Win20CSP Pillar5 Infrastructure Mrunal
Win20CSP Pillar5 Infrastructure Mrunal
Win20CSP Pillar5 Infrastructure Mrunal
⇒ The advantage of buying Iphone, Oneplus, Nokia or AndroidOne series of phones is they provide (free) operating system updates/security
patches for 2-3 years. I believe coaching industry too needs to adopt similar business practice.
⇒ So, this ‘Win20CSP update patch/handout’ is for my old batch students who had joined my economy classes anywhere between Jan-2019 to Jan
2020. It contains updates since the end of last year’s UPSC Prelim-2019, including Full Budget 2019 (that came in July after election), (SkyBlue
cover) Economic Survey 2018-19, (Purple cover) Economic Survey 2019-20, Budget-2020 and other Current Affairs Updates from newspapers
⇒ I’ve deliberately omitted ball by ball commentary surrounding GDP/inflation/unemployment data during Corona because Economic Survey
2021 will provide a very clear picture and analysis of it. And UPSC examiners are smart to avoid ‘dynamically changing’ information.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
50 Pillar#5A: INFRASTRUCTURE ..................................................................................................................... 160
50.1 Ministries and Departments related to mining, heavy industries ...................................................... 160
50.1.1 �� [Yearbook] Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises .................................. 160
50.1.5 �� [Yearbook] Yearbook: Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas ....................................... 162
50.1.6 �[Yearbook] Ministry of Mines (खान मं त्रालय) <list not exhaustive> ....................................... 163
51.1.2 ��Energy → DISCOMs Liquidity injection (पैसा क� तरलता देके जान फूं कना) ........................... 164
51.1.3 ��Energy infra→ Electricity reforms (�बजली �ेत्र म� सुधार) ..................................................... 164
51.1.4 �DRAFT Electricity Bill 2020 (�बजली कानूण म� सुधार �वधेयक का प्रा�प/मसौदा )................................. 164
51.2.2 � �� � Electricity → Index → State Energy Efficiency Index 2019 ........................... 165
51.2.3 ���� Renewable → Ranking → SARAL INDEX for Solar rooftop ........................ 165
51.4 � ��ENERGY INFRA→ ATOMIC ENERGY → ATMA-NIRBHAR (परमाणु ऊजार्) .............. 166
54.1.2 ��� 100% EV Adoption? NITI vs Highway Ministry differ .......................................... 169
54.1.3 ��� � ES19: EVs in India: Charging is the biggest challenge....................................... 169
54.1.4 �� TRANSPORT→ �� ⏬ Fossil Fuel Emission → Bharat Stage Norms ............. 170
55.1.1 �� Railways Personnel Reforms → Unification of Services (सेवाओं का एक�करण) ................ 173
55.2.2 (� �:�) �Private Trains → Conclusion- welcome this reform .................................. 176
55.3.2 � Transport → Drone Regulation (ड�ोन �व�नयमन) & GARUD Portal ....................................... 176
55.5.3 ��� [Yearbook] Ministry of Culture (सं �ृ�त मं त्रालय) ........................................................ 178
56.1.5 � � Cities → Misc → TWO Indices for Quality of Life ..................................................... 180
56.1.6 � � Cities → Misc →IUDX (सं शोधन कतार्ओ ं को डाटा प्रदान करने के �लए) ...................................... 180
56.1.8 (�) Sustainable Housing → Global Housing Technology Challenge (GHTC) 2019 ........... 180
56.1.9 (�) Sustainable Housing → World Habitat Award 2019 to Odisha’s JAGA Mission ......... 181
56.1.10 (�) → Model Tenancy Act, 2019 (आदशर् िकरायेदारी अ�ध�नयम) ..................................................... 181
57.1.2 � � Swamitva scheme for land survey & title disputes ....................................................... 182
57.3 � Border infra and Shekatkar Committee (सीमा �ेत्रों म� बु�नयादी अवसं रचना) ......................................... 183
58.2.1 ���� Challenges and Opportunities in of 5g (इसे अपनाने म� चुनौ�तयां+अवसर )................. 187
58.3 � � � ES19: Public Data: For the people, by the people ............................................................. 188
59.1 ��� � Infra.Dev. → Non-PPP → GOCO for Indian Army .................................................. 191
59.2.1 �� NIP → Infra Finance Reforms → Financial Market Reforms ..................................... 192
59.2.2 �� NIP → Infra Finance Reforms → Credit Enhancement Fund (CEF) ......................... 192
50 PILLAR#5A: INFRASTRUCTURE
Largest Steel 1 2 3
Producer China (54%) India (6%) Japan
Consumer China (49%) USA India (6%)
Dept ⇒ N/A
Attached / ⇒ Directorate General of Hydrocarbons: regulator for the upstream activities i.e. oil
Subordinate and gas exploration and production activities. 2018: proposal to give it statutory
offices: status was REJECTED.
Statutory ⇒ 2006’s Act: Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board: regulator for the
downstream activities i.e. laying of pipelines and fuel marketing
PSU ⇒ (*) Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
⇒ (*) Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
⇒ Engineers India Limited → consultancy services for petroleum refineries and
other industrial projects
⇒ Gas Authority of India, Indian Oil Corporation, Oil India,
⇒ Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC),
⇒ ONGC-Videsh Ltd (OVL)- associated with foreign exploration projects like
Sakhalin (Russia), Al-Furat (Syria), Greater Nile (Sudan), San Cristobal
( Venezuela).
(*) means approved for strategic disinvestment (=privatization) in 2019
⇒ Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act) AND
⇒ Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act, 2015 (CMSP Act).
Before ordinance After
Who can do bidding Only companies related to iron Any India-registered company. So it’ll also
in the coal mining and steel, power and coal sectors. encourage competition and attract FDI in
auction? such Indian companies
Prior experience Yes Nope.
required before
bidding
What type of license Separate licenses for Single/Composite license called ‘prospecting
is /are given? i. prospecting (survey) license-cum-mining lease’
ii. actual mining (पूव��ण-सह-खनन का अ�धकारपत्र')
⇒ IEX launched a green term-ahead market (G-TAM). basically future/forward contracts for renewable
energy. (Ref 1C)
⇒ IEX’s subsidiary company → Indian Gas Exchange (IGX) → online trading of natural gas.
⇒ IEX + Power Exchange India Limited (PXIL) → It allows players (thermal powerplants, DISCOMS etc) to
buy/sell electricity from anywhere across the country with just one hour’s prior notice. = "REAL TIME
MARKET" (RTM)
✋Even this much GK not very imp for scope of exam, although current-affairs-PDF walla gone crazy about
it.
51.1.2 👻👻⚡Energy → DISCOMs Liquidity injection (पैसा क� तरलता देके जान फूं कना)
⇒ Corona lockdown → Industry and railways shutdown → ⏬ demand for electricity → losses for
Electricity/Power Distribution Company (DISCOM).
⇒ Atma-Nirbhar: Government will give ₹₹ to (i) Power Finance Corporation (ii) Rural Electrification
Corporation (PFC-REC) → they’ll invest ₹₹ in DISCOMS.
51.1.4 🔌🔌DRAFT Electricity Bill 2020 (�बजली कानूण म� सुधार �वधेयक का प्रा�प/मसौदा )
BEFORE AFTER (�बजली स��डी का प्र�� लाभ ह�ांतरण)
1) Goa, Odisha, Telangana, Bihar, W.Bengal, Sikkim have not yet achieved 100% Open Defecation Free (खुले
म� शौच से मु�) status as of 2019-June.
If an apparel factory in Delhi has to export clothes to USA through India’s largest port @Maharashtra i.e.
Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) also known as ‘Nhava Sheva Port’
Figure 1: Elon Musk is renowned for his Tesla brand of Electric cars
- (Definition) Electric vehicle (इले���क वाहन) is an automobile that is propelled by the energy stored in
rechargeable batteries. Such vehicles are further classified into
○ 1) Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and
🚕🚕🚕🚕✍ EV-Conclusion: Electric vehicles represent the next generation in sustainable mobility. India
must emphasize on them to reduce its GHG emissions, and to provide new avenues for employment and
export earnings. Aforementioned initiatives / reforms are important in this regard/need to be addressed on
priority basis.
54.1.4 🚕🚕🚕🚕 TRANSPORT→ 🚕🚕🚕🚕 ⏬ Fossil Fuel Emission → Bharat Stage Norms
⇒ Environment Ministry → Statutory Body: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has instituted Bharat
Stage emission norms (BS) norms . जीवा� �धन उ�जर्न मानक
⇒ Higher the standard number = stricter the norms = more expensive for automakers to design such types
of engines.
- 1/4/2017: BS-IV compliant vehicles made compulsory.
BS-IV(4)
- 1/4/2020: SC banned their sale from this date
BS-V(5) Modi decided we’ll directly jump to Stage 6.
Only this type of vehicles can be sold from 1/4/2020 onwards
BS-VI(6)
Stage-VI vehicles will emit less Sulphur and Nitrogen Oxides than their predecessors.
⇒ 1) Many buyers awaiting new BS6 cars’ prices to fall instead of buying BS4 models.
⇒ 2) Even though the BS4 car may be cheaper, it’ll not have good re-sale value in the 2nd-hand used market
after 5-6 years. So buyers are hesitant.
⇒ 1+2 = among reasons for ⏬ in automobile sales in 2019
⇒ Separately, Department of Heavy Industry notified Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) norms for
passenger cars, requiring them to cut down CO2 emission from 2017 onwards.
- Road accidents claim ~1.5 lakh lives every year. So, Union’s Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 was amended in
2019 with steep penalties (बड़ा जुमार्ना)- such as Drunk-driving fine increased from ₹ 2,000 to ₹ 10,000 etc.
Even road contractors and officials can be punished with fine if faulty infrastructure results in accidents.
- Concurrent List Entry 35: Mechanically propelled vehicles. So, both union and states can enact laws but
Union’s law will prevail.
- But, some State Governments have notified reduced penalties. Union Highway Minister said, “States can
revise fines if they want. However, peoples’ lives should be saved."
⇒ Indian Railways itself responsible for On selected routes (NOT all routes):
running the trains, collecting ticket-fees, ⇒ Private train operators (�नजी ट�ेन सं चालक) will buy
delivering passengers and goods. their design/buy their own private trains from
⇒ Affluent passengers (धनी / पैसो से सं प� यात्री) anywhere in the world. They’ll run it on Indian
prefer Airlines over Railways because tracks with their own driver, staff, & charge
they’re faster, cleaner & safer. market-linked fares. (बाजार आधा�रत िकराए.)
⇒ Government (Indian Railways) provide timetable,
track and signaling infrastructure to them.
⇒ Private train operator will share % of its revenue
with Government.
⇒ Lately, Government itself started ‘premium ⇒ Passengers will benefit from world-class train
trains’ such as Duronto, Tejas, Vande services e.g.
Bharat, Uday, Hum-Safar etc.
⇒ But there is a long waitlist for tickets. Which ⇒ No nuisance of hawkers, beggars, unhygienic
proves people are willing to pay for good toilets.
service, but Govt alone doesn’t have enough ⇒ Lady train hostesses to deliver food & amenities.
funds to launch many such ‘premium ⇒ Such trains will stop at very few stations, will have
trains’. minimum 160 kmph speed → faster and more
pleasant journey. (तेज व् सुखद यात्रा का अनुभव)
⇒ 2006: Ministry of Railways allowed private operators to run container trains on the Indian Railways (IR)
network.
⇒ Railways constituted Amitabh Kant Panel for entry of private operators in passenger trains.
⇒ 2019-Oct: FIRST ‘Private’ train: Lucknow-Delhi Tejas Express launched. It’s operated by IRCTC.
Although, IRCTC is a subsidiary company of the Ministry of Railways. So, technically, it’s not ‘fully
private train’ but if this experiment is successful, then actual private operators may be allowed.
⇒ 2020-Jan: Indian Railways has invited private companies to apply for running 150 passenger trains on 100
routes. Draft proposal is as following:
Table 2: Draft Public Private Partnership (PPP) model for private railways
Private player will Design, Build, Finance and Operate (DBFO: िडजाइन, �नमार्ण, �व�
Model और सं चालन) his private trains on the routes given to him. Train must have
minimum 16 coaches.
35 Years. After that, the government may renew/ Government itself may start
Concession Period
operating it / select another party...depending on the mutually agreed conditions
(�रयायत क� अव�ध):
in the contract.
private train operator will share a % of his revenue with the Government. (�नजी
Fees
सं चालक ने अपनी आमद म� से कु छ प्र�तशत सरकार को देना होगा)
Figure 2: Akshay may need ‘Airlift’, but ‘Bhai’ doesn’t need Vande Bharat Mission. Capable of 1) becoming Captain of a ship 2)
Rescuing kidnapped nurses 3) surviving oil-mine blast- all in Middle East
56.1.6 🏬🏬 📊📊 Cities → Misc →IUDX (सं शोधन कतार्ओ ं को डाटा प्रदान करने के �लए)
India Urban Data Exchange (IUDX) by MoHUA + Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore. This portal
provides open source data for researchers / app developers / startups.
56.1.8 (🏠🏠) Sustainable Housing → Global Housing Technology Challenge (GHTC) 2019
- Boss? Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
- asked experts / private sector companies to propose disaster-resilient, environment friendly, cost-effective
and speedy construction technologies.
56.1.9 (🏠🏠) Sustainable Housing → World Habitat Award 2019 to Odisha’s JAGA Mission
⇒ By a UK-based organization in partnership with United Nation (UN)-Habitat
⇒ 2019-Bronze award given Odisha government's Odisha Liveable Habitat Mission also known as ‘Jaga
Mission’ in partnership with Tata Trust.
⇒ In this scheme, urban slum dwellers are given land ownership titles, create road, streetlight, water-
sanitation infrastructure → Then Govt will not evict them / not destroy their slums. Permanent home
address proof also helps poor families to enroll children in school, open bank accounts etc.
⇒ Beneficiaries are given 30 square metre of land free of cost and for the remaining land they have to pay as
per the benchmark price.
Since it is not possible to construct houses for each and everyone, we also need to promote rental housing
especially for migrant workers. But, current Rental Laws are archaic. So, 2019-July Ministry of Housing &
Urban Affairs drafted a Model Tenancy Law with following features, and asked States to adopt it:
It covers properties rented for residential, commercial, educational use.
Specific provisions about security deposit, mechanism to increase rental amount- in a way that it protects
both the tenant and landlord. (िकरायेदार और मकान मा�लक)
If tenant doesn’t vacate the premises after rent-period is over or damages the property, then heavy
penalties on him.
Dy.Collector rank officials will be designated as ‘Rent Authority (िकराया प्रा�धकरण)’. Higher appeal to Rent
Court → Rent Tribunal. Disputes will be settled within 60 days deadline.
⇒ Some landlord windows / elderly solely relying on rent income for their survival. They also need
protection. (कु छ मकान मा�लक �वधवा बुजुग� के �लए िकराया ही उनक� आमदनी का सहारा था)
⇒ Some state governments announced relief/rules to address this. But, if all States adopt Central
government’s Model Tenancy Act, 2019- It will be useful. (आदशर् िकराएदार अ�ध�नयम)
⇒ Thehindu columnists write dozens of columns. But this is a very microscopic topic in the grander picture
of " economic revival after corona." = Poor cost-benefit for exam
🏠🏠 ✍ Conclusion Housing? A homeless family is more vulnerable to crime, disease & disasters. SDG Goal
#11 requires India to provide safe and affordable housing to all by 2030. Aforementioned scheme / policy /
57.3 🏞🏞 BORDER INFRA AND SHEKATKAR COMMITTEE (सीमा �ेत्रों म� बु�नयादी अवसं रचना)
⇒ 2015: Defense ministry setup Lt General D B Shekatkar Committee to enhance combat capability and
rebalance defence expenditure of the armed forces.
⇒ 2020-May: Defence ministry announced we'll implement it suggestions related to border infrastructure
namely,
⇒ Border Roads Organisation (BRO)'s road construction work → Outsource to private players via
Engineering Procurement Contract (EPC), if costing more than ₹100 cr= faster and more professional
building of roads.
Dept ⇒ Department of Defence → Armed Forces, Coast Guard, Border Road Organisation,
National Cadet Corps (NCC-1948, Motto: एकता और अनुशासन, Unity and discipline)
⇒ Department of Defence Production
⇒ Department of Defence Research and Development
⇒ Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare
⇒ Department of Military Affairs → Chief of Defence Staff (Bipin Rawat has rank of
four star general and also ‘Secretary’ to Govt)
Attached ⇒ DG Defence Estate, DG Defence Accounts and others
Subordinate ⇒ Indian Ordnance Factories
Autonomous ⇒ Indian Military Academy (IMA), Dehradun; Sainik School Ghorakhal, Nainital,
Uttarakhand and other similar organizations.
⇒ Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA)
Committee ⇒ 2001: Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) was set up under Defence Minister to
fasttrack the procurement of armaments for army, navy, airforce, coastguards. (र�ा
साधनों क� खरीद के �लए प�रषद)
Portal Srijan portal (2020-Aug)
⇒ displays defence items that are being imported currently. So that the Indian industry
can design, develop and manufacture them domestically.
⇒ Help interaction between defence public sector undertakings (DPSUs), Ordnance
Factory to interact with the Indian industry.
⇒ Benefit: Promotes indigenization of defence production.
PSU ⇒ Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, HAL.
⇒ Bharat Electronics, Bharat Dynamics
Dept ⇒ N/A
Attached ⇒ Foreign Service Institute, Delhi
Autonomous ⇒ India Centre for Migration (ICM)
⇒ India Development Foundation of Overseas Indians
⇒ Indian Council for Cultural Relations
Portals ⇒ Madad Portal for consular grievances.
⇒ Passport India Portal
⇒ Kailash Mansarovar Yatra Portal
⇒ e-Sanad for online verification and attestation of documents of Indian citizens abroad.
Latency is the amount of time taken by data to travel between its source and destination. 5G has very low
latency. (स्रोत और ल� के बीच डाटा प�ंचाने म� ब�त ही कम �वलं ब होता है)
Network slicing (नेटवकर् के टुकड़े करना): mobile operators to create multiple virtual networks within a single
physical 5G network. Provide faster data to tele-surgery in rural areas, driverless car, etc.
Thus, 5g is useful in Internet of Things (IoT) and machine to machine (M2M) communications, CCTV
surveillance, drones, real time data analytics, industrial revolution 4.0.
- (Define) Data is a set of factual information stored in digital form. (िड�जटल �प म� सं ग्रहीत त�ा�क जानकारी)
- (Origin) When people conduct their day-to-day activities online, they leave digital footprints- in chatting,
searching google, buying on amazon, file taxes, posting on social media etc. While doing these activities
online, people produce data about themselves which is stored on public and private servers.
- While filling every new form, Person will not have to provide same details e.g. his education, address
proof, farm-land ownership proof etc.
- Weeding out bogus beneficiaries (फज� लाभाथ�ओ को रद करना): If vehicle ownership records are compared
with BPL beneficiaries list → remove car owners claiming to be BPL for Government schemes.
- National health register (रा��ीय �ा� र�ज�र): Similar to Digilocker it’ll contain medical records of patient
tied with his Aadhar. Benefits? 1) During emergency doctor can access the medical history, even if patient
is unconscious 2) surveillance of syndromes 3) immunization information.
- Digital Dashboard for Transparency & Accountability(पारद�शता और जवाबदेही)
- A district education officer can make better decisions if he knows, for each school in his district,
attendance rates of students and teachers, average test scores and status of school toilets.
- Parents can make better decisions about which school to send their children to if they know the
average absenteeism rate of teachers in their village and can compare the rate to that in the
neighboring village.
- Researchers can use such data to validate the efficacy of Govt schemes and suggest remedies for
future. (Union government’s already launched Open Government Data platform for this.)
- Private sector should be given selected databases for commercial use, after paying fees to Govt. for
example,
Union Government is also “linking” of Bank account datasets – primarily through Aadhaar number, PAN
database, mobile numbers. It helps combing through transaction records, find out tax evaders and Benaami
accounts.
⇒ Prime Minister → Department of Space (DOS: HQ Bengaluru ) → Indian Space Research Organisation:
(ISRO: HQ Bengaluru)
⇒ DOS/ISRO has two Government companies
o Antrix: It helps foreign nations/ companies to launch satellites with ISRO's help.
o NewSpace India Limited (NSIL, 2019) for production of launch vehicles & collaboration with
private sector players.
Army’s Central Ordnance Depot (COD) and Army Base Workshops (ABWs) are responsible for
manufacturing & warehousing, maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO: �व�नमार्ण और भं डारण, रखरखाव, मर�त)
of
But,
⇒ 15th Aug, 2019: PM Modi announced Rs.100 lakh crore would be invested on infrastructure over the next
five years.
⇒ 2019-Sept: Finance Ministry set up a task force under the Secretary of Dept of Economic Affairs (DEA).
Based on its report,
⇒ 2019-Dec: FM Nirmala S. announced NIP (रा��ीय अवसं रचना पाइपलाइन). It aims to mobilize 102 lakh crore
worth infrastructure investment in the next five year (2019-20 to 2024-25).
⇒ This funding will be spread across Energy (24%), Roads (19%), Urban (16%), Railways (13%), Irrigation
(7%) etc.
⇒ 2020-Apr: Investment target has been ⏫ from ₹ 102 lakh cr to 111 lakh cr
Further, the Government will also initiate following reforms:
59.2.2 💰💰💰💰 NIP → Infra Finance Reforms → Credit Enhancement Fund (CEF)
⇒ Pension and insurance companies usually avoid investing in bonds lower than ‘AA’ rating, due to strict
regulatory norms by PFRDA and IRDAI respectively.
⇒ So Government will ask them to relax the investment norms for infrastructure projects.
⇒ Many of indian infrastructure companies / projects have poor bond-rating. So, Government will setup a
Credit Enhancement Fund (CEF: ऋण सं वधर्न �न�ध), which will basically provide guarantee to such projects’
lenders → bond rating upgraded → more investors attracted.