Electrical

Engineering

Power Systems

Comprehensive Theory
with Solved Examples and Practice Questions

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Power Systems
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First Edition : 2015

Second Edition : 2016
Third Edition : 2017
Fourth Edition : 2018
Fifth Edition : 2019
Sixth Edition : 2020
Seventh Edition : 2021
Eighth Edition : 2022

Ninth Edition : 2023

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Contents
Power Systems

Chapter 1 Chapter 4
Performance of Transmission Lines, Generating Power Stations���������������������� 167
Line Parameters and Corona������������������������2 4.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 167

1.1 Poly Phase AC Circuits................................................................ 2 4.2 Electricity Sector in India...................................................... 167

1.2 Graphical Representation of 3-phase System.................... 2 4.3 Hydro-electric Power Plants................................................ 168
1.3 Type of 3-phase Connections.................................................. 4 4.4 Pumped Storage Power Plants........................................... 172
1.4 Power Calculations....................................................................10 4.5 Steam/Thermal Power Plants.............................................. 177
1.5 Introduction to Transmission Lines.....................................15 4.6 Nuclear Power Plants............................................................. 182
1.6 The Medium Length Line........................................................24 4.7 Concept of Base Load and Peak Load Power Plants... 186
1.7 Concept of Travelling Waves..................................................38
4.8 Comparison of Various Types of Power Plants.............. 187
1.8 Power Flow Through A Transmission Line.........................50
Student Assignments-1........................................................... 193
1.9 Transmission Line Parameters...............................................57
Student Assignments-2........................................................... 194
1.10 Inductance of Transmission Lines........................................60
1.11 Bundled Conductors.................................................................67
Chapter 5
1.12 Capacitance of Transmission Lines......................................74
Fault Analysis........................................199
1.13 Corona............................................................................................81
5.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 199
1.14 Sag and Tension..........................................................................86
5.2 Per Unit System........................................................................ 200
Student Assignments-1..............................................................92
5.3 Single Line Diagram of a Power System Network....... 202
Student Assignments-2..............................................................93
5.4 Method of Short-circuit Calculations for Symmetrical

Chapter 2 Faults ......................................................................................... 202

Compensation Techniques, Voltage Profile 5.5 Short Circuit of a Synchronous Machine........................ 204

Control & Load-Frequency Control������������ 100 5.6 Reactors...................................................................................... 206

2.1 Compensation of Transmission Lines.............................. 100 5.7 Short Circuit of a Loaded Synchronous Machine........ 207
2.2 Methods of Voltage Control................................................ 105 5.8 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis............................................. 213
2.3 Load Frequency Control....................................................... 110 5.9 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines.............. 216
2.4 Area Frequencies Control..................................................... 110 5.10 Sequence Circuits and Impedances of Synchronous
Student Assignments-1........................................................... 119 Machine...................................................................................... 219
Student Assignments-2........................................................... 120
5.11 Sequence Impedance of a Transmission Line and their
Representation......................................................................... 221
Chapter 3
5.12 Sequence Network of a Transformer and its Sequence
Distribution Systems, Cables & Insulators� 124
Impedances............................................................................... 222
3.1 Distribution Systems.............................................................. 124
5.13 Unsymmetrical Faults on an Unloaded Generator..... 223
3.2 Underground Cables.............................................................. 135
5.14 Algorithm for Short Circuit Study...................................... 233
3.3 General Construction of a Cable........................................ 136
5.15 ZBUS Building Algorithm......................................................... 235
3.4 Insulator for Overhead Lines............................................... 152
Student Assignments-1........................................................... 162 Student Assignments-1........................................................... 241

Student Assignments-2........................................................... 163 Student Assignments-2........................................................... 242

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Chapter 6 7.20 Protection of Transformer Using Buchholz Relay........ 306

Load Flow Studies.................................245 7.21 Protection of Alternators...................................................... 306

6.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 245 7.22 Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC)................... 307

6.2 Formulation of Nodal Admittance Matrix...................... 246 7.23 Translay Protection System................................................. 310

6.3 Properties of a ZBUS Matrix.................................................... 248 7.24 Distance Protection............................................................... 311

6.4 Formation of YBUS Matrix....................................................... 249 7.25 Insulation Coordination........................................................ 316

6.5 BUS Classification................................................................... 255 7.26 Static Relays.............................................................................. 319

6.6 Gauss-Siedel Method............................................................. 257 7.27 Concept of Neutral Grounding/Earthing........................ 319

6.7 Newton Raphson Method.................................................... 260 Student Assignments-1........................................................... 322

6.8 Decoupled Load Flow Studies............................................ 263 Student Assignments-2........................................................... 322

6.9 Fast Decoupled Load Flow (FDLF)..................................... 264

Chapter 8
6.10 Comparison between Gauss-Siedel and
Power System Stability������������������������������328
Newton-Raphson Method................................................... 264
8.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 328
Student Assignments-1........................................................... 267
8.2 Different Forms of Stability.................................................. 328
Student Assignments-2........................................................... 268
8.3 Power Angle Diagram............................................................ 329

Chapter 7 8.4 The Swing Equation............................................................... 331

Switchgear and Protection���������������������� 269 8.5 Steady State Stability............................................................. 334

7.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 269 8.6 Transient Stability................................................................... 341

7.2 Components of Switchgear................................................. 269 Student Assignments-1........................................................... 353

7.3 Operating Principle of a Circuit Breaker (CB)................. 271 Student Assignments-2........................................................... 354

7.4 Arc Interruption....................................................................... 271

Chapter 9
7.5 Arc, Restriking and Recovery Voltages............................ 272
Optimal Power System Operation��������355
7.6 Current Chopping................................................................... 275
9.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 355
7.7 Resistance Switching of Circuit Breaker.......................... 276
9.2 Economics Scheduling of Generating Units.................. 355
7.8 Auto-reclosing of Circuit Breakers.................................... 279
9.3 Optimal Operation of Generators on a Bus-Bar........... 356
7.9 Circuit Breaker Ratings.......................................................... 279
9.4 Economical Scheduling Neglecting Losses................... 358
7.10 Air-Break Circuit Breakers (ACB)......................................... 281
9.5 Economic Scheduling Including Losses.......................... 359
7.11 Oil Circuit Breakers.................................................................. 282
9.6 Representation of Transmission Loss by B-coefficients.360
7.12 Vaccum Circuit Breakers (VCBs)......................................... 283
Student Assignments-1........................................................... 365
7.13 Air-Blast Circuit Breakers (ABCB)........................................ 283
Student Assignments-2........................................................... 365
7.14 SF6 Circuit Breakers................................................................ 284
7.15 Protective Relays..................................................................... 288
Chapter 10
7.16 Induction Type Over Current Relay................................... 290
Recent Trends in Power Systems..................... 367
7.17 Protection Against Inter-turn Faults on Stator Winding
10.1 High Voltage DC Transmission (HVDC)............................ 367
of Generator.............................................................................. 297
10.2 Facts ....................................................................................... 377
7.18 Restricted Earth Fault Protection....................................... 297
10.3 Smart Grid.................................................................................. 380
7.19 Differential Protection........................................................... 301
Student Assignments-1........................................................... 385

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