aris poezia
mTels Tavis krebadobaSi, radgan garkveuli mniSvnelo-
biT yovelgvari poezia aris da unda iyos romantikuli.“
germanuli romantizmis esTetikaSi erT-erTi mniS-
vnelovani sakiTxia istorizmis sakiTxi. kerZod ki sakiT-
xi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoraa gagebuli xelovnebisa da si-
namdvilis damokidebuleba, xelovnebis ganviTarebis is-
toriaSi. `xelovnebis ganviTareba wina epoqebis – antiku-
ri, Suasaukuneebis, aRorZinebis da ganmanaTleblobis sa-
ukuneebis xelovnebasTan.“
axali xelovnebis bunebis gagebis dros romantiko-
sebi iZulebulni arian angariSi gauwion xelovnebis wina
epoqebs, cxadyon axali xelovnebis Tavisebureba, xelov-
nebis istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT. swored aseTi Tvalsaz-
risia gatarebuli Zmeb Slegelebis SemoqmedebaSi. fr.
264
Slegelis esTetikis erT-erTi sayuradRebo mxarea – xe-
lovnebis ganviTarebis ganxilva istoriul aspeqtSi.
naSromSi – `saubari poeziis Sesaxeb,“ pirvel nawil-
Si, romelic dasaTaurebulia – `msoflio poeziis epoqe-
bi“ – fr. Slegeli cdilobs warmogvidginos msoflio
literaturis ganviTareba rogorc erTiani procesi, mas
miaCnia, rom poeziis istorias SeuZlia Cagvaxedos poezi-
is safexurebriv ganviTarebaSi, mis pirvel wyaroebamde
migviyvanos. aseTad mas miaCnia antikuri xelovneba, home-
rosi, homeridTa Zveli skola.
Tavdapirvelad antikurobis gagebaSi fr. Slegeli
goeTes da Sileris azrs iziarebs. mag. werilSi `berZenTa
da romaelTa Seswavlis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb“ — fr. Sle-
geli im azrs aviTarebs, rom ` berZenTa da romaelTa Ses-
wavla warmoadgens sidiadis, keTilSobilebis, sikeTisa
da silamazis skolas.“ ramdenime wlis Semdeg gamoqveyne-
bul SromaSic – `msoflio poeziis epoqebi“ – fr. Slege-
li amgvarive Sefasebas aZlevs antikur poezias, xedavs
masSi poeziis àmouwurav wyaros,“ `poeturi Sesrulebis
Zlier nakads... wynar zRvas, romelSic mxiarulad ukue-
fineba ciuri brwyinva da miwieri siuxve.“
erTi SexedviT antikuri xelovnebis kvali SemorCe-
nili da Senaxulia mTlian SemoqmedebaSi, romelic frag-
mentulad warmodgeba poeziaSi, magram erT mTlian mi-
zans inarCunebs. miuxedavad misi erTianobisa, romelic
TviTon berZnulma bunebam Seqmna, mogvca berZnuli poe-
zia, dayo da daanawevra ramdenime msxvil masad. msgavsebi
erTad daakavSira da wesrigi daamyara. am gaerTianebebs
klasebi uwoda berZnuli poeziis, isini erTiandebian xa-
siaTis saerTo msgavsebiTac, niSnebis mixedviT da gan-
sxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, amitom SesaZlebelia maTi
sazRvrebis dadgenac, gamoyofa erTmaneTisgan. am mizans
265
isaxavs fr. Slegeli am naSromSi da surs daaxasiaTos
berZnuli poeziis skolebi. yvelas Tavisi saxeli daar-
qvas.
berZnul xelovnebasTan dakavSirebiT gamoirCeva
fr. Slegelis naSromi `berZnuli poeziis Sesaxeb“. fr.
Slegelma gamomsaxvelobiTi xelovnebidan gamoiyena
sityva `skola“. aq es sityva aRniSnavs stilis kanonzomi-
er erTgvarovnebas, romlis wyalobiTac mxatvrebis erTi
klasi gansxvavdeba sxvebisagan da gansakuTrebul esTe-
tikur mTlianobad warmosdgeba.
berZnul poeziaSi oTxi ZiriTadi skolaa, ambobs
fr. Slegeli, esenia: ionuri, doriuli, aTenis da aleq-
sandriuli. homerosis, hesiodes nawarmoebebi, romauli
da aleqsandriuli mibaZvis fragmentebi – ai ra Semog-
vrCa Cvenamde ionuri skolidan. am periodis nawarmoebeb-
Si gamosaxva – jer kidev ar iyo wminda xelovneba. poezia,
filosofia da istoria, jer ar iyo gayofili erTmane-
Tisgan. maT nacvlad arsebobda mxolod erTi – miTi, Cana-
saxi, romlisganac mogvianebiT TandaTan samive ganviTar-
da. miTi ar iyo poeziis organo, aramed iyo TviTmizani.
misi aucilebeli Tanamgzavri prozis warmoSobamde iyo
metri, Tavdapirvelad sxva araferi, Tu ara damaxsovre-
bis saSualeba; icodnen mxolod erTi metri – heksametri,
ufro msubuqi aRqmisaTvis da mosaxerxebeli damaxsov-
rebisaTvis. arsebobda mxolod ori forma – eposi da him-
ni, an sakuTriv mxolod erTi – Txroba, romelic manamde
iyo miTis mediumi da ara wminda mediumi silamazisa da
gamosaxulebisa. Tumca, ionuri skolis nawarmoebebSi po-
ezia ukve iyo gabatonebuli, magram saWiroa is zogjer
ganvixiloT ubralod miTis rangSi. Tavad miTi umaRles
xarisxSi poetizirebulia, metri xSirad adis musikalur
silamazemde, stili ki msubuqi da martivia. gamosaxule-
266
ba obieqturi, swori da gauzviadebeli. idealuri – masa-
laSi Cndeba gacilebiT ufro gvian, vidre idealuri –
formaSi, magram esec gvxvdeba homerosTan misi gmiruli
xasiaTebis bunebriv srulyofilebaSi. masTan yoveli
gmiri umaRlesia TavisTavad , da es aris ara buneba, ara-
med ideali. ra Tqma unda, mxolod mTlianobaSi, gamosa-
xulebaSi buneba batonobda idealze. zustad aseve genia-
sa da gemovnebaSi aTviseba batonobda TviTSemoqmedeba-
ze, xolo mSvenierSi – movlena Sinaarsze.
ionuri sulisgan saerTod gansxvavebuli iyo dori-
uli. es vlindeboda zne — CveulebebSi, kanonebSi, miTeb-
Si, dialeqtSi, musikaSi da aseve poeziaSi. igi imdenad
mTlianobaSi momdinareobs, doriuli nacionaluri kul-
turidan da xasiaTidan, rom Cven unda vcnoT berZnuli
poeziis gansakuTrebuli doriuli skola.
dorielebi iyvnen ufro Zveli, sufTa, yvelaze naci-
onaluri berZnuli tomi, da berZnuli sulis orive
TviTmyofadi produqti – gimnastika da musika – warmo-
adgens umetes wilad dorielebis qmnilebas. saubaria ara
imaze, rom maT pirvelad Seqmnes isini, aramed imaze, rom
dorielebma misces maT saxe, forma, dasruleba. gimnasti-
ka da musika Seadgenda berZnuli aRzrdisa da kulturis
udides nawils da doriuli suli arasdros ar gadioda
Sors am sazRvrebidan. musikis qveS, am sityvis Zveli gage-
biT, igulisxmeboda lirikuli poeziac. elegia, epigram-
ma da idilia ar ekuTvnis am lirikas, mas miekuTvneba mxo-
lod melosi. mis doriul warmomavlobas amtkicebs Semo-
naxuli nawarmoebebi da fragmentebi sadac Cans, rom ume-
tesi lirikuli poetebi werdnen doriul dialeqtze da
aRsaniSnavia, rom aTenis dramebis qoroc iyenebda mas.
doriuli skolis dasawyisi burusiTaa moculi. ma-
Ti lirikis da musikis dasasruli ki emTxveva doriele-
267
bis zne-Cveulebebisa da saxelmwifos dacemas. am skolis
cnobili poetebi iyvnen: bak qilide, iviki, korina da sxva.
saukeTeso komentari am skolis SeswavlisTvis aris
Tavad dorielebis xasiaTi maTTvis yvelaze mSvenier
epoqaSi; xasiaTi, romlis Sesaxebac SegviZlia gavigoT
Tukididedan, da aseve pindaredan. maTi zneobriobis sa-
erTo toni iyo – dideba, ubraloeba da simSvide, maTi xa-
siaTis safuZveli ki – zne — Cveulebebisa da mamebis rwme-
nis erTguleba. magram, ramdenadac pativmoyvareobam da
fufunebam moicva mTeli saberZneTi, ramac miiyvana do-
riuli zne — Cveulebebis dacemamde, maSin gaqra maTi ke-
Tilismyofelobac, masTan ki maTi xelovnebac.
doriul skolaSi poeziam miaRwia mniSvnelovan siw-
mindes, da mxolod iSviaTad Tu SeiZleba poeturi nawar-
moebi ganvixiloT rogorc miTi. erTaderTi forma es
aris lirika. doriuli lirika Tavis mizans aRwevs mSveni-
eris daxmarebiT. es aris didebis bage da sixarulis ena.
swored imitom, rom lirika gvevlineba sasiamovnos xe-
lovnebad, metri da stili aris ara ubralod saSualeba,
aramed raRac TavisTavad mSvenieri.
Tumca poeziis, dramis srulyofili forma jer ki-
dev ar arsebobda. is warmoadgens aTenis skolis TviT-
myofad produqts. Tu aTenelebs ar gamougoniaT dramis
pirveli sawyisebi, maT yovel SemTxvevaSi mas misces saxe,
forma da dasruleba. mxolod dramatuli nawarmoebebi
SeiZleba mieweros aTenis skolas, radgan nakleb savarau-
doa isini yofiliyvnen TviTmyofadni epikur da liri-
kul sferoSi, ise, rom SeeqmnaT sakuTari skola.
Cvens dromde SemorCa esqiles, sofokles, evripi-
des, aristofanes nawarmoebebi, tragikuli da komikuri
poetebis fragmentebi,romauli Targmanebi.
aTenSi poezia iqca mSvenieris sufTa xelovnebad.
268
gamosaxuleba iyo absoluturad idealuri, xelovnebis
materia – mxolod organo. metri, iambebisa da melosis
SeerTeba iyo umaRlesi paTetikuri da eTikuri gamoxat-
vis saSualeba. miTis garda poeziis sagani iyo realuri
cxovreba – sajaro da saSinao. xelovnebis cxovelmoqme-
di principi iyo saerTod aTenelebis xasiaTi, mteli ada-
mianuri bunebis umaRlesi energia, moraluri da inte-
leqtualuri moqniloba. aTenis skolis gabatonebuli
principi dasawyisidan dasasrulamde iyo sazogadoebri-
vi gemovneba, romelic warmoadgenda sazogadoebrivi
zneobriobis wminda gamoxatulebas, magram is gansaz-
Rvravda mxolod mSvenieris ideals, da ar adgenda TviT-
nebur kanonebs. mxolod aTenelebs Soris, cota xnis man-
Zilze, poezia sargeblobda sruli uflebiT usazRvro
garegnuli Tavisuflebisa da SeuzRudavi avtonomiisa.
arsebobs aTenis gemovnebis oTxi safexuri: pirveli
safexuris maxasiaTebeli – dideba, umaRlesisadmi
ltolva, romelic ver iRebs srul dakmayofilebas. esqi-
les silamazes aklia gracia, mis gamosaxulebas – simsu-
buqe; tragikuli gadawonis mSveniers. mxatvruli wadi-
lis umaRlesma miswrafebam Tavis mizans, umaRles sila-
mazes miaRwia meore periodSi. sofokles Semdeg qreba
srulyofili xelovneba. berZnulma geniam dakarga har-
monia da mesame periodSi Cavarda arakanonier fufuneba-
Si, rasac meoTxe periodSi mohyva daRliloba.
mas Semdeg, rac silamaze aRar iyo xelovnebis miza-
ni,warmoiqmna poeziis sruliad axali stili – aleqsan-
driuli skola. radganac aleqsandria gaxda swavlulo-
bisa da swavlulebis adgilsamyofeli. swavlulTa gemov-
nebam da virtuozebis ampartavnebam daipyres xelovneba.
silamazis adgili daikava xelovnurobam, poetebi cdi-
lobdnen eCvenebinaT TavianTi gawafuloba uCveulo sir-
269
Tuleebis gadalaxvaSi: aqedanaa amgvari mkvdari siuJe-
tebis arCevani. aq ubraloeba – ar aris arc pirvelqmnili
buneba da arc silamaze, radgan masSi ar aris zneobrio-
bis grZnoba. aleqsandrielebis nawarmoebebi aris mSra-
li, mZime woniani. masSi aRar iyo paTosi da eTosi.
aleqsandriul nawarmoebebSi jer kidev iyo stili,
xasiaTi da toni, SemdegSi ki dgeba dro stilis gareSe.
maSasadame, berZnuli poeziis svla iyo Semdegnairi:
is amodioda bunebidan (ionuri skola) da kulturis wya-
lobiT (doriuli skola) miaRwia silamazes. es ukanaskne-
li amaRlebulidan avida srulyofilebamde da Semdeg
daeSva fuSfuSa fufunebamde. mas mere, rac silamaze iqve
gaqra, xelovneba gaxda xelovnuroba, da bolos, Sezavda
barbarosobaSi.
ase axasiaTebs fr. Slegeli berZnuli poeziis sko-
lebs.
momdevno periodSi ki igi mkveTrad icvlis Tavis Se-
xedulebas antikurobaze, erTmaneTs upirispirebs ro-
mantikulsa da antikur xelovnebas, uaryofs maTi sinTe-
zis SesaZleblobas.
naSromSi `romanis Sesaxeb“ fr. Slegeli cdilobs
daadginos antikuri da romantikuli xelovnebis ganmas-
xvavebeli niSnebi. igi fiqrobs, rom antikuri xelovneba
ar emyareba sinamdviles, istorias, gansxvavebiT roman-
tikuli xelovnebisadan, romelic istoriul safuZvels
emyareba.
`Zveli poezia – wers fr. Slegeli – mTlianad ukav-
Sirdeba miTologias, gverds uvlis namdvil istoriul
siuJetebs. tragediebic ki warmoadgenda TamaSs da poe-
ti, romelic namdvil ambavs daxatavda, mTel xalxs rom
Rrmad aRelvebda, amisaTvis gakicxuli iqneboda. roman-
270
tikuli poezia, ki piriqiT mTlianad istoriul safuZ-
vels emyareba.“
fr. Slegeli aseve ganasxvavebs Tavis Tanadroul da
romantikul xelovnebas, rom Tanadrouli da romanti-
kuli ar aris erTi da igive misi azriT mwerali SeiZleba
Tanadroulobas aRwerdes, magram misi namuSevari ar
iyos romantikuli. gansxvavebiT Seqspiris nawarmoebebi-
sagan, romlebic Slegelis gagebiT `romantikuli fanta-
ziis Suaguls“ warmoadgenen. SegviZlia vTqvaT,rom anti-
kuri da romantikuli xelovnebis wyalgamyofad fr. Sle-
gels poeturi fantaziis sakiTxi miaCnia.
fr. Slegeli aseve ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan sen-
timentalurs da romantikuls. misi azriT sentimenta-
luri ar niSnavs romantikuls aseTad igi iqceva maSin,
roca sentimentaluri Sinaarsi fantastikur formaSi ex-
veva. antikur xelovnebaSi fr. Slegeli ver xedavs fanta-
ziis momentis win wamowevas, miaCnia, rom iq waSlilia gan-
sxvaveba movlenasa da arss Soris, TamaSsa da seriozu-
lobas Soris, rom antikuri xelovneba, amitom romanti-
kuli xelovnebis sapirispiros warmoadgens.
romantikuli sulis matareblad fr. Slegeli axali
drois poetTa Soris miiCnevs Seqspirs da servantess,
aseve romantikulad Tvlis Sua saukuneebis xelovnebas.
aseTia fr. Slegelis azri erTi mxriv berZnuli poe-
ziis da meores mxriv romantizmis Sesaxeb. rac mcire na-
wilia im mTliani mimdinareobisa, rasac romantizmis es-
Tetika hqvia, misi Sexedulebebi avseben im sxva moazrov-
neebis azrebs, romlebic manamde da mis Semdeg iyo esTe-
tikaSi.
271
literatura:
1. Фридрих Шлегель, Естетика Философия критика. (в двух
томах. Т. I. Москва. 1983;
2. narkvevebi filosofiis istoriaSi, Tb. 1993.
Nana Guliashvili – Doctor of Philosophy; Assistant — Professor at Ivane

Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University; She studies problems of aesthetics,
philosophy of culture, history of Georgian aesthetic thought; has published
scientific articles and a monograph „Archil Jorjadze’s Philosophic —
Aesthetic Thought“ (Tbilisi, 2012).
FRIEDRICH SCHLEGEL ON ANTIQUE ART AND

ROMANTICISM
ABSTRACT
In the struggle for new romantic aesthetics Friedrich Schlegel

and his brother relied on Fichte’s subjective philosophy. Fichte’s
idealistic philosophy, in particular his work “Treatise on Science”
serves as the main premise of Schlegel’s conception.
Jena school of romantic aesthetics is based on the data of
German classical idealism. This is evident in the conception of the
nature of art, interrelation of art and reality, as well as of art and
other branches of ideology. Discussing these principal issues of
aesthetics, the romantics rely on the principles of idealism and
sharply oppose the foundations of realistic aesthetics.
Friedrich Schlegel shares the position of subjective idealism
when he clarifies interrelation of art and reality. Art which is referred
to by Schlegel as romantic differs from classic enlightenment art not
only by rejecting external factors determining art but also by being
universal and embracing and uniting various genres, numerous forms
of man’s spiritual creativity.

Ta akademiis eTikisa da esTetikis ganyofilebam.
272
eTika
ETHICS
mixeil xalvaSi — filosofiis doqtori, eTikis filo-
sofiuri problemebis mkvlevari; gamoqveynebuli aqvs
eTikis problemebze samecniero statiebi da vrceli
monografia `bedniereba mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT~
(Tb., 2013).
ratom aris bedniereba warmavali?
saTaurSi naxseneb kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas

odiTganve cdilobda adamiani, radgan mas surs mudam
iyos bednieri da sasowarkveTileba eufleba, roca es
gancda qreba. Tumca, aqve, aucilebelia, SevniSnoT,
rom warmavali da cvalebadia ara mxolod bedniereba
da siamovneba, aramed yvela sxva pozitiuri Tu nega-
tiuri gancda da mTeli samyaro, masSi arsebuli yve-
la cocxali Tu aracocxali movlena. fizikur samya-
roSi arsebul movlenaTa cvalebadoba — warmavlobis
mizezebi mecnierebisTvis cnobilia, magram misTvis
ucnobi iyo bednierebis da saerTod emociebis cvli-
lebis mizezi. ufro zustad, filosofia da saerTod
mecniereba Tavadve uaryofda bednierebis kanonzo-
mierebis Tu warmavlobis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas
paradoqsulad araadekvaturi argumentebiT (5,51).
mas Semdeg, rac dadginda bednierebis cneba da kanon-
zomiereba filosofiis da saerTod mecnierebisTvis
misaRebi meTodologiis Sesabamisad (5,162 — 365), bu-
nebrivia, pasuxi gaica am movlenasTan dakavSirebul
yvela amouxsnel kiTxvaze. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
bednierebis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb codna ver iqne-
boda mecnieruli Tvisebis mqone. es niSnavs, rom yve-
la sxva problemis msgavsad gairkva, ratom aris bed-
nierebis gancda warmavali. misi codniT ki iqmneba re-
aluri SesaZlebloba, rom adamianma emociebi marTos
274
gonebiT bednierebis kanonzomierebis Sesabamisad da
ara mxolod gaixangrZlivos es gancda, aramed marti-
vad daaRwios Tavi usiamovneba — ubedurebas. ase, rom
kvlav ismis kiTxva: ratom aris bedniereba warmava-
li? masze pasuxis gasacemad, aucilebelia, pirvel-
yovlisa, gavecnoT bednierebis cnebas da zogad ka-
nonzomierebas. Semdeg ki mis safuZvelze avxsnaT uf-
ro vrclad ara mxolod siamovneba — bednierebis,
aramed usiamovneba — ubedurebis warmavlobis mize-
zebi.
bedniereba, arsebiTad, aris adamianis saerTo
energetuli potenciis Seguebul zomaze metad
zrdiT gamowveuli gancda (5,162). es niSnavs: siamov-
neba — bednierebis da usiamovneba — ubedurebis gan-
cda, iseve rogorc maT Sualedur neitralur emoci-
ur mdgomareobaSi yofna damokidebulia garesamya-
rodan adamianSi SeRweul sasicocxlo an momakvdine-
bel Zalaze da mis Sedegad adamianis saerTo energe-
tuli potenciis cvlilebaze: mis siamovneba — bednie-
rebis da usiamovneba — ubedurebis zomebs Soris mer-
yeobaze. emociebis maregulirebel zomebSi igulis-
xmeba, rom adamianis emociur samyaroSi mocemulia
sami ZiriTadi mdgomareoba da yvela maTgans aqvs misi
maregulirebeli zoma — kulminaciuri wertili; swo-
red misi gadalaxvis Semdeg warmoiqmneba axali Tvi-
sebrioba gancdis saxiT. emociuri samyaros sami Ziri-
Tadi mdgomareobaa: dadebiTi — siamovneba — bednie-
rebis, uaryofiTi — usiamovneba — ubedurebis da am
or urTierTdapirispirebul movlenas Soris moce-
muli — neitraluri, romelsac ar axlavs arc dadebi-
Ti da arc uaryofiTi gancda.
adamianis saerTo energetul potencias qmnis
ara mxolod misi fizikuri da cnobieri sasicocxlo
Zala, aramed yvelaferi, rasac is flobs sakuTrebis,
anu energiis saxiT. Tu adamianis saerTo energetuli
275
potencia dadebiT da uaryofiT emociaTa mareguli-
rebel zomebs Sorisaa, maSin is arafers ganicdis —
neitralur mdgomareobaSia.
Tu pozitiur gancdaTa gamomwvevi movlenis mi-
er gacemuli, anu garesamyarodan aTvisebuli energi-
is safuZvelze adamianis saerTo energetuli poten-
ciis pozitiuri Semadgenloba raodenobrivad iz-
rdeba misdami adaptirebul siamovnebis zomaze me-
tad, maSin iwyeba siamovnebis gancda da warmoiqmneba
axali Tvisebrioba neitraluri emociuri mdgomare-
obis uaryofis saxiT. es aris pozitiuri uaryofis
pirveli safexuri.
roca es procesi grZeldeba, an erTbaSad aRmoC-
ndeba ise didi, rom adamianis saerTo energetuli po-
tenciis zrda raodenobrivad gadaaWarbebs misdami
adaptirebul bednierebis zomas, maSin iwyeba bednie-
rebis gancda — warmoiqmneba axali Tvisebrioba. es
aris pozitiuri uaryofis uaryofa da misi meore sa-
fexuri, radgan bednierebiT uariyofa ara mxolod
siamovneba, aramed neitraluri emociuri mdgomareo-
ba.
Tu pozitiur gancdaTa uzrunvelyofa daukav-
Sirda ganusazRvrel energetul potencias, anu sam-
yaros usasrulobis ganmasaxierebel substancias —
RmerTs, umaRles ideas an sxva mistikur sawyiss, ma-
Sin: SeiZleba gadailaxos adamianuri SesaZleblobis
zoma da bednierebis gancdam zeadamianuri, zesrul-
yofili, RvTaebrivi da maradiuli Sinaarsi SeiZinos,
radgan amouwuravi RvTaebrivi wyaros safuZvelze,
energetuli Sevsebis procesi iqneba absoluturad
srulyofili da maradiuli. es niSnavs, rom Semoqmed-
Tan urTierTmimarTebis Sedegad gamowveuli bednie-
rebis, eqstazis, samadxis... gancdac dialeqtikur ka-
nonzomierebas emyareba.
276
pozitiur gancdaTa es safexurebi aris bedniere-
bis dadebiTi dialeqtika. mis sapirispirod, Tu nega-
tiuri energetuli zemoqmedebiT adamianis saerTo
energetuli potenciis odenoba klebulobs da misi
Semadgenloba iwamleba da icvleba uaryofiTad usia-
movnebis zomaze metad, warmoiqmneba axali Tvisebri-
oba — usiamovnebis gancda. mis safuZvelze uariyofa
neitraluri emociuri mdgomareoba. is aris negatiu-
ri uaryofis pirveli safexuri.
Tu es procesi raodenobrivad gadaaWarbebs ube-
durebis zomas, maSin iwyeba ubedurebis gancda — war-
moiqmneba axali Tvisebrioba. es aris uaryofis uar-
yofa, radgan mis safuZvelze uariyofa ara mxolod
usiamovneba, aramed neitraluri emociuri mdgomare-
obac. is negatiuri uaryofis meore safexuria.
Tu aseTi procesi gaxangrZlivda, an aRmoCnda ise
didi, rom uceb daiSrita da moiwamla adamianis saer-
To energetuli potencia ubedurebis ukidures kul-
minaciur wertilze metad, maSin is saerTod Sewyvets
arsebobas.
negatiur emociaTa es safexurebi aris bedniere-
bis uaryofiTi dialeqtika. is erTiandeba ubedure-
bis cnebaSi da misi arsi gamoiTqmis Semdegnairad:
ubedureba, arsebiTad, aris adamianis saerTo ener-
getuli potenciis dadebiT substanciaTa aqtiuri
dakargviT da misi negatiuri Semadgenlobis Segue-
bul zomaze metad zrdiT gamowveuli gancda.
aseTia zogadad bednierebis kanonzomiereba — da-
debiTi da uaryofiTi dialeqtika. am ori urTier-
Tdapirispirebuli movlenis safuZvelze iqmneba sa-
erTod emociuri samyaros mTlianoba. sxvadasxva sa-
xis bedniereba ki uzrunveliyofa energetuli sub-
stanciis sxvadasxva formiT: yofiTi bedniereba
ukavSirdeba energiis fizikur formebs, esTetikuri
— mSvenierebis saxiT gamovlenils, inteleqtualuri
277
— cnebaSi mocemuls, religiuri — RmerTidan momdi-
nares, idealisturi — mTeli samyaros Semoqmedi
umaRlesi ideis mier gacemuls, mistikuri — misteri-
uli principebiT `Semecnebuli” Semoqmedidan momdi-
nares, zneobrivi — saTnoebis Sedegad sxvisTvis boZe-
buls da a.S. (5,365).
bednierebis zogadi kanonzomierebis safuZvelze
ukve SeiZleba konkretulad ganvixiloT: ratom aris
ara mxolod siamovneba — bednierebis, aramed usia-
movneba — ubedurebis gancda warmavali? siamovneba —
bedniereba, iseve rogorc usiamovneba — ubedureba
da maT Sualedur neitralur emociur mdgomareobaSi
yofna, iTqva, rom damokidebulia garesamyarodan
adamianSi SeRweul dadebiT an negatiur energiaze da
mis Sedegad adamianis saerTo energetuli potenciis
cvlilebaze. es niSnavs: bedniereba warmavalia imi-
tom, rom adamians ar SeuZlia misi saerTo energetu-
li potenciis SeCereba bednierebis zomaze maRla mu-
dam. ufro zustad, bednierebis gancdis qroba arse-
biTad damokidebulia ara mxolod Sida, aramed gare
mizezebze. Sida aris: 1. adamianis saerTo energetuli
potenciis kleba arsebobisTvis aucilebeli energiis
moxmarebis Sedegad. 2. adaptaciis Tviseba — adre Tu
gvian nebismieri energetuli cvlilebis mimarT Segu-
eba. maTgan gansxvavebiT, gare, anu mesame mizezia fe-
nomenalur samyaroSi arsebuli bednierebis uzrun-
velmyofeli movlenebis saerTo energetuli poten-
ciis SezRuduloba. swored amitom bednierebis ga-
momwvevi energetuli Sevsebis procesi da mis safuZ-
velze adamianis saerTo energetul potenciaSi pozi-
tiur substanciaTa zrdis SesaZlebloba aris raode-
nobrivad gansazRvruli da droebiTi. mag. adamiani
bednierebas ganicdis misi uzrunvelmyofeli obieq-
tidan — davuSvaT, satrfosgan sxeulebrivi an sulie-
ri mSvenierebis Sedegad gacemuli — sasicocxlo
278
energiis masSi aqtiuri gadasvla — asimilaciis Sede-
gad (5,223). magram imis gamo, rom bednierebis gamom-
wvev fenomenalur obeqtTa — am SemTxvevaSi satrfos
da saerTod yvela adamianis — saarsebo substanciis
odenoba gansazRvruli da amowurvadia, is ver uzun-
velyofs sxvis aqtiur energetul Sevsebas ganuw-
yvetliv. metic, mas Tavad sWirdeba gacemuli energi-
is aRdgena. Sesabamisad, bednierebis gancda kanonzo-
mierad aramudmivia. is grZeldeba manam, vidre mimdi-
nareobs adamianis saerTo energetuli potenciis Sev-
seba. is SeiZleba, gagrZeldes aRniSnuli Sevsebis Sem-
degac, magram manam, vidre energetuli potencia bed-
nierebis zomaze maRla iqneba da pozitiuri substan-
ciebi Tu nivTierebani, mag. endorfini, sabolood ar
STainTqmeba organizmSi. es ki gardauvalia, radgan
arseboba aris ara mxolod energetuli Sevsebis, ara-
med misi fizikuri da cnobieri saxiT moxmareba — ga-
cemis procesi, ris Sedegadac adamianis saerTo ener-
getuli potencia klebulobs bedniereba — siamovne-
bis zomaze metad da uaxlovdeba neitralur mdgoma-
reobas. magaliTad, adamiani energias moixmars da
gascems organizmis Cveulebrivi sasicocxlo fizio-
logiuri funqciis Sesrulebisas — metabolizmis
procesSi: misi sxeulis normaluri temperatura pa-
siur mdgomareobaSic ki 36 celsiusze zemoTaa. es
niSnavs, rom siTbos saxiT is ganuwyvetliv gascems
energias ara mxolod aqtiur, aramed pasiur mdgoma-
reobaSic. fizikuri Tu gonebrivi Sromis, anu aqti-
vobisas ki is ufro Warbad gascems sasicocxlo Za-
las, radgan aqtivoba pasiur an Cveulebriv mdgomare-
obasTan SedarebiT ufro meti energiis moxmarebas
emyareba. swored amitom, sasicocxlo energiis moxma-
rebis da gacemis Sedegad Tu adamianis saerTo ener-
getuli potencia daiklebs bednierebis da siamovne-
bis zomaze metad, maTi gancda qreba.
279
bednierebis qrobis kidev erT Sinagan mizezad
vaxseneT adaptaciis Tviseba. es niSnavs, rom adamiani,
iseve rogorc misi emociis maregulirebeli zomebi,
icvleba garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi da egueba ne-
bismieri raodenobiT misi saerTo energetuli poten-
ciis zrda — klebas Tu ar gadailaxa kulminaciuri
sasicocxlo `mijnebi.~ kerZod, aRiniSna, rom adamia-
nis saerTo energetul potencias qmnis ara mxolod
misi fizikuri da cnobieri sasicocxlo Zala, aramed
yvelaferi, rasac is flobs sakuTrebis, anu energiis
saxiT. yovelive es ki aris cvalebadi, radgan ganuw-
yvetliv icvleba Tavad adamiani Sinaganad da misi ga-
remo pirobebi dabadebidan gardacvalebamde. saerTo
energetuli potenciis cvlilebis Sesabamisad ic-
vleba emociis maregulirebeli zomebi, anu is Seg-
rZnebis unarebi, riTac aRiqmeba siamovneba — bednie-
reba. swored amitom, is rac adamians erT SemTxvevaSi,
davuSvaT, bavSvobaSi siamovneba — bednierebas ani-
Webs, zrdasrul asakSi mas aseTi pozitiuri gancdebi
SeiZleba ver mianiWos da is neitralurad miiRos. ma-
galiTad, gazafxulze mzis amosvlis xilvam an zam-
TarSi pirveli Tovlis mosvlam da fifqebis cvenam
bavSvs SeiZleba bedniereba ganacdevinos Tu am mov-
lenebidan momdinare sasicocxlo Zalis safuZvelze
gaizarda misi energetuli potencia da gadailaxa Se-
sabamisi zoma. magram zrdasrul asakSi adamiani SeiZ-
leba gulgrili darCes aseTi procesebis mimarT da
veraferi ganicados, radgan misi energtuli poten-
cia da emociis maregulirebeli zomebi gansxvavdeba
bavSvobiseulisgan. msgavsad amisa, bavSvs bedniereba
SeiZleba mianiWos aTi laris Cuqebam, magram zrdas-
rul asakSi saerTod ver grZnobdes bednierebas mi-
lioniobiT laris flobis SemTxvevaSi. mizezi naTe-
lia: bavSvobaSi aTi laris CuqebiT is bednieri iyo
imitom, rom misi saerTo energetuli potencia da
280
emociis maregulirebeli zomebi ar iyo SeCveuli ase-
Ti raodenobiT fulis flobas. zrdasrul asakSi ki
is Seegua milionobiT larSi gasagnebul energias
(4,125).
gamodis, rom bedniereba grZeldeba manam, vidre
adamiani aqtiurad ivseba misi uzrunvelmyofeli mov-
lenidan pozitiuri saarsebo substanciiT da mis sa-
fuZvelze gazrdili saerTo energetuli potencia
adaptaciis zomaze maRlaa. rodesac Sewydeba aseTi
Sevsebis procesi bednierebis uzrunvelmyofel obi-
eqtTa energetuli potenciis amowurvadobis gamo;
amasTanave, arsebobis procesSi energiis gacemis au-
cileblobis Sedegad adamianis saerTo energetuli
potencia daiklebs Seguebul zomaze metad da ener-
getuli Sevsebisadmi emociis maregulirebeli zome-
bi adaptirdeba, bednierebis gancda gaqreba. Tu is
daiklebs siamovnebis zomaze metad da saerTo ener-
getuli potencia moeqceva neitralur zomebSi, maSin
es ukanasknelic qreba. adamiani gadadis neitralur
emociur mdgomareobaSi, is arafers aRar ganicdis.
pozitiur gancdaTa msgavsad, magram mis sapiris-
pirod warmavalia usiamovneba — ubedurebac, radgan
adamiani instinqturad miswrafvis sicocxlisa da si-
amovneba — bednierebisken. ufro konkretulad, nega-
tiuri zemoqmedebis Sedegad adamianSi SeRweul uar-
yofiT energias nervuli da endokrinuli sistema —
jiryvalTa erToblioba — gardaqmnis momwamlav niv-
Tierebebad. Semdeg maT gamoyofs sisxlSi, limfasa
Tu organizmis sxva faqiz struqturaSi da adamiani
Sinaganad iwamleba. mistikosTa azriT, am SemTxvevaSi
auris — adamianis aramaterialuri garsis — Seferi-
lobac ki icvleba negatiurad da misi sasicocxlo en-
regetuli potencia iklebs. Tu momwamlav nivTiere-
baTa zrdam da saerTo energetuli potenciis klebam
gadaaWarba usiamovnebis an ubedurebis zomas, iwyeba
281
usiamovnebis an ubedurebis gancda. magram Tu man ga-
daaWarba sicocxlisTvis saSiS kulminaciur wertils
— momakvdinebel zomas — maSin es procesi SeiZleba
dasruldes letaluri SedegiT! Tu ar gadaaWarba da
ver ganeitralda es procesi misi sapirispiro pozi-
tiuri gancdebiT da organizmSi gamoyofili sasi-
cocxlo substanciebiT, maSin uaryofiTi energia Se-
iZleba dagrovdes romelime organoSi: kuWSi, kuWqve-
Sa jirkvalSi, RviZlSi, filtvSi da a.S. romel orga-
noSic yvelaze metad dagrovdeba es momwamlavi niv-
Tierebani, is gamodis mwyobridan — kuWi avaddeba
eroziiT an wyluliT, kuWqveSa jirkvali — diabetiT,
RviZli — siyviTliT an ciroziT, filtvebi — anTebiT
an WleqiT da a.S. swored amitom instinqti adamians,
TviTSenaxvis aucileblobidan gamomdinare, karna-
xobs usiamovneba — ubedurebis `mtanjveli marwuxe-
bisgan ganTavisuflebas~ da sicocxlis SenarCunebas
— siamovneba — bednierebisken ltolvas. karnaxobs
iseT miswrafebas, romelic uzrunvelyofs ubedure-
bis sapirispiro process garesamyarodan energiis
aTviseba — transformaciis safuZvelze. ufro zus-
tad, — iseTi movlenis safuZvelze, romlis drosac
garesamyarodan aTvisebul dadebiT energias adamia-
nis nervuli da endokrinuli sistema gardaqmnis sa-
sicocxlo hormonebad — `bednierebis neqtarad~ da
gamoyofs sisxlSi. es hormonebi ki aneitraleben usi-
amovneba — ubedurebis gancdisas organizmSi gamoyo-
fil uaryofiT nivTierebebs, aRdgenen saerTo ener-
getul potencias neitraluri zomebis sazRvrebSi da
usiamovneba — ubedurebis gancda qreba. Tu es proce-
si gadaaWarbebs pozitiur zomebs, maSin iwyeba sia-
movnebis, sixarulis, aRmafrenis ... da bednierebis
gancda, anu yvelaze srulyofili sicocxle.
rogorc vxedavT, ara mxolod siamovneba — bedni-
erebis, aramed usiamovneba — ubedurebis gancdis
282
warmavaloba arsebiTad gamowveulia adamianis saer-
To energetuli potenciis emociis maregulirebel
zomebze metad zrdiT da klebiT. es niSnavs, rom ara
mxolod yvelaze mtkivneuli ubedurebis, aramed yve-
laze amaRlebuli bednierebis gancdac ki kanonzomi-
eri procesebis Sedegad — garkveuli drois Semdeg —
qreba. Sesabamisad, ismis kiTxva: es aris gardauvali
aucilebloba Tu dasaSvebia misgan gamonaklisi, maga-
liTad, — maradiuli bedniereba?
aseT kiTxvaze pasuxi nawilobriv ukve gaica. uf-
ro konkretulad ki SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: kanon-
zomieri niSnavs gardauvals, anu — iseT movlenas,
romelic aucileblad moxdeba Sesabamisi mizezis ga-
mo. magaliTad, caSi asrolili qva aucileblad dae-
cema, radgan mas izidavs dedamiwa. msgavsad, amisa
bednierebis gancda adre Tu gvian Caqreba adamianis
saerTo energetuli potenciis zomaze metad klebis,
rogorc gardauvali aucileblobis Sedegad; magram
am SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia erTgvari `gamonaklisi.~
oRond — iseTi, romelic isev kanonzomierebas emor-
Cileba. saxeldobr, maradiuli bedniereba dasaSvebia
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu samyaroSi iarsebebs ada-
mianis saerTo energeuli potenciis bednierebis zo-
maze metad maradiulad Semavsebeli wyaro — movlena.
aRiniSna, rom amis Zala materialur samyaroSi arse-
bul arc erT fenomens da cocxal arsebebs Soris yve-
laze suryofil samyaros gvirgvins — Tavad adamian-
sac ki ar Seswevs, radgan misi saerTo energetuli po-
tencia da SesaZleblobebi gansazRvrulia. erTader-
Ti sfero, romelSic daSvebulia maradiuli bednie-
reba, aris metafizika. kerZod, religiuri, idealis-
turi da mistikuri filosofiis mixedviT iTvleba,
rom aRniSnuli gancda ukavSirdeba RmerTs, umaRles
ideas, absolutur gons; magram ismis kiTxva: ramde-
nad realuria is? metafizika xom `mecnierulad dau-
283
sabuTebeli da arakanonzomieri~ sakiTxebis samya-
roa?
metafizika, marTalia, aseT ganzomilebad iTvle-
ba, magram is Seumecnebadia moazrovneTa mxolod
garkveuli nawilisTvis — materialistebisTvis. sa-
xeldobr, — imaTTvis, vinc ver aRiqvams idealur sam-
yarosTan urTierTmimarTebas. maTgan gansxvavebiT,
sxva moazrovneebs an mistikur filosofias rom ar
SevexoT da gavixsenoT mxolod gamoCenili qarTveli
filosofosis sergi avalianis moZRvreba gaSualebu-
li dakvirvebis Sesaxeb, viTareba diametriulad Se-
icvleba: metafizikur problemebs da samyaros idea-
lur pirvelsawyiss aRar CavTvliT Seumecnebadad
(1,39), imitom rom isini adamians eZleva gaSualebul
dakvirvebaSi. saxeldobr, — iseTSi, romelic arapir-
dapir àRiqvams~ — wvdeba da moiazrebs ara mxolod
idealur samyaros, aramed materialur sinamdvileSi
moqmed kanonzomierebebs. es niSnavs, rom filosofi-
uri goni Tu saerTod mecniereba kanonzomierebas da
samyaros pirvelawyiss — ufals arsebiTad msgavsi
unarebiT moiazrebs. metic, Tu aRniSnul metafizi-
kur Tvalsazriss maradiuli bednierebis Sesaxeb mi-
vusadagebT ukve ganxilul bednierebis zogad kanon-
zomierebas, aRmoCndeba, rom is zedmiwevniT Seesaba-
meba mas. kerZod, Seesabameba imitom, rom RmerTi iT-
vleba amouwuravi da ganusazRvreli sasicocxlo Za-
lis mqone iseT substanciad, romelic mudam gascems
energias. Sesabamisad, is uzrunvelyofs ara mxolod
mTeli samyaros, aramed adamianis arsebobas. amasTa-
nave, is swored am Zalis safuZvelze uzrunvelyofs
adamianSi maradiulad cocxal RmerTis siyvaruls,
rwmenas da bednierebas (3,218). ufro zustad, — Rmer-
Tis adamianisadmi da adamianis RmerTisadmi mimar-
Tul rwmenas, siyvaruls da bednierebas. rom ar arse-
bobdes RmerTi, rogor SesZlebda is sasicocxlo Za-
284
liT bednierebis zomaze metad adamianis saerTo
energetuli potenciis zrdas da misTvis rwmenis, siy-
varulis Tu bednierebis gancdis miniWebas, amas xom
energia sWirdeba?! energia ki ararsebulidan, anu si-
carielidan ver warmoiqmneba. jer kidev antikur fi-
losofiaSi dauSves, rom araraobidan raime ar warmo-
iqmneba da arc raime araraobad gadaiqceva?! es faqti
amtkicebs: Rmeri arsebobs da is sasicocxlo RvTaeb-
rivi energiiT uzrunvelyofs maradaiul siyvaruls
da misTvis Tanmxleb bednierebis gancdas, rwmenas,
imeds, Sinagan Tavisuflebas, sulier amaRlebas da
a.S. es aris RmerTis arsebobis, RTaebrivi siyvarulis
da misTvis Tanmxlebi bednierebis kanonzomierebis
damasabuTebeli evdemonisturi (bednierebiseuli)
argumenti (3,218). aseT SemTxvevaSi, kvlav ismis kiT-
xva: ra igulisxmeba maradiul siyvarulSi? aRiqvams
Tu ara adamiani RvTaebrivi energiis — religiuri
terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, RvTaebrivi madlis —
masze gadmocvlas da am sasicocxlo ZalasTan Sexe-
bas?
maradiul RvTaebriv siyvarulSi igulisxmeba: 1.
RmerTis mier samyaros da adamianis uangaro siyvaru-
li. 2. pirovnebis gawmindaneba — gasxivosnebis Sede-
gad miRweuli eqstazi da RvTaebrivi siyvarulis
uSualo gancda, anu erTeuli SemTxvevebi. 3. faqtis
saxiT mocemuli saerTod adamianis RmerTisadmi mi-
marTuli rwmena da siyvaruli kacobriobis warmoSo-
bidan dRemde. ufro zustad, — is, rac uwyvetad
grZeldeba adamianis warmoSobidan dRemde da iarse-
bebs mudam! am kuTxiT, fsiqologTa mier Catarebul
da sxva msgavs kvlevebs rom gverdi avuaroT, cdis sa-
xiT sakmarisi iqneba iTqvas: RvTis arsebobis damasa-
buTebeli istoriuli argumentiT cnobilia, rom sam-
yaroSi ar arsebobs arc erTi eri, romelsac ar gaaC-
285
nia RmerTisadmi rwmena (3,173). mas SeiZleba vuwodoT
sayovelTao cda.
zemoT naxseneb meore kiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT
unda aRiniSnos Semdegi: wminda wyaroebi da religiu-
ri praqtika gvidasturebs, rom RvTaebriv energias-
Tan Sexebas aRiqvamen mociqulebi da wmindanebi, anu
iseTi pirovnebebi, vinc uSualo kavSirSi arian ufal-
Tan da grZnoben misgan momdinare RvTaebrivi sasi-
cocxlo Zalis maTze gadmosvlas (5,279). idealizmi
amtkicebs, rom is Sedegad mohyveba zneobriv arsebo-
bas da filosofiuri sibrZnis (cnebis) safuZvelze
umaRlesi ideis Semecnebas (3,296). msgavsad amisa, mis-
tika aRniSnavs, rom RvTaebriv energias aRiqvamen mis-
tikuri codnisa da praqtikis safuZvelze gawmindane-
bul — gasxivosnebuli pirovnebebi Sinagani SegrZne-
bis organoTi — saxasraraTi (6,27;7,17;8,52). Tu gavi-
TavaliswinebT zemoT ganxilul kanonzomierebas, Se-
iZleba iTqvas ufro meti: RvTaebrivi sasicocxlo Za-
la aqtiurad gadmodis ara mxolod mociqulebsa da
wmindanebze, aramed yvela morwmuneze, romelic `Se-
dis dialogSi~ ufalTan kosmiuri zneobrivi princi-
pebis Sesabamisad da gonebrivad amyarebs masTan kav-
Sirs. Tumca isini RvTaebriv zemoqmedebas srulyo-
filad ver aRiqvamen da moiazreben. mis aRqmas, mini-
malur doneze mainc, sWirdeba zemoT naxsenebi gaSua-
lebuli dakvierveba da refleqsia (introspeqcia —
meditacia) — garesamyaroze mimarTuli yuradRebis
gadatana Sinagan samyaroze. es naTlad dasturdeba
postulatis saxiTac miRebuli da ukve dasabuTebu-
li Semdegi faqtiT: ufalTan dialogisas Cveulebriv
adamiansac ki eZleva imedi, sulieri simSvide, Sinaga-
ni Tavisufleba... da man SeiZleba ganicados eqstazi,
aRmafrena, satori, gasxivosneba Tu netareba... ufro
zustad, ganicados iseTi ram, rasac mxolod poziti-
uri da RvTaebrivi sasicocxlo Zala uzrunvelyofs.
286
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi RmerTis rwmena da Sesabamisi
pozitiuri gancdebi mxolod wmindanebs eqnebodaT
da ara Cveulebriv adamianebsac. aucilebelia, xazi
gaesvas imasac, rom Cveulebriv adamianze RvTaebrivi
sasicocxlo Zala ufro naklebi odenobiT gadmodis,
vidre wmindanze, radgan es ukanaskneli misi srulyo-
filebis Sedegad ufro axlosaa ufalTan... (5,223).
RmerTis rwmena rom adamians aZlevs imeds, umsu-
buqebs tkivils, aniWebs Sinagan Tavisuflebas da mas
aZlierebs sulierad... ar uaryofen TviT materia-
lizmis fuZemdeblebic ki. oRond isini araadekvatu-
rad cdilobdnen am faqtis gamoyenebas religiis sa-
pirispirod da mis uarsayofad (2,7), rac ukve ganxi-
luli kanonzomierebis Semdeg logikuri da faqtob-
rivi Secdomaa.
gamodis, adamians SemTxveveiT ki ar swams Rmer-
Tis arseboba, aramed imitom, rom is misgan Rebulobs
RvTaebriv sasicocxlo Zalas da mis Sedegad uzrun-
velyofil imeds, sixaruls, Sinagan Tavisuflebas,
sibrZnes, aRmafrenas, eqstazs, bednierebas... da saer-
Tod yvelaze amaRlebul, srulyofil da RvTaebriv
sicocxles. saWiroa mxolod, adamiani Sinaganad gaix-
snas da gonebiT an rwmeniT ipovos RmerTaTan — mis
amouwurav sasicocxlo ZalasTan — misasvleli gza,
rogorc amas eklesiis mamebi, idealizmis Tu mistikis
fuZemdeblebi amtkiceben (3,193 — 206) da maT Sesaba-
misad ganxiluli kanonzomiereba gvidasturebs.
amrigad, samyaros pulsaciis msgavsad, warmava-
lia ara mxolod siamovneba — bedniereba, aramed, —
usiamovneba — ubedureba, radgan adamianis saerTo
energetuli potencia meryeobs siamovneba — bednie-
rebis da usiamovneba — ubedurebis zomebs Soris. ro-
ca is maRldeba siamovneba — bednierebis zomaze me-
tad pozitiur gancdaTa gamomwvevi movlenebdan
energetuli Sevsebis safuZvelze, iwyeba siamovneba —
287
bednierebis gancda. adamianis saerTo energetuli
potencis siamovneba — bednierebis zomaze metad da
neitraluri zomebis Sesabamisad Semcirebisas ki bed-
niereba — siamovnebis gancda qreba. sapirispiro Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tu adamianis saerTo energetuli potencia
moiwamla da Semcirda usiamovneba — ubedurebis zo-
maze metad, maSin iwyeba usiamovneba — ubedurebis
gancda. Tumca es ukanasknelnic warmavalia, radgan
adamiani sicocxleze zrunvis instiqturi moTxovni-
lebidan gamomdinare, miiswrafvis garesamyarodan
energiis aTvisebisken da arsebobis SenarCunebisken.
Sesabamisad, roca is SesZlebs saerTo energetuli
potenciis aRdgenas neitraluri zomebis sazRvrebSi,
ubedureba — usiamovnebis gancdac qreba.
bedniereba maradiulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu adamianis miRma arsebuli raime movlena uzrun-
velyofs misi saerTo energetuli potenciis bednie-
rebis zomaze metad uwyvet Sevsebas. radgan religiu-
ri, idealisturi da mistikuri filosofia gvidastu-
rebs, rom es SeuZlia mxolod ufals misi amouwuravi
energetuli potenciis safuZvelze, keTdeba daskvna:
RmerTi realurad arsebobs da misi sasicocxlo
RvTaebrivi energiis maradiuli gacemiT uzrunvel-
yofs adamianis misdami mimarTul maradiul siyva-
ruls, bednierebas, rwmenas da mTeli samyaros arse-
bobas. is rom ar arsebobdes, es yvelaferi SeuZlebe-
li iqneboda, radgan mis ganxorcielebas sWirdeba
energia, is ki sicariele — araraobidan ver warmoiq-
mneba.
rogorc vxedavT, ganxiluli kanonzomierebis sa-
fuZvelze naTeli gaxda ara mxolod bednierebis,
aramed usiamovneba — ubedurebis warmavlobis mize-
zebi da maradiuli bednierebis miRwevis SesaZleblo-
ba. aRniSnuli kanonzomierebis safuZvelze, mecnie-
ruli principebis Sesabamisad, bunebrivia, SeiZleba
288
pasuxi gavceT am movlenasTan dakavSirebul mraval
sxva àmouxsnel~ da `mtkivneul~ kiTxvas. magaliTad,
rogor davaRwioT Tavi usiamovneba — ubedurebis
gancdas, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu man miiRo
xangrZlivi forma da gadaizarda depresiaSi? ra aris
arsebiTad depresia da rogor auZlurebs is adami-
ans? rogor vwvdeT siamovneba — bednierebas? da a.S.
es niSnavs, rom ganxiluli kanonzomiereba ara mxo-
lod filosofiuri, aramed mecnieruli principebis
Sesabamisad dadgenili axali paradigmaa. is uaryofs
bedniereba — ubedurebis Sesaxeb arsebul Zvel ara-
mecnierul Tvalsazriss, rogorc paradigmas, radgan
es ukanaskneli saerTod SeuZleblad Tvlida ganxi-
lul sakiTxTa cnebisa Tu kanonzomierebis dadgenas.
literatura:
1. avaliani, s. Cemi ganvlili filosofiuri cxovrebis
niSansvetebi, ùniversali” Tb., 2013.
2. marqsi, k. hegelis samarTlis filosofiis kritikis-
Tvis, Tb., 1946.
3. filosofiuri Ziebani, XIV, ùniversali~, Tbilisi —
2014.
4. filosofiuri Ziebani, XXIII, ùniversali~, Tbilisi —
2019.
5. xalvaSi, m. bedniereba mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT,
`rae~ — 2013.
6. Айванхов О. М., Собрание сочинений № 211, Свoбода,
победа духа, `Просвета,” М., 1993.
7. Перепелицин М. Л., Философский камень, `Агентство пра-
вой клулт. и соц. Помощи,” М., 1985.
8. Эзотерика, Парапсихология, `Мюнхенский институт парап-
сихологии,” М., 1993.
289
Mikheil Khalvashi – Doctor of Philosophy; he studies philosophical
problems of ethics, has published scientific articles on problems of
ethics and a monograph `Happiness From Scientific Point of View~
(Tbilisi, 2013).
WHY IS HAPPINESS TRANSIENT?

Abstract
It was considered impossible to state the reasons of
happiness transientness, but it is proved in this article, that after
determining the concept and regularity of happiness, the reasons of
happiniess transientness became comprehensible. It is the decrease of
the whole human energetic potency lower than the level of adapted
measure of happiness. Accordingly, it becomes clear that happiness
can be eternal in case if God, via his divine energy, provides
permanent increase of human energetic potency that must exceed
relevant happiness level.
290
qarTuli da ucxouri
filosofiis istoria
GEORGIAN AND FOREIGN

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
arsen burjaliani — filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori.
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis vice-pre-
zidenti, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori.
muSaobs filosofiis problemebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs mra-
vali samecniero naSromi mecnierebis am sferoSi.
fiqria didebaSvili — filosofiis doqtori; saqarTvelos

teqnikuri universitetis asocirebuli profesori; muSaobs
socialuri filosofiis problemebze; gamoqveynebuli aqvs
samecniero statiebi am sferoSi. eweva aqtiur samecniero —
pedagogiur saqmianobas.
e. kasireris Sexedulebani Semecnebisa

da TviTSemecnebis rolis
Sesaxeb miTosur azrovnebaSi
Tavis droze aristotele amtkicebda, rom Semec-

neba adamianis bunebisagan momdinareobs da Tavs iCens
adamianis qcevebsa da moqmedebaSi. Semecneba gansaz-
Rvravs grZnobadobis sferos. bunebiT yvela damiani
Semecnebisaken iswrafvis, rasac mowmobs maTi miswra-
feba SegrZnebebisadmi, isini miiswrafian SegrZnebebi-
saken da etanebian maT. aristotele, kasireris azriT,
cdilobs, platonis sapirispirod, idealuri sinamdvi-
le, Semecneba, axsnas sicocxlis principidan amosuli.
aristoteles azriT, orive sferoSi vadasturebT er-
Tnair uwyvet erTianobas. bunebaSi, iseve rogorc ada-
mianSi maRali formebi dablisagan viTardeba. aRqma, ga-
mocdileba, warmosaxva da goneba erTianobaSi imyofeba
da warmoadgens erTi da igive fundamenturi aqtivobis,
adamianuri saqmianobis, moRvaweobis funqciebs, an ro-
gorc h. faihingeri ityoda `damxmare saSualebebs~ war-
moadgenen adamianuri moqmedebisaTvis [3; 28].
292
adamianuri Semecneba Tavisi gnviTarebis pirvel
etapze ar aris gamoyofili sinamdvilisagan, vinaidan
adamiani mTlianad aris mijaWvuli bunebaze mTeli Ta-
visi moTxovnilebebiT da praqtikuli interesebiT. mi-
si arsebobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia garemo pirobeb-
Tan Segueba, ris gamoc adamianis pirveli goniTi nabi-
jebi sxvas arafers warmoadgenen Tu ara Seguebis aq-
tebs. magram kasireri Tvlis, rom aqve Tavs iCens adami-
anuri gonis mimarTulebis sapirispiro tendencia, rac
imaSi gamoixateba, rom gare samyaros Semecnebas Tan
sdevs agreTve Sinagan samyaroSi SeRwevis tendencia,
rac kidev ufro Zlierdeba adamianuri kulturis win-
svlasTan dakavSirebiT. am procesis anarekli SeiZleba
davinaxoT kulturuli cxovrebis umetes formebze
dakvirvebiT. magaliTad: pirvel miTologiur kosmo-
logiebSi yovelTvis SeiZleba davinaxoT primitiuli
anTropologiis niSnebi, vinaidan samyaros warmoSobis
sakiTxi Tavis TavSi aucileblobiT moicavs sakiTxs
adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. ukve pirvelyofil reli-
giebSi mocemulia agreTve pirveladi miTologia, ro-
gorc pirveladi kosmologia da anTropologia. reli-
gia inaxavs Tavis TavSi am pirvelad formebs da anviTa-
rebs da aRrmavebs maT. aqedan moyolebuli TviTSemec-
neba xdeba adamianis upirveles movaleobad da igi ukve
aRar iTvleba wminda Teoriul saqmed. religiuri mo-
azrovneebi sagangebod xazs usvamen da udides zneob-
riv saqmed Tvlian TviTSemecnebis moTxovnis ganxor-
cielebas, rac gamoixateba umaRles kulturul moT-
xovnaSi — `Seican Tavi Seni~. es mowodeba gaxda umaRle-
si zneobrivi kanoni da religiuri dogma. kasireri
Tvlis, rom aman gamoiwvia yvela arsebuli Rirebule-
bis gadafaseba, rac naTlad Cans iudevelTa, budistTa
da qristianTa moZRvrebebSi.
TviTSemecnebis principis aqtualobasa da mis
mniSvnelobas adasturebs filosofiuri azrovnebis
293
ganviTarebis istoriac. pirveli filosofosebi mxo-
lod da mxolod bunebis warmoSobis, àrxes~ probleme-
biT arian dainteresebulni. maT Soris mxolod herak-
litem SesZlo filosofiuri kvleva arsebiTad gamoe-
xata Tavisi Tavis kvlevis ideiT, romelmac Tavis srul
simwifes sokrates filosofiaSi miaRwia da romelic
adamianis kvlevis moTxovniT emijneba wina filosofi-
is ganviTarebas. sokratem filosofiuri problematika
daalaga erTi saerTo goniTi centris garSemo, àdamia-
nuri samyaros garSemo~, Tumca, kasireris azriT, es
problema sokratesTan gadauWreli Cans. igi ar gadaW-
rida arc sokrates Semdgomi filosofiis ganviTareba-
Si, Tumca yvela moazrovne Taviseburad ganixilavda
aRniSnul problemas. istoriulma ganviTarebam cxad-
yo, rom adamiani ar aris martivi bunebis mqone arseba,
rom mas ar gaaCnia martivi, homogenuri yofiereba. ada-
mianis suli metad mravalferovani da mravalmxrivia,
sadac bolomde ver aRwevs veraviTari mecniereba da
veraviTari logika, rom adamianuri azrovneba goniTi
da saboloo jamSi moqmedi arsebis funqciaa. adamianis
kulturuli cxovrebis movlenaTa Soris logikur —
mecnierul sqemebSi moqcevas ewinaaRmdegeba miTosi da
religia. Tavis droze b. paskali Tvlida, rom adamiani
imdenad alogikuria rom mis bunebaSi SesaRwevad arse-
bobs mxolod erTi saSualeba rogoricaa religia. miTi
da religia, kasireris azriT, warmoadgenen sapirispi-
ro warmodgenaTa xlarTs. kulturis filosofia moiT-
xovs, erTis mxriv, miTosur warmodgenaTa formis, xo-
lo, meores mxriv, religiur ideaTa formis sakiTxis
dasmas, magram es sakiTxi ar SeiZleba exebodes sagnebs,
rogorc amas moiTxovs metafizika da Teologia. bune-
bisa da adamianis sinamdvileSi araferia iseTi, rac ar
aixsnebodes miTosiT da ar moiTxovdes miTosur in-
terpretacias, marTalia, miTologia warmodgenilia
sxvadasxva xalxebis miTologiebiT da miTosuri war-
294
modgenebiT. magram, miuxedavad amisa miTosur azrov-
nebas gaaCnia garkveuli erTsaxovnebac. erTi da igive
miTosuri warmodgenebi mTels msoflioSia gavrcele-
buli [1; 123]. aRniSnul viTarebas adgili aqvs religiis
istoriaSic. msoflioSi arseboben gansxvavebuli, sapi-
rispiro Teologiuri sistemebi, romlebic erTmaneTs
ebrZvian, vinaidan sapirispiroa ara mxolod dogmebi,
aramed, agreTve eTikuri idealebic, magram es brZola
da dapirispireba Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs religiuri
azrovnebis Sinagan mTlianobasa da religiuri azrov-
nebis gansakuTrebul formas.
gansxvavebiT religiisagan miTis filosofiuri
gaazreba imTaviTve waawyda did siZneleebs, vinaidan
miTi Tavisi arsebiT araTeoriulia. mas ar miesadageba,
erTis mxriv, logikuri azrovnebis kategoriebi iseTi
formiT, rogorc isini gamoiyenebian empiriul da mec-
nieruli azrovnebis sferoSi. magram filosofia mainc
cdilobs miaqcios miTosuri formebi gasagebi sazrise-
bis farglebSi. miTosuri sinamdvile warmogvidgeba xe-
lovnur sinamdviled, romelic sinamdviled asaRebs
Tavis Tavs mxolod da mxolod. miToss hgonia rom igi
WeSmaritebebs gvauwyebs, sinamdvileSi ki isini cru
WeSmaritebebia, miTosis kvlevis Tanamedrove meTode-
bi imiT ganirCeva adrindeli alegoriuli ganmartebe-
bisagan, rom mas miTosi aRar esaxeba SiSveli fantaziis
nayofad, aramed igi mas ganixilavs rogorc fiqcias,
Tumca ki rogorc gaucnobierebel fiqcias. primitiu-
li adamianis gonebas ar Seucnia jer sakuTari fantazi-
is monapovarTa azri da mniSvneloba. Tanamedrove mec-
nierebam unda cxadyos miTebis Sinagani sazrisi, rome-
lic dafarulia fantasmebiTa da warmodgenebis alego-
riuli xatebiT.
miTebis analizi kasireris azriT SeiZleba wari-
marTos ori meTodis gamoyenebiT: 1. obieqturi meTo-
dis saSualebiT, romelic awarmoebs miTosur obieqtTa
295
klasifikacias da 2. subieturi meTodis saSualebiT,
romelic awarmoebs miTis Seqmnis ZiriTad motivTa ana-
lizs da klasifikacias, da romlis mizania miTis dayva-
na martiv safuZvelze, erT martiv motivze. maSasadame,
kvleva unda warimarTos miTis substanciuri fesvis ga-
mosavlenad. magram verc erTi es meTodi warmatebas
ver aRwevs, vinaidan isini cdiloben miTosuri movle-
nebi axsnan garkveuli principebidan amosuli maTi ra-
cionaluri gamoyvanis meSveobiT, mogvcen miTebis er-
Tiani, arawinaaRmdegobrivi suraTi, rac xSirad xorci-
eldeba faqtebis damaxinjebiT. kasireri momxrea miTis
dinamiuri, cocxali gagebisa. marTalia miTosis Teo-
riuli elementi mxatvruls ukavSirdeba, magram mT So-
ris mainc didi gansxvavebaa. jer kidev kanti aRniSnavda
esTetiuri Wvretis `dauintereseblobas~. swored es
momenti aris kasireris azriT ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebe-
li momenti esTetikursa da miTosurs Soris, vinaidan
miTosurisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs rwmenis aqts.
Tavisi sagnis realobis rwmenis gareSe aRar eqneboda
sakuTrivi niadagi. aRniSnuli momenti ganasxvavebs
miTs ara mxolod xelovnebis sferosagan, aramed, ag-
reTve, mecnierebis sferosaganac. rasakvirvelia az-
rovnebis es formebi ver CaiTvleba Tanabari rangisad,
magram isini erT mizans isaxaven, saxeldobr, realobas.
miTSi aRiniSneba, erTis mxriv, cnebiT — logikuri
azrovnebis monawileoba, ris gamoc mas garkveuli in-
teleqtualuri struqtura gaaCnia, xolo meores
mxriv, mas gaaCnia ontologiuri struqturac. miTosi
mxolod aRreul warmodgenaTa bundovani erTianoba ki
ar aris, aramed, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sinagan da garegan
gamocdilebasac gulisxmobs Tavis TavSi. miTisaTvis
ar arsebobs bunebrivi kanonzomiereba. miTosi aris bu-
nebriv ZalTa brZolisa da Sejaxebis dramatuli sinam-
dvile, sadac adamianuri aRqma erwymis kosmosur
grZnobebs. miTSi samyaroseuli Zalebi gasulierebu-
296
lia, cocxalia, igi an mtrobs adamians, an keTilad aris
misdami ganwyobili. samyaros miTosuri gageba, rome-
lic dafuZnebulia primitiul aRqmaze, mkveTrad upi-
rispirdeba Teoriul bunebismecnierebas. mecnieruli
azrovneba eswrafvis miTosuri STabeWdilebebis aR-
mofxvrisaken. bunebismecniereba unda gaemijnos am
grZnobad Tvisebebs Tuki igi miznad isaxavs samyaros
obieqtur — cnebiT Semecnebas. magram mas ar SeuZlia
radikalurad gamoricxos isini Tavisi sakuTari msof-
lmxedvelobidan. marTalia, subieqtur Tvisebebs Sez-
Ruduli mniSvneloba aqvT mecnierebisaTvis, magram
isini jerac gzas ukvalaven mecnierebebs. kasireri mo-
iTxovs, rom daSvebuli iqnas pirveldawyebiTi kavSiri
Tanamedrove adamianis logikasa da primitivis logikas
Soris da aRniSnavs, rom vidre azrovnebis dabali da
maRali forma gaTiSuli iqneba erTmaneTisagan da er-
TmaneTisadmi iqneba dapirispirebuli, empiriul faq-
tebis gageba SeuZlebeli iqneba. marTalia miTosis WeS-
mariti safuZveli aris grZnoba, magram es ar niSnavs
imas, rom miTologiuri da primitiuli religiis az-
rovnebis formebi, moklebulni arian Sinagan mTliano-
bas. maTi Sinaarsebi arc uazrobaa da arc gonebasTan
SeuTanxmebelni, mxolod maTi Sinagani erToba, mTlia-
noba ufro grZnobiT erTianobas emyareba, vidre logi-
kuri azrovnebis erTianobas. igi aris primitiuli, wi-
nareligiuri azrovnebis erT-erTi uZlieresi mamoZra-
vebeli [1; 136]. Teoriuli azrovneba ZiriTadad anali-
tikuri azrovnebaa, amis sapirispiros primitiuli az-
rovneba sinTezuri bunebisaa, romelic ar gamohyofs
erTmaneTisagan bunebas da cxovrebas. primitivi cxov-
rebas ganicdis rogorc uwyvet mdinarebas, harmonias.
primitiviseul azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sam-
yaros sicocxlis zogadi gancda, romelic arc wminda
Teoriulia da arc wminda praqtikuli. miTosi warmoiS-
veba garkveuli emociebis safuZvelze, romelic zemoq-
297
medebas axdens primitiuli adamianis cxovrebasa da
moqmedebaze. Tu SevadarebT miTis agebis wess mecnie-
ruli Semecnebis agebis wess, es wesi, kasireris azriT,
bunebismecnieruli cnebis agebis logikuri genezisis
sapirispiroa. miTis agebis SemTxvevaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs
obieqtivaciis sxvadsxva safexurebis calkeuli faze-
bisa da rigebis ganusxvaveblobasTan. marTlac, Cveni
cdis uSualo samyaro is samyaroa, romelSic Cven yve-
lani vimyofebodiT, vidre ar avmaRldebiT, cnobier,
kritikul — mecnieruli refleqsis donemde, Seicavs
iseT tendenciebs, romlebic amave refleqsis pozicii-
dan aRniSnulni unda iqnen mxolod rogorc miTiurni.
gansakuTrebiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos mizezobriobis cne-
ba, `Zalis~ zogadi cneba, romelnic gamsWvalulni ari-
an Sedegis miTiuri Wvretis sferos meoxebiT ufro ad-
re, vidre igi gadawydeba funqciis maTematikur — lo-
gikur mecnierebaSi. ase xdeba yovelTvis adamianis aR-
qmis formirebisas, sadac sinamdvile aRiniSneba ro-
gorc sakuTrivi sicocxlis miTiuri safuZvlis da pir-
veladi motivebis gagrZeleba. am motivebs araferi sag-
nobrivi ar Seesabameba sinamdvileSi, magram isini mainc
arian, saerTod, sagnobriobis gzaze, radganac mTSi
warmodgeba ara SemTxveviTi, aramed aucilebeli saxe
gonieri formirebisa. aqedan gamosuli, miTis obieqtu-
roba mdgomareobs uwinares yovlisa imaSi, rom igi, gu-
lubryvilo realizmisa da dogmatizmis sapirispirod,
mocemuli munarsis asaxva ki ar aris, aramed TviT aris
Seqmnis sakuTrivi wesi, sadac cnobiereba gamodis
grZnobadi STabeWdilebebis SiSveli receptulobisa-
gan da mas upirispirdeba [2; 19 — 20]. maSasadame primiti-
vistuli azrovneba obieqturi samyaros asaxvas ki ar
warmoadgens, aramed samyaros Semoqmed gadamuSavebas
da gadmocemas. realuri samyaros sapirispirod, rome-
lic batonobs da moicavs adamians da misi moRvaweobis
sferos, primitivi upirispirdeba damoukudebel sa-
298
kuTriv samyaros, sadac Zalze did rols TamaSobs misi
STabeWdilebebi, amitom primitivis Semoqmedeba miTis
sferoSi atarebs ara Tavisufali gonis moqmedebis xa-
siaTs, aramed bunebrivi aucileblobis xasiaTs, gansaz-
Rvruli fsiqologiuri `meqanizmis~ xasiaTs. azrovne-
bis am safexurze, vinaidan adamiani aq dgas gonebiTi
procesis zRurblze, romelmac erTmaneTisagan unda
SemosazRvros `me~ da `samyaro~, saqme gvaqvs axali niS-
nebis gaCenasTan, romelic TviT cnobierebas moevline-
ba rogorc obieturi sinamdvilis suraTi.
miTis yoveli sawyisi, gansakuTrebiT ki yoveli
magiuri msoflgageba, gamsWvalulia obieturi arsebi-
Tobisa da niSnis obieqturi Zalis rwmeniT. sityviT
`jadoqroba~, `xatis jadoqroba~ da `naweris jadoqro-
ba~, qmnian magiur moqmedebebisa da magiuri Sexedule-
bebis arsebobis safuZvels. kasireris azriT, Tu kar-
gad CavukvirdebiT miTosuri cnobierebis Sinagan
struqturas, SeiZleba garkveuli saxis paradoqsi vna-
xoT, radgan Tu zogadad gabatonebuli gagebis mixed-
viT, miTis ZiriTadi tendencia, midrekileba, samyaros
movlenaTa gasuliereba da arsis elementebi. konkre-
tul WvretiTi Seqmna da gadmocema unda iyos, rogor
xdeba am SemTxvevaSi is rom es midrekileba miemarTeba
gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT swored àranamdvilisa-
ken~ da usicocxlosaken: rom sityvis, xatis da niSnis
Crdilovani samefo iRebs substancialur Zalas miTo-
suri cnobierebis mimarT. rogor midis igi am rwmenas-
Tan, abstraqtuli simbolos am kultTan, samyarosTan,
sadac zogadi cneba araferi, xolo SegrZneba, uSualod
ltolva (trieb), grZnobadi aRqma da Wvreta yvelafe-
ria? [1; 31 — 32].
kasireris azriT, aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxi Tavis
TavSi Seicavs Semdegi xasiaTis msjelobebs: saqme imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom miTosuri samyaro ar aris imdenad
konkretuli, ramdenadac es gveCveneba, maSin rodesac
299
grZnobadad gaformebul SinaarsebTan gvaqvs saqme. es
grZnobadi miTosuri Sinaarsebi Tavisi Tavidan abso-
luturad ar gamoricxaven mniSvnelad abstraqtul mo-
mentebs da niSnebs, aramed isini Tavis TavSi Seicaven
orive moments — nivTiers da mniSvnelobas. es ori mo-
menti gadadis gansxvavebis gareSe erTmaneTSi da uSua-
lo erTianobas warmoadgens (aq kasireri Selingis azrs
iziarebs simbolos gansazRvrebisas). grZnobadi samya-
ros sapirispirod miemarTeba miTi, rogorc formad-
qmnis pirveldawyebiTi wesi. igi warmoiSoba xelovnebi-
sa da Semecnebis msgavsad gansxvavebis procesSi, e.i.
uSualod mocemulobisagan, `namdvilisagan~ gamoyofa-
Si. igi Tavis Tavs aamaRlebs gonierad nivTTa samyaros
mimarT, magram ise, rom igi cvlis nivTTa samyaros Ta-
visi formebiTa da xatebiT, rac gons nivTebis borki-
lebisagan ganTavisuflebas aniWebs. goni warmoadgens
Tavisuflad Semoqmedebas, romelic `xatebisa~ da `niS-
nebis~ samyaroSi Tavis Tavs axal mimarTebaSi adgens,
rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom marTalia goni am momentSi,
miTSi, uSualod cocxal STabeWdilebebSi cocxlobs,
magram mainc, amasTanave, sxva wesiT, miTSi pirvelads
Wvrets da amiT, Tavis Tavs grZnobad STabeWdilebebze
amaRlebs.
rogorc nawilobriv zemoTac aRiniSna kasireris
azrebi da simbolur formaTa filosofiis Sesaxeb war-
moadgenen kantis kritikul filosofiaze aSenebul
Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmadac sagani sinTezuri er-
Tianobis win da gareT ki ar arsebobs, aramed piriqiT,
sagani TviT Semecnebis procesSi Semecnebis mier aris
konstruirebuli. maSasadame, Semecnebis sagani Semec-
nebas Tavs ki ar exveva garedan, aramed misi aqtiuri Se-
moqmedebiTi procesis Sedegia, produqtia. simbolur
formaTa filosofia da maT Soris miTologiis filo-
sofia ikvlevs sagnobrivi cnobierebis kategoriebs ara
mxolod Teoriul — inteleqtualur sferoSi, aramed
300
igi im daSvebidan gamodis, rom am saxis kategoriebi
yvelgan unda moqmedebdnen, sadac saerTod, STabeWdi-
lebaTa qaosidan kosmosi, damaxasiaTebeli da tipiuri
`samyaros suraTi~ formdeba. samyaros yoveli aseTi
xati SesaZlebelia gavigoT mxolod obieqtivaciis gan-
sakuTrebuli saxis aqtis meoxebiT, SiSveli `STabeWdi-
lebebis~ gardasaxviT Tavis TavSi garkveul da gafor-
mebul `warmodgenebad~[1; 39].
kasireris azriT, empiriuli Semecnebis safexur-
zec unda gvaxsovdes, rom igi warmoadgens obieqtiva-
ciis process. am safexurze, obieqtivaciis am etapze,
mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is garemoeba, rom
wminda cdiseul azrovnebaSi saxezea obieqtivaciis
procesis dapirispireba — gaTiSva miTosurad da Teo-
riulad. aq kasireri g. laibnicis azrebs iziarebs, rom-
lebic man j. lokis empirizmis kritikisas gamoTqva.
loki, rogorc cnobilia amtkicebda, rom èmpiriul
cdiseul SemecnebaSi. araferi ar aris iseTi, rac winas-
war ar iyos mocemuli cdiseul SemecnebaSi. lokis am
debulebas laibnicma miuwera patara danarTi — `garda
TviT gonebisa~, rac imas niSnavs, rom aRqmis agebaSi da
mis konstantobaSi monawileobas Rebulobs TviT gone-
ba da ara mxolod SegrZnebebi. cdiseuli azrovnebis
logikuri forma, Zalze mkveTrad Cans, Tu Cven mas mis
umaRles srulyofaSi ganvixilavT mecnierebis formi-
rebisas.
literatura:
1. kasireri, e. ra aris adamiani? Tbilisi, 1983;

2. Kassirer, E. Thilosophie der symbolischen Formen. Bd. II
Darmstadt. 1964;
3. Vaihinger, H. Die Thilosophie des Als Ob. Leipzig. 1920.
301
Arsen Burjaliani — Doctor of Philosophy; Vice — president of the
Academy of Philosphical Sciences of Georgia; Professor at
Technical University of Georgia. He works on problems of
philosophy, is the author of many scientific works.
Piqria Didebashvili – Doctor of Philosophy; Associate Professor of

Georgian Technical University (GTU); works on the problems of
social philosophy; has published articles in this field.
E. CASSIRER ON THE ROLE OF COGNITION AND SELF —

KNOWLEDGE IN MYTHOLOGICAL THINKING
ABSTRACT
Signs of primitive anthropology can always be seen in the first

mythological cosmologies since the issue of origin of theworld by
necessity contains in itself the issue of genesis of man. Actuality and
importance of the principle of self — knowledge is proved by history
of development of philosophical thinking.
Among the phenomena of man’s cultural life mythology and
religion resist attempots to include them into logical — scientific
schemes. Philosophical interpretation of myths from the very
beginning met serious difficulties since myth by its essence is non —
theoretical. Categories of logical thinking as they are used in the
sphere of empirical or scientific thinking are not applicable to it. But
philosophy still attempts to place mythical forms within the limits of
intelligible meanings.
In myths we can state existence of conceptual — logical
thinking due to which it has certain intellectual structure on the one
hand and, on the other hand, it has also ontological structure.
Mythology is not simply a vague unity of early ideas but it can be
said that it carries internal and external experience in itself.
302
Cassirer demands to assume a primary association between
logic of a contemporary man and logic of a primitive man and notes
that though the real basis of myth is feeling, it does not mean that
forms of mythological and primitive religious thinking lack internal
unity. Their contents are not nonsense and they do not oppose mind
though their internal unity is based more on unity of feeling that
unity of logical thinking. Theoretical thinking is, mainly, analytical
thinking; in difference to it primitive thinking is synthetic and does
not separate nature and life. Primitive man experiences life as an
unbreakable flow, harmony. If we compare the rule according to
which myth is constitutedto the rule which constitutes scientific
cognition, we, as Cassirer thinks, will see that this rule opposes
logical genesis of concepts which constitute natural sciences. In case
of myth constitution we meet with indistinguishability of separate
phases and rows of different stages of objectivization.
Primitive thinking is not a reflection of the objective world but
creative rethinking and rendering of it.
Cassirer’s ideas concerning philosophy of symbolic forms are
built upon Kant’s critical philosophy according to which thing does
not exist before and outside a synthetic unity, but just the contrary, it
is constituted by cognition in the process of cognition.

Ta akademiis qarTuli da ucxouri filosofiis is-
toriis ganyofilebam.
303
arsen burjaliani — filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori.
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis vic-pre-
zidenti, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori.
muSaobs filosofiis problemebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs mra-
vali samecniero naSromi mecnierebis am sferoSi.
iaSa (koka) kutubiZe — filosofiis doqtori. saqarTvelos

teqnikuri universitetis profesori. socialur mecniereba-
Ta departamentis xelmZRvaneli. muSaobs socialur mecnie-
rebaTa da kulturis filosofiur problemebze. gamoqveyne-
buli aqvs mravali samecniero naSromi mecnierebis am sfero-
ebSi.
anri bergsonis Sexedulebebi cnebisa da

inteleqtualuri intuiciis Sesaxeb
adamianis azrovnebiT unarSi, gonebaSi, romlis

funqciaa gageba, bergsoni xedavs mxolod da mxolod
danamats adamianis moqmedebis unarisadmi. aqedan ga-
momdinreobs is, rom Cveni goneba sityvis viwro gage-
biT, warmoadgens adamianis arsebobis uzrunvelyofas
gare samyaroSi. igi aris azriT wvdoma sagnisa, materii-
sa. bergsonis azriT, adamianis goneba Tavs kargad
grZnobs usulo sagnebsa da, nawilobriv, myar sagnebs
Soris. Cveni cnebebi warmoSobilia myari sxeulebis
formis mixedviT, xolo Cveni logika, umTavresad war-
moadgens myar sxeulTa logikas. Cveni gonebis aRmoCe-
nebi geometriis aRmoCenebia, raSic cxadad Cans logi-
kuri azris naTesoba usulo materiasTan. magram am na-
Tesaobidan naTeli xdeba is garemoebac, rom Cveni lo-
gikuri azri, Tavisi samyaros gamo ver wvdeba sicoc-
304
xlis namdvil bunebas, evoluciuri moZraobis Rrma
sazriss.
logikuri azrovnebis ganviTreba Seqmna sicoc-
xlis ganviTarebam, raTa adamians zemoqmedeba moexdina
gansazRvrul sagnebze. azri, bergsonis Tanaxmad, war-
moadgens sicocxlis mxolod erT-erT gmovlinebas,
romelsac rogorc nawils ar SeuZlia mTlianobaSi mo-
icvas sicocxle. igi warmoadgens evoluciuri moZrao-
bis erT-erT etaps.
iseTi ktegoriebi, rogoricaa erTianoba, simrav-
le, mizezobrioba da sxv., ar SeiZleba srulfsovnad mi-
vuyenoT cocxal sagnebs. bergsonis azriT, veravin it-
yvis sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdebaindividualoba, ra az-
riT SeiZleba cocxal arsebaze vilaparakoT, erTi Tu
mravali igi, ujredi erTiandeba organizmad Tu piri-
qiT, Tu organizmi iyofa ujredebad. Cven ver CavtevT
cocxal organizms raime CarCoSi. miuxedavad amisa,
evoluciuri filosofia daufiqreblad avrcelebs
cocxal sagnebzec im mosazrebas, romlebic gamsoade-
gia usulo nivTierebebisaTvis. Cven vwvdebiT ara TviT
sinamdviles, aramed mxolod msgavsebas, ufro zustad
ki mis simbolur xats. Cven ar SeiZleba mogveces nivTe-
bis arseba: absoluturi CvenTvis miuwvdomelia, unda
SevCerdeT Seumecnebadis winaSe. uwindel uaRresi sia-
maye adamianis gonebiT, icvleba misi uaRresi damcire-
biT.
bergsonis azriT, gonebis cnebebi, azrebi da sxva,
arian ara sinamdvilis, e.i. sicocxlis asaxva, aramed
mxolod misi simboluri xati, romelic ar asaxavs sag-
anTa arsebas. ramdenadac Semecnebas saqme aqvs usulo
sagnebTan, igi iZleva mxolod mis swor, uZrav suraTs
da ara moZrav sicocxles. mas aucileblobiT gaaCnia
305
xelovnuri da simboluri xaisaTi. Semecnebis Teorias
SeuZlia mxolod faqtebis moqceva winaswar gamzade-
bul CarCoebSi, romelic, misi azriT, cnebebi, anu sim-
boloebia. amgvarad, amtkicebs bergsoni, vRebulobT
garkveul simbolizms, romelic SesaZloa xelsayre-
lia, aucilebelic kia pozitiuri mecnierebisaTvis,
magram ara sagnis pirdapir WvretisaTvis.
adamiani TviTon qmnis sakuTar cxovrebas, rom-
lis yoveli cvalebadi momenti Semoqmedebas warmoad-
gens, amitom masTan ar SeiZleba saqme hqondes abstraq-
ciebs, anu, bergsonis azriT, cnebebs, simboloebs, ro-
gorc amas adgili aqvs geometriaSi. yvelam TviTon un-
da amoxsnas sakuTari cxovrebis amocana, arseboba
mdgomareobs cvalebadobaSi. cvalebadia, rogorc Si-
nagani buneba adamianisa, cvalebadia agreTve nivTTa
samyaro, misi mdinareba da wesi. arasodes ar meordeba
erTi da igive konkretuli viTareba. ganmeoreba, ber-
gsons SesaZleblad miaCnia mxolod abstraqciaSi, ro-
melic calmxrivia, vinaidan Cveni goneba koncentrir-
deba mxolod ganmeorebadze, riTac cnobiereba zurgs
aqcevs drois Wvretas, igi mtruladaa ganwyobili mdi-
narebisadmi.
inteleqti warmoadgens sinamdvilis rekonstruq-
cias da amis gamo ver iTvisebs imas, Tu ra aris axali
drois yovel momentSi. igi ar uSvebs gauTvaliswine-
bel raimes, ris gamoc igi uaryofs Semoqmedebas, vinai-
dan inteleqti ganmeorebadsa da rekonstruirebuls
iTvaliswinebs, mas ar SeuZlia aRniSnuli meTodiT Se-
iswavlos codnis meore unari, rogoricaa instinqti.
instinqti, anu intuicia, bergsonis mixedviT, war-
moadgens cnobierebis im muSaobas, romelic mimarTu-
lia TviT sicocxlisaken, moZraobisaken, cvalebadisa-
306
ken. amitom intuicia da inteleqti warmoadgenen cno-
bierebis or sapirispiro mimarTulebas, sadac inte-
leqti mimarTulia uZrav materiaze, xolo intuicia Zi-
riTadad individualuria da igi exeba Cvens sicocxli-
seul interesebs, Cvens – `me“ — s, es ukanaskneli ar aris
mecnierebis saqme. mecnierebis arsebas, sinamdvileSi,
Seadgens misi manipulaciebi niSnebisadmi, simboloebi-
sadmi, romliTac igi cvlis TviT sagnebs. intuiciaSi,
romelsac bergsoni ìnteleqtualur simpatias“ uwo-
debs, SeiZleba mogveces absoluturi, maSin, roca yve-
la danarCeni aRmoCndeba analizSi, anu mecnierebaSi.
bergsonis antiinteleqtualizmi vlindeba ara
mxolod rogorc intuitivizmi, aramed rogorc anti-
simbolizmi da antiscientizmi. mas Semoaqvs àxali“
mecniereba, rogoricaa metafizika. metafizika, misi
azriT, aris mecniereba, romelsac aqvs pretenzia iar-
sebos simboloebis, anu cnebebis gareSe. metafizikam,
romelic eyrdnoba intuicias da ara myari, uZravi sag-
nebis simboloebs, cnebebs, unda Seiswavlos moZraoba,
sicocxle, romelic ganuwyvetel cvalebadobaSia.
literatura:
1. Бергсон А. Творческая эволюция. М. 1909;

2. Бергсон А. Введение в метафизику. Собр. соч. т.5. СПБ.
1914;
3. Бергсон А. Время и свобода воли. Собр. соч. т.2. СПБ. 1914;
4. me-20 saukunis burJuaziuli filosofia, Tbilisi,
1970.
307
Arsen Burjaliani — Doctor of Philosophy; Vice — president of the Academy
of Philosphical Sciences of Georgia; Professor at Technical University of
Georgia. He works on problems of philosophy, is the author of many
scientific works.
Iasha (Koka) Kutubidze — Doctor of Philosophy; Professor at Technical

University of Georgia. Head of the department of Social Sciences, He
studies problems of social sciences, has published many scientific works in
these spheres of science.
HENRI BERGSON ON CONCEPT AND

INTELLECTUAL INTUITION
ABSTRACT
According to Bergson intuition is such work of consciousness which

is directed towards life itself, towards movement, the changeable.
Therefore intuition and intellect are two opposing directions of
consciousness since intellect is directed to unmovable matter while
intuition is in main individual and concerned with our life interests,
with our “I” which is out of the scope of science.

Ta akademiis qarTuli da ucxouri filosofiis is-
308
filosofiuri anTropologia
PHILOSOPHYCAL ANTROPOLOGY
irakli gogiCaZe — filosofiis magistri, avtori mraval-
ricxovani statiebisa Teoriuli filosofiis sferoSi fi-
losofiuri anTropologiis ganxriT; administrirebas uwevs
pirvel qarTul filosofiur internet saits —
www.philosophya.ge — s.
pirovneba da sikeTis idea
evropuli filosofia SeiZleba warmovidginoT

rogorc platonis komentarebi.
alfred norT uaithedi
winamdebare statiaSi vecdebiT sikeTis ideis, mas-

Tan dakavSirebuli niuansebis warmoCenas Cveneuli an-
Tropologiuri suraTis fonze. es anTropologiuri
suraTi ki, Tu gavixsenebT, mokled Semdegnairia: 1. em-
piriuli subieqt — obieqti, anu cxoveli, romelic
emorCileba instiqtebs da xelmZRvanelobs SiSveli em-
piriuli monacemebiT, ase vTqvaT, alalad endoba maT;
2. racionaluri subieqt — obieqti, anu sakuTriv adami-
ani, romrlic emorCileba racios da xelmZRvanelobs
eqsperimentuli monacemebiTa da logikiT; 3. individu-
ali, anu mofiqrali me, TvistomTa Soris originaluri
xedviT gamorCeuli Semoqmedi, romelic emorCileba
muzas, STagonebas da Tavisi niWisa da xedvis Sesabami-
sad gardaqmnis empiriuli Tu racionaluri gamocdi-
lebis monacemebs; 4. pirovneba, anu anTroposis is po-
tenciuri centri, romelmac SeiZleba Segnebulad, Ta-
visuflad marTos yvela sxva plastSi mimdinare pro-
cesebi (biologiuri, qimiur-fizikuri, fsiqikuri, Se-
moqmedebiTi Tu eqsistencialuri). anTroposi Cven gve-
310
saxeba ara erTganzomilebian, calsaxa arsebad, aramed
minimum am oTxi plastis erTianobad, romelTagan zo-
gi, mag., pirveli imTaviTve saxeze mocemuli realobaa,
xolo danarCeni masSi potenciurad Zevs. amis Taobaze
ufro vrclad ixileT Cveni winamorbedi statiebi.
sikeTe, rogorc filosofiuri ganazrebis obieq-
ti, antikurobidanve warmoSobda gansxvavebul doq-
trinebs. saberZneTSi sokrate, platoni da aristote-
le qmnian erT epoqas, romelSic zneobis filosofiis
es umTavresi kategoria ganisazRvreboda anTroposis,
rogorc polisSi mcxovrebi individis, daniSnulebi-
dan. anTroposis daniSnuleba misi SesaZleblobebis
(fizikuri Tu sulieri) srulyofilad gamovlena da
ganviTarebaa. am ganviTarebis Sansi ar gaaCniaT, aris-
toteles azriT, mag., monebs, bavSvebs, qalebs. srulyo-
fili polisis moqalaqe ki valdebulic kia, rom Caer-
Tos politikur cxovrebaSi da Tavisi SesaZleblobebi
Sealios polisis keTildReobas. amgvari moRvaweobis
procesSi moqalaqe, saTanado aRzrda — ganaTlebis sa-
fuZvelze, gamoavlens siqveleebs — samarTlianobas,
zomierebas, keTilgonierebas da a.S. es ukanasknelni
Seadgenen keTilqmedebis Sinaarss, romelTa xelmZRva-
nelobiTac moqalaqe cdilobs miaRwios bednierebas da
misi miRwevis saSualeba Seuqmnas sxvebsac. bednierebis
miRweva anTroposis umTavresi daniSnuleba da mizania
— adamians yvelaferi unda bednierebisTvis da ara bed-
niereba sxva ramisTvis. SeiZleba es sul sxva Tema da
sxva statiis sagani iyos. magaram aq mainc davsZen mok-
led, rom bedniereba TavisTavad (iseve rogorc sikeTe
TavisTavad) amqveynad ar arsebobs — visTvis raa bedni-
ereba da visTvis ra. anTroposi imitomaa, rogorc amas
311
berdiaevi ityoda, tragikuli araseba, rom, ar uwyis ra,
Tu raa namdvili bedniereba, dasdevs Tavissave gamogo-
nebul qimerebs, imas, rac Tavad eCveneba bednierebad
da am jiriTSi CarTuli cxovrebis gzaze imasac kara-
gavs, rac gaaCnia. amitom, anTroposis daniSnulebad
bednierebis miRwevis dasaxva, iseTi ramis miRwevas gu-
lisxmobs, rac araamqveyniuria, maradiuli da yavlga-
usvlelia.
anTroposis mier Tavisi qveli bunebis mixedviT
moqmedeba emyareba codnas, gonebas. sokrates mixed-
viT, aravin ar Caidens keTilqmedebis garda arafers,
Tu man icis ra saSinelebaa borotmoqmedeba. codna go-
nebis kompetenciaa, azrovnebis nayofia da ara grZno-
bebisa, romelTa ayolac cxovrebis gzaze ufro boro-
tebisken migvmarTavs vidre sikeTisken. grZnobebi
TvisTavad, gonebis Carevis gareSe mgznebare da zRvar-
gadasulia, rac borotqmedebisa da ubedurebis saTa-
vea. e.i. keTilqmedebis safuZveli gonebaa.
am yvelafers platoni Seavsebs da daakonkretebs
imis gancxadebiT, rom sikeTe goniTi WvretiT, gonebis
TvaliT moixelTeba da mas sikeTis idea hqvia, rac, Cemis
azriT, udidesi mniSvnelobis mqone debulebaa keTil-
qmedebis sazrisis dadgenis, anu misi arsebobis gamar-
Tlebis, misi dafuZnebis sakiTxSi. keTilqmedebis sa-
fuZveli anTroposis gonebas ki ar Seuqmnia da mougone-
bia, aramed is maradiulad arsebobs da gonebis TvaliT
miswvdeba mas mxolod brZeni, rCeuli, erTeuli pirov-
neba, rasac aristotele ar eTanxmeboda. es ukanaskneli
keTilqmedebis safuZvels „zeciur“, ideaTa samyaroSi
ki ara adamianis goniT ganzomilebaSi xedavda da zedme-
tad miiCnevda amisTvis ideTa zeciuri samyaros moSve-
liebas. ise sxva mxriv am moazrovneTa Sexedulebebi er-
312
TmaneTs didad ar ewinaaRdegeba da erT epoqalur „sis-
temas“ qmnis filosofiis am sferoSi.
Semdeg etaps qmnis Suasaukuneobrivi filosofia
da Teologia, romelic mniSvnelovanwilad emyareboda
ara mxolod bibliur — qristianul Sexedulebebs, ara-
med, mag., neoplatonizms. neoplatonizmma gansakuTre-
buli roli imiT iTamaSa, rom sikeTis cnebas kidev uf-
ro ontologiuri elferi SesZina, vidre es iyo gamok-
veTili platonTan. sikeTe is RvTaebrivi Suqia, romla-
dac emanaciurad gadmoiRvreba mTeli Senamoqmedi
RmerTisa. Tavad RmerTia yovladsikeTe... es pozicia
naTlad gamoikveTa netar avgustinesTanac, xolo Sem-
deg, mag., bernard klervoelis TeologiaSi. am ukanas-
knelT sikeTis qmna esmiT, upirveles yovlisa, rogorc
RvTis wyaloba, RmerTis keTili neba, rameTu amqveyni-
ur, warmaval cxovrebaSi arc sikeTis bunebrivi piro-
bebi arsebobs da arac anTroposs ZaluZs sakuTr Za-
lisxmevaze, gnebavT, gonebaze dayrdnobiT namdvili
sikeTis qmna (avgustinesa da klervoelis poziciebTan
dakavSirebiT ufro vrclad ixileT Cveni statia „neba
da adamianuri yofierebis mTlianoba“, filosofiu-
ri Ziebani N 16)
bibliur — qristianulidan, rac ki yvelaze kar-
dinaluri Semovida am sferoSi (igulisxmeba zneobis
metafizika), iyo keTilqmedebis safuZvlis migneba siy-
varuliT aRsavse gulis sferoSi, rac grZnobebisTvis
prioritetis miniWebas niSnavda gonebasTan SedarebiT.
cxadia, aq saubaria ara Tavis nebaze miSvebul grZno-
bebze, aramed ber — monazvnur, religiur, rwmeniTa da
qristes siyvaruliT aRsavse garemoSi mowesrigebul
grZnobebze, romelic adamianis Sinagan, sulier, gansa-
313
kuTrebul samyaros Seadgens. es wesrigi uangaro, ala-
li rwmeniT miiRweva da ara azrovnebiTi spekulacie-
biT. anu sikeTis safuZveli rwmenaa da ara racio. aq
rwmena araa ubralod grZnobaze damyarebuli da, miT
umetes, gonebaze damyarebuli ram. is emyareba damoc-
xadebas. gamocxadeba gulisxmobs zedroulis, maradi-
ulis, idealuris, namdvilad arsebulis Semosvlas
droulSi, warmavalSi, relatiurSi, aranamdvilsa da
moCvenebiTSi (maiaSi, tonalSi...).
es faqtiurad isaa, rasac aristotele platons
uwunebda. keTilqmedebis safuZvels xom adamianur
gonSi xedavda is da platons warumatebel zedmet ga-
monagonad uTvlida ideaTa samyaros? zogadi arsebobs
gonebaSi da misTvis sxva ontologiuri samSoblos xed-
va iluziaa da meti araferi. qristianuli metafizika
swored imis pirdapir dadasturebas gviCvenebs, rom
qristes saxiT mama RmerTi – zedrouli, maradiuli,
idealuri — Tavad Semodis Tvalisa da gonebis xedvis
areSi, istoriaSi. esaa gacxadeba umaRlesi srulyofi-
lebisa, sikeTisa, siyvarulisa, TanagrZnobisa, saTnoe-
bisa... aqedan modis rwmenis umaRlesi dasabuTeba. am
„sabuTis“ mopoveba erTeulTa, rCeulTa xvedria (al-
baT vxedavT platonis TvalsazrisTan naTesaobas). ga-
mocxadeba RvTaebrivi madlia da misi mopovebisTvis
morwmunem unda icxovros WeSmariti religiuri cxov-
rebiT da Tanac absoluturad ugarantiod. gadmova Tu
ara masze es uzenaesi madl — dasturi man ar uwyis, mag-
ram swams.
is erTeulni, rCeulni, viszec gadmovida RvTaeb-
rivi madli gamocxadebisa xdebian kidec umaRlesi ide-
alebis, maT Soris da uwinares yovlisa ki zneobrivi
idealebis damsaxavni kacobriobisTvis.
314
Semdgom safexurs, romelic garkveulwilad Tan-
xmobaSia (da uTanxmoebaSic) rogorc qristianobamdel
ise qristianul safexurTan, qmnis kanti Tavisi zneobis
metafizikiT. is eTanxmeba aristoteles (winaaRmdeg
platonisa), rom zneobis safuZveli goniT samyaroSia
saZiebeli da ara transcendenturSi, anu e.w. transcen-
dentalur da ara individualur, an Tu gnebavT empiri-
ul subieqtSi. arsebobs, kantis mixedviT, erTi goniTi
instancia, romelic saerTo da momcvelia yvela SesaZ-
lo moazrovne arsebisTvis – transcendentaluri su-
bieqti. misgan modis yovelgvari Wvretis, azrovnebis,
zneobis safZveli.
Tu Wvretis ganmsazRvreli iseTi aprioruli
formebia, rogoricaa dro da sivrce, xolo azrovnebi-
sa – transcendentaluri logika, maSin zneobis safuZ-
vlad, kants gamohyavs kategoriuli imperativi. Tu
drosa da sivrceSi mocemuli gamocdilebiseuli Sina-
arsebi eqvemdebarebian mag., mizez — Sedegobriv mimar-
Tebebs, xolo transcendentalur logikas sarCulad
uZevs, mag., safuZvel — gamomdinareobiTi mimarTebebi,
maSin kategoriuli imperativi emyareba (da maSasadame
zneobac) „undas“, valdebulebis princips. anTroposi
valdebulia, rom ganaxorcielos Tavisi umaRlesi da-
niSnuleba (amaSic igrZnoba aristotelesTan naTesao-
ba) – xorci Seasxas Tavis zneobriv bunebas. zneobrivi
buneba moazrovne arsebis Tanmdevia. azrovnebas xorci
esxmeba mecnierebasa da filosofiaSi, xolo zneobas –
praqtikasa da qmedebaSi.
miuxedavad imis, rom zneobrivs kanti yovelTvis
azrovnebiTi, goniTi instanciis fonze axsenebs, aman
ar unda gvafiqrebinos, rom is aristoteles xaziT pir-
315
dapir miemarTeba racionalizmisa Tu scientizmisaken.
jer erTi, man Tavidanve warmarTa zneobrivi qmedeba
keTilis msurveli Tavisufali nebis karnaxiT. mTava-
ria qmedebas safuZvlad edos Tavisufali nebis keTi-
li, modi ase vTqvaT, Canafiqri, rom qmedeba keTilad
iqnes kvalificirebuli, rameTu misi dinamika Sedegad
ras gamoiRebs winaswar aravin uwyis. Sedegis mixedviT
qmedebis zneobrivobis Sefaseba ar egebis. aq msjelo-
bis garkveul mankier wreSi brunvas vxedavT, magram es
araa amjerad Cveni Tema. mTavaria is, rom survili
grZnobis kompetenciaa da ara gonebisa.
mere meore. undoda Tu ara, saWiro iyo misi filo-
sofiis sistemurobisTvis Tu ara, saboloo jamSi man
Camoayaliba e.w. RmerTis, uzenasi RvTaebrivi arsebis
arsebobis damadasturebeli argumenti, romelic
RmerTis arsebobis eTikur argumentadaa cnobili.
amdenad, kanti platonsa da qristianobasac mia-
gebs Tavis pativs da erTgvar gzajvaredins ufro war-
moadgens Tavisi zneobis metafizikiT, vidre axal para-
lelur gzatkecils.
garda amisa, kantis kategoriuli imperativis Si-
naarss xom Seadgens Semdegi — moiqeci ise, rom Seni qme-
deba iqces sayovelTao zneobriv kanonad. ki, magram, ra
aris igi kanoni, romelic kanonad unda iqces? gana ka-
noni ar unda kanonobdes aw da maradis, gana bunebis ka-
nonebis SemTxvevaSi ase ar aris? e.i. kanti zneobis kano-
nad sxva tipis kanons gulvobs da ara bunebis kanonis
msgavss. bunebis kanonis msgavsTan da saerTod bunebas-
Tan zneobas rom saqme ar aqvs amas kantamdec bevri
xvdeboda da kanti ki miT umetes.
316
es, Tavis mxriv, niSnavs — moiqeci ise, rogorc
isurvebdi, rom Sen mogeqcnen. kantis mixedviT, esaa
umaRlesi zneobrivi misiis ganxorcieleba, rasac xSi-
rad akvalificireben uangaro an, gnebavT, formalur
zneobad, anu sikeTis keTebad sikeTisTvis, mxolod si-
keTisTvis da araferi sxvisTvis. magram aq aSkarad
ikiTxeba isic, rom mavanma sikeTe imitom unda gaake-
Tos, rom masac iseTive sikeTiT miagos sazogadoebis
sxva wevrmac. es zneobrivi sazogadoebis agebis mizans
marTalia emsaxureba, Tumca erTgvari angarebis suni
mainc asdis. cxadia kants esec kargad esmoda, ubralod
man ixelmZRvanela „yvelaze ufro uangaros“ princi-
piT, iseve, rogorc keTilqmedebis metafizikur safuZ-
velze uaris Tqmisas ixelZRvanela, mamardaSvilisa ar
iyos, „exla, ukve rocas“ principiT: exla, roca ukve,
am samyaroSi keTilqmedeba zneobrivi faqtia, adgilis
mqonea, saWiroebas moklebulia misi safuZvlis Zieba.
asaxsnelia mxolod is, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli am sam-
yaroSi aseTi faqtis arseboba (ixileT m. mamardaSvilis
„kantianuri variaciebi“).
Cven miviCnevT, rom sikeTis keTeba mxolod sike-
TisTvis Tavis srulyofil gamoxatulebas poulobs
mxolod maSin, roca sikeTe keTdeba sikeTis ideis, ma-
radiulis, RvTaebrivis siyvarulis, masTan miaxloebis,
ziarebis mizniT. am ziarebis umaRlesi forma ki aris
pirovnebis misvla, Segnebul — gacnobierebuli ziare-
ba sikeTis ideasTan, RvTaebrivTan. gamocxadebis Sem-
TxvevaSi aqtiuria transcendenci, xolo pirovnebis
imanentur — eqsistencialuri pasiuri. esaa gza zemo-
dan qveviT – RvTaebrividan miwierisken, rac RvTaebri-
vis udides Zalmosilebas gvicxadebs. am Zalmosilebas,
317
CvenSi darCes da dasabuTeba arc sWirdeba. gamovlineba
sWirdeba anTroposis pirovnul bunebas, personis Zal-
mosilebas, romelic transcendenturSi Seixedavs Ta-
visi nebelobiTi Zalisxmevis safuZvelze, eziereba
nirvanul netarebas sakuTar Tavze, sakuTar sulier,
zneobriv gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT.
nicSes zneobis metafizika relatiuri da plura-
listuria, anu relatiuria misi Sexedulebani zneobis
safuZvlis Taobaze. mas miaCnda, rom erTi zneobrivi
principi, romelsac yvela unda eyrdnobodes Tavis
qmedebebSi, ar arsebobs, aramed arsebobs sul mcire
ori mainc – ZlierTa zneobrivi principi da sustTa
zneobrivi principi. nicSe Tvalis dasanaxad ver itans
sustebs. es ukanasknelni farad iyeneben iseT cnebebs,
rogoricaa – miteveba, TanagrZnoba, siyvaruli, sinanu-
li, samsjavro, jojoxeTi... amgvar ganwyobas atareben
ara mxolod calkeuli individebi, aramed mTeli erov-
nuli warmonaqmnebi. mag., ebraelebs is miiCnevs aseTi
tipis erad. roca maT aRar hyavdaT mefeebi mTeli Za-
laufleba xelT igdes kultmsaxurebma, romlebic,
msgavsad warmarTuli civilizaciebis kultmsaxurebi-
sa, gamodiodnen xalxsa da RmerTebs Soris Suamavle-
bad da „zecis“ xma mohqondaT Tavisi eris yuramde. isi-
ni qadagebdnen RvTismoSiSobas, mcnebebis dacvas, mor-
Cilebas (rogorc mama RmerTisa ise kultmsaxurebisa),
raTa ar dasjiliyvnen RvTis samsjavroze. mcnebebis
zedmiwevniT miyola niSnavs — miusafarobas, piradi sa-
kuTrebis uqonlobas, Cagrulobas, gaWirvebas, sakuTa-
ri lukmis sxvisTvis gacemas da amiT mama zecieris wya-
lobis mopovebas. swored aseTi aspeqtebi qmnian aq si-
keTis cnebiT Sinaarss. es momentebi kidev ufro mZlav-
318
rad warmoaCina qristianobam. qriste mas miaCnia ebrae-
lebis mier danarCeni kacobroiobisTvis nasrol sat-
yuarad, romelic gamiznuli iyo „sustebis moralis~
gasabatoneblad (amasTan dakavSirebiT ixileT an ismi-
neT pinxas polonskis leqciebi da interviuebi). nicSes
ukvirs, Tu rogor „ylapa“ msofliom es satyuara. iudo
— qristianuli Sexeduleba RmerTze, xom sruli absur-
diao ambobs is (amaSi nicSe araa originaluri, gavixse-
noT tertuliane), ra unda RmerTs jvarze rom itanje-
ba da Cvens TanagrZnobas iwveves, es xom sruliad ara-
bunebrivi, mankieri cnobierebis nayofia, dasZens nicSe
Tavis „moralis geneologiaSi“.
maSasadame, bevri rom ar gagvigrZeldes, sustebis
morali amoraluria im azriT, rom amqveyniur cxovre-
baSi anTroposs Tavisi sisustis, simxdalis, gaubedavo-
bisa da sxva amgvarTa gamo, Tavis gatana rom ar SeuZ-
lia, mimarTavs xrikebs, eSmakobas, TvalTmaqcobas, ra-
Ta sxvasac, anu ZlierTa ama soflisaTac, gaumwaros si-
cocxle.
ZlierTa morali nicSes savsebiT bunebriv ramed
eCveneba da ambobs, rom realur qveynierebaSi adamiani
unda cxovrobdes ara gasacodavebulad, samowyalod
sxvisa, aramed gabedulad, uSiSrad, Tamamad, mZlavrad
— ras hqvia sxvisi samowyalo gavxde, me xom Cemi Tavmo-
yvareoba maqvs? ambobs is. Zala uflebac unda moipovo
kacma, qonebac, pativiscemac da a.S. raTa am qveynad
Rirseulad icxovro. esaa ZlierTa morali, romelsac
nicSe pativs miagebs da sruliad bunebriv ramed eCve-
neba. aq adgili ar aqvs TvalTmaqcobas, Zlieri pirda-
piri da Tavdajerebulia.
319
ZlierTa moralis kulminaciur demonstarato-
rad warmogvidgeba nicSesTan „zekaci“ romelic sike-
Tisa da borotebis miRma dgas. misTvis ar arsebobs ka-
cobriobis keTilmoqmedad da borotmoqmedad daxa-
risxeba, arsebobs susti da Zlieri da aravis SeuZlia
daamtkicos, rom obieqturad susti keTilia, xolo
Zlieri boroti, es sustTa gamonagonia da meti arafe-
ri.
jer erTi, wuTisofeli romaa mxolod realuri
qveyana arc es daumtkicebia aravis (paraleluri samya-
roebis Teoria sakmaod popularulia Tanamedrove
kosmologiasa da fizikaSi). amitom, aravin uwyis, ra
xdeba mis gareT, sxvagan SeiZleba ZlierTa moralia
amoraluri.
mere meore, arc isaa damtkicebadi, rom susti yve-
la borotia, TvalTmaqcia, sacodavia da a.S. xolo Zli-
eri — yvela kargi.
mere mesame, ZlierTa morals rom upiratesobas
aniWebs nicSe amisTvis sakmarisi araa mxolod bunebri-
vobaze miTiTeba. bunebaSi absoluturi araferia da,
maSasadame, arc is principebi, romelTac ZlierTa mo-
rali eyrdnoba. amitom arc imis damtkiceba SeiZleba,
rom upiratesi es principebia swored.
da meoTxe, moralis filosofis mTavari amocana —
axsna imisa Tu ra aris keTilqmedeba, raSia misi safuZ-
veli – nicSesTan faqtiurad ignorirebulia.
magram erTSi ki namdvilad marTalia es moazrovne
– sikeTe raRac araamqveyniuria, arabunebrivia.
e.i. Cven vxedavT or ZiriTad xazss – zneobis da-
fuZnebas ideaTa samyaros, RvTaebrivi sasufevlis ba-
zaze (mag., platoni, neoplatonizmi, qristianuli Teo-
logia) da zneobis dafuZnebas, axsnas miwieris bazaze
320
(mag., aristoteli, kanti). amaTgan pirveli keTilqmede-
bas xsnis sikeTis ideidan, anu Tavad sikeTidan, xolo
meore – keTilqmedebas xsnis sxva cnebeaTa (e.w. saTnoe-
baTa, siqveleTa) moSveliebiT, romelnic Tavad arian
asaxsnelni, romelTa bunebac sruliadac araa TavisTa-
vad cxadi da naTeli. mag., Tqma imisa rom sikeTe aris
zomiereba an samarTlianoba, sikeTe aris valdebuleba
da a.S. sruliadac ar gvixsnis sikeTis raobas. aq Tavis
mxrivaa asaxsneli Tu ras warmoadgens samarTlianoba
da valdebuleba. da Tanac, ufro gonivruli Cans imis
aRniSvna, rom sikeTe sikeTea, xolo samarTlianoba –
samarTlianoba, valdebuleba – valdebuleba da a.S.
saboloo jamSi, filosofiis istoriaSi miwier ba-
zaze keTilqmedebis dafuZnebis mcdelobam, migviyvana,
nicSes saxiT, sikeTis arsebobis srul uaryofamde. es,
cxadia ar xsnis dRis wesrigidan imis gaazrebis saWiro-
ebas, Tu mainc ra aris sikeTe, ris gamoc Cven, ufro
marTebulad gvesaxeba meore mimarTuleba, romelic
anTroposis pirovnebamde amaRlebas (e.i. anTroposis
daniSnulebas) da pirovnebis sikeTis ideisadmi ziare-
bas (umaRles keTilqmedebas) gulisxmobs.
es araamqveyniuri da arabunebrivi, anu sikeTis
idea, zneobis metafizikis umTavres kategoriad gvev-
lineba. is amqveyniur, wuTisoflur oromtrialSi ga-
movlindeba konkretuli keTilqmedebebis saxiT. ke-
Tilqmedebas upirispirdeba borotqmedeba, romelic
aseve konkretuli wuTisofluri aqtia. sikeTis ro-
gorc aseTis gasagebad saWiroa rogorc erTis ise meo-
ris gaazreba. gamodis, rom isini erTi movlenis ori
mxarea. keTilqmedeba aris is, rac ar aris borotqmede-
ba da piriqiT.
321
am movlenas uwodebda platoni ideas. idea aris
idealuri obieqti. ramdenadac is obieqtia, maSasadame
igi obieqturad arsebobs. obieqturad arseboba am Sem-
TxvevaSi sul sxva rames niSnavs vidre is, radac obieq-
turad arseboba warmoudgeba Tundac Tanamedrove
obivatelur cnobierebas. am ukanasknels obieqturad
arseboba esmis rogorc materialuri obieqtis realur
— dinamiur drosa da sivrceSi gansazRvruli arseboba.
platonTan sruliad sawinaaRdego viTarebasTan gvaqvs
saqme — dinamiur drosa da sivrceSi realurad arsebu-
li gansazRvruloba obieqturi ki ara relatiuria. re-
latiuri niSnavs warmavalobas, arsebobas namdvilad
arsebobasa da moCvenebiT arsebobas Soris. esaa merye-
oba am or ukanasknel instancias Soris. es gulisxmobs
odesRac aryofnas da momavalSi aRar yofnas. obieqtu-
rad arseboba maradiuli da unaklo arsebobaa. amgvari
arseboba axasiaTebs ideas da mxolod ideas, amitoma-
caa is idealuri obieqti da amitom arsebobs is obieq-
turad.
e.i. keTilqmedeba da borotqmedeba, rogorc erTi
movlenis ori mxare, gulisxmobs idealur obieqts,
ideas, romelic mxolod namdvilad arsebobs da araso-
des moCvenebiTad.
platoni am ideas ideaTa piramidis saTaveSi aye-
nebda. aseTive safuZvelmdebluri roli gaaCnia am ide-
as bibliur SesaqmeSi. sikeTisa da borotebis xis nayo-
fi didi metafizikuri ideis metaforaa.
kanti miiCnevda, rom sikeTe maSinaa sikeTe, roca is
xorcieldeba upirobo valdebulebis Tanaxmad — Sen
valdebuli xar moiqce keTilad, iseve, rogorc sxvac
valdebulia, rom mogeqces keTilad. ase unda moviqceT
ara imitom, rom amisgan raRac gamorCenas veliT. gav-
322
rcelebuli interpretaciis Tanaxmad, es niSnavs sike-
Tis keTebas uangarod, sikeTis qmnas sikeTisTvis — anu
roca keTili qmedeba ar xorcieldeba raime sasurveli
sargeblis miRebis molodiniTa da imediT. mavanma es
interpretacia SeiZleba gaiziaros, magram es ar niS-
navs am iterpretaciis erTaderT WeSmarit interpre-
tirebas. is sikeTe, romlis da mxolod romlis gamoc
unda xorcieldebodes sikeTis aqti, aris swored is
platoniseuli idealur — obieqturad arsebuli sike-
Tis idea. yoveli qmedeba maSinaa sikeTe, roca is sike-
Tis ides gaTvaliswinebiT, misadmi usazRvro siyvaru-
lis ltolviT xorcieldeba.
aqtebi, romelnic kvalificirdebian rogorc ke-
Tilni an arakeTilni warmogvidgebian drosa da siv-
rceSi gansazRvrul realiebad, romelTac ar hqoniaT
adgili manamde xolo momavalSi aRar eqnebaT. sxvagvar
aqts am wuTisofelSi adgili arc SeiZleba hqondes.
maS, romeli aqti daitevs yvelaze srulyofilad im Si-
naarss romelic idealur — obieqturi sikeTisadmi zia-
rebas unda gaaCndes?
idealurs SeiZleba eziaros mxolod idealuri,
romelic warmaval — anTropul yofnaSi rogorRac, ra-
Racis saxiT unda iyos CarTuli. am raRacas uwodeb-
dnen suls, gons, pirovnebas ... maSasadame anTropul
qmedebaTagan sikeTis ideasTan ziarebis srul Sinaarss
moicavs is qmedeba, romelic anTropul yofierebaSi
CarTul idealurs SeaZlebinebs sikeTis ideasTan mis-
vlas. esaa umaRlesi rangis keTilqmedeba, namdvili
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba am sulisa, gonisa, pi-
rovnebisa... xsna anTropuli yofierebis zedapiruli
Sreebis SeboWilobisgan.
323
amdenad, Cven unda ganvasxvaoT ori ram – 1. sikeTe,
rogorc idea da 2. sikeTe, rogorc qmedeba.
sikeTe, rogorc qmedeba araa calsaxad garkveul
dadgenili sikeTe. raime qmedeba erTgvar pirobaTa sa-
fuZvelze SeiZleba kvalificirebul iqnes sikeTed da
igive qmedeba sxva piroba — garemoebaTa SemTxvevaSi
kvalificirdes rogorc boroteba. es asea albaT imi-
tom, rom drosa da sivrceSi gaSlili samyaro, sadac da
mxolod sadac xorxcieldeba sikeTe — qmedeba, Tavis-
Tavadaa moklebuli sikeTesac da borotebasac. biolo-
giur doneze, amqveyniur oromtrialSi CarTuli arse-
bebisTvis amgvari cnebebi yovelgvar azrsaa moklebu-
li. mtacebeli rom nadavls klavs sakuTari Tavis gamo-
sakvebad es arc borotebaa da arc sikeTe. miT umetes
iTqmis es iseT bunebriv movlenebze rogorebicaa – qa-
riSxali, miwisZvra da a.S. am ukanasknelTa mier Tavs da-
texili ubedureba TavisTavad arc borotebaa da arc
sikeTe. aseTad an iseTad is warmoudgeba mxolod an-
Troposs.
anTroposis animaluri plasti, anu anTropotipi,
romelsac Cven vuwodebT empiriul subieqt — obieqts,
sikeTesa da borotebas empiriul doneze ganicdis da
grZnobs. garkveuli qmedeba, romelsac an Tavad sCadis
an mis mimarT sCadian, iwvevs masSi mag., gulis aCqrole-
bas, cremlis denas da a.S. imis mixedviT, Tu ra emociebi
warmoiSveba masSi am simptomTa kvalad, pozitiuri Tu
negatiuri, isic saxelhyofs am qmedebebs sikeTed an
borotebad.
cxadia, rom emociebsa da gancdebs didi Zala gaaC-
nia, magram Tavad am emociebis safuZvelze keTilqmede-
bisa da borootqmedebis bunebis dadgena, axsna Tu da-
324
fuZneba SeuZlebelia. asaxsneli swored is aris, rac
maT ganapirobebs – sikeTe.
empiriul gamocdilebaSi Cven SeiZleba davakvir-
deT keTilqmedebas, anu imas rac davakvlificireT si-
keTed, da ara Tavad sikeTes. aseTi ram ar Zevs sadme
Cvens win an gverdze, rogorc skami an televizori. me-
tic, racionalur subieqt — obieqtsac, anu e.w. sakuT-
riv adamiansac ki ar SeuZlia specialurad Seqmnil eq-
sperimentul garemoSi TavisTavad sikeTes daakvirdes.
rac Seexeba am ukanasknelis iseT mZlavr iaraRs, rogo-
ricaa logika, isic uZluria rom mag., marTebuli silo-
gisturi gamomdinareobebis jaWvidan gamoiyvanos sike-
Tis idea, anu keTilqmedebis piroba.
Tu sikeTe empiriuladac da racionaluradac mi-
uwvdomelia, maS raRa gvrCeba? individuali da pirov-
neba. individuali Tavisi arsebiT Semoqmedia, magram
cxadia, rom ideis rogorc aseTis Seqmna mas ar ZaluZs.
man SeiZleba dagvisaxos Tavis qmnilebaSi, SedevrSi
dagvanaxos, gangvacdevinos, gvagrZnobinos maradiuli
ideis Zalmosileba. amas is, cxadia, axorcielebs gar-
kveuli saxeebis, xatebis, gmirebis, bgerebis, ferebis,
saSualebiT. es ki faqtiurad droulis, warmavalis sa-
SualebiT maradiulTan da srulyofilTan miaxloebas
niSnavs. Semoqmedi, romelic faqizi mgrZnobelobiTa
da STagonebiT gamoirCeva ganicdis maradiulis, idea-
luris metafizikur zewolas. gamocxadeba, muza Tu
STagoneba am zewolis gamoxatulebaa.
rac Seexeba pirovnebas, is albaT erTaderTia,
vinc egzistireba — transcendirebis aqtSi uSualod
Wvrets maradiulsa da idealurs. marTlac, Semoqmed-
Ta namoRvawarSi – mxatvrobaSi, mwerlobaSi Tu musika-
Si, swored did pirovnebaTa mier naqadagari ideebi is-
325
xamen xorcs da es araa SemTxveviTi. qristianuli Tema-
tika uamravi Semoqmedis STagonebis wyaro gamxdara da
am yvelafris safuZveli qristes pirovnebaa.
e.i. arsebobs sikeTe rogorc aseTi, rogorc idea-
luri, maradiuli, srulyofileba da misi metafiziku-
ri Zalmosileba aRwevs ra Cvens imanenturobaSi, gan-
gvawyobs keTili saqmis qmnadobisTvis. Tu amas ar ve-
TanxmebiT da miviCnevT, rom araviTari sikeTe TavisTa-
vad ar arsebobs, vinaidan is arc empiriul da arc raci-
onalur gamocdilebaSi ar gveZleva, maSin am yvelaf-
ris axsnis erT-erT gzad rCeba ubralo Cveva. keTil-
qmedebas imitom aqvs xolme adgili yoveldRiur yofa-
Si, rom mavani ubralod mieCvia sikeTis qmnas. netav
marTlac ase iyos. movifiqrebdiT specialur proce-
durebs, kursebs da yvelas bavSobidan davaCvevdiT si-
keTis qmnas.
Cveva gulisxmobs raRacis regularul ganmeore-
bas, romelTa ciklis Semdegac veCveviT imas Tu amas.
warmovidginoT kacobriobis istoriaSi ganxorciele-
buli pirveli keTilqmedeba. Tu is marTlac pirveli
iyo, maSin mas win ar uZRvoda araviTari regularuli
cikli. amitom sikeTis qmnis SeCvevis safuZvelze axsna
gamoricxulia.
meore gzad SeiZleba daisaxos e.w. waxaliseba. am
gzis absurdulobaze saubobda igive nicSe, roca akri-
tikebda „inglisel fsiqologebs“ Tavis „moralis gene-
ologiaSi“. sazogadoebis wevrebi uxsovari droidan
aqebdnen sxvaTa araegoistur qmedebebs. roca mavani iq-
ceva altruisturad da amisTvis qebas imsaxurebs, es
xdeba mastimulirebeli igivenairad moqcevisTvis da
esaa, maTi azriT, is, rac Semdgom sikeTis saxeliT inaT-
leba.
326
jer erTi asaxsneli isaa, Tu ratom moiqca mavani
Tavisi egos sawinaaRmdegod, es bunebisa da biologiis
kanonebiT sruliad gaugebaria da, mere meore, mas Seqe-
ba SeiZleboda mieRo imisgan, vinc aseve SeuqiaT sxvebs
analogiuri qmedebisTvis da ase usasrulod; amdenad,
aqac mivdivarT Tavdapirvel keTilqmedebasTan. saidan
warmosdga pirveli sikeTe qmedeba, Tu manamde amis pre-
cedenti, romelic gamodgeboda Cvevisa da qebis maga-
liTad bunebaSi ar arsebobda?
aris aseve cdebi imisa, rom sikeTe gaigon rogorc
sasicocxlo energiis sxvisTvis nebayoflobiT gace-
mad. es Tvalsazrisi faqtiurad igive Sinaarss atarebs
rasac araegoisturi qmedebisTvis waxalisebisa Tu Se-
qebis SemTxvevaSi hqonda adgili. asaxsneli xom swored
isaa, Tu ratom gavcem me nebayoflobiT Cems sasicoc-
xlo energias, risi ZaliTa da pirobiT, es xom ewinaaR-
mdegeba bunebismetyvelebis kanonebs.
kantiseuli valdebulebis eTikac veraa mTlad
uangaro, rameTu me sikeTes imitom Cavdivar, rom mec
aseve momeqces sxva. Tu ase araa, maSin rogor gavigoT
valdebuleba? ratom var valdebuli, rom sxvas sikeTe
gavukeTo?
rac Seexeba bentamiseul sasargebloobis anu uti-
litarul eTikas, aq sakiTxavia – Tu sikeTis qmna sasar-
gebloa, sargeblis momtania, maSin ratom ar sCadian mas
regularulad? riT veRar Seigno saukuneebis manZilze
kacobriobam, rom sikeTis keTeba sargeblis momtania?
piriqiT, sikeTes roca vukeTeb sxvas ZiriTadad ise
xdeba, rom sargebels ki ar vnaxulob amiT, aramed vi-
sakliseb imas an amas, xolo im sxvas Cemma gacemulma Se-
327
iZleba sargebeli ki ar misces, aramed kiseri waatexvi-
nos.
diax, sikeTis fenomeni amqveyniuri, materialuri
samyaros konteqstSi saerTod ver Tavsdeba. nicSes
cnobili debuleba, rom TiTqos sikeTeze apelireba
sustTa gamogonebaa Tavis dasamkvidreblad, mxolod
erT rameSia samarTliani – is raRac araamqveyniuria,
arabunebrivia. cxovelTa samyaroSi individisa Tu po-
pulaciis mier Tavis damkvidreba Zalazea damokidebu-
li da es savsebiT bunebrivia, magram kacobriobis is-
toriaSi Turme mavanni Tavs imkvidreben sikeTis keTe-
biT. nicSesTvis es absurdia. ratom? albaT imitom, rom
mas arasodes uxilavs idea TavisTavad. romlis xilvis
Semdgomac, platonis TqmiT, aRarc Wama gvaxsendeba,
aRarc sma da mxolod mis Wvretaze orientirebulni
vikvebebiT netarebis momgvreli ZalebiT. nicSe xom
scientizmis epoqaSi cxovrobda, epoqaSi, romelsac ga-
aCnia mxolod empiriuli Tvali da ara „Tvali gonebi-
sa“. nicSes alabaT swored is angrevda Sinaganad, rom
eZiebda da ver Wvretda umaRles ideas.
es umaRlesi ideaa piroba da safuZveli keTilqme-
debisa. ubralo mokvdavi iqneba Tu udidesi pirovneba,
msgavsad lao Zisa, budasi, iesosi, romelnic saukuno Za-
lis mqone zneobriv orientirebs xazavdnen, sikeTis
umaRlesi idea apirobebs maT qmedebebs. gansxvaveba ima-
Sia, rom ubralo mokvdavi ver gagcemT pasuxs, Tu ra
amoqmedebs mas maincdamainc keTilqmedebis mimarTule-
biT da ratom, xolo iesos mama RmerTis saxiT Tavad „uxi-
lavs“ es mamoZravebeli idea TavisTavad, iseve rogorc —
budas nirvanul netarebaSi ganucdia am araamqveyniur
saocrebasTan miaxlebiT gamowveuli Zalmosileba.
328
Irakli Gogichadze – Master of Philosophy, the author of numerous articles
in theoretical philosophy field, mostly on philosophical anthropology. He
also manages first Georgian philosophical website www.philosophya.ge.
THE IDEA OF KINDNESS AND PERSONALITY
ABSTRACT
The subject of this article is interpretation of the notion of

kindness based on the anthropological picture depicted previously in
the series of our articles.
We believe that the issue of what and how the notion of
kindness was understood in the history of philosophy is divided in
several stages and tendencies. Antiquity, middle centuries and
present time are characterizes by two main tendencies. Justification
of morality by the supernatural, eternal, divine and justification of
morality by something that is human, rational, and earthly.
First tendency is represented by Plato, Neoplatonism, and
Christianity; the second tendency is represented by Aristotle, Kant,
and Nietzsche.
In case of the first tendency, act of kindness, as earthly act,
which is defined in time and space; and kindness itself, as the idea,
are distinguished. The act of kindness here is based on the idea of
kindness. We should call this metaphysic justification of morality.
No matter how severely metaphysics is criticized by Scientism, this
is still justification in the sphere of morality.
While the second tendency, ended with Nietzsche as the
notions of kindness and evil were replaced by the analysis of the
notions of weak and strong, as a result of which morality remained
unjustified. According to Nietzsche, kindness is nothing but an
invention of the altruistic mind of the weak or sick and unnatural
consciousness.
We prefer first tendency and believe that since an act of evil
exists (Law, Culturology, Sociology, History and other fields cannot
be imagined without this notion), it is an act of evil compared to or in
relation to something. And this is nothing else but an act of kindness,
329
which is possible because kindness itself exists and is
metaphysically justified by it. The reason we believe so is that
according to the rules of nature which exist in the physical world, the
existence of kindness is impossible, unexplainable and absurd, which
was finally philosophically confirmed by Nietzsche.
We believe that the highest demonstration of the act of
kindness is for the purposes of communion with the idea of
kindness only, which represents a personal act and only this is the
selfless deed of kindness.

Ta akademiis filosofiuri anTropologiis ganyo-
filebam.
330
samecniero diskusia
SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSION
amiran berZeniSvili — filosofiis doqtori, Tbilisis iv.
javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis profeso-
ri, saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akade-
mikosi. muSaobs socialuri da politikuri filosofiisa da
sociologiis sferoSi. gamoqveynebuli aqvs mravali samecnie-
ro naSromi mecnierebis am dargebSi, maT Soris monografiebi
da saxelmZRvaneloebi.
umaRlesi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi

momentebis analizi sabWouri periodis
dasasrulisa da postsabWouri
periodis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi
(sakuTari pedagogiuri gamocdilebis mixedviT)
sabWouri saganmanaTleblo sistema sabavSvo baRi-

dan dawyebuli da aspiranturiT damTavrebuli ZiriTa-
dad codnis dagrovebasa da kargad Semsrulebeli mo-
qalaqis Camoyalibebaze iyo orientirebuli. moqala-
qis, romelic im doziT iyo informirebuli, rom mice-
muli davalebebis kargad Sesruleba SeZleboda. Sesa-
bamisad, mTeli swavla — swavlebis sistema arsebuli
codnis gadacemas, aTvisebasa da dagrovebaze, anu aku-
mulirebaze iyo mimarTuli. maswavlebeli klasSi, pro-
fesori auditoriasa Tu kaTedraze, ara mxolod men-
tori, aramed patara — lokaluri mniSvnelobis „diqta-
toric“ iyo, romelic skoluri filosofiisa da dag-
rovili codnis politikuri sistemis prioritetebis
Sesabamisad aTvisebis organizebas uwyobda xels. rac
Tavis mxriv mozardi Taobis ufro morCilebis da ara
TanamSromlobis da Tanasworobis suliskveTebiT aR-
zrdas uwyobda xels.
332
Cemi pedagogiuri gamocdileba ZiriTadad umaR-
lesi ganaTlebis sistemas moicavs, romelic 1978 sas-
wavlo wels daiwyo da dRemde grZeldeba. pirobiTad
igi SeiZleba sam etapad davyoT:
— pirveli, 1978-dan 1990-mde wlebs moicavs, anu
rodesac sabWouri ganaTlebis sistemis CarCoebSi gvi-
wevda swavleba.
— meore, 1990 dan 2003 wlis periods moicavs, ro-
melsac SeiZleba sabWouri tradiciuli sistemidan Ta-
namedrove dasavluri saganmanaTleblo sistemis mode-
lebis gacnobierebis da aTvisebis da realur sinamdvi-
leSi damkvidrebis mcdelobis, anu gardamavali perio-
di vuwodoT.
— mesame, 2005-6 wlebidan iwyeba, rodesac umaRles
saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi dasavluri saganmanaTleb-
lo sistemis modelebma myarad daimkvidres TavianTi
adgili da met — naklebi warmatebiT mTeli umaRlesi
saganmanaTleblo sistema moicva, rac SeiZleba iTqvas
dRemde grZeldeba.
marTalia, Cemi pedagogiuri gamocdilebis meore
da mesame etapze sabWouri umaRlesi ganaTlebis siste-
ma ZiriTadad CamoiSala da daimsxvra, magram arc is un-
da dagvaviwydes, rom misTvis damaxasiaTebeli calkeu-
li rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi momentebi dRem-
de agrZeleben arsebobas.
es momentebia:
1. umaRlesi ganaTlebis sabWouri sistema upira-
tesad ara studentze, aramed profesorze iyo
orientirebuli.
2. studenti esaa sufTa dafa, romelzec sistemi-
saTvis aprobirebuli, ZiriTadad saSemsruleb-
lo unarebis Cawera mimdinareobs.
333
3. umaRlesi ganaTlebis da sazogadod ganaTlebis
sistema studentebsa Tu moswavleebSi arsebuli
codnis, informaciis da gamocdilebis farTo
horizontiT dagrovebasa da akumulirebas uz-
runvelyofda. am mxriv, sabWoTa moqalaqe er-
TerT yvelaze wignier moqalaqed iTvleboda im
periodis msoflioSi.
4. mTeli ganaTlebis da aRzrdis sistema sabavSvo
baRidan dawyebuli da aspiranturiT damTavre-
buli marqsistul — leninuri ideebiTa da Rire-
bulebebiT iyo gamsWvaluli, romelTa daucve-
loba da cxovrebaSi mkacrad gatarebisagan ne-
bismieri gadaxveva did ideologiur Secdomad
da Sesabamisad xalxis mtrobad Seracxuliyo.
5. inovaciebis Semotana, romelic uSualod stu-
dentze iqneboda orientirebuli da masSi Tavi-
suflebisa da SemoqmedebiTi midgomis, rTul si-
tuaciebSi damoukideblad azrovnebisa da moq-
medebis unarebis gamomuSavebaze iqneboda mimar-
Tuli, sistemisaTvis realurad arasasurvel da
miuRebel orientirs Tu faseulobas warmoad-
genda.
6. sabWouri ganaTlebis sistema informirebuli,
magram calmxrivad informirebuli, „homo sovi-
etikusisaTvis“ ucilobeli unar — CvevebiT aR-
Wurvili, arakritikulad, araTavisuflad moaz-
rovne, morCili „pirovnebis“ formirebas cdi-
lobda.
sabWouri saganmanaTleblo sistema sakuTari mo-
qalaqeebis am suliskveTebiT aRzrdas da maTSi siste-
misaTvis aucilebeli codnisa da gamocdilebebis aku-
mulirebas mTeli samocdaaTi wlis manZilze met — nak-
lebi warmatebiT axorcielebda. gansakuTrebiT es ma-
334
Tematikis, bunebismecnierebis, humanitaruli da soci-
aluri mecnierebis sferoSi arsebuli codnis maragis
siRrmiseulad aTvisebas exeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom me-
oce saukunis 60 – 70 – iani wlebis sabWoTa moqalaqe zo-
gadi ganaTlebis, specialobebis dauflebis, codnis
dagrovebis arealiTa da siRrmiT gacilebiT maRla id-
ga, vidre dRes, umetes postsabWour qveynebSi ganaT-
lebis axali sistemis mier aRzrdili moqalaqe dgas.
igi mravalmxriv ganaTlebuli iyo, romelsac sakacob-
rio kulturis TiTqmis yvela segmentze garkveuli
codna, xolo sakacobrio mniSvnelobis mqone humanuri
Rirebulebebi aTvisebuli hqonda. magram, rogorc ze-
moT aRvniSneT, mTeli es akumulirebuli codna cal-
mxrivad ideologizirebuli iyo, riTac kritikuli da
kreatiuli azrovnebis Tavisuflad ganviTareba gamo-
ricxuli iyo. mTeli sakacobrio kulturis, mecniere-
baTa monacemebis CaTvliT, marqsistul — leninuri
ideologiuri dogmebis gamarTlebasa da ganmtkiceba-
ze iyo mimarTuli. am mxriv Zalian mZime mdgomareobaSi
humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebi aRmoCndnen.
Tumca arc sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi iyvnen
dalxinebul mdgomareobaSi, gaixseneT genetikasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi, rodesac genetika cru –
burJuaziul mecnirebad iqna gamocxadebuli, xolo ge-
netikis sferoSi momuSave mecnierebi burJuaziuli
klasis mexotbeebad da laqiebad iqnen Seracxulni.
ar damaviwydeba Cemi rogorc leqtoris rangSi
pirveli, 1978 wels oficialurad Catarebuli leqcia
pirvelkursel studentebTan, romlis wakiTxvac saqar-
Tvelos politeqnikuri institutis(spi — ГПИ) filoso-
fiis kaTedraze ufrosi maswavleblis Tanamdebobaze
arCevisas SemomTavazes. maSin rodesac, mTeli Cemi arse-
biT da saqmisadmi siyvaruliTa da pasuxismgeblobiT
335
mzad viyavi filosofiis raobisa da adamianis cxovreba-
Si misi rolis Sesaxeb leqcia Cametarebina, arc meti arc
naklebi, meoce saukunis samocdaTian wleebSi sabWoele-
bisaTvis kargad cnobili sabWoTa kavSiris komunistu-
ri partiis maSindeli generaluri mdivnis leonid breJ-
nevis avtorobiT gamocemuli „mcire miwisa“ da „aRor-
Zinebis“ Tematikisa da suliskveTebis studentebisaT-
vis gacnoba damavales. amgvari ram, seriozulad da kri-
tikulad moazrovne profesorebisa da studentebisaT-
vis miuRebeli iyo, rameTu socialuri da humanitaruli
mecnierebebiT dainteresebuli studentebisaTvis xe-
lisSemSlel da damabrkolebel barierebs qmnida WeSma-
ritebebis dauflebisaken mimaval isedac rTulsa da
mZime gzaze. saswavlo kursebis absoluturi umravle-
soba Tavidan bolomde marqsistul — leninuri ideolo-
giis (da ara Tundac marqsistuli filosofiis) princi-
pebsa da dogmebze iyo agebuli, romelTa mTavari mizani
studentebSi mxolod erTaderTi „WeSmariti“, „swori“
da „mecnieruli“ msoflmxedvelobis principebisa da
Rirebulebebis Canergvaze iyo mimarTuli.
rac Seexeba swavlebis process, ZiriTadi forma
leqcia iyo da studentis damoukidebeli samuSaos
cnebac ki ar arsebobda. leqcia — seminarebze studen-
tebi ZiriTadad saswavlo disciplinaSi arsebuli cod-
nis maragis rac SeiZleba srulad aTvisebaze iyvnen
orientirebulni, Sesabamisad, dargis profesoris mier
leqciis umTavres Rirsebad ara problemuroba, aramed
informaciuli savseoba, amowurvadoba iyo. yvelaze
mcodne, sagans dauflebul studentad is iTvleboda,
vinc mocemul saswavlo saganSi codnis arsebuli mara-
gis maqsimums flobda. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom
udaod niWier da perspeqtiul studentad upiratesad
iTvleboda is, vinc saswavlo disciplinebis labirin-
336
TebSi damoukideblad garkvevas, problemebis danaxvas
da maT arsSi wvdomas, arsebuli Teoriuli Tu meTodo-
logiuri siZneleebis gacnobierebas Tavisuflad axer-
xebda, ara nakleb warmatebul studentad miiCneoda.
swored am tipis moazrovne studentebs arCevdnen mo-
mavali samecniero kvleviTi samuSaoebisaTvisa da sap-
rofesorod momzadebisaTvis. magram mTavari ideolo-
giuri „siwminde“ marqsistul – leninuri ideologiis
doqtrina daculi unda yofiliyo. yoveli amgvari kre-
atiuloba ideologiis CarCoebSi unda darCeniliyo,
ramac socialur mecnierebebSi egreTwodebul „momar-
qsvas“ da „paliaturobas“ Seuwyo xeli. rodesac mecni-
eri, moazrovne pirovneba iZulebulia „naxevrad simar-
Tle“ da ara mTeli simarTle ilaparakos, miT ufro am
simarTlis sajarod gamoqveynebisas mosalodnel rep-
resiebze ar ifiqros. amgvari midgomis Sedegia is, rom
ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed mTels post — sabWo-
Ta sivrceSi arsebul qveynebSi iseTi mecnierebebi, ro-
goricaa: istoria, filosofia, sociologia, politi-
kuri mecniereba, fsiqologia, enaTmecniereba da sxva –
axla iwyeben aRorZinebas.
marTalia 1968 wels, pirvelad sabWoTa kavSirSi,
saqarTveloSi Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi da-
fuZnda empiriuli — konkretuli kvlevebis sociolo-
giis kaTedra, romelic sociologiur gamokiTxvebsa
da kvlevebs mecnierulad da swor meTodologiur sa-
fuZvelze ki atarebda, magram ara socialuri realo-
bis kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli savalalo suraTis dad-
genasa da Sesabamisad misi gamomwvevi ekonomikuri, so-
cialuri Tu kulturuli mizezebis gamoaSkaravebaze
iyo orientirebuli, aramed imisaTvis raTa instituci-
urad earseba, iZulebuli iyo arsebuli koniunqturis
interesebi gaeziarebina da daecva.
337
miuxedavad aseTi mZime ideologiuri atmosferos
arsebobisa, socialuri disciplinebi da maT sferoSi
moRvawe profesorebis umravlesoba, dasavlur filo-
sofiasa da socialur mecnierebebSi arsebuli siaxlee-
bisa da miRwevebis studentobisaTvis gacnobas mainc
axerxebdnen. marqsistuli kritikis fonze wamyvani pro-
fesorebi filosofiisa da socialuri mecnierebis Ta-
namedrove mimarTulebebis da moazrovne figurebis: ma-
galiTad, eqsistencialistebis: m.haidegerisa da k. ias-
persis, logikuri pozitivistebis – r. karnapisa da m.
Slikis, struqturuli funqcionalistebis – t. parson-
sisa da r. mertonis da sxvaTa Tvalsazrisebis studen-
tebisaTvis siRrmiseulad gacnobas mainc axerxebdnen.
ukve am wlebSi SeimCneoda, rom swavlebis mxolod
leqcia — seminaruli da yovelwliuri sakursoebis
dacviT, saswavlo procesi stagnaciis periodSi Sedio-
da da swavlebis msoflioSi arsebul mowinave da apro-
birebul modelebs sul ufro Sordeboda. marTalia, am
periodSi yovelwliuri sakurso da sadiplomo naSro-
mis dacvisa da saxelmwifo gamocdebis Cabarebis pro-
cedurebi sakmaod maRal akademiur doneze mimdinare-
obda, magram yovelive amas, Cemi azriT, Zlier aferxeb-
da is garemoeba, rom TandaTanobiT studentebisa da
profesorebis upiratesi yuradRebis sagnad ara mTeli
semestris ganmavlobaSi swavleba, aramed gamocda iqca.
aseT viTarebaSi gamomcdeli profesori gulmodgined
imis dadgenas ki ar cdilobda Tu ra da rogor icoda
gamosacdelma studentma, aramed imas, Tu ra ar icoda,
raTa permanentuli „Semdeg“ mosvlisaTvis gaewira igi.
aseTi midgoma araformalurad studentis damoukide-
beli muSaobisaTvis ararsebuli akadaemiuri saaTebis
kompensirebas axdenda. mTeli semestris manZilze Tu
ganmavlobaSi studenti saswavli masalis meoTxedsac
338
ki ver iTvisebda, da rarac „manqanebis ZaliT“ sasesio
periodSi, romelic maqsimum eqvsi kviris ganmavlobaSi
tardeboda, igi met — naklebi warmatebiT xuTi Tu eq-
vsi gamocdis, faqtobrivad xuTi dRis ganmavlobaSi ki
sagamocdo disciplinis bileTebSi mocemuli samocda-
xuTmeti sakiTxis daswavlas axerxebda. ramac, sabolo-
od, amgvari sistemis gadagvarebamde migviyvana da wina
planze wamoiwia iseTi maxinji movlenebi, rogoric
iyo: moqrTamva — qrTamis aReba, proteqcia e. w. „Cawyo-
ba“ da sxva. ukve meoce saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi
amgvarma — ukurnebelma senma mTeli saganmanaTleblo
sistema moicva da ganaTlebis sabWour sistemas sasik-
vdilo dartyma miayena. rom ara calkeuli samecniero
mimarTulebebis mesveurebisa da profesorebis Zalis-
xmeva, igi saerTod aReb — micemobis ekonomikur siste-
mad iqceoda. is vinc namdvili codnis miRebas da dauf-
lebas cdilobda, iZulebuli xdeboda sagnis mcodne
repetitori daeqiravebina, raTa umaRles saswavle-
belSi Caricxuliyo, xolo Semdeg amave wesiT masSi
swavlebis procesi met — naklebi warmatebiT ganegrZo.
Cemi azriT, erT-erTi Zlieri faqtori, ramac sab-
WoTa kavSiris daSlas Seuwyo xeli, ganaTlebis, gansa-
kuTrebiT, umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi arsebulma
akademiurma, socialurma Tu sxva gadauWrelma prob-
lemebmac Seuwyo xeli.
pedagogiuri gamocdilebis meore etapze, rome-
lic Cveni qveynis mier erovnuli damoukideblobis mo-
povebas(1990) da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas(1991) mohyva,
swavla swavlebis procesis radikaluri gaumjobese-
bis, msoflioSi arsebuli optimaluri da aprobirebu-
li modelebis gaazrebisa da realur saswavlo proces-
Si danergvis mizniT reformebis gatarebis aucileb-
loba Tavad Secvlilma pirobebma gvikarnaxa.
339
damoukideblobis mopovebisTanave qarTuli sa-
ganmanaTleblo sistema iseTi ideologiuri saswavlo
disciplinebisagan, rogorebic iyo marqsistul — leni-
nuri filosofia – dialeqtikuri da istoriuli mate-
rializmi, marqsistuli eTika da esTetika, politikuri
ekonomia, mecnieruli komunizmi, aTeizmi oficialu-
rad gaTavisuflda. miuxedavad amisa, marqsistuli
ideologia jer kidev inarCunebs, marTalia latentu-
rad, Tavis gavlenas, rac zogierTi saswavlo discip-
linis arqiteqtonikis, struqturirebisa Tu gadmoce-
mis meTodebSi sakmaod naTlad Cans.
ukve meoce saukunis 80 — iani wlebis dasaruls,
jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde ramdenime wliT
adre, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Camoyalibe-
bas iwyebs socialuri mecnierebis iseTi dargebi, ro-
gorebicaa: sociologiis mimarTuleba filosofiis
fakultetze, politikuri mecnierebis(politologi-
is) mimarTuleba – istoriis fakultetze, damoukideb-
lobis mopovebis Semdeg ki saerTaSoriso urTierTobe-
bis, sazogadoebrivi geografiis, socialuri muSaobis
mimarTulebebi imkvidreben TavianT adgils. rasac 2005
wlisaTvis am disciplinebis fsiqologiisa da Jurna-
listikis mimarTulebebTan gaerTianebas maT erT fa-
kultetad gaerTianeba moyva, romelsac socialur da
politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis saxeli ewoda.
igi dRemde warmatebiT agrZelebs socialuri da poli-
tikuri mecnierebis swavlisa da swavlebis msoflioSi
aprobirebuli modelebis aTvisebas da realobaSi dam-
kvidrebas, Tumca arc Zveli gamocdilebis dadebiTi
momentebis gamoyenebaze ambobs uars.
Cemi pedagogiuri gamocdilebis meore periodi,
romelic SeiZleba qarTul saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi,
aseve gardamaval periodadac ki iwodos, swored meoce
340
saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan 2005 wlamde mo-
nakveTs ukavSirdeba. es periodi SeiZleba upirveles
yovlisa profesorTa korpusSi saganmanaTleblo pro-
cesis reformirebis Zlieri enTuziazmiT daxasiaTdes.
rom ara ganaxlebis aseTi enTuziazmi, iseT mZime socia-
lur da politikur pirobebSi, romelSic qarTuli sa-
zogadoeba imyofeboda, araTu raimes ganaxleba, aramed
swavlebis minimaluri standartebis dacviT gagrZele-
bac (funqcionirebac) ki SeuZlebeli iqneboda. TiTqmis
yovel semestrSi axali disciplinebis da Temebis aTvi-
seba xdeboda, raTa studentebi swavlebis axal rel-
sebze gadagveyvana. mocemul periodSi, mTavari siaxle
swored axali saswavlo disciplinebis Semotanas, axa-
li samecniero kvleviTi literaturis da dasavluri
gamocdilebis aTvisebaSi mdgomareobs. Zveli ideolo-
giurad datvirTuli saswavlo disciplinebidan yvela-
ze metad marqsizmis fuZemdeblis k. marqsis moZRvreba
dazaralda, romlis araTu raime damsaxurebis aRniS-
vna, aramed saxelis xsenebac ki studentebSi Zlier
uaryofiT emociebs iwvevda.
rac Seexeba uSualod swavlebis process, profesu-
ras sruli ufleba eZleva axali moTxovnebis Sesabami-
sad gardaqmnas igi, Tan ise, rom zemodan — ganaTlebis
saministrodan miTiTebebi minimaluria, axali reforme-
bis gatarebis iniciatori konkretuli saganmanaTleb-
lo dawesebuleba da misi akademiuri personali gaxda.
marTalia swavlebis procesSi Zveli formebi jer kidev
inarCunebs Tavs, magram siaxle yovelgvari ideologiu-
ri miTiTebebis gareSe axali saswavlo literaturis aT-
viseba gaxda. Sesabamisad, adre ar arsebuli – araRiare-
buli disciplinebis profesiulad aTviseba da studen-
tebisTvis gasageb enaze gadacema gaxda mTavari. am etap-
ze mTavari xsenebuli disciplinebis ZiriTadi ideebis,
341
Teoriebis Tu problemebis aTvisebaa, maTi kritikuli
Sefaseba ki sul bolo adgilze inacvlebs. socialur
mecnierebebSi „mravalRmerTianoba, poliTeizmi“ ika-
vebs adgils. siaxlea isic, rom studentebs socialur
mecnierebaSi aravin Txovs am sagnebis Seswavlisas mkac-
rad gamoxatuli Teoriuli Tu msoflmxedvelobrivi
pozicia daikavos. profesoris da studentic xarbad
ewafeba adre araRiarebul saswavlo disciplinebs da
maTSi mocemul Teoriul Sexedulebebs. ibeWdeba axali
saleqcio kursebi Tu saxelmZRvaneloebi, xdeba profe-
suris am axali disciplinebis suliskveTebiT gadamza-
deba, dasavleTidan gvstumroben da socialur mecnie-
rebebSi arsebul siaxleebs gvacnoben. am mxriv did dax-
marebas gviwevda Ria sazogadoeba – Tavisufali saqar-
Tvlos „sorosis fondi“, romelic socialuri mecnie-
rebebis ganviTarebisadmi xelis Sewyobas dRemde agrZe-
lebs. Cven, profesorebma da studentebma, gansakuTre-
biT profesorebma TiTqos xelaxla aRmovaCineT iseTi
moazrovneebi: k. marqsi, e. diurkemi, m. veberi, g. zimeli,
v. pareto, g. midi, p. sorokini, t. parsonsi, r. mertoni da
sxvebi. amitom, post sabWoTa damoukideblobis da Cemi
pedagogiuri gamocdilebis meore etapze upirates
mniSvnelobas axali mimarTulebebis aTviseba da stu-
dentebamde maTTvis gasageb enaze gadacemas ufro met
yuradRebas vuTmobdiT, vidre swavlebis axali meTode-
bis gacnobierebul, mizanmimarTul gamoyenebas. Tumca,
ukve axali situacia dainteresebuli studentebisagan
realurad moiTxovda iseTi midgomebis aTvisebas da ga-
moyenebas, rogorebicaa jgufuri muSaoba, saintereso
da aqtualur socialur problemebze prezentaciebi,
socialuri mecnierebis klasikosebze esebis momzadeba
da sxva, rac Tavis mxriv ara mxolod studentebSi Teo-
riuli Sexedulebebis da kvlevis unarebis, aramed Ta-
342
vad saswavlo procesis gaRrmavebasa da ganviTarebas
xels uwyobda. Cemi pedagogiuri gamocdilebis mesame
etapze, rodesac saganmanaTleblo sistema TiTqmis
mTlianad dasavlur modelzea gadasuli da swavlebis
sam safexurovani modeli – bakalavriati, magistratu-
ra, doqtorantura met-naklebi warmatebiT iqna dam-
kvidrebuli, rodesac profesorsa da students Soris
urTierTobebi ufro TanamSromlobiT xasiaTs atarebs
da mTeli saswavlo sistema cdilobs studentze orien-
tirebas, dadebiT momentebTan erTad uaryofiTic Seim-
Cneva: pirvel rigSi es exeba plagiats da gadaweras, rac
yovelgvar SemoqmedebiTobis, kreatiulobis ganviTare-
bis unarebs spobs studentebSi. grZeldeba warsulis
yvelaze cudi tradicia, rodesac studenti mxolod
codnis damadasturebeli dokumentis – diplomis misa-
Rebad iRvwis.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi arsebuli cvlilebebis,
informaciul ekonomikasa, komunikaciis sxvadasxva
formebsa da internetis garemocvaSi cxovrebis sruli-
ad axal wesze gadasvlis mowmeni vxdebiT. informaciul
— komunikaciuri revoluciis Sedegad, revoluciamde
da revoluciis Semdeg dabadebul Taobebs Soris uf-
skruli gaCnda. revoluciamde dabadebuli Taobis didi
umravlesoba Cveuli, tradiciuli kategoriebis CarCo-
ebSi vazrovnebT, Tumca naTlad vaanalizebT im uf-
skruls, romelic revoluciis Semdeg dabadebul Tao-
bebisagan gvaSorebs. varT ki „imigranti“ Taobis warmo-
madgenlebi, ara mxolod axali enis(diskursis) da axali
teqnologiebis, aramed axali Rirebulebebis, cxovre-
bis axali wesis(xasiaTis) da axali kulturis misaRebad
mzad. axali epoqa informaciis masobrivi moxmarebis da-
sasruls, e.i. masobrivi komunikaciebidan individuali-
343
zirebul, erTmimarTulebiani, calmxrivi komunikacie-
bidan mravali mimarTulebis mqone komunikaciebze da
pasiuri auditoriidan interaqtiur auditoriaze ga-
dasvlas niSnavs.aqedan ki is gamodis, rom maswavlebeli,
profesori dRes, metad aRar aris erTaderTi sarwmuno,
WeSmariti codnis matarebeli, saxelmwifo ki saboloo
instanciis WeSmaritebis matarebeli, xolo moswavle –
morCili momxmarebeli. ganaTlebaSi amgvari Zvra sru-
liad axali urTierTobebis warmoSobas moaswavebs, ro-
melTa damkvidrebac ganaTlebis sistemis nawilobrivi
reformirebis gziT SeuZlebelia. aucilebelia misi xe-
laxali Seqmna, sruliad Tavidan dawyeba, Tanac (para-
doqsia, magram garduvali) „revoluciamdeli“, arc Za-
lian „wignieri“ Taobebis ZalisxmeviT.
komunikaciis ena, romliTac dRes axali epoqis
axalgazrda da „wignieri“ warmomadgeneli operirebs,
friad rTulia da Tavis TavSi erTmaneTze aqtiurad
urTierTzemoqmed qvesistemaTa simravles moicavs.
cxadia, rom rac ufro gvian iwyebs adamiani axali enis
Seswavlas, misi daufleba miT ufro uZneldeba. yvelaze
mowyvladi socialuri jgufi cifruli wignierebis
miRwevaSi 55 wlis da ufrosi asakis adamianebi arian. maT
axali enisa da teqnologiebis aTviseba ara mxolod uZ-
neldebaT, aramed axali Rirebulebebis, cxovrebis axa-
li xasiaTis(wesis) da axali kulturis aTvisebac uWirT.
saqme is ki araa, rom Cven cifrul terminebSi kar-
gad ver vazrovnebT, aramed isaa, rom cifruli wignie-
reba im sociokulturul garemos gansazRvravs, romel-
Sic es bavSvebi cxovroben, da maT Soris Cvenc vcxov-
robT. istoriis sanagveze midis masobrivi warmoebis, ma-
sobrivi komunikaciis da masobrivi ganaTlebis epoqa, da
masTan erTad isic, rac CvenTvis faseuli da Zvirfasi —
344
Rirebuli iyo. metad aRar arsebobs uryevi WeSmarite-
bebi da avtoritetebi – samyaro Riaa axali ideebis,
hipoTezebisa da faqtebisadmi, romlebic elviseburad
— yovelwamier axldeba da mowmdeba. wigni metad aRar
aris codnis wyaro – igi ver uswrebs mas. codnisa da misi
gadacemis sistemaTa gazomvis standartizebuli in-
strumentebi moswavleTa mier am codnis wvdomis xasi-
aTs ukve aRar Seesabamebian. ufro metic, ganaTlebis
sistemac ki codnis gavrcelebaSi Tavis poziciebsa da
prioritetebs kargavs. SeiZleba maT gareSec ki iswavlo
da Tanac warmatebiT. am axal samyaroSi TiToeulma Tvi-
Ton unda ipovos Tavisi Tavi, Tanac masobrivi Sexedu-
lebebis Tu tradiciuli warmodgenebis sapirispirod,
vinaidan yvelaze mTavari, Rirebulebis mqone sakuTari
ideebis producireba(warmoeba) unda viswavloT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom studentTa umravlesobas in-
ternetsa da informaciul – komunikaciur teqnologi-
ebze xeli miuwvdeba, SeiZleba iTqvas profesorebze
ukeTac floben am teqnologiebs, miuxedavad amisa, stu-
dentTa Zalian cota raodenoba eZebs saswavlo masalas-
Tan dakavSirebul sxva axal informaciebs da xSir Sem-
TxvevaSi, silabusSi miTiTebuli informaciis zerele
aTvisebiT Semoifargleba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas eses Tu
raime problemis Taobaze gasakeTebeli prezentacii-
saTvis mzadebis procesze. samwuxarod, studentTa um-
ravlesobaSi saintereso problemasTan dakavSirebuli
arsebuli masalebis internetSiTavisuflad moZiebisa
da Sesabamisad kritikuli gaanalizebis mzaobajer ki-
dev sasurvelisaga sakmaod Sorsaa. am mxriv SeiZleba
profesorebicscodavdnen, romlebis TavianTi discip-
linebis ganviTarebas kvalSi ar miyvebian da siaxleebis
Semotanas ar axorcileben. Tanamedrove swavlebis erT
erTi umTavresi nakli,Tu Zvelis gadmonaSTi swavlis
345
gadaWarbebul TeoriulobaSi mdgomareobs. miuxedavad
imisa, rom swavlebis samive safexurze Teoriul da
kvleviTi komponentebis aTvisebaze Tanabari Zalisxme-
vaa mimarTuli, swavleba upiratesad mainc Teoriul xa-
siaTs atarebs. Tumca es yvela disciplinis aTvisebaze
ar SeiZleba iTqvas. xolo Tu ganviTarebis Tvalsazri-
siT SevxedavT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom axla empiriuli
kvlevis CatarebasTan dakavSirebuli unar – Cvevebis da-
ufleba da gamoyenebis survili, ukanasknel aTwleulSi
gacilebiT SesamCnevi gaxda. studentebis didi umrav-
lesoba kvleviTi saqmianobisadmi dainteresebas, mzao-
bas sul ufro metad gamoxatavs.
am mimarTulebiT warmatebiT svlas xels saswavlo
praqtikis TiTqmis ar arseboba da dasaqmebis bazris
moTxovnebis (Tu aseTi saerTod arsebobs) gauTvalis-
winebloba da masTan mxolod formaluri kavSirebis
arseboba uSlis. am problemebis warmatebiT gadaWra
sakmaod did materialur danaxarjebs moiTxovs, rac
Cveni ekonomikuri SesaZleblobidan gamomdinare TiT-
qmis SeuZlebelia. dasaqmebis bazars ki vambobT, magram
igi Zalian SezRudulia, vinaidan araTu axali specia-
lobis Sesabamisi samuSaoebi, aramed sazogadod samu-
Sao adgilebis raodenoba Zalzed SezRudulia. es ki
umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemebisa da biznesis urTier-
Tobebis gaRrmavebasa da urTierTgavlenas xels uS-
lis. umaRles damTavrebulTa umravlesoba wlebis gan-
mavlobaSi umuSevari rCeba, an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi daba-
li kvalifikaciis SesrulebiTaa dakavebuli. amitom,
roca swavlebis dasavlur modelze gadasvlasa da rea-
lur cxovrebaSi mis damkvidrebaze vsaubrobT, pirvel
rigSi unda davsvaT SekiTxva – Tu rogoria ara mxolod
specialistebis miwodeba da raodenoba bazarze, ara-
med dasaqmebis bazris moTxovnebTan mis Sesabamisoba/
346
Tanafardobaze. ekonomikuri problemebi xSirad umaR-
lesi ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebis nacvlad, mis
moxrCobas, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi ki misi rogorc saganma-
naTleblo sistemis formalur SenarCuneba uwyobs
xels. erTi raRac unda aRiniSnos, romelic saubari
TiTqmis ar midis, rodesac umaRlesi ganaTlebis prob-
lemebzea kamaTi. es aris dafinanseba, swavlis gadasaxa-
di da profesorTa anazRaureba, romelTa dasavluri
universitetebis maswavleblebis xelfasebTan Sedare-
ba mware Rimils iwvevs. es maSin, rodesac mizeruli da-
naxarjebiT, rogorc swavlebis, ise kvlevis sferoSi,
maqsimaluri Sedegis dadeba gvsurs. yvelaze didi xel
SemSleli garemoeba swored materialuri danaxarje-
biT is mizeruli raodenoba, romelic, veranairad ver
uwyobs xels imas, rom Cveni saganmanaTleblo sistemis,
rogorc profesori, ise studenti Tu kursdamTavre-
buli dasavleTis universitetis kursdamTavrebulTan
Rirseul konkurenciaSi Sevides.
misasalmebelia, rom swavlebis sistema Riaa da Ta-
vad uwyobs xels Ria sazogadoebis damkvidrebasa da
ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi, magram sakiTxavia ramde-
nad Riaa Tavad qarTuli sazogadoeba am inovaciebis
misaRebad da dasamkvidreblad, ramdenad aqvT mis wev-
rebs gacnobierebuli, rom ganaTlebis sistemaSi yo-
velwliurad meti investiciebi unda Caidos, rom iseT
samyaroSi sadac sazogadoeba swored, rom codniT axa-
li codnis mopovebis Sedegad viTardeba, Rirseuli ad-
gili daikavos.
Cveni akademiuri personalisa da studentebis sa-
saxelod unda iTqvas is, rom maT drois umokles peri-
odSi SeZles Zvelis saganmanaTleblo sistemis arasa-
surveli memkvidreobisgan gaTavisufleba da dasavlu-
ri standartebis Sesatyvisi swavlebis modelebis dam-
347
kvidreba. mentalurad, Cveni sazogadoeba mudam iyo is
sazogadoeba, romelic miuxedavad materialuri si-
duxWirisa ganaTlebas prioritetad isaxavda. es prio-
riteti mxolod virtualurebis sferoSi ar darCes da
realobad iqces, saWiroa:
1. dasavleTis qveynebSi aprobirebuli saganmanaT-
leblo sistemebis miRwevebis sakuTari qveynis intere-
sebis Sesabamisad aTviseba da damkvidreba.
2. dasavluri saganmanaTleblo sistemebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Tavisufali, Ria da kritikuli atmos-
feros analogis Seqmna.
3. axla droa ufro gabedulad SeveWidoT inova-
ciebs da iseT tradiciebze ar unda vTqvaT uari, rom-
lebic dRemde moitanes qarTuli saganmanaTleblo
sistema, romelSic ZiriTad figurad maswavlebeli,
profesori, maTi maRali kvalifikacia da avtoriteti
rCeba. mizeruli gasamrjelos miuxedavad qarTveli
maswavleblebi da profesorebi dRemde mowodebis si-
maRleze dganan.
4. aucilebelia sxva mowinave universitetebTan
ara mxolod studentebis, aramed profesorebis gac-
vlas da axalgazrda mecnierTa xangrZliv mivlinebebs,
an sakvalifikaciod gadasamzadeblad mivlinebas xeli
SevuwyoT. erToblivi saswavlo programebisa da kvle-
vebisadmi xelis Sewyoba. qveyanaSi gaixsnas wamyvani da-
savluri universitetebis filialebis msgavsi dawese-
bulebebi (risi precendentic ukve arsebobs san diegos
universitetis ramdenime fakultetis saxiT).
348
Amiran Berdzenishvili – Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of Tbilisi
Iv. Javakhishvili State University. Prof. Berdzenishvili works in the
field of Social and Political Philosophy and Sociology. He has
published many scientific works in science fields, including
monographs and textbooks.
ANALYSIS OF PRINCIPAL STAGES OF HIGHER

EDUCATION IN GEORGIA BY THE END OF THE SOVIET
PERIOD AND THE BEGINNING OF THE POST —
SOVIET PERIOD (ON THE BASIS OF PERSONAL
PEDAGOGICAL EXPERIENCE)
ABSTRACT
An attempt to analyze the principal indicators of my
pedagogical experience that started in 1978 and has lasted up to the
present and to characterize briefly those crucial stages that
conditioned fundamental changes of Georgian system of higher
education during this period is given in the article.
Conventionally the period can be divided into three stages:
The first stage – 1978 — 1990 – is the period when we had to
teach within the framework of the Soviet system of higher education.
The second stage – from 1990 to 2003 – can be called a
transitory period when attempts to understand models of up — to —
date western educational system and assimilate and establish them in
the reality are made.
The third period has started in 2005 — 6 when models of
western educational systems are firmly established and spread with
more or less success through the whole educational system; this
process continues up to the present day.
It is true that at the second and third stages of my pedagogical
experience the system of the Soviet education was destroyed, but we
should not forget that separate positive as well as negative moments
which characterized it are still present. The article highlights such
moments and helps to clarify and comprehend them.
349
filosofiis institutis
istoriidan
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE
INSTITUTE OF PHILOSOPHY
mixeil maxaraZe
epizodebi filosofiis
institutis cxovrebidan
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis filosofiis

instituts, romelic 1997 wlidan faqtobrivad misi sa-
xis mimcemis savle wereTlis saxels atarebs, didi da
saxelovani tradiciebi aqvs. aq, garda fundamenturi
kvlevebisa, adgili hqonda iseT araordinarul Sem-
Txvevebsac, rac Cveulebrivi ambavia iq, sadac gamoCe-
nili Tu rigiTi mokvdavebi iRvwian. swored am movle-
nebze gveqneba saubari winamdebare mogonebebSi.
***
gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, roca filosofiis
institutis direqtori iyo savle wereTeli, mecniere-
baTa akademiaSi kvleviTi institutebis Semcirebis sa-
kiTxi dadga. SesamcirebelTa ricxvSi aRmoCnda filo-
sofiis institutic. akademiaSi amis Taobaze gamarTu-
la diskusia da TiTqmis gadawyvetila, rom filosofi-
is instituti SesamcirebelTa ricxvSi unda darCeni-
liyo.
bolos sityva auRia savle wereTels. man aRniSna,
rom pirveli akademia filosofosma platonma daaarsa
da ramdenad gamarTlebuli iqneboda akademiis siste-
maSi filosofiis institutis gauqmeba.
Znelia imis Tqma – ramdenad imoqmeda batoni sav-
les gamosvlam akademiis mesveurebze, magram faqtia
isic, rom maSin filosofiis instituti ar gauuqmebi-
aT.
351
***
filosofiis instituts arsebobis manZilze ara-
erTi Seteva mougeriebia. erT-erTi aseTi Seteva daiw-
yo mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos kompartiis centralu-
ri komitetis pirvel mdivnad airCies eduard Sevar-
dnaZe. axalma kacma axali wesrigis damyareba daiwyo da
male mizanSi amoiRes filosofiis instituti. Seiqmna
komisia, romelmac instituts mravali „nakli“ aRmou-
Cina. komisiam saboloo daskvnebi institutis saerTo
krebas unda gaacnos. amas ki, sayovelTao azriT, direq-
toris Secvla unda moyves da misi adgili unda daika-
vos ck-is sasurvelma pirovnebam.
sinamdvileSi es iyo ck-is gamsvleli sxdoma, ro-
melsac uZRveboda ideologiis dargis ganyofilebis
gamge, mecnierebaTa akademiis w/korospondenti /Sem-
dgomSi akademikosi/ emil sexniaSvili.
sxdoma mcire incindentiT daiwyo. poeti — akade-
mikosi irakli abaSiZe, romelic maSin akademiis erT-
erTi vice — prezidenti iyo, iq ar dajda, sadac unda
damjdariyo. mas sTxoves, rom statusiani stumrebis
gverdiT daekavebina adgili. man ki upasuxa: „aqedanac
kargad vxedav yvelaferso“.
aq ki institutis direqtorma – niko WavWavaZem
mokle replika esrola abaSiZes – „Tqven saerTod yve-
la adgilidan kargad CanxarT“. uxerxuli situacia ma-
le ganimuxta, radganac mTavari saqme daiwyo.
es sxdoma kidev erTi momentiT aris saintereso.
roca sxdomis wamyvans gauWirda darbazis daSoSmineba,
ramdenimejer mZlavrad dahkra tori magidas. aq ki,
moTminebis fiala aevso erT Cvens TanamSromels da Se-
utia Semdegi sityvebiT: „ase gvibraxunebda xelebs ba-
lavaZe, magram Cven ager varT da is kacma ar icis sad“.
352
balavaZe ideologiis dargSi ck — s mdivani yofi-
la im dros, roca institutis direqtori iyo savle we-
reTeli. is Tavis kabinetSi lamis fizikurad Sexebia ba-
ton savles – am RvTisnier pirovnebas. amasTan, uTqvams
– ra gaxda bolosdabolos es hegeli, momitaneT misi
wigni da xvalve getyviT Cems azrso.
maSin savle wereTeli moxsnes institutis direq-
torobidan. ar vici rodis, magram male balavaZec mo-
uxsniaT dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan.
***
erT dros, filosofiis institutis filosofiis
istoriis ganyofilebaSi erTdroulad iricxebodnen:
Salva nucubiZe da sergi danelia, zurab kakabaZe da gu-
ram TevzaZe, arCil begiaSvili da vaJa gogoberiSvili...
ganyofilebas ki xelmZRvanelobda qarTuli filoso-
fiis istoriis aRiarebuli mkvlevari Salva xidaSeli...
xidaSels araerTxel mouyolia erTi aseTi faqti:
moskovis romeliRac samecniero dawesebulebidan sa-
recenziod gadmougzavniaT samecniero naSromi, rom-
lis recenzirebac daevala filosofiis istoriis gan-
yofilebas. naSroms gaecno ganyofilebis yvela wamyva-
ni TanamSromeli sergi danelias garda. rogorc iqna
gamoCnda sergi daneliac. xidaSelma gadasca mas naSro-
mi, auxsna saqmis viTareba da Tanac hkiTxa Tu ramden
dReSi daabrunebda naSroms da recenzias. maqsimum ori
— sami dRe. danelias auRia naSromi, gamomSvidobebia
ganyofilebis xelmZZRvanels da oTaxidan gasula.
Tumca maleve ukan mobrunebula da ukiTxavs xidaSe-
lisTvis,
„ – nucubiZes ramdeni xniT hqonda naSromio“.
„ – xuTi dRiT“, upasuxia xidaSels.
353
„ – maSin me eqvsi dRe damWirdebao“ da swrafad ga-
sula oTaxidan.
***
1977 weli iyo. filosofiis institutis erT-erTi
ganyofilebis gafarToebul sxdomaze, sadac cota
mogvianebiT Sevedi, garedan mosuli stumris statias
ixilavdnen Jurnal <<macnes>> filosofiis seriaSi ga-
mosaqveyneblad. stumari xanSiSesuli da tanmorCili
iyo, moridebulad laparakobda da Tanac lamis emuda-
reboda, raTa misi statiis gamoqveynebaze mxari daeWi-
raT. ganxilvisas statiam da misma avtorma Cemze kargi
STabeWdileba datoves. amis miuxedavad, stumari ua-
riT gaistumres. roca sxdomis wamyvani marto darCa,
masTan Sevedi da Cemi gakvirveba gamovxate.
pasuxad is miviRe, rom es petre Sariaa, romelic
Cvens maswavleblebs ideologiuri braldebebiT ebr-
Zodao.
ramdenime dReSi es ambavi da Cemi gakvirveba uni-
versitetSi erT cnobil filosofoss vuambe. misi pa-
suxic sxdomis wamyvanis azris identuri iyo. Cems saxe-
ze gakvirveba rom SeniSna, daamata: „Sen rom moswrebo-
di mis saqmeebs, aRaraferi ar gagikvirdebodao“.
rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxvevaSi araferi
Tqmula TavisTavad naSromis mecnierul Rirebuleba-
ze. mokled, SurisZieba ZalaSi iyo, mxolod aqcentebi
iyo gadanacvlebvli. ris amaRleba da ris amaRlebulo-
ba!
***
1985 wels saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis ma-
Sindel prezidents, akad. evgeni xaraZes bulgareTSi
yofnisas unaxavs kargad gamocemuli bulgaruli fi-
354
losofiis istoriis ortomeuli. es ambavi saqarTve-
loSi dabrunebisTanave uambnia akademiis maSindeli vi-
ce — prezident, akademikos andria afaqiZisTvis. am sa-
ubris Semdeg gadauwyvetiaT, rom urigo ar iqneboda
Seqmniliyo qarTuli filosofiis istoria. bunebrivia,
es saqme unda ekisra filosofiis samecniero — kvleviT
instituts.
batonma andriam ramdenimejer werilobiT mimar-
Ta filosofiis institutis xelmZRvanelobas, rom
amis Taobaze akademiisTvis miewodebinaT TavianTi wi-
nadadeba. filosofiis institutSi am saqmes uperspeq-
tivod miiCnevdnen da amitomac ar pasuxobdnen baton
andrias werilebs.
idga 1985 wlis dekemberi. mixmo institutis di-
reqtoris moadgilem Tamaz buaCiZem da mis kabinetSi
Sesuls miTxra, rom unda vuSvelo da mdgomareobidan
gamoviyvano. rogorc man amixsna, batoni andria Zalian
gabrazebulia misi werilebisadmi Cveni damokidebule-
biT. buaCiZes ki gamosavali imaSi upovia, rom misTvis
uTqvams – „gamovagzavni TanamSromels, romelic SeiZ-
leba am saqmeSi gamogvadgeso“.
maSinve wavedi akademiaSi da Tan gzaze gegmebs
vawyob. batoni andria pirquSad damxvda. maSinve sayve-
duri gamoTqva institutis xelmZRvanelobis mimarT.
Cemi azriT, filosofiis institutis arsebobas saqar-
TveloSi upirvelesad is gamarTleba aqvs, rom qarTu-
li filosofiis istoriis sakiTxebs Seiswavlis da daa-
muSavebso. kidev Tqva raRacebi da Semomxeda. mis gamo-
metyvelebaSi martivad ikiTxeboda gakvirveba, rom me –
institutis rigiT TanamSromels ra unda gamekeTebina.
batono andria, mivmarTe mas. es Zalian kargi saq-
mea, magram misi ganxorcielebisTvis arc xaTri kmara
355
da arc xvewna — mudara. baton andrias saxeze gakvirve-
ba daetyo.
aba raSia gamosavalio da momaCerda.
rakiRa saubari aewyo, ufro gavTamamdi da gabe-
dulad vuTxari: es saqme rom daiZras saWiroa saqmeze
Seyvarebuli niWieri axalgazrda damatebiTi xelfa-
siT. Tu vin aris aseTi axalgazrda, amis Zebna saWiro ar
aris, is Tqvens winaSea.
batoni andria gaocebuli miyurebs. male, ratom-
Rac rusulad miTxra: „ti ozadaCil menia“ da iqve daa-
mata, rom vifiqreb amazeo da gamomemSvidoba.
zustad Tvenaxevris Semdeg 1986 wlis 30 ianvars
saqarTelos mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidiumma ba-
ton andria afaqiZis winadadebis safuZvelze miiRo
dadgenileba qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis
oTxtomeulis momzadebisa da gamocemis Taobaze. me
oTxtomeulis saredaqcio kolegiis swavlul mdivnad
amirCies institutSi Cemi xelfasis naxevris danamatiT.
jer sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da Semdgom saqar-
TveloSi mimdinare movlenebis gamo oTxtomeulis mom-
zadeba gaWianurda. Tumca 2010 wlis aprilSi gamocema
dasrulda da imave wlis pirvel ivniss mecnierebaTa
akademiaSi moxda misi wardgineba.
2011 wlis maisSi oTxtomeulis SemqmnelTagan
oTxs, maT Soris mec, mogveniWa erovnuli premia mecni-
erebis dargSi.
aqve aRvniSnav, rom oTxtomeuli pirveli tomis
gamocema daafinansa saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akade-
miam, meore gamoica rusTavelis fondis grantiT, mese-
me daafinansa parlamentarma gogi lipartelianma, xo-
lo meoTxe – saqnavTma /generaluri direqtori – gior-
gi maxaraZe/.
356
minaweri. 2013 wels saqarTvelos prezidentis –
mixeil saakaSvilis administraciis mxardaWeriT gamo-
vida qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis oTxtome-
ulis meore Sevsebuli gamocema.
***
1988 weli. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis
namdvil wevrobaze gamocxadebul konkursSi oTxi pre-
tendentia, maT Soris, filosofiis institutis direq-
tori niko WavWavaZe da institutis qarTuli filoso-
fiis istoriis ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli Salva xida-
Seli.
moaxloebuli kenWisyris win institutis foieSi
prognozebs akeTeben. yvela niko WavWavaZes uwinaswar-
metyvelebs gamarjvebas. me xidaSelisken vixrebi da
aman yvela gaakvirva.
— ras emyarebi, mekiTxebian.
— saR azrs, vpasuxob da iqve vamateb: dawvrilebiT
arCevnebis Semdeg mogaxsenebT.
Catarda arCevnebi, Cemi varaudi gamarTlda.
ras vemyarebodi? Semdeg garemoebebs:
1/ xmis mimcemTagan umravlesoba TiTqmis xidaSe-
lis asakisani iyvnen;
2/ xidaSeli qarTul filosofiaSi muSaobda da
xmis mimcemTa umravlesoba mecnierebis erovnul dar-
gebSi muSaobda;
3/ niko WavWavaZe, rogorc institutis direqtori,
principuli da Seuvali pirovneba problemebs uqmnida
akademiis xelmZRvanelobas da bunebrivia aseTi perso-
nis kidev ufro gaZliereba, maT gegmaSi namdvilad ar
Sedioda;
4/ xidaSelma bolo 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoaqvey-
na araerTi mniSvnelovani gamokvleva qarTuli(!) fi-
357
losofiisa da qarTuli (!) renesansis sakiTxebze, maT
Soris, fundamenturi – <<qarTuli filosofia>> /1988/.
vgoneb sakmarisia.
***
filosofiis institutis namdvili koloriti iyo
roman Sengelia, niWieri filosofosi, esTetikosi, ara-
erT Tavgadasaval gamovlili kaci. gagania sabWoTa xa-
naSi – gasuli saukunis 60 — ian wlebSi mejvared gahyo-
lia axalgazrda kolegas. gamxelila es saqme da am-
tydara erTi ambavi. daubarebia batoni romani insti-
tutis direqtors, did filosofossa da did pirovne-
bas savle wereTels, miucia kalami, furceli da uT-
qvams misTvis: dawere axla gancxadeba institutidan
wasvlaze, Torem me Tu gagiSvi arsad aRar migiRebeno.
batoni savle, es mTasaviT kaci dadgomia Tavze
romans da masac ra unda eqna, dauwyia gancxadebis wera.
pirveli winadadeba ar hqonia damTavrebuli da direq-
tori misTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxvirSi duduniT eub-
neba: „moicade, movifiqroT rame“.
ramdenime dReSi direqtorma moifiqra is, rom ur-
Ci da „damnaSave“ Sengelia datova institutSi, sadac
is muSaobda sicocxlis bolomde.
***
oTar jioTi /jioevi/ me-20 saukunis qarTuli fi-
losofiis umniSvnlovanesi warmomadgeneli iyo. saqar-
Tvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg viTa-
reba daiZaba cxinvalis regionSi. baton oTars, ro-
gorc osi xalxis Svils zogierTma qarTvelma almace-
rad dauwyo yureba. erTi kompartiis istorikosi ise
Sors wavida, rom jioTis kritikisas gulze mjiRs
358
icemda da warbSeuxrelad werda: wigni ki ara statiac
ki ar damiweria leninze da sxva partiul liderebze.
am profesoris kvlevis sfero vicodi da misma am
Tamamma /ufro Tavxedurma!/ naTqvamma damaeWva. davin-
teresdi misi „SemoqmedebiT“ da ra aRmoCnda? is ramde-
nime 500 — 600 gverdiani wignis avtori yofila leninze,
sergo orjonikiZeze da sxv.
Cems werilSi vamxile am sicrueebis avtori. roca
batoni oTari Semxvda gamiRima da Cemi azriT, ase sadad
da martivad gamoxata man madliereba...
am wnexma baton oTarze mainc imoqmeda, TiTqos eW-
viani gaxda, aRar iyo ise Ria da Tavisufali. maxsovs
deda hyavda saavadmyofodan saxlSi gadasayvani. imis
miuxedavad, rom me ar viyavi misi ganyofilebis Tanam-
Sromeli, daxmareba mTxova mis erT disertantTan er-
Tad...
albaT, baton oTars sruli safuZveli hqonda imi-
sa, rac uTqvams gardacvalebamde erTi dRiT adre: „Ce-
mi cxovreba ver Sedga, radganac qarTvelebi osobas ar
mpatiobdnen, xolo osebi qarTvelebTan siaxlovesa da
megobrobas“.
***
2003 wlis 25 Tebervals oTar jioTis xsovnis saRamoze
spartak mxeiZem gaixsena, rom erT sufraze Rvino dai-
wuneso. jios uTqvams: sufraze mTavrobis kritika Se-
iZleba, Rvinisa – ara!
***
filosofiis institutSi muSaobda bevris mnaxve-
li, gamokveTili antisabWoeli da niWieri filosofosi
Jores (giorgi) cincaZe. is „ybedobisa“ Tu „laybobis“
359
/aseTebad xasiaTdebonen sabWoTa epoqaSi isini, visac
erovnuli problemebi awuxebdaT/ gamo, daapatimres
da10 weli cimbirSi gaatara.
batoni Joresi saintereso mosaubre iyo. ar eri-
deboda sabWoTa sistemisa da komunistebis kritikas.
guls rom ijerebda, axalgazrdebs gadmogvxedavda da
mkacri toniT gvetyoda: „ – Tqven, Tqven komunistebma
daRupeT es qveyana“.
erTxelac, batoni Joresis mxridan morigi aseTi
Semotevis Semdeg, vuTxari, rom me arasodes vyofilvar
komartiis wevri. amas igi ar eloda, Tavi CaRuna da Ca-
fiqrda. mere Tavi aswia da odnav gabzaruli xmiT miT-
xra:
„ – partiaSi rom ar iyavi, swored amiT iyavi parti-
uli!“
am frTian gamonaTqvamSi aris garkveuli simar-
Tle Tundac imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom partiulebic
da upartiobic im sistemaSi viyaviT Camoyalibebuli.
***
filosofiis instituti ise cxovrobda, rogorc
sxva samecniero — kvleviTi dawesebulebebi. Tumca, Si-
gadaSig zogierTi TanamSromeli wuxda imis gamo, rom
instituti meore kategoriis iyo da amis Sesabamisad
TanamSromelTa xelfasebi SedarebiT ufro dabali
iyo.
erTxelac morigi aseTi Civilebisas Tavi gamoido
profesorma akaki cimintiam da mouwoda kolegebs Cu-
mad yofiliyvnen. Tu ratom, es martivad axsna: „aq Cven
xelisuflebis kritikis garda, mets arafers vakeTebT
da amaSi gvixdis mTavroba fuls. Tu nametans vizamT,
360
erTxelac iqneba sulac gagyvrian aqedan“, daaskvna ba-
tonma akakim.
profesor cimintias am sityvebSi namdvilad iyo
simarTlis marcvali!
P. S. institutis samecniero sabWos erT-erT
sxdomaze sityva iTxova igive akaki cimintiam. man aR-
niSna, Tu ra did warmatebebs miaRwies bolo xanebSi
qarTvelma filosofosebma, gansakuTrebiT filosofi-
is institutSi. ukve dadga dro, rom davayenoT sakiTxi
Cveni naSromebis ucxo enebze Targmnis Taobazeo.
sxdomaze droebiT siCumem daisadgura. mxolod saxis
gamometyvelebiT Zneli iyo imis garkveva – Tu vin ras
fiqrobda batoni akakis am winadadebaze. siCume filo-
sofiaSi upretenzio timoTe metrevelma daarRvia:
„dajedi /am sityvas batoni timoTe mudam raWuli vari-
antiT gamoTqvamda/ qaquca /baton akakis Tavdapirve-
lad swored es saxeli rqmevia/, Zlivs gadmovTargmneT
ucxouridan es naSromebi, axla rom Cveni gvgonia da es
damaxinjebuli teqstebi iqiT rom gadavTargmnoT, ras
ityvian iq – am avtorebis samSobloSi?“
ra doziT iyo simarTle batoni timoTes sityvebSi
Zneli saTqmelia, magram erTi ram ki cxadia, amis Semdeg
es sakiTxi aRaravis dauyenebia da arc aravis gaxsenebia.
***
filosofiis institutSi moRvaweobda araordina-
ruli pirovneba, fsiqologi, filosofosi da SesaniS-
navi saWadrako etiudisti oTar tabiZe. misi saWadrako
etiudebi araerTxel yofila evropul konkursebze.
akad. angia boWoriSvilis gardacvalebis Semdeg xel-
mZRvanelobda filosofiuri anTropologiis ganyofi-
lebas. samwuxarod, naadrevad gardaicvala 1986 wels.
361
batoni oTari, rom ityvian nadirobis trfiali
iyo. rogorc es monadireebs sCveviaT saerTod, isic
ucnaur da daujerebel ambebs yveboda.
erTxel institutis TanamSromlebs uyveboda,
rom ormoci gasroliT ocdaCvidmeti mwyeri mokla.
Tumca nadirobis araferi gamegeba, imdens mainc vxvde-
bodi, rom monaTxrobs araferi eqneboda saerTo simar-
TlesTan. albaT, sxvebic ase fiqrobdnen, magram bato-
ni oTarisgan aseT rameebs SeCveuli iyvnen da arc ara-
vin SekamaTebia. Turme jer sada xar da mcire pauzis
Semdeg man viTareba ufro „naTeli gaxada“:
„xom ar ggoniaT is sami tyvia davacile? sami dup-
leti visrole!“ ese igi, sami mwyeridan TiToeuls er-
Tdroulad or — ori tyvia davaxaleo...
***
filosofiis institutSi bolo aTi weli (1980-1990
ww.) dahyo evropaSi yvelaze aRiarebulm qarTvelma fi-
losofosma merab mamardaSvilma. mis Sesaxeb dResac
azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa CvenSi. sxvadasxva sferos warmo-
madgenlebi, arc Tu iSviaTad iseTebic, warmodgenac
rom ara aqvT filosofiaze, xSirad aseT kiTxvas svamen
– ra Tqva man axali filosofiaSi. rac ar unda uTxra da
umtkico, mainc Tavis azrze rCebian. aRarfers vambob
mis masonobaze, jaSuSobaze, ruseTis specsamsaxurebis
agentobaze da a.S.
bolo xanebSi batoni merabis dasacavad erT xerxs
mivageni, rac jerjerobiT kargad muSaobs. mavanTa
mxridan am ybadaRebul kiTxvas, vagebeb kiTxvas: ra gaa-
keTa axali kantma, meore SemTxvevaSi – nicSem, mesameSi
– haidegerma da a.S. SekiTxvis avtorebs, rogorc wesi,
362
pasuxi ara aqvT da saxtad rCebian. amiT es usiamovno
Temac qreba.
***
1991 wlis zafxuli iwyeba, saqarTvelom ukve gamo-
acxada damoukidebloba. filosofiis institutSi mo-
rigi sxdomis dawyebamde institutis direqtorma – ni-
ko WavWavaZem mogviwoda TanamSromlebs, rom gavaZlie-
roT muSaoba im mimarTulebiT, rac sasikeTod waadgeba
axalgazrda damoukidebel saxelmwifos.
erTma Cvenma ufrosma kolegam ganacxada, rom po-
litika ra Cveni saqmea, Cven xom filosofosebi varTo.
batonma nikom maSinve gasca pasuxi oponents: „ro-
gor, platoni da aristotele moclilebi iyvnen rom
traqtatebi miuZRvnes saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis
formebs da cdilobdnen maTgan saukeTesos SerCevas!“
am diskusiaSi mec Cemi vTqvi. rogorc ideologiu-
ri instituti, Cveni dawesebuleba CarTuli iyo sabWo-
Ta wyobilebis samsaxurSi, sakuTar damoukidebel qve-
yanaSi neitraluri poziciis dakaveba, yovlad gaumar-
Tlebelia – aseTi iyo Cemi pozicia.
***
2010 wlis seqtemberSi, sxva institutebTan erTad
ilias universitets dauqvemdebares didi tradiciebi
mqone dimitri uznaZis fsiqologiisa da savle wereT-
lis filosofiis samecniero — kvleviTi institutebi.
2011 wlis ivnisis dasawyisSi ilias universitetis
adiministraciam aRniSnuli institutis mecnier Tanam-
Sromlebs cinikuri xelSekruleba SesTavaza: orwliani
uxelfaso kontraqti da araviTaro samomavlo per-
speqtiva. universitetis administracia Cvens xsnas
grantebis mopovebaSi xedavda. amasTan, Tuki SevZleb-
363
diT grantis /Tu grantebis/ mopovebas, misi naxevari
Tanxa universitetis biujetSi unda gadagvericxa. es
iyo cinizmi da sxva araferi. amiT cxadi iyo, rom insti-
tutebis arseboba am formiT da am SemadgenlobiT ili-
as universiteti xelmZRvanelobas ar sWirdeboda.
amgvar xelSekrulebas filosofiisa da fsiqolo-
giis institutis arcerTma TanamSSromelma xeli ar mo-
awera. amis sapasuxod, erTi Tvis Semdeg ilias univer-
sitetis reqtorma 2011 wlis 8 ivlisis brZanebiT orive
institutis uklebliv yvela TanamSromeli gaanTavi-
sufla dakavebuli Tanamdebobebidan.
amis Semdeg TiTqmis erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi daiw-
yo Cemi vizitebi, romelTa Tanmimdevroba aseTi iyo: sa-
qarTvelos ganaTlebis ministris moadgile – nodar
surgulaZe, saqarTvelos ganaTlebis ministri – dimit-
ri SaSkini, ivane javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-
versitetis reqtori – sandro kvitaSvili, kvlav SaSki-
ni, ilias universiteti reqtori – gigi TevzaZe, kvlav
kvitaSvili. Semdeg satelefono saubari SaSkinTan. iyo
dapirebebi, imedebi, magram saboloo Sedegi – nuli!
bolos gadavwyvite saqarTvelos premier — mi-
nistr nika gilaurs Sevxedrodi, miT umetes, rom swo-
red misi 2010 wlis seqtembris brZanebiT gadavida ili-
as universitetis daqvemdebarebaSi filosofiisa da
fsiqologiis samecniero — kvleviTi institutebi.
amasTan, baton nikas saCuqrad mivutane filosofiis in-
stitutis saqmianobis erTi TvalsaCino miRweva –
<<qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria>> oTx tomad
/1995 — 2010 ww./, romelsac 2011 wels mieniWa erovnuli
premia mecnierebis dargSi.
saqarTvelos premierTan daaxloebiT 20 wuTi vi-
subre da gavacani saqmis viTareba. arc uari uTqvams da
364
arc piroba moucia. gamomSvdobebisas baton nikas Se-
vaxsene, rom Tuki am saqmes dadebiTad gadawyvetda,
amiT Sevidoda istoriaSi da ara premierobiT. premier-
ma gaiRima da ase davSordiT erTmaneTs.
Sedegi isev ar Canda. roca telefoniT Sevexmiane
baton nikas, aqeT momeSara – TiTqosda me is SecdomaSi
Seviyvane. Cemi argumentirebuli pasuxis Semdeg, man
dumili amjobina. amiT ki yvelafers sabolood daesva
wertili.
me ar vici rogor Seva nika gilauri istoriaSi,
rogorc premier — ministri, magram Cemi am gamosvliT
is namdvilad daamaxsovrdeba sazogadoebas, rogorc
didi Tanamdebobis piri, romelic gulgrilad moekida
ori umnSvnelovanesi samecniero — kvleviTi institu-
tis beds.
P.S. aRniSnuli Tanamdebobis pirebTan Cemi vizi-
tebis dros dasamaxsovrebeli iyo is, rom maTTvis
arafrismTqmeli iyo ioane petriwis, solomon dodaS-
vilis, Salva nucubiZis, dimitri uznaZis, sergi dane-
lias, kote baqraZis, savle wereTlis, zurab kakabaZis,
merab mamardaSvilisa da sxvaTa saxelebi.
P.S. S. 1946 wels, filosofiis profesori, akademi-
kosi da amave dros, saq. kp centraluri komitetis
mdivani petre Saria saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akade-
miis sistemaSi xsnis filosofiis instituts, romelmac
65 wlis ganmavlobaSi umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasru-
la eris sulier cxovrebaSi. 2011 wels ki filosofos-
Ta garemocvaSi aRzrdilma, TviTonac filosofiis
profesorma gigi TevzaZem faqtobrivad gaauqma es di-
di tradiciebis mqone samecniero — kvleviTi dawesebu-
leba. ara marto es, aseTive bedi awia dimitri uznaZis
fsiqologiis samecniero kvleviT institutsac.
365
studenturi Ziebani
STUDENT'S INVESTIGATIONS

tradiciulad `filosofiuri Ziebanis~ erT-erTi nawili
studentTa naSromebs eTmoba, romlebic pirvel nabijebs dga-
men mecnierebaSi, amitom saintereso unda iyos maTi naazrevis
gacnoba. mTeli Cveni saqmianoba momavalze — axali Taobis aR-
zrdazea orientirebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, gasakviri ar un-
da iyos bakalvritisa da magistraturis programebis studen-
tTa mier warmodgenili statiebisa Tu samecniero
literaturis Targmanebis dabeWdva, romelTac mkacr mecnie-
rul moTxovnebs, ra Tqma unda, ver wavuyenebT. yvelaze kri-
tikulad ganwyobilma mkiTxvelma ki maT unda Sexedos, ro-
gorc mecnierebis sxvadasxva problemis mkvlevarTa pirvel
naSromebs, romelTagan samomavlod mniSvnelovan warmatebebs
unda velodeT (saredaqcio kolegia).
366
zurab kobaZe — Tsu-s socialur da politikur mecniereba-
Ta fakultetis magistranti kulturisa da mediis socio-
logiis ganxriT. dainteresebulia mediisa da xelisuflebis
damokidebulebis, interpersonaluri da interkulturuli
komunikaciebis Taviseburebebis SeswavliT.
alber kamiu dakarguli sazrisis ZiebaSi
„marTalia amqveynad TiTeuli

Cvengani dilegSia gamoketili, ar unda
vecadoT am dilegidan gaqcevas
da Tavis daRwevas“.
platoni, „fedoni“
(2,11-12).
gamoCenili frangi filosofosi, e.w. „absurdis

filosofiis“ warmomadgeneli, alber kamiu 1960 wlis
20 ianvars 48 wlis asakSi avtokatastrofaSi daiRupa.
misi daRupvis gamo uiliam folkneri werda: „im wamsac
ki, roca xes Seaskda, igi eZiebda da kiTxvebs svamda. ara
mgonia, rom im wamis gamayruebel xmaurSi mas pasuxi mo-
eZebna, ara mgonia, es pasuxi saerTod moiZebnos. me mxo-
lod is vici, rom mudam gvWirdeba adamianur absurds
naziarebi kaci, raTa mas eZiebdes. aseTebi bevrni ar
arian erTsa da imave dros. magram sul cota, erTi ma-
inc moiZebneba xolme sadme da esec sakmarisia imisaT-
vis, rom yvelani gvixsnas“ (3,175).
uiliam folkneris am sityvebSi naTlad gamoCnda
kamius, rogorc moazrovnis, Sefaseba. kamius mTavari
SekiTxvaa: „SeuZlia Tu ara adamians maradisobis daux-
mareblad, mxolod Tavis Tavze dayrdnobiT, Tavisi Ri-
rebulebebis Seqmna?“ kamiusTvis ZiriTadia adamianis
367
problema, kerZod, konkretuli adamianis. am prob-
lemis kvlevis ramodenime aspeqti arsebobs. is aris sa-
gani filosofiuri anTropologiisa. haidegeri „yofi-
erebis“ sferodan gamoyofs „munyofierebas“, radgan
mxolod mas gaaCnia egzistirebis sistema da cdilobs
„munyofierebis“ sazrisis povnas (20). haidegeris mier
sakiTxi ontologiuri aspeqtiTaa dasmuli. gansxvave-
biT haidegerisagan, kamiusaTvis mTavaria cxovrebis
sazrisis sakiTxis kvleva. kamius azriT, galileis maga-
liTi gvarwmunebs imaSi, rom „dedamiwa brunavs mzis
garSemo, Tu mze dedamiwis garSemo, es sul erTia, uf-
ro zustad rom vTqvaT, umniSvnelo sakiTxia. cxovre-
bis azris sakiTxi uaqtualuresia yvela sakiTxTa So-
ris“ (3.174).
kamium uari Tqva mecnierul WeSmaritebebze, rad-
gan ar Rirs is sicocxlis fasad, aramed mas aintere-
sebs: Rirs Tu ara cxovreba? Rirs Tu ara cxovreba, Tu
is absurdia? Tu erTaderTi gza TviTmkvlelobaa? aris
ki TviTmkvleloba Rirebuli? esaa mTavari, sxva yvela-
feri samyaros sami ganzomilebaa aqvs Tu ara anda gons
cxra – Tu Tormeti kategoria, Semdgomi, umniSvnelo
sakiTxebia.
kamius interesi stoikuria, mas ainteresebs adami-
ani ganixilos moralur — eTikur planSi. misi proble-
matikidan gamomdinare, mas xSirad aigiveben egzisten-
cialist moazrovneebTan. Tavad kamiu kategoriulad
uaryofda mis egzistencialistobas, sakmarisia gavix-
senoT misi ironiuli damokidebuleba sartris ZiriTa-
di debulebis mimarT: „aRar SeiZleba iTqvas, esa da es
adamiani boroti an uSnoa, unda iTqvas, rom mas surs
iyos boroti an uSno. es niuansi metad mniSvnelovania...
368
amieridan Zalze saSiSia adamianTa modgmis msjavrda-
deba“ (5.60).
azrovneba hgavs im dampyrobels, romelsac sauke-
Teso qveyana ergo samefod da es ki ar icis, amitom
mTel energias sxvisi, ubadruki qveynebis dapyrobas an-
domebs, sxvisas etaneba, Tavisi ki upatronod rCeba. ka-
mius azriT, filosofiis mizania ara azrovnebiT Jon-
glioroba, aramed „cxovrebis saxelmZRvanelo princi-
pebze Cafiqreba.“ cxovrebis principebis kritikuli Se-
faseba.
axalma epoqam gamoiwvia brZola gonebis winaaR-
mdeg. „arcerT epoqaSi ar yofila iseTi Zlieri brZola
gonebis winaaRmdeg, rogorc dRes, iaspersidan haide-
geramde, kirkegoridan Sestovamde da fenomenologe-
bidan Seleramde. yvelani sxvadasxva meTodebiT cdi-
lobdnen gonebis Saragza gadaxergon da WeSmaritebam-
de misasvleli namdvili gza monaxon.
„munyofierebis arseba mis egzistencSi devs“. ada-
miani iswrafvis gavides gonebis sazRvrebidan. „yovel-
dRiurobidan“ gasvla SesaZlebelia garkveulad mara-
disobasTan SeerTebiT, romelic am „yoveldRiur“
zrunvas aRemateba. tradiciuli filosofiac cdilob-
da maradisobaSi epovna navsayudeli. amis magaliTia
qristianoba. misgan gansxvavebiT, egzistencializms
ainteresebs ara adamiani sazogadod, aramed „es“, „aq
myofi“ pirovnebis damkvidreba maradisobaSi. maradi-
sobisaken swrafvisas adamianma ar unda dakargos saku-
Tari pirovnuli konkretuli individualuroba. evro-
pas cudi gamocdileba aqvs am „erTaderT principze“.
RmerTma yvelaferi waarTva adamians, risi warTmevac
SeiZleboda, „zekacebma“ ki katastrofis winaSe miiyva-
nes kacobrioba, amitom xom ar imsaxurebs eWvs maradi-
369
sobis yoveli ideali? kamiu wers: „adamianis yoveli da-
kavSireba maradisobis idealTan riskis qveSaa. gakvir-
veba aris arsebulis yofierebasTan ukan daxeva da ama-
ve dros SeboWva. es „SeboWva“ unda gacnobierdes, ro-
gorc absurdis gamoxatuleba.
kerpebis msxvreva
XIX saukunis bolos evropul azrovnebaSi germa-

nelma filosofosma fridrix nicSem pirvelad gaacno-
biera mTeli sigrZe — siganiT RmerTis sikvdili. igi
werda: „sad aris RmerTi? me getyviT Tqven! Cven is mov-
kaliT – Tqven da me! Cven yvelani misi mkvlelebi varT...
da RmerTebic ixrwnebian. RmerTi mkvdaria! RmerTi ar
aRsdgeba! is Cven movkaliT! rogor vinugeSebT Cven
Tavs mkvlelebi mkvlelTagani! yvelaze Zlieri da wmin-
da arseba, romelic arsebobda am samyaroSi daicala
sisxlidan Cveni danebis qveS“ (19.44). Tvali unda gavus-
woroT nicSes sityvebs da vzidoT es codva adamianebma
uamrav sxva codvasTan erTad. „nuTu ar unda vimsxver-
ploT Cven momavalSi yovelnairi manugeSebeli, wminda,
gamacocxlebeli, yovelgvari imedebi, mTeli rwmena
faruli harmoniisa, gancxromada samarTlianoba? ar
unda vimsxverploT Cven RmerTi simkacrisadmi, gavaR-
merToT Cven qva, utvinoba, simZime, bediswera, ararao-
ba? imsxverplo RmerTi araraobisaTvis.“ – es paradoq-
suli saidumloeba ukanaskneli mrisxanebisa wilad
xvda Cven Taobas (19.45). ra aris amis mizezi, rom ase
wuxs nicSe RmerTis daRpvas? Znelia adamiani Seeguos
saukuneebis manZilze SeCveuli miznis dakargvas da
imas, rom uaryo is tradicia, romelzec aRzrdili xar.
unda gadaisinjos mTeli codnis maragi, romelic masze
370
dayrdnobiTaa Seqmnili, an iZulebuli viqnebiT, dav-
rCeT samyaroSi miznisada mimarTlebis gareSe. aseTi
yofa niSnavs „araraobis“ pirispir dgomas, sadac yvela
Rrebuleba ufasurdeba. marTalia, „yvelaferi dasaS-
vebia“, magram verafersac ver davuSvebT, radgan yve-
lafers erTi fasi aqvs. „arCevani ganusazRvrelia“,
magram ra SemiZlia avirCio? adamianma afsoluturi Ta-
visufleba miiRo, magram rogor gamoviyenoT? adamiani
darCa yovelgvari mxardaWeris da gamarTlebis gareSe.
nicSesTan erTad roca RmerTs vklavdiT, Cven is
toti movWeriT, romelzedac vijeqiT. nicSe pirveli
Seecada „zekaciT“ aRedgina gadaWrili toti. mis ze-
kacs dakarguli cxovrebis sazrisis aRdgena nebisyo-
fis siZlieriT unda aRedgina. nicSes cxovrebam gviCve-
na, rom man es ver SeZlo, ver aitana aseTi yofa da fsi-
qikurad daavadebuli gardaicvala. haidegeri ki mix-
vda, rom uazroba iyo imis dabrunebaze fiqri, rac sa-
mudamod daikarga da Seecada im ufskrulis Rirebule-
ba ganecada, saiTac miveqanebodiT, radgan Zneli Seiq-
mna „gaurkvevlobis mdgomareobaSi“ yofna.
kamium nicSesa da haidegerze dayrdnobiT, naT-
lad gaacnobiera, rom RmerTsac aRar SeeZlo dakargu-
lis dabruneba da gardauvalobis naTelxilvaze daiw-
yo saubari. imasac ki ecada, rom masaviT ganwiruli
adamianisaTvis SeeSvelebina xeli, magram man es ver SeZ-
lo. amaze metyvelebs misi romani „Wiri“, xolo meore
romanSi – „dacema“, saubaria sakuTari Tavis gadarCena-
ze, romelic tragediiT mTavrdeba.
RmerTis sikvdili cnobierdeba rogorc cxovrebis
sazrisis dakargva – RirebulebaTa gaufasureba. adamia-
nis yofna samyaroSi, miznisa da Rirebulebis gareSe, Se-
uZlebelia, amitom „uRmerToba“ „ar niSnavs ubralod
371
uaryofas, uxeS aTeizms“. kamiu wers: „RmerTi mokvda, nu
vigulisxmebT amis qveS, TiTqos is ar arsebobdes, is
mokvda, is gvesaubreboda Cven da is dadumda, saqme
gvaqvs cxedarTan, RmerTi mokvda, magram amis gamo ar
gamxdara adamiani aTeisti.“ cxovrebis sazrisis Zieba
aiZulebs adamians axali Rirebulebebis Seqmnas, an Zve-
lis aRdgenas. kamiu xatovnad aRwers, adamianebma jer
mokles qriste, jvarze gaakres, raTa Semdeg mkvdreTiT
aRedginaT: „religiurobis“ garkveuli doza esaa adami-
anis aucilebeli nabiji RirebulebaTa Seqmnis gzaze.
RmerTis uaryofa mTavari ar aris, radgan masze SeCere-
ba SeuZlebelia. mkvdreTiT aRdgoma WeSmaritebaa da es
WeSmariteba unda iyos ara axali RmerTis gamogoneba,
aramed adamianis namdvili yofierebis gageba. kamius gza
esaa gza droebiTi RmerTis miRebis uaryofis safuZ-
velze daasabuTos „adamianis yofiereba“. misi azriT,
macxovari unda vaRiaroT ara rogorc RmerTi, aramed
rogorc adamiani. saWiroa gavigoT adamiani „rogorc
Ramis wyvdiadSi Cafluli gaelveba“(7.109). saWiroa ada-
mianma sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobiT gasces pasuxi ada-
mianTa modgmas saWirboroto sakiTxebze, rogoricaa
cxovrebis azri, Tavisufleba, bedniereba. kamius azriT,
„rogor iqneba am viwro gzebze“.
dakarguli yofierebis ZiebaSi
„uteveniT ege, rameTu brmani arian da

winamZRvarni brmaTani; roca brma brmasa
Tu wina uZRvin, ornive mTxreblsa STacvivian“
maTe 15:14
kamius azriT, adamiani Tavisi yofierebis Ziebis

dros awydeba uamrav dabrkolebas. es dabrkolebebi
372
zogjer gadaulaxavi kedlis msgavsad aRimarTebian
adamianTa winaSe. Zlieria survili adamianisa, davZli-
oT es kedeli. adamiani am dros, wers kamiu, hgavs
„brmas, romelsac xedva swyuria da icis, rom Rames ver
gaarRvevs, mainc miabijebs“ (7.109). didia survili Ra-
mis garRvevisa, adamiani Zlevs ufskrulSi Cavardnis
SiSs.
ra aris absurdi, romelic win eRobeba gadaulaxav
kedlad da romelmac xeli unda agvaRebinos sakuTari
yofierebis Ziebaze? upirveles yovlisa, absurds vr
Seiswavli, igi adamians ar eZleva codnis saxiT Tavis
logikur kategoriebSi. rogorc viciT, goneba qmnis si-
namdvilis sistematur suraTs, sadac yvela codnise-
ul produqts, mis mier Seqmnil RirebulebaTa jaWvSi
Tavisi adgili ukavia. goneba Cvens garSemo qmnis „cod-
nis kedels“, amitom aq „arsebobs WeSmaritebani da
araWeSmariteba.“ WeSmaritebani unda gvaZlevdes WeSma-
ritebas, magram ase ar xdeba, piriqiT, „WeSmariteba ama-
ve dros araWeSmaritebaa“ (haidegeri). tradiciuli fi-
losofiis Secdoma isic iyo, rom WeSmaritebis Ziebis
dros gonebas eyrdnoboda, xolo gonebiseuli suraTi
samyarosa da Tavad namdvil samyaros Soris, erTmaneTs
ar emTxveva. e.w „ganWvretili“ samyaro akmayofilebs
adamianis Teoriul unars. Tu kantis sityvebiT vit-
yviT, maSin gveqneba: Teoriuli subieqti kmayofilia
Tavisi samyaroTi, masSi gamarTlebulia adamianis yve-
la Teoriuli moRvaweoba. mecniereba Tavis gamarTle-
bas iRebs, magram ara praqtikuli subieqtisaTvis. uf-
ro didi mniSvneloba aqvs sulis ukvdavebis sakiTxs.
Tu Teoriuli subieqtisaTvis mTavari niutonis fizi-
kis gamarTlebaa, praqtikuli subieqti iswrafvsi, gavi-
des Tavisi Tavidan, „transcendireba ganicados“.
373
gonebiseuli svla sxva araferia, Tu ara gonebis
suraTis gafarToeba, WeSmaritebis gamoCena, romlis
siRrmeSic imaleba WeSmariteba, romelic unda iyos ga-
gebis ZiriTadi mizani. rac ufro izrdeba WeSmariteba-
ni, miT ufro saTuo xdeba WeSmaritebis gamoCena, ami-
tom, aseTi gamCena dafarvaa. WeSmaritebis gamoCenis
ori gza arsebobs:erTi tradiciuli filosofiis mier
ganvlili gza, an uaris Tmqma gonebisaTvis WSmaritebis
Ziebaze.
pirveli gza principuli Secdomaa, radgan igi am-
ravlebs WeSmaritebebs da ufro Rrmad malavs Ziebis
sagans. igi ganfenilobaSi eZebs WeSmaritebas, roca
WeSmariteba siRrmeSia. am gzis miReba iqneba sabolood
uaris Tqma WeSmaritebis gagebaze.
meore gza gulisxmobs uari Tqvas gonebiseuli
WeSmaritebis Ziebaze. „tradiciulma filosofiam“ aC-
vena racionalizmis ususuroba. egeb SevatrialoT
msjeloba da gonebis magier nebelobam gagviyvanos WeS-
maritebasTan, egeb racionalizmis Caxergili gza ira-
cionalizmma gaxsnas? WeSmaritebasTan mimavali gza,
esaa gza – yofierebisaken. iracionaluri xedvis dros,
adamiani gadis gonebis sazRvrebidan da tkbeba misi si-
diadiT, rodesac pirveli tkboba mogonebad iqceva,
fiqrdeba adamiani arsebul sinamdvileze. es dafiqreba
absurdis aRmoCenis mauwyebelia. gamofxizlebuli ada-
miani awydeba absurdis kedlebs. „TavisTavad samyaro
aragonieria, esaa yvelaferi, rac mis Sesaxeb SeiZleba
iTqvas, magram am araracionalobis Setakeba sicxadis
sasowarkveTil survilTan, romlis Zaxili gaismis ada-
mianis arsebis siRrmeebSi – ai ra aris absurdi. absurdi
akavSirebs adamiansada samyaros ise, rogorc SeiZleba
adamianebi daakavSiros siZulvilma“ (7. 37). adamianis
374
tragedias qmnis swored Seusabamoba Sinagan samyarosa
da garegan samyaros Soris. garegani samyaros „qaosuri
mdgomareoba, romelic gacnobierdeba Cveni gasvliT
masSi, yvela adamianur Rirebulebebs eWqveS ayenebs,
xolo Sedareba Cvens Rirebulebebsas da samyaroseul
„qaoss“ Soris, sittuacias absurduls xdis. adamaini
rwmundeba, rom misi codna es aris „TiTqmis arafris
codna“, aseT SemTxvevaSi „me SemiZlia yvelaferi uar-
vyo, garda sakuTari sicxadisa da wesrigis survilisa...
me ar vici arsebobs Tu ara azri, romelic mas aRemate-
bodes, magram me vici, rom es azri ar vici, da aramaqvs
amJamad saSualeba misi gacnobisa. me vici agreTve, rom
ar SemiZlia Sevarigo ori es darwmunebuloba... erTi
Cemi survili wyurvili absolutisa, erTianobis wyur-
vili da samyaros SeuZlebebli miyvana erT raciona-
lur principamde. romeli sxva simarTle vaRiaro me ki-
dev, ise rom ar daveyrdno momavlis imedebs, romlebic
me ar gamaCnia?“ (7.41)
rogorc vnaxeT, sinamdvileSi gasvlamac xsna ver
mogvitana. dakarguli sazrisisa da WeSmaritebis Zieba
unayofoa, magram rogor SeiZleba yofna miznis gareSe?
kamiu wers: „magram araferia garkveuli, yvelaferi qa-
osia.“
SeuZlia adamians icxovros absurdul situacia-
Si? SeuZlia cxovreba miznisa da mimarTulebis gareSe?
„gareT gasvlas“ srulebiT ar Cauyenebia adamiani uke-
Tes mdgomareobaSi, aramed dagvarwmuna gamosavlis
ararsebobaSi. SesaZlebelia daviviwyoT es siRrmiseu-
li wiaRsvlebi, zurgi vaqcioT da isev davubrundeT
RmerTs. darwmunebuli var igi Segvindobs, Sendoba xom
qristianobis ZiriTadi principia?
375
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare unda vTqvaT, maradi-
sobas ver veziareT, da verc codvebisagan gaviwmindeT,
rogorc ityvian xolme is ki arada ufro Semcode gav-
xdi da mTlad ameria gza — kvali (5.111). magram gadaw-
yvetilia – esaa gza, gza RmerTis gareSe. absurdis pi-
rispir dgoma, SeiZleba Tavis daRweva RmerTis dauxma-
rebladac. am gzas TviTmkvlelobis gza hqvia. „aris
mxolod erTi WeSmaritad filosofiuri problema –
TviTmkvlelobis problema“(7.36). Tumca kamiusaTvis,
es gzac miuRebelia, radgan es aris gaqceva cxovrebi-
sagan. aucilebelia moiZebnos gza cxovrebis gasagrZe-
leblad. marTalia es gza SeiZleba iyos tanjvisa da
wvalebis gza, amitom ismis kiTxva, „rogor iqneba am viw-
ro gzebze?“ erTaderTi yvelaze realuri, romelic
arsebobs, „munyofierobs“ – adamiania, magram ara admia-
ni saerTod, aramed „aq myofi“, „es adamiani“, Tavisi vne-
bebiT, swrafviT bednierebisaken, damnaSave da udanaSa-
ulo, martosuli da solidarobis mZebneli, Tavisufa-
li da monobas mowyurebuli, maradisobis mZebneli, pa-
suxismgeblobis tvirTiT damZimebuli da nihilisti,
sikeTesa da borotebas Soris meryevi, siyvarulsa da
siZulvils Soris moqceuli, kacTmoyvare da egoisti,
sicocxlis moyvaruli da sikvdilis pirispir mdgomi.
adamiani ,romelic jer kidev ver garkveula, saiT mie-
marTeba gza namdvili yofierebis SeqmnaSi, RmerTis da-
RupviT damwuxrebuli, orientaciis gareSe darCenili.
Tanamedrove adamiani eWvis TvaliT Sehyurebs Ri-
rebulebebs. brZola Rirebulebebis winaaRmdeg Cveni
Tanamedrove adamianis damaxasiaTebeli niSania. moT-
xovnileba Rirebulebebisa da misi uaryofa kidev uf-
ro zrdis absurduli sitauciebis ares. oidiposis
sityvebi: „miuxedavad welTa simravlisa, gardaxdil
376
WirTa miuxedavad, me vaRiareb, rom yvelaferi rig-
zea“(7.109). ase ayalibebs adamianis „absurduli gamar-
jvebis formulas“, magram aris wuTebi „roca absurdis
kaci Tavis tanjvas Sehyurebs“. ra aris mizezi tanjvi-
sa? upirveles yovlisa sicocxlis siyvaruli da sik-
vdilis garduvaloba, adamianis bedis uazroba.
„me minaxavs rogor kvdebian adamaianebi. Zalian
xSirad ZaRlebis sikvdilic minaxavs. maTi xelis daka-
reba ZrwoliT mavsebda. aseT wuTebSi yvavilebze, Ri-
milze, qalebze vfiqrobdi, da mesmis, rom mTeli Cemi
SiSi sikvdilis mimarT sicocxlis mxurvale siyvaru-
lis bralia. me mSurs imaTi, vinc icocxlebs da visTvi-
sac yvavilebi da qalebi mTeli TavianTi sisxl — xor-
ciT iarsebeben, Suriani var, radgan metismetad miy-
vars sicocxle, raTa TavkerZa ar viyo, ra mesaqmeba ma-
radisobasTan? SesaZlebelia erT mSvenier dRes logi-
nad Cavardnils miTxra „Tqven Zlieri adamiani xarT da
ver dagimalavT, male mokvdebiT!“ Sen ki, rac Zali da
Rone gaqvs, sicocxles ebRauWebi, SiSiT Zrwolaayvani-
li uazro TvalebiT sicarieles Caacqerdebi. ra aris
amasTan SedarebiT sxva danarCeni! amis gafiqrebaze sa-
feTqlebSi sisxli mawveba da ase mgonia, irgvliv yove-
lives davlewav da davamsxvrev“ (3,181). „araras“ piris-
pir mdgomma adamianma RmerTic ki daamsxvria, cxovre-
bis sazrisic aRar SerCa, magram „sicocxlis“ es uazro
siyvaruli adamianisaTvis yvelaferia, sul ukanasknel
drosac ki saswauls veldoebiT, imdenad Zlieria si-
cocxlis siyvaruli. qristes yvelaze didi saswauli is
iyo, rom mkvdreTiT aRsdga, sikvdili daamarcxa. si-
cocxlis siyvarulma Semoinaxa es saswauli. „goeTe
sikvdilis win sinaTles uxmobda“. Tumca adamianma icis
garduvalobis Sesaxeb. sicocxlis siyvaruli warmo-
377
Sobs am codnas da zizRs mis mimarT. Tu logikurad
vimsjelebT, SeiZleba SeveguoT garduvalobas. „yvela-
ze uaress vvaraudobdi. vTqvaT ar mapaties, maSin mov-
kvdebi, sxvebze adre, ra Tqma unda, magram yvelasTvis
naTelia, cxovreba ar Rirs imad, rom iwvalo. sikvdili
sikvdilia, ocdaaTi clis asakSic da xandazmulobis
drosac. sicocxle mainc darCeba sxvebis saxiT da ase
iqneba mudam. TiTqos yvelaferi naTeli iyo. ukvdavi
rom ar viyavi, axla, Tu oci wlis mere, mainc movkvde-
bodi. yvelaze metad es sazareli naxtomi mawuxebda,
oci wliT dakarguli sicocxle, isRa damrCenoda Ca-
mexSo amgvari fiqrebi.“
„arsebulis dafarva SiSia mis winaSe. unda vaRia-
roT arsebuli, rogorc is aris. samyaroSi yofna marto
optimizmiT ar agvavsebs. misi mTanmdevia tanjvac. sixa-
ruli tanjvis gareSe ar arsebobs. „qarsa da mzeSi am
Smagma ganbanvam mTald damiSrita sasicocxlo Zalebi.
Cem arsebaSi odnavRa hfeTqavda nebisyofa, sicocxle
Cioda, goneba sustad meurCeboda, meCveneboda, rom sul
male qveyanaze yvelafers da sakuTar Tavsac ki daviviw-
yebdi, haerSi gavifantebodi da am qarad, am svetebad, am
TaRad, am qvis filebad gadaviqceodi. amden siTbos rom
gamoscemen. gadaviqceodi am fermkrTal mTebad, uda-
bur qalaqs rom gars Semortymia. aqamde arasodes gan-
micdia esoden Zlieri grZnoba sakuTari Tavisagan gan-
dgomisa da samyaroSi Cemi yofna — aryofnisa“ (3.180).
dRes Tanamedrove adamiani „evropis wyvdiads mo-
ucavs. xanZarTa alze ucbad gamoCnda samyaros Zveli da
axali naoWebi.“ esaa samyaro, sadac „...TviT mcire uman-
koebis gareSe ar arsebobs siyvaruli, magram sad aris
umankoeba! imperiebi emxobodnen, erebi da adamianebi er-
TmaneTs yels Radravdnen, piri wabilwuli gvqonda, Tav-
378
dapirvelad udanaSauloebi viyaviT da es TviTon ar vi-
codiT, axla udanaSaulo damnaSaveebi gavxdiT: saidum-
loeba Cvens codnasTan matulobda. ai, amitom mivsdev-
diT Cven – gana dacinva araa – zneobas. me beCavi saTnoe-
baze vocnebobdi! Cemi ubiwobis xanaSi ar vicodi mzaoba
Tu arsebobda axla es vici, magram Zala ar Semwevs mis
simaRlemde avaRwio“ (3.189). roca bedi CvenTan iyo, ma-
Sin, arc gvifiqria masze, roca davkargeT, axla gavigeT
da ukve gvianaa, mis uazrobas iseve zizRiT Tu dav-
ZlevT. zneobac gvqonda, isic davkargeT. adamianis be-
dis uazrobas isic amtkicebs, rom roca raimes davkar-
gavT, maSin vgebulobT mis arsebobas, ise, rom dabrune-
baze fiqric ki zedmetia, „brma, romelsac xedva swyuria
da icis, rom Rames ver gaarRvevs, isev miabijebs“(7.109).
ara gamosavali ar iyo „ara, Cven ar gvinda ase Segveqmna
Cveni bedi“. adamianis bedis uazrobas isic zrdis, rom
„aravin icis vis ra moelis“. bedis es garegnuli gardu-
valoba da Cveni survili viyoT sakuTari bedis Semqmne-
li, isev uazro situacias warmoSobs, bedis uazrobas,
Tu ki mas raime damtkiceba an ganmtkiceba sWirdeba, ada-
mianuri kanonebic xels uwyobs: „miuxedavad didi sur-
vilisa, ver Sevegue am ulmobel gardualobas: mis ga-
nuxrel mSvid ganviTarebas da im ganaCens Soris, romel-
mac igi daafuZna, sasacilo disproporcia arsebobda. is
faqti, rom ganaCeni oc saaTze waikiTxes da ara Cvidmet-
ze, is rom SeiZleboda ganaCeni sul sxvanairi yofiliyo,
da rom ganaCeni gamoitanes imaT, vinc sacvals icvlis.
Tanac frangi (Tundac germaneli an Cineli) xalxis saxe-
liT, rac bolos da bolos erTob abstraqtuli cnebaa.
Cemi azriT, cota ar iyos, seriozulobas akargvinebda
amgvar gadawyvetilebas. miuxedavad amisa, unda meRia-
rebina, rom rogorc ki gamoitanes es ganaCeni, misi Zala
379
gaxda iseTive realuri da ueWveli, rogorc im kedlis
arseboba, romelsac mTeli sxeuliT vekvrodi“ (6.51 —
52). es xom adamianis bedis uazrobaze metyvelebs? bedis
uazrobas is xalxic adasturebs, romelTac macxovris
sityvebi „arca me ganvikiTxav“ Seatriales da axla amaT
gamoaqvT ganaCeni da arvis indoben. uflis saxeliT sa-
magiero mogezRoso... RmerTi amdens rodi iTxovda me-
gobaro?“ (5.117). ai Cveni bedis saxe „... yvelaferi marTa-
lia da araferi ar aris marTali“, magram SeiZleba moi-
Zebnos gamosavali. es gamosavali ase SeiZleba Camovaya-
liboT: „ajanyebuli da gamarjvebis ver moimede, mTeli
sigrZe — siganiT xedavs Tavisi yofis siduxWires da
Zirs daSvebisas masze fiqrobs. da naTelxedbva, rome-
lic misi wamebis safuZvels udna Seadgendes, erTTavad
misi gamarjvebacaa, radgan ar arsebobs bedi, romlis
daTrgunva zizRiT ar SeiZlebodes“(7.109). magram ra
aris da raSi gamoixateba es „yofis siduxWire“! „da ra
aris, Tavisi arsiT, Wiri? igive cxovreba da meti arafe-
ri“.
kamiu wers: „es cxovreba me TavdaviwyebiT miyvars
da SeuCerebliv minda masze vilaparako. igia Cemi bedi,
Cemi adamianuri bedis gamo siamayes maniWebs. Tumca xSi-
rad uTqvamT, sulac araferiao saamayo, magram gana saa-
mayo ar aris es mze, es zRva, axalgazrdulad mofarTxa-
le es Cemi guli, Cemi mariliani sxeuli da es TvalSeud-
gami sivrce, sadac sinaze da dideba erTmaneTs yviTel
da lurj ferebad Sxamebia. es yovelive unda davipyro
da mas unda movaxmaro mTeli Cemi Zala da Cemi unari. am
adgilebSi xels araferi miSlis viyo is, rac var. aq ara-
fers vikrZalav, araviTar niRabs ar vikeTeb, CemTvis
sakmarisa moTminebiT Seviswavlo Tu viT vicxov-
ro“(3.178). adamianis bedis uazrobis miuxedavad, cxov-
380
rebis siyvaruli wmindaTa wmindaa, magram is, rac cxov-
rebas aRafrTovanebs, amave dros, mis uazrobasac
zrdis (3.187). ra aris es cxovreba? esaa „grZnobde kav-
Sirs miwasTan, siyvaruli ramdenime adamianisadmi, ico-
de, rom yovelTvis moiZebneba adgili, sadac Seni guli
Tanxmobas poulobs, es rwmena ukve didi ramaa adamianis
erTi sococxlisaTvis, magrm, ra sakvirvelia, es ar kma-
ra. am sulieri ganwyobilebis samSobloSi yvelafers
axasiaTebs gansakuTrebuli wuTisadmi miswrafeba“
(3.187). mjera, rom ar arsebobs arc zeadamianuri bednie-
reba da arc maradiuloba dReTa mrudis gareSe „... cxov-
reba yoveldRiurobaa, is yoveldRiuroba, romelsac
versad gaeqcevi, romelic gvfitavs, Tavs warmogviCens
Tavis uazrobaSi: diliT gaRviZeba, tramvai, oTxi saaTi
kantoraSi, an qarxanaSi, sadili, isev tramvai, oTxi saa-
Ti muSaoba, vaxSami, Zili – orSabaTi, samSabaTi, oTxSaba-
Ti, xuTSabaTi, paraskevi, SabaTi, yvelaferi ucvleli
ganrigiT“(7.35). aseTi zedapiruli cxovreba TiSavs, fi-
tavs adamians. aseTi adamiani garegnulad xasiTdeba
tlanqi mixvra — moxvriT, „sazareli garegnobiT“, mas
yoveli wuTi gamoTvlili aqvs, sauzmis drosac ar kar-
gavs dros, raTa xelidan ar gauSvas teqnikis ukanasknel
miRwevaTa gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. mas axasiaTebs
„...Camoyalibebuli Cvevebis ucnauroba, Rrma safuZvlis
uqonloba cxovrebis gagrZelebisaTvis, yoveldRiuri
saqmeebis sicariele, gancdis zedmetoba.“ igi adamianu-
ri tragediis mizezia, miuxedavad amisa, cxovreba gvbo-
Wavs da gvaiZlebs axali cxovreba daviwyoT. unda sxva
gza movZebnoT cxovrebis gagrZelebisa. unda vigrZnoT,
rom rwmenas cxovrebaSi „araviTari realuri mniSvne-
loba araaqvs“, ubralod unda viyoT samyaroSi. ratom
unda vifiqroT, rom Cveni es yofa ukanaskneli yofaa
381
samyaroSi? ara, samyaro unda miviRoT ise, rogorc aris
da maSin yvelaferi rigze iqneba. cxovreba Zalze waagavs
im patara Tevzis qcevas, romelic Tavis msxverpls „pir-
wmindad xravs“. aseve adamiansac „pawawina kbilebiT
xorcs glejen, Zvlebamde xraven“ (5.75). cxovrebam TviT
macxovaric ar daindo da isic Tavis idumal damnaSaved
gaixada. adamiani cdilobs saSveli ipovos – saSveli ar
Cans. „RmerTo raisaTvis damiteveb me?“ gana es amboxebu-
lis Zaxili ar iyo?... qveynad yvelaferi ucnauradaa mow-
yobili. miuxedavad amisa, adamians ar SeuZlia uari
Tqvas cxovrebaze, maS ra iyo petres sityvebi: „me ar vi-
cio kaci ese...“ „ara vicio rasa ityvi...“ SiSma daubnela
goneba (5.116). esaa SiSi cxovrebis winaSe, es SiSi sazrdo-
obs adamianis TviTSenaxvis egoisturi principebidan.
amitom, yoveli morali, romelic aigeba am SiSs daZlevi-
saTvis, sicrueze da siyalbeze iqneba dafuZnebuli. er-
TaderTi zneobrivi nabiji misi miReba da mis mixedviT
moqmedebaa. Tu cxovrebas adamiani ase miiRebs, maSin
„dReidan upatronod darCnili samyaro arc unayofoa
da arc uazro. am lodis TiTeuli marcvali, Ramis
wyvdiadSi Caflul mTis qanTa mineraluri gaelveba mis-
Tvis mTel samyaros warmoadgens“ (7.109). adamianis aseTi
yofa mis martoobas aCvenebs. martooba ki aris SiSi sa-
kuTar TavTan da kmayofileba Tavisi Tavis. martooba
Zneli asatania „es lodis gamarjvebaa, es TviT lodia,
uzomo sasowarkveTa Znelia satareblad. es Cveni Ramee-
bia“ (7.109). ori gza arsebobs, martooba an solidaroba.
oidiposi mixvda, rom erTderTi kavSiri, romelic mas
samyarosTan akavSirebs, qalwulis nazi da grili xelia,
Tumca amisaTvis saWiroa „yovlismomcveli siyvaruli“,
Tu es ar aris, isev CavardebiT sasowarkveTil martoo-
baSi. Tavis daRweva martoobidan garkveul SualedebSi
382
SeiZleba. „yoveldRiur Cvens gaWirvebaSi bunti Tama-
Sobs iseTive rols, rogorsac dekartis „vazrovneb, ma-
Sasadame varsebob“. is aris pirveli sicxade. es sicxade
agdebs adamians misi martoobidan. is aris erToba, rome-
lic gansazRvravs yvela xalxis saerTo Rirebulebas. me
avjanydebi, es niSnavs, me varsebob. Cemi arseboboa sxva-
Ta arsebobis tolia da maTi Rirebulebebis gaziarebaa.
rogor SegviZlia gaviazroT Tavisufleba? – „CemTvis
sakmarisia sxeulis yvela nakveTiT vicxovro da cxov-
reba mTeli arsebiT virwmuno. swored esaa Tavisufle-
ba. cxovrebaSi uSualo monawileoba, misi STabeWdilebe-
bis uSualo gancda Tavisuflebis safuZvelia. amis pov-
na da gageba gacilebiT advilia samyarosTan pirispir
dgomiT. „aq albaT is Tavisufleba mindoda mepova, rom-
lis daviwyebac ver SevZeli“ (3.188).
saidan iRebs dasabams adamianis Tavisufleba? „Tu
RmerTi aRar aris, aRarc wesrigia sadme, Tavisufali
varT da Cvens Tavs TviTonve unda gavuZRveT.“ (5,125).
RmerTis sikvdilma adamianebs ganusazRvreli moqmede-
bis ufleba mianiWa. aRar arsebobs amkrZalavi bariere-
bi. aRar gvyavs Tavisuflebis SemzRudavi, tirania dam-
xobilia, aRarc sikeTesa da borotebas Soris arsebobs
mtkiced dadgenili sazRvrebi. is, visac SeuZlia ukar-
naxos adamianebs Tavisi kanonebi, Tavisi saukunis Rmer-
Tia, amitom is erTaderTia, romelsac SeuZla sruliad
ganaxorcielos sakuTari Tavisufleba, magram es SeiZ-
leba kacRmerTze iTqvas, radgan RmerTkacebi aRar ari-
an. adamianebs afrTxobs Tavisuflebis diadi tvirTi,
radgan maT akrTobT sasjeli, romelsac aucileblad
miusjian am Tavisuflebis gamo. TavisuflebiT ver dav-
tkbebiT ise, Tu sasjelic ar miiRe. igi erTeulebis saq-
mea. dostoevskis raskolnikovic xom cdilobda daeje-
383
rebina Tavisi Tavi, misi gansakuTrebulobis Sesaxeb? igi
Seecada mTlianad ezida Tvisuflebis tvirTi. es rom
SeZlo, unda gauZlo sasjels, romelic „Tanamdev ars“
Tavisuflebisa (17). raskolnikovi iseTive zekacia, ro-
gorc kamius gmirebi. raskolnikovi xvdeba, rom Tavi-
suflebas SeiZeba gauZlos. sakuTari Tavisuflebis gan-
xorcieleba niSnavs sxvis SezRudvas, amiT egoizmi pir-
vel planze iwevs, gadadis sakuTari pirovnebiT tkboba-
Si.„sixarbem Cvens sazogadoebaSi pativmoyvareobis ad-
gili daiWira.“ pativmoyvareoba moiTxovs Rirebuleba-
Ta ierarqiaSi gansazRvros sakuTari adgili, datkbe im
TavisuflebiT, romelsac es adgili ganiWebs. sixarbe ki
isaa, rac SeiZleba meti daipyro, raTa ufro Zlier ig-
rZnos sakuTari buneba da ufro srulad SeigrZno Tavi-
suflebiT gamowveuli sixaruli.
Tavisufleba da Zalmosileba
Tavisuflebas Zalauflebis brZolisaTvis viye-

nebT, xolo Zalauflebas – Tavisuflebis miRwevisaT-
vis. „winad, mxolod Tavisufleba mekera pirze... Cemi
survilebisa da Zlierebis samsaxurSi Cavayene igi, zog-
jer TavisuflebisaTvis uangaro samsaxuric gamiwe-
via... Tumca cxadia, Tavi ar gamiwiravs, magram riski xom
gavwie... es mZime samuSaoa, martoxela kacis qancgamom-
cleli sirbili... martodmartom unda ago pasuxi saku-
Tari Tavisa da ganmkiTxvelTa winaSe, yvela Tavisuf-
lebis wil sasjeli mogvelis, swored amitomaa igi mZi-
med satarebeli“ (5.114). magram Tu gsurs iyo Tavisufa-
li, maSin kidec unda ataro tvirTi „ adamiani dawyev-
lilia TavisuflebiT“(sartri). ginda Tu ar ginda Tvi-
suflebis msaxurad unda iqce, gaiZulebs „riski“ gas-
384
wio. „zogjer amgvari cxovrebis gagrZelebas, diax,
gagrZelebas, zekacuri Zala sWirdeba.“ imisaTvis, rom
srulad gamoavlino sakuTari Tavisufleba da aicilo
pasuxismgebloba, saWiroa „mdidari iyo“, „imitom rom
Zalaufleba igdo xelT,“ (5.104). radgan aseT kacs „eg-
rerigad vervin dasdebs brals.“ sainteresoa im rusi
mebatonis magaliTi, romelsac yovel situaciaSi SeeZ-
lo gamoeyenebina Tavisufleba da Zalaufleba moneb-
ze. SeuZlebelia icxovro ise, rom ar mbrZaneblobde
da vinme ar imsaxuro. yvela adamians sWirdeba monebi,
iseve rogorc sufTa haeri.
adamianis miswrafebaa iyos bednieri. bedniereba
samyarosTan erTianobaa, xolo absurdi Seusabamobaa
samyaros alogikurobasTan.bednierebis gancdis Semdeg
isev gvibrundeba absurdis SegrZneba, magram Cveni mar-
tooba dakmayofilebulia, bunebasTan wuTieri kavSi-
riT.
„bednieri rom iyo sxvebisaTvis ar unda aitkio
Tavi, gamodis saSveli ar yofila: an bednieri da gan-
kicxuli unda iyo, an udanaSaulo da sacodavi. me mainc
usamarTlod meqceodnen, warsuli bednierebisaTvis
mdebdnen brals. didxans megona irgvliv sruli Tan-
xmoba sufevs meTqi, da kiar vicodi, dabneulsa da mom-
Rimars yoveli mxridan msjavrdadebulTa isrebi da
dacinvma mawvimda. im dRidan ki roca gamovfxizldi,
Tvali amexila, yvela Wriloba erTbaSad vigrZeni da
davuZlurdi. mTeli samyaro araxraxda Cems irgvliv
(5.103). aq erTmaneTs enaskveba azri imis Sesaxeb, rom
bedniereba aucileblad Cemi bednierebaa. Tu Sevecade
sxvas vaCveno bedniereba, maSin ikargeba Tavdapirveli
uSualo xedva samyarosTan da bednierebac xelidan ga-
miqreba. Tu bednierebas sxvas uziareb, amiT mas kargav,
385
arada adamianebi argapatieben bednierad yofnas. amiT
irRveva Tanxmobis grZnoba adamiansa da garemos Soris
da Zneli gasaZlebi xdeba samyaroSi.“ kamiu wers: „Tu me
aramaqvs codna, aramaqvs bedniereba“ (7.38).Tanxmobis
grZnoba codnis gareSe ver iarsebebs. „azrs, rom SeeZ-
los movlenaTa cvalebad sarkeebSi aRmoaCinos mudmi-
vi arsi, romelTac SeuZliaT amomwuravad axsnan es
movlenebi Tavisi TaviT da daiyvanon yvelaferi erTa-
derT pricipze, maSin SegviZlia vilaparakoT bedniere-
baze, romelTan SedarebiTac legenda gancxromis kun-
Zulze gamoiyureba sasacilo araraobad“ (7.37). marTa-
lia aseT sayovelTao harmoniaze saubari SeuZlebelia,
radgan SeuZlebelia im saerTo principis povna, rome-
lic uklebliv yvelas bednierebas gvaziarebda.
kamius azriT, adamianisaTvis mTavaria misi bedis
Secnoba, amitom oidiposis sityvebi „me vaRiareb, rom
yvelaferi rigzea“ – bednierebis gamomxatvelia. masSi
Cans agreTve adamianis absurduli yofa. am dros xdeba
Tanxmoba adamiansa da samyaros Soris. Tavis beds Tvi-
Ton qmnis adamiani samyarosTan TanxmobaSi da es nak-
leb absurduli rodia. gacnobiereba imisa, rom „misi
lodi misi saqmea“, icis es „absurdis kacma“. kaci, rome-
lic Tavis tvirTs mudam miagnebs. sizife gvaswavlis
uzenaes erTgulebas, romelic uaryofs RmerTebs da
kldeebs abrunebs. masac miaCnia, rom yvelaferi rigzea.
dReidan upatronod darCenili samyaro misTvis arc
unayofoa da arc uazro. am lodis TiTeuli marcvali.
Ramis wyvdiadSi Caflul mTis qanTa mineraluri gael-
veba misTvis mTel samyaros warmoadgens, marto mwver-
valebisaken mimarTuli brZola kmara kacis Zalis asav-
sebad. sizife bednierad unda migvaCndes“ (7.109). sizi-
fes bedniereba esaa im kacis bedniereba, romelic
386
cxovrebas ise Rebulobs „rogorc aris Tavidan bo-
lomde, mTeli misi sigrZe siganiT, mTeli mis ukuRmar-
TobiT,sidiadiTa da monobiT“(5.83).
religiis kritika
kamius naazrevSi igrZnoba sevda dakargul samoT-

xeze. mis naSromSi xSirad vxvdebiT kritikas: RmerTis,
macxovris, saxarebiseuli dogmatebis, papobis Sesaxeb
da qristianobis, rogorc winaaRmdegobrivi moZRvre-
bisa.
kamius aqvs aseTi gamoTqma: „saukuneebma kvlav
dedis ubes daubrunes nangrevebi im swavlulTa msgav-
sad, vinc mecnierebam isev RmerTis aRarebamde miiyva-
na“(3.177). Cveni azriT, kamium aq is gza daasaxela, ro-
melsac adamiani daadga jer kidev Zvel msoflioSi da
rasac Cven aucileblobiT mivyavarT Tanamedrove mec-
nierbasa da teqnikasTan, es ki daRupvis gzaa. dadgeba
dro, buneba daibrunebs Tavis dakargul Svilebs, mec-
nierebi, romlebmac dainaxes es aucilebeli gardauva-
loba dasaxmareblad isev RmerTs mimarTaven. maRla as-
rolil qvas dedamiwis miziduloba ukan abrunebs, ase-
ve bunebac misgan gastyorcnil Svilebs TavisTan daab-
runebs. mecniereba ar aris gamosavali RmerTisagan
gansaTavisufleblad, aramed igi kidev ufro gvaaxlo-
vebs aRsasruls da maSasadame zrdis rwmenas RvTis mi-
marT, rogorc gadarCenis erT-erT saSualebas.
kamius azriT, RmerTebis Semoyvana da maTi sxva-
dasxva gancdebiTa da aRqmebiT aRniSvna arRvevs uSua-
lo kavSirs bunebasa da adamians Soris. igi aris gauc-
xoebis pirveli fenomeni. dasawyisia imisa, rom Semdeg
RmerTi saerTod wydeba adamians da gvevlineba adamia-
nis batonad. es berZnebis bralia. maT ar SeZloT dar-
387
Ceniliyvnen sinamdvilis uSualo gancdis safexurze,
cnebiTi azrovneba Tanamedrove yoveli damaxinjebis
mizezia da amitom Tanamedrove adamianis tragediacaa.
„es SeuZlebelia... yvela adamians swams RmerTi, ma-
Tac, vinc TiTqos mas zurgi Seaqcia.“ aqve imeorebs ka-
miu „me erT aTeist mwerals vicnobdi, yovel saRamos
Zilis win rogor loculobda... aseT xalxs satanuri
saTnoeba axasiaTebs.“ eseni arian morcxvi aTeistebi,
romlebic uaryofen RmerTs, Tumca inarCuneben im Ri-
rebulebebs, romelic arsebiTia qristianobisaTvis.
maT eSiniaT Tavisuflebis da yofili RmerTis adgi-
las, radgan Zvelisadmi sircxvili da SiSi aqvT, raTa
xalxma ybad ar agviRoso, axal RmerTs warmoidgenen.
„mamao Cveno, droebiT miwaze rom hxval... Cveno winam-
ZRolebo, mZvinvare meTaurebo, ulmobelo da sayvare-
lo beladebo... erTi sityviT, mTavaria Tavisufali ar
iyo da monaniebisas vinmes emorCilebode, imas, vinc
Senze gaqnilia“(5.124 — 125).
„merwmuneT, religiebi cdebian, roca zneobis
mcnebebs qmnian. xolme RmerTi araa savaldebulo imi-
saTvis, rom kacs brali dasdo da ganaCenic gamouta-
no“(5,115). kamius azriT, religias, romelic qmnis we-
sebs, e.w. zneobis normebs, erTaderTi gamoyeneba isaa,
rom yvela adamians brali dasdos da gaasamarTlo.
amiT igi miuTiTebs religiaze, rogorc damsjel orga-
noze. qristianoba, misi azriT, gadaiqca, sawinaaRmde-
god saxarebisa, adamianis ara xsnis, aramed bralis dam-
deb organod. qristianobis dRevandeli arsi ewinaaR-
mdegeba saxarebiseul qristianobas, maT ver gaiges
qristes buneba. qriste eubneboda Semcode diacss „ar-
ca me gangikiTxavo“, dRes, ki amaT gamoaqvT ganaCeni da
aravis indoben, piriqiT, uflis saxeliT samagiero mo-
388
gezRoTo. „uflis saxeliTo? RmerTi amdens rodi iT-
xovda, meobaro, mas undoda gvyvareboda.“ kamiu cdi-
lobs is Seusabamoba, rac arsebobs macxovarsa da dRe-
vandel qristianobas Soris, gaiazros, rogorc petres
danaSauli. „man winaswar ganWvrita es, xumrobis yadri
icoda, petre xom gaxsovT, laCari petre, rogor uar-
yo: „me ara vici kaci eseo...“ „ara vici rasa ityvi, SiSma
daubnela goneba.“ moZRvari ki xumrobda : „amasa klde-
sa zeda aRvaSeno eklesia Cemi.“ rogor ggoniaT, gana
ironia SeiZleba amaze Sors wavides? maT ki sixaruli
SedgomiaT, ase brZanao. diaxac braZana, kargad uwyoda
yvelaferi da imitom. mere ki wavida samudamod da isini
dagvitova msajulebad da damsjelebad, vinc sityviT
patiebas hqadagebs, gulSi ki samagieros mizRva swadia
(5,117).
kamiu dascinis qristianobasa da papobas, petre
mociquls, romelic pirvel papadaa aRiarebuli da iT-
vleba qristes moadgiled dedamiwaze. igi dascinis Ta-
namedrove papebsac. kamiu mogviTxrobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor airCia erTma Wkuasustma morwmune frangma axa-
li papi, romelic misi azriT, im romaeliviT taxtze
mjdomi ki ar ilocebs, aramed tvirTmZimeTa Soris ic-
xovrebs (5,120). am Wkuasusti frangis ganawyeneba papi-
sadmi gamoiwvia iman, rom papi gverdSi amoudga moZala-
deebs, frankistebsa da faSistebs. sainteresoa isic,
rom Wkuasusti papad irCevs adamians, romelmac „saku-
Tari sisuste aRiara, yvelaze ufro saTnoc ega yofi-
la da modiT eg avirCioTo“ (5.121). papebis saTnoebas,
misi azriT, ganapirobebs is, rom adamianebze batone-
biT datkbes. amitomaa, rom unda SevundoT papebs, maT
es Sendoba yvelaze metad sWirdebaT.
389
literatura:
1. biblia, 1989w. saqarTvelos sapatriarqo. Tbilisi;

2. platoni „fedoni“, 1966w. Tbilisi, „nakaduli“;
3. kamiu a. „ucxo“, 1969w. Jurnali „xomli“, Tbilisi
„sabWoTa saqarTvelo“;
4. kamiu a. „alJiruli eseebi“, w. Jurnali „saunje, Tbi-
lisi „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“;
5. kamiu a. „dacema“, 2011w. Tbilisi gamomcemloba „ago-
ra“;
6. kamiu a. „ucxo“, 2012w. gamomcemloba „agora“. Tbi-
lisi;
7. kamiu a. „sizifes miTi“, 2013.w gamomcemloba „ago-
ra“. Tbilisi;
8. kamiu a. „Savi Wiri“, 2012w. gamomcemloba „palit-
raL”, Tbilisi;
9. kamiu a. „amboxebuli adamiani“, 2019w. gamomcemloba
„agora“ Tbilisi;
10. kamiu a. „bednieri sikvdili“, 2016w. gamomcemloba
„agora“ Tbilisi;
11. kamiu a. „kaligula“, 2008w. gamomcemloba „agora“
Tbilisi;
12. kamiu a. „rekviemi monazonisaTvis“, 2011w. gamomcem-
loba „agora“. Tbilisi;
13. kamiu a. „sarCuli da piri“, 2003w. gamomcemloba
„agora“, Tbilisi;
14. kamiu a. „fiqrebi giliotinaze“, 1991;
15. dostoevski f. „Zmebi karamazovebi“, I — IIt. 2012 w.
gamomcemloba “palitraL” Tbilisi;
16. dostoevski, f. mkvdari saxlis Canawerebi“, 2016w.
gamomcemloba “palitraL” Tbilisi;
390
17. dostoevski, f. „danaSauli da sasjeli“, 1977w. ga-
momcemloba „sabWoTa saqarTvelo”. Tbilisi;
18. dostoevski, f. „eSmakni“, 1991w. gamomcemloba „sab-
WoTa saqarTvelo” Tbilisi;
19. nicSe, f. „ese ityoda zaratustra“, 1993w. gamomcem-
loba „liTerasi“. Tbilisi;
20. haidegeri, m. „yofiereba da dro“, 1989w. Tsu, Tbilisi.
Zurab Kobadze – Masters student in sociology of Culture and Media from

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. Interested in studying the
characteristics of media and government attitudes, interpersonal and
intercultural communications.
ALBERT CAMUS – IN SEEKING OF THE LOST MEANING

ABSTRACT
The main problem of the Nobel Prize laureate, Albert Camus,

is the seek for a meaning of life. Her characters seek a way out in a
world dominated by chaos, glorification of power, and judgment of
all immoral personalities, where society is central and personality is
neglected.
Albert Camus' personality specific, who seeks out the rest of
the world in search of life, and in the process of his search realizes
that the world is absurd, and that man is facing this
absurdity.According to Camus, we should be able to look at the
absurd face to face without the help of religion.Recognition will help
one overcome hopelessness and be able to continue living in the face
of the absurd.
The meaning of life is to understand absurd. Sisyphus is the
winner over the absurd.
warmoadgina qarTuli da ucxouri filosofiis is-

391
nikoloz meqvabiSvili — Tavisufali universitetis baka-
lavriati programis studenti.
konspiraciuli Teoriebi, anu sxva TvaliT

danaxuli aqsioma
ra aris konspiracia da saidan modis konspiraciu-

li Teoriebi? gvgonia, rom ocdameerTe saukuneSi ada-
mians umeteswilad Secnobili aqvs samyaro, TiTqos
yvelaferi erTmaneTTan logikur bmaSia, Tumca SesaZ-
loa erT mSvenier dResac miviRoT informacia, rome-
lic Tavdayira daayenebs Cvens Sexedulebebsa da mo-
sazrebebs. adamianis goneba, samwuxarod Tu sabednie-
rod, mimarTulia yvelanairi movlenis garTulebisa-
ken, igi Taviseburad aRiqvams da cdilobs mianiWos yve-
lafers imaze meti mniSvneloba da arsi, vidre realu-
rad aqvs. swored aqedan gamomdinareobs uamravi Teo-
ria dawyebuli „jokondas~ RimiliT da dasrulebuli
brtyeli dedamiwis TeoriiT, rac Tu mTlianad ara, na-
wilobriv mainc eWvqveS ayenebs xelovnebis, literatu-
risa Tu empiriuli mecnierebebis mier aRiarebul aqsi-
omebs. Sevecdebi CavuRrmavde iseT Temebs, romlebic,
erTi SexedviT, warmoudgeneli da SeumCnevelia, Tumca
meore mxriv sazogadoebaSi garkveul kiTxvebs aCens.
gagacnobT iseT Teoriebs, romlebic obieqtiurad nak-
lebad dasajerebelia, Tumca, yvela ideas aqvs arsebo-
bis ufleba.
riT SeiZleba daviwyoT am Temaze msjeloba, Tu
ara „mona lizaTi“. arsebobs uamravi mosazreba Tu ra
imaleba misi Rimilis miRma, vin aris es cnobili qalba-
toni da ratom dahqonda da vinCis misi portreti yvel-
392
gan, sadac ki midioda. Sevecdebi gagacnoT ramdenime
damajerebeli Tu daujerebeli Teoria, romelic mas
ukavSirdeba. arsebobs leonardos Sesaxeb eqscentriu-
li ideebis sistema, romelic Teoretikosebs ramdenime
nawilad yofs: mistikosi Teoretikosebi, romlebic
fiqroben, rom „mona lizaSi~ kosmosuri bunebis Sesa-
xeb saidumlo Setyobinebebia Camaluli, eresis Teore-
tikosebi, romelTac miaCniaT, rom leonardo gawevria-
nebuli iyo garkveuli saxis religiur jgufSi, e.w. geo
Teoretikosebi, romlebic Seiswavlian mona lizas uka-
na fons, mimakuTvnebeli Teoretikosebi, romlebic
cdiloben leonardos saxeli miaweron iseT naxatebs,
romlebic misi ar yofila, da e.w. dreg Teoretikosebi,
romlebic amtkiceben, rom mona liza aris qalad gamow-
yobili Tavad leonardo an misi erT-erTi mowafe. mona
lizas Sesaxeb arsebul Tavsatexebs Soris mTavari misi
vinaobaa. gavrcelebuli azriT, mona liza liza del
jokondos (francisko del jokondos meuRlis) por-
tretia. Tumca, arsebobs Teoria, rom mona liza aris
leonardos deda. zogierTi Teoretikosi ki amtkicebs,
rom mona liza aris kaci; SesaZloa is iyos leonardos
erT-erTi mowafe an, Tundac, misi sayvareli. Tumca,
yvelaze saintereso mainc is Teoriaa, rom naxatze Ta-
vad da vinCia asaxuli. TiTqmis warmoudgenelia rogo-
ri sizustiT emTxveva da vinCis saxe naxatze asaxuli
„qalbatonisas“.cxvirTan arsebuli xalebic ki identu-
ria. silvano vinCeti, xelovnebis istoriis mkvlevari,
romelic marTavs italiis istoriuli da kulturuli
memkvidreobis erovnul komitets, safrangeTis xeli-
suflebisgan moiTxovs uflebas, gaxsnan da vinCis saf-
lavi da Seadaron misi Tavis qala mona lizas. mxatvro-
baSi xSiria avtoris mier namuSevarSi faruli avto-
393
portrireba. magaliTad, ieronimus bosxis triptiqSi
„tkbobis baRi“, miCneulia, rom man jojoxeTis karedSi
Tavisi Tavi daxata. aseve aRsaniSnavia mosazreba, rom
ian van eikis naxatSi „arnolfinebis portreti“ , sarke-
Si Tavad aris gamosaxuli da mxiarulad uqnevs xels
mnaxvels. vinCeti aseve aRniSnavs, rom mona lizas Tva-
lis gugebSi Camalulia asoebi. misi TqmiT, SeuniRbavi
TvaliT SeuZlebelia maTi danaxva, Tumca, gamadidebe-
li SuSiT isini naTlad Cans. marjvena TvalSi, igi xe-
davs asoebs L da V, rac, savaraudod da vinCis inicia-
lebia. marcxena TvalSi Cawerili asoebi Tu cifrebi
gaurkvevelia. miuxedavad amisa, vinCeti aRniSnavs, rom
SeuZlebelia mxatvars isini SemTxveviT Caexata. leo-
nardo cnobilia SetyobinebebiT, romelTac igi saku-
Tar SemoqmedebaSi tovebs. am Teoriaze uamravi mkvle-
vari muSaobs. saintereso iqneboda TvalebSi Cawerili
cifrebisa Tu asoebis amokiTxva da gaSifvra. Tumca,
luvris eqspertebis TqmiT, maT Caatares yvelanairi
laboratoriuli testi da veraferi aRmoaCines. imis
gamo, rom da vinCis sCvevia simboloebis gamoyeneba, mi-
si sxva naxatebic Seamowmes da verc iq aRmoaCines
msgavsi asoebi Tu cifrebi, Tumca leonardo da vinCis
Semoqmedeba yovelTvis bevr kiTxvas uCenda mnaxvels.
mkvlevarebis azriT leonardos genialuri naxatebi
ufro bevrs moicavs, vidre amas xalxi aRiqvams. misi ki-
dev erTi sakamaTo Sedevri „saidumlo serobis“ uzar-
mazari freskaa. bevrs uCndeba kiTxva Tu ra unda iyos
sakamaTo religiur Tematikaze Sesrulebul naxatze,
magram survili imisa, mianiWo ufro didi mniSvneloba
„ubralo“ detalebs, safuZvlad udevs ara erT konspi-
raciul Teorias. rac ar unda daujereblad JRerdes,
erT-erTi Teoriis Tanaxmad, freskaze gamosaxuli
394
wmindandebis xelebis ganlageba erTgvar musikalur
kompozicias qmnis. erT-erTi mkvlevari ki amtkicebs,
rom freskaze gamosaxuli maTematikuri da astrolo-
guri niSnebiT leonardo winaswarmetyvelebas cdi-
lobda. mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom mxatvars SedevrSi da-
faruli azri aqvs Cadebuli, romliTac 4001 wels apo-
kalifsur wyaldidobas iuwyeba. zemoT aRniSnulebTan
SedarebiT ufro realisturi Teoriis Tanaxmad ieso
qristes marjvniv gamosaxuli figura ara mociquli
ioane, aramed mariam magdalinelia. cnobilia, rom ek-
lesiam akrZala versia, rom mariam magdalinelsa da ie-
sos Soris raime saxis urTierToba arsebobda. miuxeda-
vad yvelafrisa, amis araerTi kontrargumenti arse-
bobs. upirvelesad es aris is, rom da vinCi ar iyo pir-
veli vinc saidumlo seroba gaacocxla, rac mas ar aZ-
levda imis uflebas Seecvala figuraTa wyoba da miTu-
metes naxatze gamosaxuli pirovnebebis vinaoba. meore
umTavresi argumenti imis dasamtkiceblad, rom fres-
kaze ioane naTlismcemelia gamosaxuli, isaa, rom saxa-
rebis Tanaxmad mariam magdalineli saidumlo serobas
ar eswreboda. garda amisa leonardos mcdelobac ki
SewinaaRmdegeboda eklesias da „daemaxinjebina“ reli-
giuri suraTi savalalod damTavrdeboda da mxatvari
savaraudod inkviziciis msxverplic gaxdeboda. unda
aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi konspiracia miqelanjelos „pi-
etasac“ ukavSirdeba. erT-erTi SexedulebiT, RvTis-
mSobeli zedmetad axalgazruladaa gamoqandakebuli
da SeuZlebelia is iyos 33 wlis iesos mSobeli, swored
amitom, versiis Tanaxmad skulpturaze mariam magda-
linelia is, vinc gardacvlil iesos daitirebs. Tumca
Teoria sakmarisad araa argumentirebuli, garda amisa,
qandakebis mxolod saxelic ki sakmarisia mis uarsayo-
395
fad.sityva pieta Zveli berZnulidan momdinareobs da
mSoblisa da Svilis siyvarulis gansaxierebaa. garda
amisa pietas uwodeben iesos datirebis scenebsac.
SesaZloa volter sikertis saxeli iseTive cnobili ar
iyos yvelasaTvis, rogoric leonardo da vinCis, mag-
ram igi iyo inglisuri impresionizmis erT-erTi fuZem-
debeli. volter sikertis saxels erT-erTi yvelaze
mistiuri Teoria ukavSirdeba. 2002 wels patricia
kornvelma gamosca wigni saxelad „jek mfatravi: saqme
daxurulia“, romelSic amtkicebs, rom jek mfatravis
niRabs amofarebuli mkvleli sinamdvileSi volter si-
kertia. patricia ar iyo pirveli, vinc mxatvarze eWvi
miitana, vinaidan volterma marTlac misca xalxs amis
sababi. man araerT tiloze asaxa mfatravis mkvlelobis
scenebi, aseve ramdenjerme daxata jek mfatravis oTa-
xi. sikerti ar malavda Tavis aRfrTovanebas seriuli
mkvlelis mimarT, amboben, rom erT-erTi mkvlelobis
Semdeg man policias piradad sTxova kidec danaSaulis
adgilis monaxuleba, raTa Canaxati gaekeTebina. ro-
gorc viciT, jek mfatravi yvela drois yvelaze sastik
seriul mkvlelad aris aRiarebuli. mis ambavs kidev
ufro sainteresos xdis is faqti, rom misi vinaoba
dRemde ucnobia. yvela seriul mkvlels aqvs sakuTari
xelwera. mkvleli londonis quCebSi 1888 wels gamoC-
nda, amboben, rom gamoaSkaravebis saerTod ar eSinoda
da policiasTan kavSirsac ki amyarebda, is gzavnida we-
rilebs, romlebzec ucnaur beWeds artyamda, zogjer
ki Canaxatebsac akeTebda. patricia korneli amtkicebs,
rom jek mfatravis Canaxatebi Zalian hgavs volteris
stils da aseve beWedi, romelic mkvlelis werilebzea
identuria imisa, romelsac mxatvari iyenebda. aravin
uaryofs im faqts, rom jek mfatravi mentalurad aras-
396
tabiluri iyo, amis mizezi Zalian didi albaTobiT
rTuli bavSvoba, an Zlieri fsiqologiuri travma unda
yofiliyo. wignis avtorma gamoiZia volter sikertis
biografia da aRmoaCina, rom mxatvars xuTi wlis asakSi
gadatanili aqvs sami seriozuli operacia, romelic
didi albaTobiT misi Seuracxadobis mizezi unda gam-
xdariyo. albaT yvelaze did mtkicebulebad volteris
naxati “misis bareti“ iTvleba. naxatze jek mfatravis
erT-erTi msxverplia asaxuli. rogorc patricia kor-
neli ambobs, naxatze TvalsaCinod Cans qalis yelze
samkauli, swored is samkauli, romelsac jeki polici-
asTan miweril werilSi axsenebs.mkvleli ambobs , rom
is qals Tavad aCuqa, es detali ki mxatvars tiloze ar
gamorCenia. miuxedavad imisa, rom wignis avtorma mTe-
li Tavisi cxovreba miuZRvna am Teoriis mtkicebas,
saqme TiTqmis saukune naxevris Semdegac gauxsneli
rCeba. erT-erTi sikertologi riCard Souni am Teori-
aze aseT komentars akeTebs: „rac SemiZlia giTxraT
aris is, rom misi eWvebi da alibebi Zalian susti da usa-
fuZvloa. mas ar aqvs sayrdeni garda Worebisa, romle-
bic im dros dadioda. ra Tqma unda, volteri mkvleli
rom yofiliyo Cven sxvanairad SevxedavdiT mis Semoq-
medebas, magram xazi gadausva mTel mis Semoqmedebas —
es SeuZlia adamians romelsac xelovnebaSi araferi ar
esmis." mxatvari ar iyo erTaderTi Semoqmedi, romel-
sac jek mfatravis vinaobas miaweren, erT-erTi Teori-
iT mkvleli SesaZloa udidesi mwerali oskar vaildic
yofiliyo. am eWvs badebs wignSi „dorian greis portre-
ti“ avtoris mier mkvlelobis detaluri aRwera.
xelovanTa Soris erT-erTi gamorCeuli pirovne-
ba, romelsac konspiraciuli Teoriebi ukavSirdeba ui-
liam Seqspiria. marTalia Seqspirs seriul mkvlelobas
397
ar abraleben, magram misi identobis sakiTxi mravali
kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas. cnobilia, rom igi daibada
warmatebuli mexelTaTmnis ojaxSi. Tumca, rodesac
igi 12 wlis iyo, mamamisi rTul finansur mdgomareoba-
Si aRmoCnda, ris gamoc ver SeZlo niWieri Svilis uni-
versitetSi gagzavna. Seqspiris ganaTlebis miRebis do-
kumenturi mtkicebulebebis gareSe, SegviZlia vivarau-
doT, rom Raribi ojaxis Svils ar hqonda saTanado ga-
naTleba imisaTvis, rom aseTi rTuli nawarmoebebi dae-
wera. amitom, arsebobs ramdenime Teoria, rom es nawar-
moebebi ara misi, aramed sxva mwerlebis mier aris dawe-
rili. gramatikis skolebi, romlebic im droisaTvis
arsebobda, laTinurs, klasikosi mwerlebis literatu-
rul namuSevrebsa da ritorikas Seaswavlidnen moswav-
leebs. ar aris SemorCenili arc erTi skolis moswav-
leTa sia, amitom ar arsebobs dokumenturi mtkicebu-
leba imisa, rom Seqspirs uvlia aseT skolaSi. arc erT
moswavlesa Tu maswavlebels ar aRuniSnavs, rom raime
saxis kontaqti hqoniaT masTan. amitom, miiCneva, rom
Seqspirs Zalian mcire ganaTleba hqonda an, sulac, nu-
lovani. aseTi codnis mqone adamianis leqsikoni TiT-
qmis SeuZlebelia Sedgebodes 17500 — 29000 sityvisagan.
ar aris SemorCenili Seqspiris mier dawerili arc erTi
werili an xelnaweri. gadarCenilia mxolod 6 dadastu-
rebuli xelmowera, romlebic Zalian hgavs ubralod
najRabns. aRsaniSnavia, rom igi sxvadasxvanairad awer-
da xels. sainteresoa aseve Seqspiris mier sasaxlis vi-
Tarebis aRwera. misnairi dabali socialuri fenis ada-
mians Sexeba ar unda hqonoda aristokratiasTan. arse-
bobs 87 versia Tu vin SeiZleboda yofiliyo sinamdvi-
leSi igi. mkvlevrebis nawili miiCnevs, rom Seqspiris
Semoqmedeba ramdenime avtoris mier aris dawerili da
398
isini ubralod fsevdonimad iyenebdnen am saxels. sa-
gulisxmoa, rom is adamianebi, visac Seqspiris Semoqme-
debas miaweren, dabadebisa Tu gardacvalebis ramdeni-
me wliT mainc scdebian Seqspirs. ar arsebobs arc erTi
damajerebeli mtkicebuleba, rom romelime maTgani ma-
inc SeiZleba yofiliyo udidesi dramaturgi, amitom,
yuradReba minda gavamaxvilo iseT konspiraciul Teo-
riaze, romelic makbetis wyevlis saxeliTaa cnobili.
makbetis wyevla aris ubedureba, romelic Tavs gadax-
debaT piesis wardgenis dros. ramdenadac Sors ar unda
iyos realobisgan, arsebobs mosazreba, rom es trage-
dia Seicavs namdvil Sav magias. maT, visac eyofa gambe-
daoba, rom axsenos dadgmis saxeli Teatris kedlebs
Soris, arian riskis qveS, rom ubedureba daatydebaT
Tavs. 1937 wels, msaxiobi biWi, romelsac unda Seesru-
lebina ledi makbetis roli, kulisebSi gardaicvala
premieris dRes. 1934 wels erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi
oTxma msaxiobma Secvala erTmaneTi. 1937 wels mouwiaT
makbetis gadadeba, radgan gardaicvala ingliseli Te-
atraluri prodiuseri da menejeri. xolo 1954 — Si misi
portreti Camovarda da daimsxvra premieris Rames.
wyevlisgan Tavis daRwevis gza dakargulia. Tumca, gaC-
nda ramdenime varaudi, Tu ratom arsebobs saerTod is.
maT Soris mniSvnelovania ori: pirveli is, rom arse-
bobda mistiuri debis Selocvebi. xolo meore, rom
dadgmas ubralod zemoTxsenebuli cudi warsuli aqvs.
dadgmaSi uamravi Cxubisa da fizikuri kontaqtis moq-
medebaa. gardauvalia, rom misi wardgenis ganmavlobaSi
aravin daSavdeba. mis erT-erT warmodgenaSi makbetsa
da makdafs Soris orTabrZolis scenaSi msaxiobebs
xelze ekeTaT farebi. makbets moqneuli xelidan mos-
Zvra fari, xolo makdafma instinqturad daxriT aici-
399
la igi. fari ramdenime metriT moSorebiT daeca sceni-
sagan. pirvel rigSi, faris dacemis adgilis pirdapir
ori monazoni ijda. erT-erTi Teoriis Tanaxmad, dad-
gma moicavs borot suls Sveicaris saxiT. wyevlis mo-
Sorebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli gza aris is, rom damna-
Savem unda datovos Teatri, 3-jer datrialdes, gadai-
furTxos, Tqvas yvelaze uxamsi sityva, rac moafiqrde-
ba da daelodos TeatrSi dabrunebis nebarTvas. sxva
Teoriis Tanaxmad, dawyevlili Semoqmedeba aqvs Seqmni-
li eduard munksac. mxatvris TqmiT, mis naxatSi „dedis
gardacvaleba“ man swored dedamisi asaxa, romelic tu-
berkulioziT gardaicvala . bevri adamiani, vinc did-
xans daakvirda naxats, aRniSnavs rom bavSvis mimika ic-
vleba da aseve ukana fonze sabani moZraobs. gavrcele-
buli azriT, idumali movlenebi xdeboda maTTan, vinc
SemTxvviT ”gaabrazebda” eduard munkis ”kivils”. am
suraTis Rirebuleba 70 milion dolars aRwevda. is
bevri koleqcioneris ocneba iqneboda, rom ara erTi
faqti – ambobdnen , rom es suraTi TiTqos Surs iZiebs
yvela Tavis „gambrazebelze“. mag: muzeumis erT-erT
TanamSromeli, romelsac SemTxveviT dauvarda suraTi,
didxans itanjeboda Tavis tkivilebiT, ramac sabolo-
od igi TviTmkvlelobamde miiyvana. muzeumis sxva Ta-
namSromeli, romelsac aseve SemTxveviT dauvarda su-
raTi, ramdenme dRis Semdeg saSineli avariis Sedegad
reanimaciaSi moxvda, motexili hqonda TiTqmis yvela
Zvali. muzeumis erT-erT damTvalierebeli, romelic
suraTs xeliT Seexo, ramodenime dReSi xanZris Sede-
gad daiwva. arsebobs uamravi istoria adamianebze, rom-
lebic Tuki ramenairad Sediodnen suraTTan kontaq-
tSi, avadmyofobdnen, vardebodnen mZime depresiaSi an
moulodnelad iRupebodnen .am suraTis amgvar zemoq-
400
medebas Tavad mxatvris cxovrebas ukavSireben, rome-
lic savse iyo dausrulebeli tragediebiTa da SemaZ-
rwunebeli istoriebiT. mxatvarma gadaitana TiTqmis
yvela misi naTesavis sikvdili: deda gardaecvala tu-
berkuloziT roca 5 wlisa iyo, sayvareli da moulod-
nelad daiRupa , roca is 14 wlisa iyo. amitom, misi ase-
Ti tragikuli bedis gamo, munkis naxatebs, SemaZrwuneb-
lobis garda, uamrav wyevlasa Tu mistiur movlenas
ukavSireben.
entoni quini, meqsikuri warmoSobis amerikeli msa-
xiobi, mxatvari, mwerali gardaicvala 2001 wlis ivnis-
sSi, 11 seqtembris tragediamde 3 TviT adre. 2003 wlam-
de cnobili iyo rolebiT iseT warmatebul filmebSi,
rogorebicaa „berZeni zorba“, „lourens arabi“, „gza“.
orjer moipova oskari kacis meorexarisxovani rolis
saukeTeso SesrulebisaTvis. Tumca, 2003 wels xelovne-
bis nimuSebis savaWro agentma, stiven hartim, ixila mi-
si naxati saxelwodebiT „Tavisuflebis saxeebi“, Ses-
rulebuli 1985 wels. hartim muSaoba daiwyo quinis me-
uRlesTvis, romelmac mas naxatebis gayidvaSi daxmare-
ba sTxova. mas egona, rom quinis naxatis inspiracia 11
seqtembris tragedia iyo. is ganacvifra im faqtma, rom
mxatvarma naxati tragediamde 16 wliT adre daxata. Ca-
moyalibda konspiraciuli Teoria, rom entonim iwinas-
warmetyvela 11 seqtemberi, radgan erTaderTi axsna,
romelic hartim moZebna, winaswarmetyveleba iyo. erTi
SexedviT, naxatze gamosaxulia Tavisuflebis qandake-
bis ori, erTi sevdiani da meore avis momaswavebeli sa-
xe, xolo maT marjvniv – Tavad Tavisuflebis qandakeba.
„es CemTvis didi surprizi iyo, vuyurebdi da vuyureb-
di naxats da vxedavdi ufro mets, mexanZreebs, bols
caSi, TviTmfrinavebis Sejaxebas da a.S.“ – ambobs harti.
401
quinis coli, ketrini, ar fiqrobs, rom „Tavisuflebis
saxeebiT~ misma meuRlem raime iwinaswarmetyvela, Tum-
ca, ixsenebs frazas, romelic entonim mas sikvdilamde
cota xniT adre uTxra: „moxdeba raRac saSineleba da
aravis esmis ramdenad mZime iqneba is.“ cnobilia, rom
entoni xSirad saubrobda Savbneli movlenebis, winas-
warmetyvelebebisa da sulebis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia,
rom zemoTxsenebuli movlena namdvilad Semzaravia da
Teoriuladac sainteresoa. wlebis ganmavlobaSi sxva
uamravi Teoria Camoyalibda, romelTa mixedviTac,
mravalma mweralma, mxatvarma Tu animatorma iwinas-
warmetyvela tyupi caTambrjenebis dangreva. maT So-
ris gamorCeulia meTeqvsmete saukunis frangi astro-
logis, miSel de notrdamis, igive nostradamusis nawe-
rebi. erT-erT maTganSi igi wers: „ori foladis Citi
Camovardeba cidan metropolisSi / ca daiwveba da cec-
xli miuaxlovdeba axal didebul qalaqs.“ aseve uamrav
animaciaSi aris naxsenebi tyupi caTambrjenebi. magali-
Tad, multiplikaciur film „joni bravos~ erT-erT
monakveTSi kedelze gakrulia posteri, romelsac es
tragedia axatia da aweria: „male“. es movlena asaxulia
aseve marvelis erT-erT komiqsSi. sainteresoa, rom
animaciuri sitkomis, simpsonebis erT-erT seriaSi,
tragediamde TveebiT adre Cans gazeTi, sadac $ — is ni-
Sani, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom seqtembers niSnavs,
xolo cifri 9 da tyupi caTambrjenebi isea moTavsebu-
li, rom 9/11 — s hgavs. miiCneva, rom simpsonebSi araerTi
winaswarmetyvelebaa Camaluli. rogorc SeatyveT ani-
maciuri filmebic xdeba konpiraciuli Teoriebis
„msxverpli“ da Tan sakmaod xSirad. magaliTad, „finisi
da ferbi“ sabavSvo animaciuri serialia, romelic or
Zmaze mogviTxrobs. Zmebs ufrosi da hyavT, qendisi,
402
romelsac mosvenebas ar aZleven. serialSi erT-erT
borotmoqmed personaJad warmodgenilia mecnieri,
doqtor dufenSberci, romelic finisisa da ferbis ga-
mogonebebis moparvas cdilobs. erT-erTi konspiraci-
uli Teoriis Tanaxmad, qendisi fsiqikurad ar aris
janmrTeli, finisi ki misi patara Zmaa, romelic daiRu-
pa. ferbi sakmaod asocialuria da TiTqmis arasdros
laparakobs. qendisma ki sakuTar wamosaxvaSi Semqmna
samyaro, sadac misi Zmebi dauviwyar TavgadasavlebSi
exvevian, swored amiT aixsneba multfilSi is faqti,
rom qendisis deda verasdros xedavs ras saqmianoben
misi patara biWebi. doqtor dufenSberci didi alba-
TobiT qendisis Terapevti unda iyos, romelic gogo-
nasgan warmosaxvis „warTmevas“ cdilobs. meore versi-
iT, romelic Zalian hgavs pirvels, qendisi Sizofreni-
iTaa daavadebuli da finisi da ferbi ubralod misi Si-
nagani xmebi arian. es ar aris erTaderTi animacia, ro-
melic mentalur daavadebebs SesaZloa aRwerdes. sa-
bavSvo literaturisa da ekranizaciis „vini puhis~ gmi-
rebi SesaZloa mentaluri darRvevebis vizualizacia
iyos. mtavari gmiri vini puhi kvebiTi aSlilobiT unda
iyos daavadebuli, viri depresiiT, kristofer robini
SizofreniiT, bu narcisizmiT da ase Semdeg. saintere-
so versias gvTavazoben animaciur film „spanjobis“
personaJebic. arsebobs Teoria, rom animaciis persona-
Jebi Svidi momakvdinebeli codvis gansaxierebebia. Te-
oriis Tanaxmad, mister krabsi sixarbis da angarebis
gansaxiereba unda iyos, planktoni — Suris, sendi — am-
partavnebis, patriki — umaqnisobis, skviduardi — mris-
xanebis,spanjbobis lokokina — Rormucelobis da Ta-
vad spanjbobi — vnebis. Teoriis marTebulobaSi eWvi
bevrma Seitana, vinaidan sabavSvo animaciaSi garyvnile-
403
bis codvis vizualizacia miuRebeli da wamoudgeneli
iyo. sinamdvileSi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom vnebis da
garyvnilebis codvaSi religiurad sxvebisadmi gadame-
tebuli siyvarulic igulisxmeba, maSin es Teoria sak-
maod didi albaTobiT SeiZleba WeSmaritic iyos.
zogierTi Teoria istoriul faqtebzea dayrdno-
bili, magaliTad minionebis Teoria animaciidan „saziz-
Rari me“. isini savaraudod imisTvis arian Seqmnilebi,
rom emsaxuron msoflios yvelaze borot batonebs.
erT-erTi konspiraciuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, yviTeli
minionebi, romlebic bavSvebs ase Zalian uyvarT, sinam-
dvileSi Tavad ebraeli bavSvebi arian, romlebzec na-
cisti mecnierebi eqsperimentebs atarebdnen. Cven ar
viciT ra iyo maTi Seqmnis inspiracia. Tumca, msgavseba
maTsa da ebrael bavSvebs Soris TiTqos zedmetad ax-
loa, imisTvis,rom es ubralod damTxveva iyos. nacis-
tebis gazis saknebSi zustad gazis is komponenti, cik-
loni b, iyo gamoyenebuli, romliTac zemoqmedebdnen
ebrael bavSvebze gazis niRbebiT. gazis zemoqmedeba
bavSvSi gonebriv problemebs iwvevda, eqsperimentebis
Sedegad maTi fsiqikuri mdgomareoba uaresdeboda, uq-
veiTdebodaT metyvelebis unari,logika da manerebi,
zustad ise, rogorc es erTi SexedviT sayvarel da sa-
sacilo minionebs axasiaTebT. Tumca, realurad es fo-
toebi ar aris ebraeli bavSvebis.
msoflio xelovnebis istoria moculia saidum-
loebebiT da uCveulobebiT, Cems mier zemoTxsenebuli
Teoriebi warmovadgine im mizniT, raTa interesiani
mkiTxveli kargad gascnoboda konkretul konspiraci-
ul Teoirebs da araa marTebuli, es Teoriebi miviRoT,
rogorc faqtebi. filmSi „dasawyisi“ leonardo dikap-
rio ambobs aseT frazas: „romelia yvelaze gamZle pa-
404
raziti? baqteria? virusi? nawlavis Wia? idea. is metis-
metad sicocxlisunariani da gadamdebi gaxlavT. sakma-
risia gonebaSi azri gaCndes, rom, praqtikulad, misi
moSoreba SeuZlebeli xdeba.“ swored amitom Cndeba am-
deni konspiraciuli Teoria. adamianis goneba ar
wyvets muSaobas da rogorc SesavalSi aRvniSne, vfiq-
rob, rom azrTa sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, yvela ideas
aqvs arsebobis ufleba.
Nikoloz Mekvabishvili – Student of Free University of Tbilisi, Bussiness —

School, First Course.
CONSPIRACY THEORIES – QUESTIONED AXIOMS
ABSTRACT
This article provides various theories about different

conspirational views about empirical studies connected with art
(Painting, cinema, literature). Discussed theories are based on
researchings I made about some paintings, films, authors and artists,
which may or not are supposed to answer questions mentioned down
in the article.
405
recenziebi
REVIEWS
manana gagoSiZe
filosofiis doqtori, profesori
maia kiknaZe
religiis sociologiis
saintereso saxelmZRvanelo
recenzia
kaxa qecbaias wignze „religiis sociologia“

(ganaxlebuli eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelo, 467 gv.)
sarecenzio wigni, ZiriTadad, studenti-axalgaz-

rdobisaTvis da, saerTod, religiis sociologiis Ses-
wavlis msurvelTaTvisaa gankuTvnili. avtorma igi iva-
ne javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-
versitetis socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fa-
kultetis mier eleqtronuli saxelmZRvaneloebis
konkursis farglebSi moamzada, rogorc gamarjvebuli
proeqti. masSi avtoris mier ivane javaxiSvilis saxe-
lobis Tbilisis saxlmwifo universitetSi sociolo-
giis mimarTulebaze „religiis sociologiis“ ganxriT
wakiTxuli leqciebia Tavmoyrili. saleqcio Tematikas
Tan erTvis studentTaTvis aucilebeli ZiriTadi da
damxmare literatura, Teoriuli da praqtikuli xasia-
Tis kiTxvebi da davalebebi, sxvadasxva saxis savarji-
Soebi, masalebi gansjisaTvis, religiis sociologiis
calkeul terminTa ganmartebebi da a.S. religiis soci-
ologiis istoriidan da Tanamedroveobidan motanili
araerTi saintereso masala, romelic saleqcio Tema-
tikasTan sakiTxavi masalis saxis aris dakavSirebuli,
407
studentebs religiis sociologiis sferoSi codnis
SeZenasa da srulyofaSi daexmareba uTuod.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom aramarto Tsu-Si, ara-
med saqrTveloSi moqmed bevr umaRles sawavlebelSi
religiis sociologia, swored, k. qecbaias saxelmZRva-
neloTi iswavleba, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom CvenTvis
aRniSnuli saxelmZRvanelos pirveli varianti ucxo ar
aris. misi pirveli versia 2012 wels Seiqmna da gamoica,
ris Semdeg, aucilebeli cvlilebebis miuxedavad, ar
gamocemula. saxelmZRvanelo maqsimalurad aris misa-
dagebuli Tanamedrove saswavlo standartebs da sa-
leqcio Temebis mixedviT aris Sedgenili (mTlianobaSi
15 Tavs moicavs (ix. sarCevi). masSi yvela is aucilebeli
sakiTxi, cneba, Teoria, midgoma da xedvaa Setanili,
romelic saWiroa, rom „religiis sociologiis“ kursma
unda misces Sesabamisi specialobis students. pedago-
giuri da mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania,
rom yoveli saleqcio Tematika ganxilulia klasikuri,
Tanamedrove da postTanamedrove Teoriuli da empi-
riuli kvlevebis, xedvebisa da midgomebis mixedviT.
naCvenebia sakiTxisadmi, religiuri problemisadmi so-
ciologiuri midgomis Taviseburebani, romlis demon-
strireba xdeba sxva, arasociologiur (magaliTad, Te-
ologiuri, fsiqologiuri, istoriuli, filosofiuri,
kultur-anTropologiuri da sxv.) midgomebTan Seda-
rebis gziT. saxelmZRvanelo iTvaliswinebs religiis
sociologiis sferoSi arsebul avtoritetul ucxour
(i. vaxi, T. lukmani, p. bergeri, smelzeri, gidensi, masi-
onisi da sxv.) da qarTul (e. kodua, o. gabiZaSvili da
sxv.) analogiur gamocemebs. Cans, rom ganaxlebul sa-
xelmZRvanelos daemata calkeuli Temebi, magaliTad,
religiuri cnobiereba da socialuri qceva, sekulari-
408
zacia, samoqalaqo religia, religia da yoveldRiuro-
ba, religia da socialuri stratifikacia, msoflio
religiebis socialuri habitusi da mravali sxva, xolo
religiis Sesaxeb arsebul Teoriebs daemata marsel
mosis, ferdinad Tionisis, pitirim sorokinisa da mirCa
eliades koncefciebi.
saxelmZRvaneloSi martivi da gasagebi TxrobiTi
stilia gamoyenebuli da specifikuri termninebi saTa-
nadod aris ganmartebuli (ix. danarTi). pedagogiuri
meTodikis TvalsazrisiT saxelmZrvanelo imgvard
aris Sekruli da warmodgenili, rom studenti araTu
dainteresdeba religiis sociologiis problemati-
kiT, aramed mas am mecnierebis samomalo Seswavlis
survilic gauCndeba ueWvelad. martivi sasaubro ena,
sailustracio masalis siWarbe da, zogjer, dasaSvebi
ganmeorebebi sxvadasxva sociologiuri problemebis
axsnis procesSi, vfiqrobT, rom studentebs „religiis
sociologiis“ ukeT Seswavlasa da gacnobierebaSi da-
exmareba. saxelmZRvanelos erTvis vrceli masala sa-
xelwodebiT religiebi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi,
msoflio religiuri ruka, saxelTa saZiebeli (rac
studentebs saxelmZRvaneloze muSaobas gauadvilebs)
da reziume inglisur enaze.
saxelmZRvanelos aseTi vrceli daxasiaTeba imis
saTqmelad dagvWirda, rom avtors sakiTxebi siRrmise-
ulad da saTanado mecnierul doneze aqvs ganxiluli
da warmodgenili. msjelobebi Sesabamisi Teoriuli da
empiriuli magaliTebiT aris argumentirebuli, rac
ufro sainteresos xdis sarecenzio naSroms. amasTan
unda iTqvas, rom Cans avtoriseuli xedva da pozicia
garkveul sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, mag., globalizaci-
isa da msoflio religiebis urTierTmimarTebis, reli-
giuri identobis, religiuri pluralizmis, religiuri
409
ganaTlebis, sekularizaciis, religiuri toleranto-
bis, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis desakralizaciisa da
sxva mraval sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. mocemul SemTxve-
vaSi saxelmZrvanelo mecnierulad damajarebelad
aris warmodgenili. stilisikasa da lingvisturi para-
metrebis mixedviT naSromi gamarTulia da saintere-
sod ikiTxeba. damowmebuli literatura ganxiluli sa-
kiTxebTan da problemebTan mimarTebaSi relevantu-
ria. vfiqrobT, rom saxelmZRvanelo drois moTxovne-
bisa da Tanamedrove gamowvevebis gaTvaliswinebiTaa
Seqmnili.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom qarTvelma sociologebma,
filosofosebma, religiis mkvlevrebma gasuli sauku-
nis meore naxevridan dRemde mravali saintereso ga-
mokvleva gamosces statiebis, vrceli monografiebisa,
Tu saxelmZRvaneloebis saxiT, riTac gaamdidres da ma-
Ral safexurze aiyvanes Tanamedrove qarTuli socio-
logiuri azrovneba. miuxedavad amis, gadaWarbebuli
ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom kaxa qecbaias zemoxsenebuli
wignis mniSvneloba, sociologiuri codnisa da kultu-
ris gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT, bevrad aWarbebs aqam-
de qarTul enaze gamocemul sociologiur gamokvle-
vebs. masSi religiis sociologiis mravali rTuli da
saintereso problema avtoris mier martivi mecnieru-
li eniT aris gadmocemuli, rac iSviaTobas warmoad-
gens Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo sferoSi da, amde-
nad, misasalmebelia.
religiis kvlevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia is faq-
ti, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sab-
WoTa ideologiis batonobis wlebi, CvenSi religiis Se-

ix. saxelmZRvanelos is adgilebi, sadac aRniSnuli sakiTxe-
bia ganxiluli.
410
saxeb sakmaod araadekvaturi Sexedulebebi iyo gavrce-
lebuli da sazogadoebasa da religias Soris gaucxoe-
bas hqonda adgili, rac orive maTganisaTvis saziano
iyo. bunebrivia, saxelmZRvanelos avtors mxedvelobi-
dan ar gamorCenia totaluri uRmerTobis negatiuri
Sedegebi calkeuli individisa da sazogadoebisaTvis.
am aspeqtiT saxelmZRvaneloSi mravali, adre tabuda-
debuli, Tema da problema Riad da damajereblad aris
ganxiluli. sarenzio wigni imis demonstrirebas ax-
dens, rom sociologia da religia xels ar uSlian er-
TmaneTs.
sayuradReboa agreTve wignis ZiriTadi paTosi,
kerZod igi orientirebulia imaze, rom axalgazrdebs
daexmaros Tanamedrove, Ria, demokratiuli da Tavisu-
fali sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebeli religiuri Ri-
rebulebebis Semecnebisa da gaTavisebis saqmeSi. mecni-
eruli kvleva-Ziebis maRali kultura, obieqturoba da
keTilsindisiereba saxelmZRvanelos savizito baraTia
uTuod, rac kargad Cans sarecenzio wignSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom religiis sferosadmi adami-
anebi gulgrilni arasodes arian wignis mimarT arsebi-
Ti xasiaTis SeniSvnebi ar gagvaCnia. erTia mxolod, sa-
survelia saxelmZRvanelo ara mxolod eleqtronuli,
aramed nabeWdi saxiTac arsebobdes, amitom misi gamo-
cema namdvilad saSur saqmed gvesaxeba.
411
akaki yulijaniSvili
recenzia
nino mSvenieraZis wignze
„imanuel kantis anTropologia“
imanuel kantis filosofiuri memkvidreoba adami-
anis inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis manifestacias
warmoadgens. gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
is sakvanZo moazrovnea, romlis epoqaluri naSromebiT
garkveulad Sejamebuli da Sefasebulia manamdeli fi-
losofiuri memkvidreobis mravalferovneba, xolo mis
Semdgomi mimdevrebi aucileblad iTvaliswineben mis
naazrevs, da metic davalebuliac arian am moZRvrebiT.
axali drois filosofiaSi erT-erT centalur sa-
kiTxad iqca subieqtis aqtivobis problema. saqme isaa,
rom Sua saukuneebis msoflmxedveloba icnobda da
aRiarebda erTaderT subieqts – RmerTs da amdenad yo-
velgvari aqtivoba mas miewereboda. adamiani saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi gaigeboda RmerTis nebis Semsruleblad,
gamtarad, mediumad. axali drois filosofiam moitana
azrovnebis axali paradigma, romlis mixedviTac adami-
ani aris sakuTari Tavis, sakuTari yofierebis damdge-
ni, amdenad am msoflmxedvelobis farglebSi adamiani
warmoCinda rogorc subieqti, romelic mxolod saku-
Tar SesaZleblobebze dayrdnobiT qmnis Tavis samya-
ros da Tavis Tavs. amitom adreuli saukuneebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi cnebebi RmerTi, suli, sxeu-
li axali drois filosofiis gavleniT transformirda
– adamianis, Semoqmedebis da kulturis cnebebad. yove-
live es sabolood swored, rom kantis filosofiiT ga-
formda. kantis cnobili kiTxvebi: ra SemiZlia vicode?
ra unda gavakeTo? risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes? da ra
aris adamiani? cxadyofs axali msoflmxedvelobis sa-
412
fuZvelze axleburi pasuxebis daZebnis aucileblobas,
nacvlad religiur – Teologiuri konstanturi, apro-
birebuli da gamocdili pasuxebisa.
kantis azriT, codna racionaluri bunebisaa, pi-
lates cnobili fraza `ra aris WeSmariteba?“ misi dro-
is evropul azrovnebas esmis empiriuli suliskveTe-
biT da ara bibliuri msoflmxedvelobis Sesatyvisad,
amgvarad, kantis azriT, SegviZlia vicodeT movlenaTa
samyaro da SeuZlebelia `nivTi TavisTavadis“ codna,
amdenad mas mouwia gaemijna codnisa da rwmenis sfero-
ebi. misi azriT, codna emyareba drois da sivrcis Wvre-
tiT apriorul formebs da gansjis kategoriebs, kri-
ticizmis poziciebidan axleburad dgeba tradiciuli
kiTxva — `ra unda gavakeTo?“. dasaZebnia axleburi pa-
suxic da ara is, rac religiuri cnobierebisTvis iyo
apriorulad dadgenili tradiciuli pasuxi – unda ake-
To RvTis saTno saqme. kanti am kiTxvaze pasuxisas iT-
valiswinebs adamianis Tavisufal nebas da masze day-
rdnobiT gvTavazobs moralur kategoriul impera-
tivs, romlis mixedviT, adamianma meore adamiani ar un-
da aqcios mxolod saSualebad, is unda iyos mizani. rac
Seexeba mesame kiTxvas, – risi imedi SeiZleba gvqondes?
– am kiTxvaSi yvelaze cxadad Cans axali drois sulis-
kveTeba. tradiciulad Sua saukuneebis msoflmxedve-
lobis mixedviT, imedi SeiZleba gqondes RmerTis, rad-
ganac RmerTi Tavadaa rwmena, imedi da siyvaruli. kan-
tis azriT ki, SeiZleba imedi gqondes samyaroSi arse-
buli mizanSewonilebis, romelic vlindeba mSveniere-
baSi. meoTxe kiTxvaze – ra aris adamiani? — pirdapiri
pasuxi kriticizmis poziciebidan kantis naazrevSi
TiTqosda ar sCans, Tumca misi rekonstruireba SesaZ-
lebelia, misive cnobili sami „kritikis“ gaTvaliswine-
biT da e.w. `dogmaturi“ periodis anTropologiur Ca-
413
nawerebze dayrdnobiT. swored aseT mcdelobad gvev-
lineba winamdebare gamokvleva.
n. mSvenieraZis azriT, kantis anTropologiuri
koncefciis gasaRebs SeiZleba swored misi kritikamde-
li periodis naSromebSi mivagnoT. kantis Sesaxeb sxva-
dasxva gamokvlevebis gacnobisas, romliTac ase mdida-
ria filosofiuri literatura, iseTi STabeWdileba
iqmneba, rom „anTropologias“, rogorc empiriul dis-
ciplinas, mis sistemaSi umniSvnelo adgili ukavia. am-
dros yuradRebis miRma rCeba anTropologiis meore
fundamenturi gansazRvreba, romelic kantis mierve
ase TvalsaCinodaa ganmartebuli, cnobil kiTxvebSi da
es misTvis ar aris, rogorc vnaxeT, rigiTi kiTxvebi,
aramed axali msoflmxedvelobrivi paradigmis safuZ-
velze warmoqmnili arsebiTi kiTxvebia, romelzec pa-
suxebi moicavs da moiTxovs sxvadasxva aspeqtisa da mi-
marTulebis gaTvaliswinebas. da amasTanave adamianis
gagebis zogadi anTropologiur iTvalsazrisisaTvis
erTgvar prologomenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
SegviZlia gabedulad vTqvaT, rom n. mSvenieraZis
monografia warmoadgens originalur naSroms da sau-
keTeso mcdelobas imisas, Tu rogori warmatebiT SeiZ-
leba moiZebnos gansxvavebuli rakursi da amiT Seiqmnas
SesaZlebloba sistemis axleburad interpretirebisa,
ise rom ar davazianoT koncefciis arsi, ufro piriqiT,
gza mivceT Tanamedrove xedvas da amiT davZlioT ste-
rotipuli Sefasebebi da azrovnebis Cveuli stili. am
mxrivac sanimuSoa mocemuli gamokvleva. ase rom, qar-
Tul akademiur sivrces kidev erTi maRali donis wigni
Seemata, romelic gamoadgeba aramarto Sesabamisi mi-
marTulebis studentebs, aramed yvelas, visac uyvars
Rrma, seriozuli literatura, visac ainteresebs ada-
miani da visTvisac mniSvnelovania gaigos Tu ras am-
bobs kanti adamianis sicocxlesa da cxovrebis wesze.
414
nino TomaSvili
kaxa qecbaia
qarTuli filosofiuri
literaturis saintereso SenaZeni
sul axlaxans qarTul filosofiur literaturas

Seemata filosofiis doqtoris nino mSvenieraZis mo-
nografia ìmanuel kantis anTropologia“. didi germa-
neli filosofosis Semoqmedebis qarTveli mkvlevare-
bisagan gansxvavebiT n. mSvenieraZe am wignSi upirveles-
mizanad isaxvas kantis naSromTa analiziT TvalsaCino
gaxados, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani da organulia
adamianis problematika kantis SemoqmedebisaTvis, da
rom misi sistema gamarTuli, srulyofili anTropo-
logiuri koncefciaa. wignSi kvalificiuradaa naCvene-
bi, rom sami „kritika“ adamianis sami ZiriTadi unaris
gamokvlevaa, da Sesabamisad pasuxia sam fundamentur
kiTxvaze: ra SeiZleba vicode? ra unda gavakeTo? da
risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes? ZiriTad naSromebTan er-
Tad, arCeuli rakursiT dalagebulia kantis TiTqmis
mTeli memkvidreoba, dawyebuli pirveli publikacii-
dan ukanasknel statiamde. am friad masStaburi gamok-
vlevis Sedegad ki miviReT kargad gamarTuli, mowesri-
gebuli, arCveulebrivad saintereso anTropologiuri
koncefcia – pasuxiT kiTxvaze: ra aris adamiani?
mecnieruli kvlevis procesSi n. mSvenieraZem war-
matebiT gamoiyena Tanamedrove hermenevtikuli midgo-
ma da Sesabamisi fenomenologiur-anTropologiuri
meTodi, riTac SeZlo kantis filosofia aRmoeCina da
415
Seefasebina, rogorc mTliani, universaluri inteleq-
tualuri produqti, misi Semoqmedebis kliSed qceuli
formaluri, kritikamdel da kritikul periodebad da-
yofis gareSe. avtoris azriT, tradiciuli dogmaturi
meTodi kantis mier „sistemaSive imanenturadaa uaryo-
fili“ da Canacvlebuli kritikuli meTodiT.
amdenad, n. mSvenieraZis mier Catarebuli am metad
rTuli samuSaos rezultats warmoadgens originalu-
rad interpretirebuli, da rac mTavaria, kantis siste-
maSi organulad integrirebuli anTropologiuri kon-
cefcia, rac wigns samarTlianad sZens gamorCeul Ri-
rebulebas. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qar-
Tul akademiur sivrces Seemata maRali donis metad
mniSvnelovani da sasargeblo monografia, romelic
uTuod gamoadgeba Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis ara erT
mkvlevars. vimedovnebT, wigns aseve didi interesiT wa-
ikiTxavs yvela, visTvisac Zvirfasia klasikuri mem-
kvidreoba, ainteresebs anTropologiuri Tematika da
aqvs mZafri refleqsia eqsistenciuri gamowvevebis mi-
marT.
416
xsovna keTili
GOOD MEMORY
oTar gabiZaSvili — 90
qarTvel filosofosTa araerTi Taobis aR-

mzrdels, TvalsaCino qarTvel filosofoss, oTar ga-
biZaSvils 2019 wlis oqtombris TveSi 90 weli Seusrul-
deboda (daibada 1929 wlis 4 oqtombers sofel derCSi
— wyaltubos raioni). batoni oTari 1957 — 1960 ww. — Si
filosofiis institutis mecnier TanamSromeli iyo,
bevri misi mowafe karga xnis manZilze (institutis da-
xurvamde) warmatebul samecniero saqmianobas am insti-
tutSi gangraZobda. eseni is adamianebi arian romel-
TaTvisac Zalze Zvirfasia oTar gabiZaSvilis saxeli.
mas usazRvrod uyvarda da did pativs scemda Ta-
vis maswavleblebs — qarTuli filosofiuri da fsiqo-
logiuri skolis korifeebs: Salva nucubiZes, savle we-
reTels, sergi danelias, kote baqraZes, revaz naTaZesa
da vaso frangiSvils. batoni oTari leqcias ise ar da-
asrulebda, rom maT Sesaxeb saintereso ambavi ar moeT-
xro studentebisaTvis.
filosofiis institutSi igi didma savle wereTel-
ma miiRo. am faqtma gansazRvra misi samecniero kvleva —
418
Ziebis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba — religiis filosofia da
religiaTmcodneoba. didi maswavlebeli mas religiis
problemebis damuSavebas urCevs. SemdgomSi swored am
ganxriT warimarTa misi samecniero saqmianoba. marqsis-
tuli ideologiis batonobis periodSi, rodesac reli-
giis winaRmdeg samkvdro — sasicocxlo brZola iyo ga-
mocxadebuli, es Zalze sarisko saqmianoba iyo, magram
baton oTars ukan ar dauxevia. rac SemdgomSi mis jan-
mrTelobazec aisaxa, radganc Zalze Znelia Sinaganad
Rrma sulierebisa da maRali zneobis matarebeli adami-
ani gulgrili yofiliyo aTeisturi ideologiis mi-
marT. yovelive amas gaZleba xom undoda. vinmes xom unda
etvirTa es mZime jvari, romelic bedisweram baton
oTars arguna wilad. vinc baton oTars kargad icnobda,
dagveTanxmeba imaSi, rom man es tvirTi Rirseulad ata-
ra ise, rogorc es WeSmaritad qristianuli tradicie-
bis matarebel kacs, Rrmad moazrovne filosofossa da
maRali zneobis adamians Seefereba.
aRsaniSnavia misi wigni `religiaTmcodneoba,~
romliTac igi CvenSi am dargis fuZemdeblad, am sfero-
Si gzis gamkvalavad gvevlineba; amiT man safuZveli Ca-
uyara religiis mecnieruli analizis saukeTeso tra-
diciebs. am sferos nebismieri seriozuli mkvlevari
dRes gverds ver auvlis da gulgrili ver iqneba bato-
ni oTaris am wignis mimarT. igi didi mowonebiT sargeb-
lobs ara marto specialistebsa da student axalgaz-
rdobas Soris, aramed skolis pedagogebi da moswavlee-
bic warmatebiT iZenen codnas am wigniT.
bolo dros batoni oTari intensiurad amuSavebda
`religiis sociologiis~ problematikas. am ganxriT
leqciebis kurssac kiTxulobda Tsu — s filosofiisa
da sociologiis fakultetze. ganzraxuli hqonda stu-
dentebisaTvis `religiis sociologiis~ saxelmZRvane-
lo daewera. mis mraval sxva sasikeTo gnzraxvasTan er-
Tad, samwuxarod esec ganuxorcielebeli darCa, magram
419
dRes igi miCneulia saqarTveloSi religiis sociolo-
giis, rogorc samecniero disciplinis fuZemdeblad.
batoni oTaris samecniero saqmianobasTan erTad
aRsaniSnavia misi pedagogiuri niWi da unari. rogorc
pedagogsa da aRmRmzrdels mas Znelad moepoveba bada-
li CvenSi. misi esoden didi niWi gansakuTrebiT Tsu —
Si wlebis manZilze filosofiisa da sociologiis fa-
kultetis dekanobisas (15 wlis manZilze iyo fakulte-
tis dekani) da kaTeris gamgeobisas (13 weli xelmZRva-
nelobda kaTedras) gamovlinda.
obieqturi da principuli dekani saocar gulisxmi-
erebas, TanagrZnobasa da Tanadgomas iCenda studente-
bis mimarT. am SemTxvevaSi misTvis ucxo iyo asakobrivi
zRvari da students ise epyroboda TiTqos igi misi Ta-
natoli, ojaxis wevri da yvelaze axlobeli adamiani yo-
filiyo, amitomac usazRvrod uyvardaT studentebs.
misTvis fakultetis dekanoba sapatio Tanamdebo-
ba ki ar iyo, aramed saSualeba keTili saqmeebis sake-
Teblad, im sikeTisa romlis macocxlebel madlsa da
Zalas dResac grZnobs mravali Cvengani. ivane javaxiS-
vilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetma
batoni oTaris Rvawli Tavis droze yoveli mecnieri-
saTvis sapatio jildoTi — ivane javaxiSvilis medliT
daafasa.
vfiqrobT, rom batoni oTaris filosofiuri Se-
moqmedebis Sesaxeb momavalSi araerTi saintereso naS-
romi daiwereba. amjerad ki isRa dagvrCenia vTqvaT,
rom fasdaudebelia batoni oTaris Rvawli saqarTve-
loSi filosofiuri ganaTlebisa da maRali pirovnuli
da inteleqtualuri kulturis damkvidrebis saqmeSi.
Cven vamayobT, rom aseTi maswavlebeli gvyavda.
saqrTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis

prezidiumi
420
eduard kodua —
dabadebidan 90 weli
qarTveli filosofosisa da sociologis dabade-

bidan 90 wlis iubiles Tsu-s socialur da politikur
mecnierebaTa fakultetis sociologiis mimarTulebis
studentebma da profesor-maswavleblebma samecniero
konferencia miuZRvnes. gamomsvlelebma: amiran berZe-
niSvilma, kaxa qecbaiam, doqtorantma ilona gogiam,
studentebma zurab kobaZem misi mecnieruli da akade-
miuri moRvaweobis umTavresi aspeqtebi warmoaCines da
Tsu — Si sociologiis specialobis daarsebis saqmeSi
mis damsaxurebas gausves xazi.
eduard kodua (1929 w. 14 oqtomberi, q. senaki,
2002w. 20 seqtemberi, Tbilisi) cnobili qarTveli fi-
losofosi da sociologia. Tsu — s filosofiis fa-
kultetis warCinebiT damTavrebis Semdeg, ori weli
germanuli enis maswavleblad muSaobda mSobliur se-
421
nakSi. Semdeg man prof. k. baqraZis xelmZRvanelobiT
daasrula Tsu — is aspirantura da warCinebiT daicva
sakandidato disertacia, xolo 1965 wels sadoqtoro
disertacia istoriis filosofiis dargSi, romelic
saetapo Txzulebad iqca qarTuli istoriografiis
ganviTarebaSi. XX saukunis 60 — iani wlebis dasasruls,
igi muSaobs sociologiis Teoriul da meTodologiur
problemebze; aRasaniSnavia misi gamokvlevebi h. spense-
ris da organicistuli sociologiis sxva warmomadgen-
lebis Sesaxeb. 1989 wels igi aqveynebs qarTul socio-
logiaSi saetapo mniSvnelobis Sromas: `sociologiis
Sesavali~, sadac man Cveuli siRrmiTa da masStaburo-
biT gaanaliza Tanamedrove sociologiis ZiriTadi mi-
marTulebebi da sakvanZo mniSvnelobis kategoriebi,
riTac didi roli iTamaSa saqarTveloSi, kerZod Tsu —
Si sociologiis jer specialobis, Semdeg ki mimarTu-
lebis damkvidrebis saqmeSi.
sicocxlis bolo wlebSi, man Seqmna didZali sa-
mecniero da saswavlo — akademiuri Rirebulebis mqone
wignebi, romlebzec aRizarda dRevandeli qarTveli
sociologebis umravlesoba da dResac warmatebiT iye-
neben mas qarTveli studentebi. am Sromebidan aRsaniS-
navia: 1. `sociologiis istoria~ I da II tomi, romelSic
gadmocemulia Teoriuli sociologiis ganviTareba an-
tikurobidan, vidre XX saukunis 30 — ian wlebamde. mas-
Si kargad aris gaanalizebuli iseTi socialuri moaz-
rovneebis damsaxureba socialuri da sociologiuri
azris ganviTarebaSi, rogorebicaa: heraklite, plato-
ni, aristotele, n. makiaveli, T. hobsi, T.r. malTusi, h.
spenseri, g. leboni, g. tardi da mravali sxva. aseve di-
di roli Seasrula qarTveli studenti sociologebis
momzadebaSi. mis mier gamocemulma `sociologiis~ or-
tomeulma, sadac pirvelad qarTul enaze sistemuri sa-
xiT gaanalizebuli da dalagebuli iqna Tanamedrove
socialuri mecnierebis kategoriebi da mimarTulebe-
422
bi. aseve saetapo mniSvnelobis Sromaa mis mier 2000
wels gamocemuli `kulturis sociologia~, romelSic
gaanalizebulia kulturisa da sociumis urTierTda-
mokidebulebisa da mimarTebis problemebi.
calke aRsaniSnavia profesor e. koduas wvlili
qarTveli moazrovneebis filosofiuri da sociolo-
giuri memkvidreobis sistematizaciisa da gamoyenebis
saqmeSi. misi TaosnobiT gamoica kote baqraZis (10 t.),
sergi danelias (4 t.), d. uznaZis gamokvlevebi (2 t.), k.
kapanelis (2 t.). TxzulebaTa krebulebi; giorgi naneiS-
vilis, kita megreliZis, aleqsandre janeliZis, kote
gordelaZis naSromebi. man monografiuli kvleva miuZ-
Rvna qarTuli sociologiuri azris gamoCenili Teo-
retikosebis naazrevis analizs, gansakuTrebuli yu-
radReba dauTmo universitetis damaarseblis ivane ja-
vaxiSvilis Semoqmedebas, rasac Sedegad moyva calke
monografiuli gamokvleva ìv. javaxiSvilis sociolo-
giuri da istoriis filosofiuri Ziebani~.
profesor eduard koduas didi wvlili miuZRvis
mravali saerTaSoriso konferenciis gamarTvaSi, sa-
mecniero grantebis mopovebaSi, romelTa safuZvelzec
momzadda da gamoica saxelmZRvaneloebi da saleqcio
kursebi sociologiaSi, aseve aRsaniSnavia misi roli
sociologiis rogorc saswavlo disciplinis kuriku-
lumisa da silabusebis dasavluri standartebis Sesa-
bamisad modificirebaSi. mis mier Seqmnil saxelmZRva-
neloebs dResac ar daukargavs aqtualoba da akademiu-
ri mniSvneloba da sociologiis Semswavleli studen-
tobisaTvis samagido wignebia.
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa aka-

demiis prezidumi
423
akad. guram TevzaZe
weliwadnaxevari xdeba gamoCenili qarTveli fi-

losofosis, qarTvel filosofosTa araerTi Taobis
aRmzrdelis, akademikos guram TevzaZis gardacvale-
bidan.
guram TevzaZe daibada 1932 wlis 30 ianvars q.
TbilisSi. 1954 wels daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis filosofiis fakulteti. 1954-1957
wlebSi swavlobda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akade-
miis filosofiis institutis aspiranturaSi filo-
sofiis istoriis ganxriT.
qarTul filosofiaSi guram TevzaZes sxvebTan
erTad wilad xvda im didi filosofiuri tradicie-
bis gagrZeleba, rasac safuZveli Cauyares – Salva
nucubiZem, dimitri uznaZem, sergi daneliam, kon-
424
stantine kapanelma, mose gogiberiZem, kote baqraZem,
kita megreliZem, angia boWoriSvilma, savle were-
Telma, romelTa moRvaweobamac Camoayaliba me — 20
saukunis qarTuli filosofiis saxe.
1958 wels guram TevzaZem daicva sakandidato
disertacia Temaze – <<Tavisuflebisa da aucileb-
lobis problema>>; 1963 wels ki, filosofiis dar-
gisTvis uCveulo – 31 wlis asakSi igi icavs sadoqto-
ro disertacias Temaze – <<germaneli neokantiane-
lobis Semecnebis Teoria>>. 1970 wels mas irCeven
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesorad.
guram TevzaZe 1958 — 1971 wlebSi saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis filosofiis institutSia,
jer umcros, Semdeg ufros mecnier TanamSromlad da
bolo eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobda in-
stitutis erT-erT mTavar danayofs – filosofiis
istoriis ganyofilebas.
1971 — 2005 wlebSi guram TevzaZe iv. javaxiSvi-
lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
filosofiis istoriis kaTedris gamge iyo. 2005 wli-
dan ki, ilias saxelmwifo universitetSia. bolo
wlebSi amave universitetis emeritusi profesori
iyo.
guram TevzaZis samecniero da pedagogiuri
moRvaweoba saTanadod dafasda. 1988 wels igi airCies
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr — koros-
pondentad, xolo 1993 wels akademiis namdvil wevrad
– akademikosad. mas 1993 — 2007 wlebSi ekava saqarTve-
los mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis sazogadoeb-
riv mecnierebaTa ganyofilebis akademikos — mdivnis,
2002 — 2013 wlebSi ki – akademiis vice — prezidentis
Tanamdebobebi.
425
guram TevzaZe iyo 215-ze meti samecniero naS-
romis, maT Soris, araerTi fundamenturi monografi-
is avtori, romlebic gamoqveynebulia qarTul, ru-
sul, germanul, inglisur da Cinur enebze. misi Sro-
mebi upirvelesad yuradRebas imsaxurebs filosofi-
uri Teoriis swored filosofiur garemosTan da ara
qveynis ekonomikur da politikur pirobebTan kav-
SirSi ganxilvas, rogorc amas maSindeli – sabWoTa
oficialuri filosofia da ideologia moiTxovda.
es ar iyo SemTxveviTi, radganac qarTuli filosofi-
uri azrovnebis tradicia filosofiis arsebas uyu-
rebda, rogorc TavisTavad Rirebuls, rac sabWoTa
epoqaSi Tamami poziciis gacxadeba iyo.
swored am poziciidan aris dawerili misi fun-
damenturi monografiebi, maT Soris, <<germaneli ne-
okantianelobis Semecnebis Teoria>> /1963/ da <<ni-
kolai hartmanis ontologiis kritika>> /1967/. es
ukanaskneli originalurobiT gamoirCeva imanentu-
risa da transcendenturis urTierTobis TevzaZise-
uli gadawyvetiT. saerTo azriT, miCneuli iyo, rom
ar arsebobs logikuri gza cnobierebidan arsisken.
guram TevzaZe dekartis SeeWvebis meTodze dayrdno-
biT asabuTebs, rom azrovneba Tavisi internaciona-
luri bunebis gamo mimarTulia Tavis gareT arsebul
sagnobrivze. amdenad, cnobierebis yovelgvari Sina-
arsi aucileblad miuTiTebs azrovnebisgan damouki-
debeli realobis arsebobisken.
guram TevzaZis monografiul gamokvlevaTa
gvirgvinia – <<imanuel kanti>> /1974/, sadac detalu-
rad aris warmodgenili kantis Teoriuli filoso-
fia. am monografiaze guram TevzaZis gamorCeuli mo-
wafe, profesori geronti SuSanaSvili werda: „sayu-
radReboa, rom marqsizmis mier ‘moZulebul’ bevr
426
problemas erT-erTma pirvelma (Tu erTaderTma ara)
yofil ssrk — is farglebSi, qarTulma filosofiur-
ma azrovnebam gauRo kari. is, rom qarTveli xalxi sa-
kacobrio mniSvnelobis filosofiuri monapovris
sruluflebiani memkvidrea, amaSi prof. g. TevzaZis
wvlili da damsaxureba Zalze didia“.
guram TevzaZis moRvaweobis gamorCeuli sfero
iyo rogorc msoflio, ise qarTuli filosofiis is-
toriaa. mas ekuTvnis filosofiis istoriis kursebi
antikurobidan dRemde eqvs wignad. es ar aris mxo-
lod filosofiis istoriis faqtebis ubralo aRnus-
xva da dalageba. es aris Rrma da safuZvlian kvleve-
biT miRebuli Sedegebis gadmocema. mis SromebSi – an-
tikuri filosofia (1995 [me — 2 gamocema 2015 w.]), Sua
saukuneebis filosofiis istoria (1996), aRorZinebis
epoqis filosofia (2008), axali filosofiis istoria
(naw. I, 2010; naw. II, 2012), XX saukunis filosofiis is-
toria (2002), mocemulia demokrites, piTagoras, sok-
rates, platonis, avgustines, Toma aqvinelis, mais-
ter ekhartis, nokoloz kuzelis, dekartis, spinozas,
laibnicis, berklis, hiumis, rusos, kantis, fixtes,
Selingis, hegelis, dilTais, nicSes, bergsonis,
huserlis, raselis, haidegeris, sartris da sxvaTa
Semoqmedebis RrmasafuZvliani analizi.
originalurobiT gamoirCeva guram TevzaZis
naSromebi kapadokielTa renesansze saqarTveloSi
(igulisxmeba kapadokiel mamaTa Sromebis ganmeore-
biTi Targmna qarTulad da Cveni winaprebis mxridan
maTi ideebis gaTaviseba), dasavleTis Tanamedrove
marqsizmze, postmodernze da sxva.
guram TevzaZem aseve didi wvlili Seitana fi-
losofiis istoriis iseTi kursebis momzadebasa da
gamocemaSi rogorebicaa: Sua saukuneebis filosofi-
427
is istoriis problemebi (naw. I, 1981; naw. II, 1984), XX
saukunis burJuaziuli filosofia (1970), Tanamedro-
ve burJuaziuli filosofia (XX s. meore naxevari)
(1988). yvela am gamocemis Semdgeneli, redaqtori da
statiebis didi nawilis avtoria guram TevzaZe.
guram TevzaZem aseve gamosca represirebuli
filosofosis mose gogiberiZis /1897 — 1949/ oTxto-
meuli da gamoCenili filosofosis savle wereTelis
/1907 — 1966/ gamouqveynebeli naSromebi.
didia guram TevzaZis wvlili filosofiuri li-
teraturis Targmnis saqmeSi. man germanuli enidan
Targmna da gamosca haidegeris epoqaluri naSromi –
<<yofiereba da dro>>, kantis – <<religia mxolod
gonebis sazRvrebSi>> da nikolai hartmanis – <<on-
tologiis axali gzebi>>. manve didi wvlili Seitana
msoflio filosofiuri literaturis Sedevris –
kantis <<wminda gonebis kritikis>> Targmanis
/mTargmneli – Salva papuaSvili/ redaqtirebasa da
gamocemaSi.
guram TevzaZis TanaredaqtorobiT, winasityva-
obiTa da komentarebiT moskovSi, <<filosofiuri
memkvidreobis>> seriaSi daibeWda ilia fancxavas mi-
er rusul enaze Targmnili ioane petriwis Txzuleba
– <<ganmartebaჲ platonurisa filosofiisa da prok-
le diadoxosisa>> /1984/.
Tavisi mecnieruli moRvaweobis dasawyisSi gu-
ram TevzaZe did interess iCenda qarTuli filoso-
fiisadmi. jer kidev aspirantobis wlebSi gamoqveynda
misi naSromi – <<i. petriwis bolosityuaჲs gagebi-
saTvis>> gamoqveynda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa aka-
demiis periodul organoSi – <<moambe>> /1955, № 9/.
aRsaniSnavia, rom guram TevzaZis fundamenturi naS-
428
romebis gverdiT kuTvnili adgili aqvs miCenili qar-
Tuli filosofiisa da filosofiuri azris mniSvne-
lovan warmomadgenlebis /petre iberi, ioane petriwi,
solomon dodaSvili, ilia WavWavaZe, Salva nucubiZe,
dimitri uznaZe, mose gogiberiZe, savle wereTeli da
sxva/ Semoqmedebas.
guram TevzaZem aseve didi wvlili Seitana qar-
Tuli filosofiuri azris istoriis oTxtomeulis
momzadebasa da gamocemaSi. akad. Salva xidaSelis
gardacvalebis Semdeg is iyo oTxtomeulis mTavari
redaqtori. es gamocema dasrulda 2010 wels da 2011
wels igi aRiniSna mecnierebaSi saqarTvelos erovnu-
li premiiT.
rogorc maRali donis filosofoss guram Tev-
zaZes did pativs scemdnen sazRvargareT. aRsaniSna-
via misi monawileoba sazRvargareTis araerT saerTa-
Soriso samecniero forumebSi, maT Soris, kantisadmi
miZRvnil sam – III, V da VII saerTaSoriso kongresebSi.
man kantze, hegelsa da hartmanze leqciebi waikiTxa
moskovis lomonosovis saxelmwifo universitetSi,
ienasa da boxumSi /germania/, CanCunSi /CineTi/, aTenSi
/saberZneTi/da sxva.
guram TevzaZis damsaxureba saTanadod dafas-
da. igi dajildoebuli iyo ivane javaxiSvilis med-
liT da Rirsebis ordeniT.
marTalia didi mecnieri Cvens gverdiT aRar
aris, magram mis saqmes agrZeleben qarTvel filoso-
fosTa axali Taobebi, romelTa zogierTi warmomad-
geneli uSualod guram TevzaZem aRzarda. ase rom,
guram TevzaZis dawyebuli saqme grZeldeba ...
mixeil maxaraZe
429
oTar nakanis gaxseneba
oTar (murman) nakani daibada 1952 wlis 14 oqtom-

bers daba mestiaSi. aqve daamTavra saSualo skola da
1972 wels Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filo-
sofiisa da fsiqologiis fakultetis studenti gaxda
(filosofiis specialobiT). misi gansakuTrebuli in-
teresis obieqts religiis filosofiuri problemebi
warmoadgendada sadiplomo naSromic am Temaze daicva.
sazogadoebaSi religiuri tradiciebis maregulirebe-
li funqciis kvlevaa misi sakandidato disertaciac
(1988 w), romlis mecnieruli daskvnebi gamyarebuli iyo
svaneTSi gavrcelebuli religiuri wes — Cveulebebis
magaliTebiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom o. nakans mecnieris pozicia-
ze ar umuSavia da ZiriTadad sajaro samsaxurSi saqmia-
nobda (sxvadasxva dros iyo kontrolis palatis Tanam-
Sromeli, mestiis raionis gamgebeli, Tavdacvis saminis-
tros maRali Tanamdebobis piri, polkovnikis wodebiT),
mas mecnieruli kvlevebi ar Seuwyvetia. gatacebuli iyo
svaneTis istoriisa da kulturis SeswavliT. am Temaze
430
sami wigni gamosca: `svaneTi – RmerTebis sakrebulo“,
`svaneTi – upirvelesi sazrunavi“, da `Cveni winaprebi xa-
rebi iyvnen“ (xari iyo svanebis fetiSi, rogorc siZlie-
ris, nayofierebis da erTgulebis simbolo). esaa svanu-
ri eTnosis genezisis, eTnoteritoriis, eTnoenis da eT-
noeTosis (zne — Cveulebebis) Sesaxeb kvlevebi. avtori
iziarebda Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac SavizRvis-
pireTis civilizacia Sumeruli kulturidan iRebs sa-
Taves. svanur enaSi etimologiuri ZiebebiT, aRmosavlu-
ri literaturuli da istoriuli dokumentebisa Tu is-
torikosTa naSromebis SeswavliTa da analiziT igi ake-
Tebda originalur daskvnebs, ar erideboda istorikos
avtoritetebs da ama Tu im sadavo sakiTxis Sesaxeb ga-
moTqvamda sakuTar mosazrebebs, romelic zog epizodSi
mkveTrad upirispirdeba istoriografiaSi gavrcele-
bul Tvalsazrisebs.
o. nakanis bolo naSromi `mecxramete saukunis sva-
neTi da ruseTi“ (gamoica misi gardacvalebis Semdeg,
2018 wels) svaneTis ruseTTan SeerTebis istoriis
kvlevaa. aq warmodgenilia saqarTveloSi ruseTis eta-
pobrivi damkvidrebis procesi. mokledaa ganxiluli am
periodSi qarTl — kaxeTis da imereTis samefos mdgoma-
reoba, viTareba samegrelos samTavroSi da Tavad sva-
neTis yofa. avtori kvlevis procesSi yuradRebas im
istoriul faqtebze amaxvilebs, sadac kargad Cansbal-
szemo svaneTis mcxovrebTa winaaRmdegoba rusi mmar-
Tvelebisadmi.aRsaniSnavia, rom mcire moculobis miu-
xedavad es wigniqarTvel istorikosTa mier svaneTTan
dakavSirebiT ukve mokvleulimasalis mniSvnelovan
Sevsebas warmoadgens.
oTar nakanze saubrisas SeuZlebelia ar aRiniSnos
misi pirovnuli Tvisebebi. mravalmxrivi interesebis
mqone aqtiuri adamiani iyo. uyvarda sporti. inteleq-
431
tualuri Sromis paralelurad fizikuri garjac ar
ezareboda. TbilisSi orjer gaaSena xexilis baRi. maT-
gan erTi iseT kldovan niadagze, mcenareTa gaxarebis
mcireoden Sanssac rom ar iZleoda, magram wlebis Sem-
deg umSvenieresi yvavilnariT, xexiliTa da vazis xeiv-
nebiT moirTo.
siZneleebs ar uSindeboda da mTeli arsebiT Caeb-
meboda im saqmeSi, romelic ainteresebda. ocnebobda
didi saqmeebi ekeTebina svaneTisaTvis. amitomac dab-
runda Tsu — s damTavrebis Semdeg mestiaSi da adgi-
lobriv axalgazrdebTan erTad enTuziazmiT, mondome-
biT da siamovnebiT akeTa raionisTvis sasargeblo saq-
meebi (axalgazrdeba sakuTari xelebiT aSenes sportu-
li kompleqsebi, axalgazrduli klubebi), amitomac wa-
vida 90 — ian wlebSi svaneTSi gamgeblad da Tavdauzo-
gavad Sromobda mosaxleobisaTvis ukiduresi gaWirve-
bis Sesamsubuqeblad. sakuTari sicocxlis gariskviT,
avtomatiT xelSi icavda yaCaRebisgan humanitaruli
daxmarebiT Semotanili produqtiT datvirTul manqa-
nebs.
da bolos, yvelaze mniSvnelovani, mas uyvarda
adamianebi, megobrebi. sakuTar da sxvis Tavisuflebas
pativs cemda da icavda. pirovnuli Rirsebis Selaxvad
miaCnda yvelaferi, rac aiZulebda adamianTa Soris ar-
sebul urTierTobebSi araTanabar mdgomareobaSi Cae-
yenebina sxva an sakuTari Tavi.
gardaicvala 2018 wels. naTelSi amyofos ufalma
oTar nakanis suli iq, sadac WeSmariti Tavisufleba
sufevs.
saqarTvelos filosfiur mecnierebaTa akademiis

prezidiumi
432
samecniero informaciebi
2019
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATIONS
1. saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis
akademikosi ramaz gaxokiZe dajildovda saqarTve-
los erovnuli premiiT.
2. amerikaSi Jurnal American International Journal of
Social Science (№8) gamoica saqarTvelos saqarTve-
los filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademi-
kosebis amiran berZeniSvilis da kaxa qecbaias sta-
tia `Radical Humanist Paradigm and the Problem of the
Crisis of Education~.
3. saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadi-
debeli eklesiis gamomcemlobisa da recenzirebis
departamentis nebarTviT daibeWda saqarTvelos fi-
losofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosis ka-
xa qecbaias mier aleqsandre menis cnobili wignis —
`Ze kacisa~ Targmani~.
akademikosi ramaz gaxokiZe airCies amerikis qimi-
kosTa sazogadoebis wevrad.
wevrebi: irakli imedaZe da kaxa qecbaia stu-s mud-
mivmoqmedi sadisertacio sabWos wevrebad airCies
socialur mecnierebaTa ganxriT.
akademikosi mamuka doliZe imyofeboda saberZneT-
Si (q. aTenSi) filosofiur konferenciaze.
akademikosi mamuka doliZe imyofeboda litviaSi
fenomenologiis Sesaxeb gamarTul konferenciaze.
434
sarCevi
mTavari redaqtoris winasityvaoba...............................3
nawili pirveli
akademiis cnobari...................................................7
nawili meore
filosofiuri Ziebani
ontologia, gnoseologia
mamuka doliZe — fenomenologia da metafizika
(ingl. enaze) ...............................................................15
nino TomaSvili — enis dominanti funqciebi
filosofiur diskursSi.......................................26
mecnierebis filosofia
ramaz gaxokiZe — mecniereba da morali ......................36
eTer ormocaZe — neopozitivisturi da fizikuri
naturfilosofia sivrcisa da drois
Teoriebis urTierTobis zogierTi aspeqtis
Sesaxeb........................................................................56
SoTa SoSiaSvili — adamiani, yofiereba, kosmosi,
RmerTi .......................................................................68
politikis filosofia
guram abesaZe — demokratiuli tranziti da
erovnul — politikuri identobis
formireba saqarTveloSi ....................................98
daviT zaqaraia — demokratiuli avtoritarizmi.....108
mamuli beria — „axali memarjveneebis“ poziciebi
afxazeTis konfliqtis gadawyvetasTan
dakavSirebiT............................................................118
435
badri forCxiZe — neoliberaluri faSizmis
ideologiur — msoflmxedvelobrivi
wanamZRvrebi ............................................................123
mamuli beria — saqarTvelos respublikuri
partiis poziciebi afxazeTis konfliqtis
gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebiT.............................144
sociologia da socialuri fsiqologia
meqi lobJaniZe, kaxa qecbaia — marsel mosi:

religia da simboluri gacvla traibalur
sociumebSi................................................................151
nestan lomaia — genderisa da feminizmis zogierTi
sakiTxisaTvis ............................................................166
manana gagoSiZe — Tanamedroveobis riskebi da
safrTxeebi ...............................................................176
raul RibraZe — sociologiis ZiriTad cnebaTa
Sesaxeb........................................................................186
grigol kikaliSvili — mcire araformaluri
socialuri jgufebis arsi da mniSvneloba
organizaciaSi .........................................................196
lia metreveli — distanciuri swavleba, rogorc
Tanamedrove informaciuli teqnologiebis
erT-erTi forma .......................................................206
mariam xeTagaSvili — ojaxis funqciebi, aRzrdis
stili da misi roli pirovnebis formirebis
procesSi .....................................................................217
religiis filosofia da religiaTmcodneoba

kaxa qecbaia — georg zimeli religiis Sesaxeb ..........228
nodar absesaZe — marTlmadidebeli eklesia da
Tanamedrove qarTuli erovnul-politikuri
identoba ...................................................................237
436
manana CiteiSvili — taZris msxvrevis, anu
ganwmendis gagebisaTvis .......................................250
esTetika
nana guliaSvili — fridrix Slegeli antikuri

xelovnebis da romantizmis Sesaxeb ..................262
eTika
mixeil xalvaSi — ratom aris bedniereba

warmavali? ...................................................................274
qarTuli da ucxouri filosofiis istoria
arsen burjaliani, fiqria didebaSvili —

e. kasireris Sexedulebani Semecnebisa da
TviTSemecnebis rolis Sesaxeb miTosur
azrovnebaSi ..............................................................292
arsen burjaliani, iaSa (koka) kutubiZe —
anri bergsonis Sexedulebebi cnebisa
da inteleqtualuri intuiciis Sesaxeb...........304
filosofiuri anTropologia
irakli gogiCaZe — pirovneba da sikeTis idea ...........310
samecniero diskusia
amiran berZeniSvili — umaRlesi ganaTlebis

ZiriTadi momentebis analizi sabWouri
periodis dasasrulisa da postsabWouri
periodis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi (sakuTari
pedagogiuri gamocdilebis mixedviT) .............332
437
filosofiis institutis istoriidan
mixel maxaraZe – epizodebi filosofiis

institutis cxovrebidan .....................................351
studenturi Ziebani
zurab kobaZe — alber kamiu dakarguli sazrisis

ZiebaSi........................................................................367
nikoloz meqvabiSvili — konspiraciuli Teoriebi,
anu sxva TvaliT danaxuli aqsioma ....................392
recenziebi
manana gagoSiZe, maia kiknaZe — saintereso saxel-

mZRvanelo religiis sociologiaSi recenzia
kaxa qecbaias wignze „religiis sociologia“
(ganaxlebuli eleqtronuli saxel-
mZRvanelo) ..................................................................407
akaki yulijaniSvili — recenzia nino mSvenieraZis
wignze „imanuel kantis anTropologia“ ..........412
nino TomaSvili, kaxa qecbaia — qarTuli
filosofiuri literaturis saintereso
SenaZeni ......................................................................415
xsovna keTili
oTar gabiZaSvili — 90 .......................................................418

eduard koduas dabadebidan 90 weli.............................421
akad. guram TevzaZe ............................................................424
oTar nakanis gaxseneba ......................................................430
samecniero informaciebi
informaciebi (2019)...........................................................434
438
CONTENTS
Preface – Irakli Kalandia............................................................3
FIRST PART
Reference Book of the Academy of PhilosophicalSciences of
Georgia ............................................................................7
SECOND PART
Philosophical Investigations
ONTOLOGY, GNOSEOLOGY
Mamuka Dolidze – Phenomenology and Metaphysics...............15

Nino Tomashvili – Dominant Functions of Language in the
Process of Philosophical Thinking ..................................26
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Ramaz Gakhokidze – Science and Morals .................................36

Eter Ormocadze – The neo-positivist and physical
naturophilosophy on some aspects of the relationship
between space and time theories .....................................56
Shota Shoshiashvili – Human, Existence, The cosmos, God......68
PHILOSOPHY OF POLITICS
Guram Abesadze – Democratic transit and the formation

of national — political identity in Georgia .......................98
David Zakaraia – Democratic Autoritarianism ..........................108
Mamuli Beria – New Rights Party’s standpoints regarding
conflict resolution of Abkhazia .......................................118
Badri Porchkhidze – The Ideological — world viewspre
conditionsof liberal fascism.............................................123
439
Mamuli Beria – Republican Party of Georgia’s standpoints
regarding conflict resolution of Abkhazia .......................144
SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Meki Lobjanidze, Kakha Ketsbaia – Marcel Mauss:

Religion and SymbolicExchange in Tribal Socius ..........151
Nestan Lomaia – For some issues about Gender and
Feminism .........................................................................166
Manana Gagoshidze – The risks and dangers of modernity.......176
Raul Gibradze – Main notions of sociology ...............................186
Grigol Kikalishvili – Essence and Importance of Small
Social Groups in an Organization....................................196
Lia Metrevli – Distance learning – one of the forms of
modern information technologies....................................206
Mariam Khetagashvili – Family functions, parenting styles
and their effects in children's personality development...217
PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION AND RELIGIOUS STUDIES
Kakha Ketsbaia – Georg Simmel on Religion ...........................228

Nodar Abesadze – Orthodox Church and modern Georgian
national — political...........................................................237
Manana Chiteishvili – For the Understanding of Temple
Breaking or Purification .................................................250
AESTHETICS
Nana Guliashvili – Friedrich Schlegel on Antique Art and
Romanticism....................................................................262
ETHICS
Mikheil Khalvashi – Why is Happiness Transient?....................274
440
GEORGIAN AND FOREIGN HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
Arsen Burdjaliani, Piqria Didebashvili – E. Cassirer on the

Role of Cognition and Self — Knowledge in
Mythological Thinking....................................................292
Arsen Burdjaliani, Koka Kutubidze – Henri Bergson on
Concept and Intellectual Intuition ...................................304
PHILOSOPHYCAL ANTROPLOGY
Irakli Gogichadze – The Idea of Kindness and Personality .......310
SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSIONS
Amiran Berdzenishvili – Analysis of Principal Stages of

Higher Education in Georgia by the End of the Soviet
Period and the Beginning of the Post — Soviet Period
(On the Basis of Personal Pedagogical Experience) .......332
FROM THE HISTORI OF THE INSTITUTE OF

PHILOSOPHY
Mikhael Makharadze – Episodes from the Life of the
Institute of Philosophy.....................................................351
STUDENTS’ INVESTIGATIONS
Zurab Kobadze – Albert Camus – In seeking of the lost

meaning ...........................................................................367
Nikoloz Mekvabishvili – Conspiracy theories – Questioned
axioms .............................................................................392
REVIEWS
Manana Gagoshidze, Maia Kiknadze...........................................407
441
Akaki Kulidjanishvili ...................................................................412
Nino Tomashvili, Kakha Ketsbaia................................................415
GOOD MEMORY
Otar Gabidzasvili .........................................................................418

Eduard Kodua...............................................................................421
Guram Tevzadze...........................................................................424
Otar Nakani ..................................................................................430
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATIONS
Informations (2019) ....................................................................434
442
avtorTa sayuradRebod!
1. `filosofiur ZiebanSi~ ibeWdeba mxolod mecnieruli ga-

mokvlevis Sedegebi, originaluri Sinaarsis mqone stati-
ebi, romlebic warmoadgens mecnierulad dasabuTebul
siaxles qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaSi. popularu-
li, ganmanaTlebluri xasiaTis statiebi dasabeWdad ar
miiReba.
2. aucilebelia statiis warmodgena eleqtronul format-
Si da miTiTebul el.fostaze gamogzavna.
3. statiis moculoba ar unda aRematebodes or Tabaxs {80
000 sastambo niSani}.
4. `filosofiuri Ziebani~ sameurneo angariSze ibeWdeba;
statiis avtori ixdis dabeWdvis Rirebulebas. Tu sare-
daqcio kolegia statias ar miiRebs, maSin Tanxa avtors
daubrundeba statiasTan erTad.
5. stamburi wesiT awyobil statiaSi arsebiTi xasiaTis
cvlilebebis Setana miuRebelia.
6. statias Tan unda axldes avtoris mokle biografiuli
cnobebi araumetes naxevari gverdisa (qarTul da ingli-
sur enebze).
7. statias agreTve Tan unda axldes reziume ucxo {sasur-
velia inglisur} enaze daaxloebiT 1600 sastambo niSnis
{krebulis erTi gverdi} moculobiT, romelSic naCvene-
bi iqneba gamokvlevis Sedegebi.
8. literatura erTvis bolos, teqstSi miTiTebuli cifre-
bis mixedviT.
9. statiis warmodgenis bolo vadaa 25 dekemberi. am vadis
gasvlis Semdeg statia ar miiReba.
10. statia gamogzavnili {an motanili} unda iyos akademiis
prezidentis, vice-prezidentis an akademikosi — mdivnis
saxelze.
`filosofiuri Ziebanis~ saredaqcio kolegia

tel: 595 — 79 — 56 — 56,
599 — 39 — 31 — 07
el/fosta: [email protected]
[email protected]
443
gamomcemloba ùniversali~
Tbilisi, 0186, a. politkovskaias №4. : 5(99) 33 52 02, 5(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Filosofiuri Dziebani 2019 N24

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Filosofiuri Dziebani 2019 N24

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Filosofiuri Dziebani 2019 N24

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia

ACADEMY OF PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES OF GEORGIA

`filosofiuri Ziebanis~ ocdameoTxe krebuli

mTavari redaqtori: irakli kalandia

recenzentebi: mamuka doliZe

saredaqcio kolegia EDITORIAL BOARD

asaTiani gurami Asatiani Guram

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2019

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademi-

1. prezidenti — irakli kalandia

1. PRESIDENT — KALANDIA IRAKLI

PHENOMENOLOGY AND METAPHYSICS

Phenomenology and metaphysics – both seem to be mutually

1. Poe Edgar Allan . The poetic principal, in the book : American

fenomenologia da metafizika yofierebis or gan-

enis dominanti funqciebi

enis filosofiis problemebiT dainteresebul

1. biuleri, k. `enis Teoria. enis reprezentaciuli

Nino Tomashvili – Doctor of Philosophy; Associated Professor at

DOMINANT FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE IN THE

Study of language functions, search and analysis of their

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-

dRes iseTi nergi darge,

dRes gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT dadga mecniere-

RAMAZ GAKHOKIDZE — Academician of the Academy of Philosophical

SCIENCE AND MORALS

The problem of ethics and morality is the concern of all

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-

germaneli filosofosi hans raixenbaxi (1891 —

1. Hans Reschendach, Philosophie der Raum — Zeit — Lehre,

THE NEO — POSITIVIST AND PHYSICAL

In the work discusses the similarities differences of H.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-

adamiani, yofiereba, kosmosi, RmerTi

adamianis ZiriTadi niSani Tavis tvinis moazrovne

1. kosmosi meditaciuri xedviT

kosmosis asaxva miTologiaSi. miCneulia, rom uZ-

Zveli aRmosavleTis moazrovneebi, egvipteli qu-

kiTxva Tu ra aris kosmosi? albaT erTxel mainc

5. samyaros warmoSobis „didi afeTqebis Teoria“

holandielma astronomma vilem desiterma erT-

6. samyaros warmoSobis M — Teoria

elementaruli nawilakebis TeoriaSi momuSave fi-

7. ciklurad evoluciurebadi kosmiuri samyaro

rogorc aRvniSneT Cveni aRqmadi 4 — ganzomilebia-

miCneulia, rom substancia aris sxvaze damouki-

kacobriobam uxsovari droidan moyolebuli ze-

Tezisi. yofiereba, materialistur — mecnieruli

Tezisi.kosmosis Sesaxeb Tezisad miviCnie mudmi-

Tezisi. religiuri Teologiis TvalsazrisiT

adamianis funqcia — daniSnuleba

Tezisi. Suamdinaruli miTologiis mixedviT. ada-

1. S. SoSiaSvili, filosofiuri Ziebani; gam-ba „univer-

HUMAN, EXISTENCE, THE COSMOS, GOD

The article discusses concepts of the cosmos, God, and their

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos politikuri tranzici-

1. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos — patriarqis

DEMOCRATIC TRANSIT AND THE FORMATION