Introduction To Biology

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
BIOLOGY (Gr. Bios=life, logos=study)

• Study of living things
• Lamarck and Treviranus coined the
term biology in 1802
• Biology as life science
BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
• Acarology=mites and ticks
• Agrology=soil science with crop production
• Agrostology=grass
• Apiculture=bee keeping
• Anatomy=internal structure
• Anthology=flowers
• Angiology= blood vessels
• Anthropology=natural history of man
• Araneology=spiders
• Arthrology=joints
• Agronomy=management of farm and crop production
• Andrology=disorder of male reproductive organs
• Aphidology=aphids
• Aquaculture=rearing of aquatic plants and animals
• Algology(phycology)=algae
• Anaesthesiology=causing insensibility
• Biometry=mathematical principle in life activities
• Bryology=bryophytes
• Batrachology=amphibian
• Biochemistry=chemical constituents of body
• Cetology=whales
• Conchology=shells of mollusks Chondrology=cartilage
• Cnidology=coelenterates
• Chirology=sign language
• Cranilogy=skull
• Cryobiology=life at low temperature
• Carcinology=crustaceans
• Cytology=cell
• Cardiology=heart
• Dendrology=trees and shrub
• Desmology=ligaments
• Demography=population
• Dietetics=diet
• Dysteleology=vestigial organs
• Dendrochronology=age of trees
• Entomology=insects
• Etiology=cause of disease
• Ecology=ecosystem
• Ethology=animal behaviour
• Endocrinology=endocrine glands
• Eugenics=betterment of human race by law of genetics
• Euthenics=betterment of human race by improving nutrition and
environment
• Euphenics=betterment of human by genetic engineering
• Epidemiology=distribution of diseases
• Exobiology=life in outer space
• Genetics=heredity and variation
• Gerontology=ageing
• Gynaecology=female reproductive system
• Haematology=blood
• Helminthology=helminthes
• Hepatology=liver
• Herpetology=reptiles
• Hypnology=sleep
• Ichthyology=fish
• Ichnology=footprints
• Kalology=human beauty
• Karyology=nucleus
• Kinesiology=body movements
• Laryngology=larynx
• Lepidopteriology=butterfly and moth
• Limnology=freshwater
• Lichenology=lichen
• Malacology=mollusks
• Mastology=breast
• Mammology=mammals
• Myology (sarcology)=muscles
• Mycology=fungi
• Myrmecology=ants
• Microbiology=micoorganisms
• Nematology=nematodes
• Neurology=brain
• Neonatology=new born
• Nidology=bird’s nest
• Nephrology=kidney
• Odontology=teeth and gum
• Oncology=cancer
• Oology=egg
• Ophiology (serpentology)=snakes
• Opthalmology=eyes
• Ornithology=birds
• Osteology=bones
• Olericulture=vegetables
• Orthopedics=repair of bone and joints
• Otology=ears
• Parazoology=porifera
• Parasitilogy=parasites
• Protozoology=protozoa
• Pomology=fruits
• Pteridology=pteridophytes
• Palynology=pollen grains
• Pharmacology=synthesis of drugs
• Pedology=soil
• Pathology=pathogens
• Phrenology=feelings
• Proctology=rectum and anus
• Psychology=working of mind
• Rhinology=nose
• Saurology=lizards
• Spermology=seeds
• Silviculture=forest
• Serology=serum
• Sonology=hearing
• Traumatology=wounds
• Trichology=hair
• Teratology=malfunction of foetus
• Toxicology=toxic effects
• Urology=urinary disorder
• Virology=virus
• Zymology=fermentation
FATHERS OF VARIOUS FIELDS OF
BIOLOGY
• Aristotle=biology, zoology, embryology
(Aristoria animalia, Historia animalium)
• Alexander Fleming=antibiotics
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek=microscopy,
protozoology, microbiology
• Edward Jenner=immunology
• Empedocles=evolutionary idea
• Einthoven=ECG
• George Cuvier=comparative anatomy, modern
palaeontology
• Gregor Johann Mendel=genetics
• Hippocrates=medicine
• Konrad Lorenz=ethology
• Liebig=biochemistry
• Leonardo da Vinci=palaeontology
• Louis Pasteur=fermentation, modern microbiology
• Bichat=animal histology
• Marcello Malpighi=histology
• Robert Koch=bacteriology
• Stanley=virology
• Thomas Adission=endocrinology
• T.H Morgan=experimental genetics
• Theophrastus=botany
SCOPE OF ZOOLOGY
• Economic value:
 Food
 Cloth and other purpose
 Ornamental value
 Academic value
 Sport value
 Medicinal and oil value
 Biological control
 Pet animal
 Manure
 Transportation
 Literature value
• Aesthetic value
• Ecological value
CAREER IN BIOLOGY
 General stream: botany, zoology,
microbiology etc
 Professional stream: medical science,
veterinary science, pathology etc
 Vocational stream: apiculture, pharmacy,
sericulture etc
RELATION OF BIOLOGY WITH OTHER SCIENCES
RELATION OF BIOLOGY WITH OTHER
SCIENCES
• Biology is related with other sciences for
performing various types of functions.
• The study of life science requires the
knowledge of almost all branches of sciences
including physics, chemistry, geography,
mathematics etc
Relation with chemistry
• Metabolism includes anabolic and catabolic
processes which are purely chemical phenomena.
• All living organism are composed of organic and
inorganic compound.
• Energy is transferred in the body in the form of
organic chemicals. Eg glucose
• Genetic materials DNA and RNA are formed by
chemical compounds. They are composed of
nitrogen bases, pentose sugar and phosphate.
• Enzymes, hormones and body fluids are
exclusively the chemical substances.
• Muscles contraction requires Ca and Mg
ions.
• Conduction of nerve impulse requires Na
and K charges.
• Mutation, genetic recombination and
variation have chemical basis.
Relation with physics
• Capillary action during absorption of water and
nutrients from soil is purely a physical process.
• The endoskeleton is built up on physical principle.
• Several biological instruments like x-ray,
microscope, chromatography, USG, CT scan etc are
based on fundamental principle of physics.
• Photosynthesis in plants is concerned with light.
• The proper study and mechanism of eye requires
the knowledge of optics.
• The contraction of muscles is also physical
process.
Relation with geography
• Distribution of living organisms are dependent
on geographical factors like climate, altitude,
temperature etc.
Relation with mathematics
• Census of living organism is based on
application of mathematics.
• Many biological processes are studied using
mathematical rules.
Relation with sociology
• Animal behaviour and social relationship are
dependent on social activities.
• Due to social nature, many animals follow the
pattern of social customs.
LIFE PROCESS
• All the activities performed by living
organisms to be alive is called life process.
Or
• Any observable phenomenon that
distinguishes living organisms from non living
ones is called life process.
1.Definite shape and size: all living organisms have
definite shape and size.
2.Cellular organism: all living beings are composed
of cells. Cell is the structural and functional unit
of body.
3.Nutrition: the process of obtaining food for
energy, growth, maintenance of health is termed
as nutrition. Organism are either autotroph or
heterotroph. Autotrophs may be photosynthetic
or chemosynthetic. Heterotroph may be
holozoic, parasitic or saprozoic/ saprophytic.
4.Respiration: the process of release of energy
from food stuff in the form of ATPs is called
respiration. It may be aerobic or anaerobic.
5.Excretion: the process of removal of metabolic
waste from the body is termed as excretion. The
chief nitrogenous waste products include urea,
uric acid, ammonia, creatinine etc. Based on the
form of excretion animals are classified as
ureotelic, uricotelic and ammonotelic.
6.Sensitivity: the ability of organism to respond to
the stimuli is irritability or sensitivity. Stimulus is
any change in environment.
7.Growth: it is permanent change in structure and
form of living organism as a result of cell
division and cell differentiation.
8.Metabolism: the sum of all chemical reactions
that occur in living organism is metabolism. It is
of two types-anabolism and catabolism.
Anabolism is constructive process like
photosynthesis while catabolism is destructive
process like respiration.
9.Reproduction: the process of producing young
ones of their own kinds to continue their race is
called reproduction. Organisms reproduce
either sexually or asexually.
Asexual mode includes binary fission, budding,
sporulation, fragmentation, regeneration, multiple
fission, encystment, vegetative propagation. Sexual
mode consists of conjugation and fertilization.
10.Movement and locomotion: organisms move
from one place to another for food, shelter and to
escape from enemies. Animals use cilia, setae,
pseudopodia, flagella, tentacles, parapodia, fins,
suckers, jointed appendages, wings, patagia, limbs
etc.
11.Ageing and death: every living organism has
definite life span. Ageing is getting older and death
is the last event of life process.
Biology as science of exception
• DNA as genetic material in most organism but
RNA as genetic material in TMV.
• DNA is double stranded but in some virus it is
single strand.
• Heart in reptile is 3 chambered but in crocodile it
is 4 chambered.
• All mammalian RBCs are non nucleated except
camel.
• Mammals give birth to young ones but
prototheiran mammals like platypus are egg
laying mammals.

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INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

BIOLOGY (Gr. Bios=life, logos=study)

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