Example:

(c)
 Lb

L1 L2

No Instability Inelastic Elastic

Buckling Buckling
Problem Sample:
• Determine the available flexural strength of a W14x74 of A992
(Fy=345MPa) under the following support conditions assuming
Cb=1.0
a) Unbraced length of 6m Properties: Ix = 331 x 106 mm4
d = 361 mm
b) Unbraced length of 10m bf =257 mm Iy = 55.8 x 106 mm4
tf = 19.9mm Sx = 1840 x 103 mm3
tw = 11.4 mm Sy = 436 x 103 mm3
Zx = 2060 x 103 mm3 ry = 63 mm
Problem Sample:
• A W14x90 section is simply supported on a span of 15m. The
beam is laterally supported at its ends and subjected to a uniform
service dead load of 5.2kN/m (including the weight of the beam). If
Fy = 345 Mpa, determine the maximum uniform service load the
beam can support.
Properties:
d = 356 mm Ix = 416 x 106 mm4
bf =368 mm Iy = 151 x 106 mm4
tf = 18 mm Sx = 2340 x 103 mm3
tw = 11.2 mm Sy = 818 x 103 mm3
Zx = 2570 x 103 mm3 ry = 94 mm
J = 1690 x 103 mm4 Cw = 4300 x 109 mm3
ho= 338 mm rts = 104 mm
Weak Axis Bending
• Strong axis bending occurs when a beam is loaded on the plane of
its major axis. If the load is on the plane of the minor axis, the
beam undergoes a weak axis bending. Any shape bent about its
weak axis cannot buckle in the other direction, so lateral-torsional
buckling is not a limit state.
• According to Section 506.6 of NSCP, for I-shaped
members and channels bent about their minor axis,
the nominal flexural strength, Mn, shall be the lower
value obtained according to the limit states of
yielding (plastic moment) and flange local buckling.
• For compact shapes:
𝑀𝑛𝑦 = 𝑀𝑝𝑦 = 𝐹𝑦𝑍𝑦 ≤ 1.6𝐹𝑦𝑆𝑦 • Where:
The limit of 1.6FySy is to prevent excessive 𝑀𝑛𝑦 = Nominal
working load deformation and is satisfied when moment strength about
𝑍𝑦
≤ 1.6 the y-axis
𝑆𝑦
𝑀𝑝𝑦 = Plastic moment
If the shape is noncompact because of the
flange width-to-thickness ratio, the strength will be strength about the y-
given by: axis
𝜆 − 𝜆𝑝 𝐹𝑦𝑆𝑦 = yield moment
𝑀𝑛𝑦 = 𝑀𝑝𝑦 − (𝑀𝑝𝑦 − 0.7𝐹𝑦𝑆𝑦) for the y-axis.
𝜆𝑟 − 𝜆𝑝
Bending in Both Axes (Bi-axial Bending)
• In some instances, the load is inclined with respect to the
coordinate axis or the load may be applied vertically, but the beam
axis is inclined (as in the case of purlins); the bending can be
resolved into two components parallel to each coordinate axis,
and a biaxial bending occurs.
• For bending about one axis only (say x-axis), the criterion is:
𝑀𝑢𝑥
𝑀𝑢𝑥 ≤ 𝜙𝑀𝑛𝑥 or ≤ 1.0
𝜙𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑥
• If there is bending about both the x and y axes, the interaction
approach requires that the sum of ratios for the two effects be less
than 1.0; that is,
• For LRFD
𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝜙𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑥 𝜙𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑦
𝑀𝑢𝑥 = Factored load moment about the x-axis
𝑀𝑛𝑥 = Nominal moment strength for x-axis bending
𝑀𝑢𝑦 = Factored load moment about the y axis
𝑀𝑛𝑦 = Nominal moment strength for the y-axis
• For ASD
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝑀𝑛𝑥 /Ω𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑦 /Ω𝑏
𝑀𝑎𝑥 = Service load moment about the x-axis
𝑀𝑛𝑥 = Nominal moment strength for x-axis bending
𝑀𝑎𝑦 = Factored load moment about the y axis
𝑀𝑛𝑦 = Service moment strength for the y-axis
Shear Strength: NSCP Specification Req’s
• For LRFD, the relationship between the required strength Vu and
the available strength 𝜙𝑣 𝑉𝑛 is:
𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝜙𝑣 𝑉𝑛
Where:
𝑉𝑢 =required shear strength from factored loads
𝜙𝑣 = resistance factor for shear
• For ASD, the relationship between the working strength 𝑉𝑎 and the
available strength 𝑉𝑛 /Ω𝑣 is:
𝑉𝑛
𝑉𝑎 ≤
Ω𝑣
• The resistance factor and factor of safety for shear depends on the
web width-to-thickness ratio.
• According to Section 507.2 of NSCP, the nominal shear strength,
Vn, of unstiffened or stiffened webs, according to the limit states
of shear yielding and shear buckling, is
𝑉𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦𝐴𝑤 𝐶𝑣
Where:
𝐴𝑤 = Area of web = 𝑑𝑡𝑤
𝐶𝑣 = ratio of critical web stress to shear yield stress
• The value of 𝐶𝑣 depends on whether the limit state is web yielding,
web inelastic buckling, or web elastic buckling.
1. For webs of rolled I-shaped members with ℎ/𝑡𝑤 ≤ 2.24 𝐸/𝐹𝑦,
the limit state is shear yielding and
𝐶𝑣 = 1.0
𝜙𝑣 = 1.00(𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷) Ω𝑣 = 1.50 (ASD)
Most W Shapes with 𝐹𝑦 ≤ 345 Mpa fall into this category
2. For webs of all other doubly symmetric shapes and singly
symmetric shapes and channels, except round HSS:
𝜙𝑣 = 0.9(𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷) Ω𝑣 = 1.67 (ASD)
• The value of 𝐶𝑣 is computed as follows:
ℎ 𝑘𝑣 𝐸
a. For ≤ 1.10 , there is no web instability, and
𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
𝐶𝑣 = 1.0
𝑘𝑣 𝐸 ℎ 𝑘𝑣 𝐸
b. For 1.10 < ≤ 1.37 , inelastic web buckling can occur,
𝐹𝑦 𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
and
𝑘𝑣 𝐸
1.10 𝐹𝑦
𝐶𝑣 =
ℎ/𝑡𝑤
ℎ 𝑘𝑣 𝐸
c. For > 1.37 , the limit state is elastic web buckling, and
𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
1.51𝐸𝑘𝑣
𝐶𝑣 = 2
ℎ
𝐹𝑦
𝑡𝑤
• The web plate buckling coefficient, 𝑘𝑣 is determined as follows:
ℎ
a. For unstiffened webs with < 260, 𝑘𝑣 = 5 except for the stem of tee
𝑡𝑤
shapes and single angle where 𝑘𝑣 = 1.2
Note: In proportioning I-shaped members,
ℎ
Section 506.13.2 of
NSCP stated that in unstiffened girders shall not excel 260. Thus, 𝑘𝑣 =
𝑡𝑤
5 for rolled I-shaped members.
b. For stiffened webs:
5 Where:
𝑘𝑣 = 5 + 𝑎 = clear distance between transverse stiffeners, mm
𝑎 2 ℎ = for rolled shapes, the clear distance between
ℎ flanges less the fillet of corner radii, mm
= for built-up welded sections, the clear distance
a between flanges, mm
𝑘𝑣 = 5 when > 3.0 or = for built-up bolted sections, the distance between
h
a 260 2 fasteners lines, mm
> ℎ = for tees, the overall depth, mm
h
𝑡𝑤
Note: Shear is rarely a problem in rolled steel beam; the usual practice is
to design a beam for flexure and then to check it for shear.
Problem Sample:
• Determine the available shear strength and adequacy of an ASTM
A992 (Fy=345 Mpa) W24x62 with end shears of 200kN from dead
load and 630kN from live load.
• Properties of W24x62:
𝐴 = 11,700 𝑚𝑚2
d = 602 𝑚𝑚
b = 179 𝑚𝑚
t f = 15 𝑚𝑚
t w = 10.9 𝑚𝑚
Roof Purlins
• Roof purlins that are part of a sloping roof
system can be subjected to biaxial
bending of the type just described. For the
roof purlins the load is vertical, but the
axes of bending are inclined. This
condition corresponds to the loading of
the figure below.
• The component of load normal to the roof will cause bending
about x axis, and the parallel component bends the beam about
its y axis.
• If the purlins are simply supported at the trusses (or rigid frame
𝑤𝑙 2
rafters), the maximum bending moment about each axis is ,
8
where w is the appropriate component of load.
• If the sag rods are used, they will provide lateral support with
respect to x-axis bending and will act as transverse supports for y-
axis bending, requiring that the purlin be treated as a continuous
beam.
• For uniform sag rod spacings, the following formulas for moment
can be used.
• Without sag rod:
𝑤𝑛 𝐿2
𝑀𝑥 =
82
𝑤𝑡 𝐿
𝑀𝑦 =
8
• With one sag rod at L/2:
𝑤𝑛 𝐿2
𝑀𝑥 =
82
𝑤𝑡 𝐿
𝑀𝑦 =
32
• With two sag rods at L/3:
𝑤𝑛 𝐿2
𝑀𝑥 =
92
𝑤𝑡 𝐿
𝑀𝑦 =
90
Where,
𝑤𝑛 =component of the uniform load normal (along y) to the roof,N/m
𝑤𝑡 = component of the uniform load parallel (along x) to the roof,N/m
L = Length of the Purlin
• The design criteria of the purlin is
• For LRFD
𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝜙𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑥 𝜙𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑦
• For ASD
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝑀𝑛𝑥 /Ω𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑦 /Ω𝑏
• For loads applied to the top flange, only half of the strength in the
y-direction will be used to account for torsional effects.
• For LRFD
𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝜙𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑥 0.5𝜙𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑦
• For ASD
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝑀𝑛𝑥 /Ω𝑏 0.5𝑀𝑛𝑦 /Ω𝑏
 Problem Sample
• A roof system consists of trusses spaced 5m apart. ASTM A36 Properties of C125x10:
C125x10 Purlins are used with sag rods located at the center 𝑑 = 127 𝑚𝑚
of each purlin. The purlins used are to support service dead 𝑏𝑓 = 44.5 𝑚𝑚
load of 730Pa and service live load of 580 Pa. Angle of 𝜃 =
𝑡𝑓 = 8.1 𝑚𝑚
25𝑜 .
𝑡𝑤 = 4.8 𝑚𝑚
a) Determine the adequacy of the purlins based on flexure and 𝑍𝑥 = 58.17 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚3
shear (LRFD only), if they are spaced at 0.8m apart 𝑍𝑦 = 12.41 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚3
b) Determine the maximum safe spacing of the purlins based 𝐽 = 22.85 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚4
on LRFD flexure only ℎ𝑜 = 119 𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝑥 = 3.11𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼𝑦 = 0.196𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑆𝑥 = 49 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚3
𝑆𝑦 = 6.1 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚3
𝑟𝑦 = 12.42 𝑚𝑚
𝐶𝑤 = 0.596 𝑥 109 𝑚𝑚6
𝑟𝑡𝑠 = 14.83 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 10𝑘𝑔/𝑚
Beam Bearing Plate
• Determine the maximum end reaction that
the ASTM A992 (Fy=345MPa) W600x102 beam
can be subjected to. The concrete wall is
Wwall=400mm wide with f’c=27.6MPa. The A36
steel base plate (Fy=248MPa) is 40mm thick
with B=300mm, N(lb=250mm). The long edge
of the plate is located at a distance c=50mm
from the edge of wall.
• Properties of W600x102
d=602mm bf=228mm
tf=14.9mm tw=10.5mm
k=27.7mm