GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

Prepared by:
ARGEL JOSEPH C. MAYO, RN, LPT, MAN, MSc.Bio
SHS Teacher II / SHS Nurse
Introduction to Life Science : A VIEW OF LIFE
Introduction to Life Science
.

A VIEW OF LIFE
I. Describe the Three Basic themes of
Biology
EVOLUTION, TRANSFER
A. THREE BASIC THEMES OF BIOLOGY ARE
OF INFORMATION, AND ENERGY TRANSFER.

1. THE PROCESS OF EVOLUTION RESULTS IN POPULATIONS CHANGING OVER

TIME AND EXPLAINS HOW THE ANCESTRY OF ORGANISMS CAN BE TRACED
BACK TO EARLIER FORMS OF LIFE.

2. INFORMATION MUST BE TRANSMITTED WITHIN CELLS, AMONG CELLS,

AMONG ORGANISMS, AND FROM GENERATION TO THE NEXT.

3. LIFE REQUIRES CONTINUOUS INPUT OF ENERGY FROM THE SUN.

II. Distinguish between living and nonliving things by
describing the features that characterizes living
organisms.
 A. Every living organism is composed of one or more cell. Living
things grow by increasing the size and/or number of cells.

 B. Metabolism includes all chemical activities that take place in

the organism, including the chemical reactions essential to nutrition,
growth and repair, and conversion of energy to usable forms.

 C. Homeostasis refers to the appropriate, balanced internal

environment.
 D. In asexual reproduction, offspring are typically identical to the
single parent, except for size. In sexual reproduction, offspring
are the product of the fusion of gametes, and genes are typically
contributed by two parents.

 E. As population evolve, they become adapted to their environment.

Adaptations are traits that increase an organism’s ability to
survive in its environment.
III. Construct a Hierarchy of Biological Organization,
including levels characteristic of Individual Organisms
and level characteristic of Ecological Systems.
 Levels of Biological Organization
1. Chemical Level- atoms join to form molecules. Macromolecules are large
molecules such as Proteins and DNA.

2. Cellular Level- atoms and molecules make up the cytoplasm and form
organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria (the site of many
energy transformations). Organelles perform various functions of the cell.
Cells are the basic unit of life.

3. Tissue- in most multicellular organisms, tissues organize to form

functional structures called organs.
4. Organ- tissues form organs (ex. Bone, heart, lungs, kidneys)

An organized form of tissues and organs form an:

5. Organ System (ex. skeletal system, cardiovascular system,

respiratory system, urinary system).

6. Organism- Functioning together, organs systems make up a complex,

multicellular organisms.
B. The Levels Ecological Organization:
 The Levels Ecological Organization

1. Population- the basic unit of ecological organization.

- A population consist of organisms of the same species.

2. Community- the populations of different species that populate the same

area make up a community.

3. Ecosystem- A community together with the nonliving environment forms

an ecosystem.

4. Biosphere- Earth and all its communities constitute the biosphere.

IV. Summarize the importance of Information
Transfer within and between living systems

A. Organisms transmit information chemically, electrically, and

behaviorally.

B. DNA, which makes up the genes, is the hereditary material.

 -Information encoded in DNA is transmitted from one
generation to the next.
 -DNA contains the instructions for the development of an
organism and for carrying out life processes.
 -DNA codes for proteins, which are important in determining
the structure and function of cells and tissues.
C. Hormones, chemical messengers that transmit messages
from one part of an organism to another.
 The Endocrine System is a diverse collection of cells,
tissues and organs including specialized endocrine
glands that produce and secrete hormones.

 The term hormone is derived from a Greek word

meaning “to excite”. Hormones excite, or stimulate,
changes in specific tissues.
D. Many organisms use electrical signals to transmit
information; humans and animals have Nervous Systems
that transmit electrical impulses and release
neurotransmitters.
 B. Biologist use a Binomial System of Nomenclature in which the name
of the species includes a genus name and a specific epithet.
Taxonomic classification is hierarchical; it includes, species, genus,
family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain.
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS escherichia coli

A C

Staphylococcus Aureus Neisseria gonorrhoeae

B D
 Wise Man Sampaguita
(Homo sapiens) (Jasminum sambac)

Nile Tilapia
Lactobacillus casei
(OreOchromis niloticus)
 Mnemonics

D’
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Great
Sex
VII. Identify the three Domains and the Kingdoms of living
organisms and give examples of organisms assigned to each
group.
VIII. Identify the different branches of Biology.
1. Anatomy-study of structure and form of organisms.

1. Bacteriology- study of bacteria.

2. Biochemistry- study of chemical substances in living

organisms.

1. Cytology-study of cells.

1. Embryology-the study of the development of the individual

from fertilization to birth.

2. Entomology- the study of insects.

9. Genetics-the study of heredity and variation.

10. Herpetology-the study of reptiles.

11. Ichthyology- the study of fishes.

12. Malacology-the study of mollusks.

13. Microbiology- the study of microbes.

14. Mycology-the study of fungi.

15. Nutrition- the study of the use and transformation of

substances.
16. Parasitology- the study of parasites

17. Pathology-the study of diseases.

18. Phycology- the study of algae.

19. Physiology- the study of processes and functions in living things.

20. Protozoology- the study of unicellular organisms or protozoans.

21. Taxonomy-the study of classification and naming of organisms.

22. Virology- the study of viruses.

23. Biochemistry - the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and
function, usually a focus on the cellular level

24. Bioengineering - the study of biology through the means of engineering with an
emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology.

25. Bioinformatics - also classified as a branch of information technology (IT) it is the

study, collection, and storage of genomic data
26. Biomathematics or Mathematical Biology - the study of biological
processes through mathematics, with an emphasis on modeling.

27. Biomechanics - often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the

mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through artificial
limbs, etc.

28. Biophysics - the study of biological processes through physics, by

applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences.

29. Biotechnology - a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology

that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification.

30. Cell Biology - the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular
and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell.

31. Conservation Biology - the study of the preservation, protection, or

restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and
wildlife
32. Cryobiology - the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred
temperatures on living beings.

33. Developmental Biology - the study of the processes through which an

organism develops, from zygote to full structure.
34. Ecology - the study of the ecosystem as a complete unit, with an emphasis on
how species and groups of species interact with other living beings and non-living
elements.

35. Entomology - the study of insects.

36. Environmental Biology - the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a

particular area, especially as affected by human activity.

37. Epidemiology - a major component of public health research, it is the study of

factors affecting the health and illness of populations.

38. Ethology - the study of animal behavior.

39. Evolution or Evolutionary Biology - the study of the origin and decent of species
over time.

40. Histology - The study of cells and tissue, a microscopic branch of anatomy.
41. Mammology - the study of mammals.

42. Marine Biology - the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living
beings.

43. Medicine - the study of the human body in health and disease, with allopathic
medicine focusing on alleviating or curing the body from states of disease.

44. Molecular Biology - the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular
level, some cross over with biochemistry.

45. Neurobiology - the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology,
even pathology.

46. Oceanography- the study of the ocean, including ocean life, environment,
geography, weather, and other aspects influencing the ocean.
47. Ornithology - the study of birds.

48. Paleontology - the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of

prehistoric life.

49. Agriculture - study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on
practical applications.

50. Botany- study of plants.

Thank you!
 Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM)
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
INTRODUCTION TO CELL AND
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Prepared by:
ARGEL JOSEPH C. MAYO, RN, LPT, MAN, MSc.Bio
SHS Teacher II / SHS Nurse
 INTRODUCTION TO CELL AND
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Topic 1: The Cell Theory and Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
Topic 2: Cell Structure and Functions
Topic 3: Methods for Studying Cells: Basic Concepts of Microscopy and Cell
Fractionation
Topic 4: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Topic 5: Cell Types
Topic 6: Cell Modification
Topic 1: THE CELL THEORY AND
CELL AS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
 The cell theory is a unifying
concept in biology
-Two German scientist, botanist Matthias
Schleiden in 1838 and zoologist Theodor
Schwann in 1839, concluded that all plants
and animals consist of cells.
 The cell theory is a unifying
concept in biology
• Later 1855, Rudolf
Virchow, another German
scientist, observed cells
dividing and giving rise to
daughter cells. He
proposed that new cells
form only by the division
of previously existing cells.
 The cell theory is a unifying
concept in biology
• In 1880, another German
biologist, August Weismann,
added an important corollary to
Virchow’s concept by pointing
out that the ancestry of all cells
alive today can be traced back to
ancient times. Evidence that all
living cells have a common origin
is provided by the basic
similarities in their structures
and in molecules of which they
are made.
 The cell theory is a unifying
concept in biology

CLASSICAL CELL THEORY

1. Cells are the basic living units of organization and function
in all organisms,
2. All organisms are composed of one or more cells, and
3. All cells came from other cells.
 MODERN CELL THEORY
• Since the formation of classical cell theory,
technology has improved, allowing for
more detailed observations that have led
to new discoveries about cells.
• These findings led to the formation of the
modern cell theory, which has three main
additions.
 MODERN CELL THEORY
• first, that DNA is passed between cells
during cell division;
• second, that the cells of all organisms
within a similar species are mostly the
same, both structurally and chemically;
,and
• finally, that energy flow occurs within cells.
• The organization of all cells is basically similar

The organization of cells

and their small size allow
them to maintain
homeostasis, an
appropriate internal
environment.
• The organization of all cells is basically similar

The organization of cells

and their small size allow
them to maintain
homeostasis, an
appropriate internal
environment.
Example of Homeostasis
• The organization of all cells is basically similar
In order for the cells to
maintain homeostasis, its
contents must be
separated from the
external environment. The
plasma membrane is a
structurally distinctive
surface membrane that
surrounds all cells.
• Plasma Membrane
By making the interior of the cell
an enclosed compartment, the
plasma membrane allows the
chemical composition of the cell
to be different from the outside
cell. The plasma membrane
serves as selective barrier
between the cell contents and
the outer environment. Cells
exchange materials with the
environment and can accumulate
needed substances and energy
stores.
• The organization of all cells is basically similar
Most cells have internal
structures, called organelles,
that are specialized to carry
out metabolic activities,
such as concerting energy to
usable forms, synthesizing
needed compounds, and
manufacturing structures
necessary for functioning
and reproduction.
• The organization of all cells is basically similar

Each cells has genetic

instructions coded in its
DNA, which is
concentrated in a limited
region of the cell.
 • Biological size and cell diversity
• We can compare the relative size from the chemical level to the level
of an entire organism. The prokaryotic cells of most bacteria range in
size from 1 to 10 µm long. Most eukaryotic cells are between 10 and
30 µm in diameter. Mitochondria are about the size of small bacteria,
whereas chloroplast are usually larger, about 5 µm long. Ova (egg
cells) are among the largest cells. Although microscopic, some nerve
cells are very long.
As small as it is, the
micrometer is usually too
large to measure most
cell components. For this
purpose biologists use the
nanometer (nm), which is
1/1,000,000,000 (one
billionth) of a meter, or
1/1000 of a micrometer.
 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
INTRODUCTION TO CELL AND
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Prepared by:
ARGEL JOSEPH C. MAYO, RN, LPT, MAN, MSc.Bio
SHS Teacher II / SHS Nurse
 INTRODUCTION TO CELL AND
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Topic 1: The Cell Theory and Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
Topic 2: Cell Structure and Functions
Topic 3: Methods for Studying Cells: Basic Concepts of Microscopy and Cell
Fractionation
Topic 4: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Topic 5: Cell Types
Topic 6: Cell Modification
TOPIC 3: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
TOPIC 4: PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Activity: Video Presentation
• Get a piece of paper and jot down the
differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells using following format:

Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells

What are the
differences between
prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells based
on the video?
 PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC
CELLS
-Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cells.
All other known organisms are consisting of
eukaryotic cells
 Organelles of Prokaryotic Cells are
not Surrounded by Membranes

Prokaryotic cells
are typically
smaller than
eukaryotic cells
In prokaryotic cells, the DNA is typically
located in a limited region of a cell called
nuclear area, or nucleoid. Unlike the
nucleus of eukaryotic cells, the nucleoid is
not enclosed by a membrane.
The term prokaryotic, meaning “before
the nucleus,” refers to this major
difference between prokaryotic cells and
eukaryotic cells.
Like eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells
have a plasma membrane that
surrounds the cell. The plasma
membrane confines the contents of the
cell to an internal compartment.
Most prokaryotic
cells have cell
walls, which are
extracellular
structures that
enclose the
entire cell,
including the
plasma
membrane.
Many prokaryotes have flagella (sing.,
flagellum), long fibers that project form
the surface of the cell. Prokaryotic
flagella, which operate like propellers,
are important in locomotion.
Some prokaryotes
also have hairlike
projections called
fimbriae, which are
used to adhere to
one another or to
attach to cell surface
of other organisms.
Review: Prokaryotic Cells vs.
Eukaryotic Cells
Membrane Divide the Eukaryotic
Cell into Compartments
Eukaryotic cells are characterized by highly
organized membrane-enclosed organelles,
including a prominent nucleus, which contains
DNA, the hereditary material. The term
eukaryotic means “true nucleus.”
Biologists refer to the part of the cell outside
the nucleus as cytoplasm and the part of the
cell within the nucleus as nucleoplasm.
Biologists refer to the part of the cell outside
the nucleus as cytoplasm and the part of the
cell within the nucleus as nucleoplasm.
Various organelles are suspended within the fluid
component of the cytoplasm, which is called cytosol. The
term cytoplasm includes both the cytosol and all the
organelles other than the nucleus.
Eukaryotic cells also differ from the prokaryotic
cells in having s supporting framework, or
cytoskeleton, important in maintaining shape
and transporting materials within the cell.
• Some organelles are present only in specific
cells:
• Chloroplasts – structures that trap sunlight for
energy conversion, are only cells that carry on
photosynthesis such as certain plants and algal
cells.
• Cell wall – cells of fungi, bacteria and plants
are surrounded by a cell wall external to the
plasma membrane.
• Vacuole – Plant cells also contain a large,
membrane-enclosed vacuole.
Chloroplasts – structures that trap
sunlight for energy conversion, are only
cells that carry on photosynthesis such
as certain plants and algal cells.
Cell wall – cells of fungi, bacteria and
plants are surrounded by a cell wall
external to the plasma membrane.
Vacuole – Plant cells also contain a large,
membrane-enclosed vacuole.
ORGANELLES IN THE CYTOPLASM
Activity: Answer the animal and
plant cells worksheet
CELL NUCLEUS
 CELL NUCLEUS

• The most prominent

organelle in the cell.
• Spherical or oval in
shape and averages
5 µm in diameter.
• Control center of
the cell.
 CELL NUCLEUS

The cells store

information in
the form of DNA,
and most of the
cell’s DNA is
located inside the
nucleus
CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
CELL NUCLEUS
The nuclear envelope consists of
two concentric membranes that
separate the nuclear contents
from the surrounding cytoplasm.
These membranes are separated by
about 20 to 40 nm. At intervals the
membranes come together to form
nuclear pores that regulate the
passage of materials between the
nucleoplasm and cytoplasm.
CELL NUCLEUS

A fibrous network of
protein filaments, called
nuclear lamina, forms an
inner lining for the nuclear
envelope. The nuclear
lamina supports the inner
nuclear membrane and
helps organize the nuclear
contents.
Nuclear lamina
also plays a role in the DNA duplication
and in regulating the cell cycle.
Mutation in genes encoding proteins
that make up the nuclear lamina are
associated with several human genetic
diseases, including muscular dystrophies
and premature aging (progeria).
Muscular dystrophy - a hereditary
condition marked by a group of diseases
that cause progressive weakness and
loss of muscle mass. In muscular
dystrophy, abnormal genes (mutations)
interfere with the production of proteins
needed to form healthy muscle.
Progeria - also known as Hutchinson-
Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), is a rare
genetic condition that causes a child's body
to age fast. Most kids with progeria do not
live past age 13. The disease affects both
sexes and all races equally. It affects about 1
in every 4 million births worldwide. A single
mistake in a certain gene causes it to make
an abnormal protein. When cells use this
protein, called progerin, they break down
more easily. Progerin builds up in many
cells of kids with progeria, causing them to
grow old quickly. Progeria is not inherited,
or passed down in families.
VIDEO: REVIEW OF CELL NUCLEUS