Impedance Matching and Tuning

First part

Presented by : Emna Jebabli

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 Plan

L-section impedance matching network

Single stub matching
Single shunt stub matching
Single series stub matching
Double stub matching

2
 Introduction

Impedance matching, is an important part of a larger design process for a microwave component
or system.
An impedance matching network placed between a load impedance and a transmission line.

Impedance matching is important for the following reasons:

Maximum power is delivered when the load is matched to the line (assuming the generator is matched),
and power loss in is minimized.
Impedance matching sensitive receiver components (antenna, low noise amplifier, etc.) improves the
signal to noise ratio of the system.
Impedance matching in a power distribution network (such as an antenna array feed network) may
reduce amplitude and phase errors.
 Introduction

Factors that may be important in the selection of a particular matching network include the following:
Complexity:
A simpler matching network is usually cheaper, more reliable, and less lossy than a more complex design.
 Bandwidth:
Narrow or broadband.
Implementation:
According to the technology used the matching network can be decided on.
Adjustability:
Required if dealing with variable load.
 L-section impedance matching network

Uses two reactive elements (the capacitor and the inductor) to match an arbitrary load impedance ZL
to a transmission line Z0.
There are two possible configurations for this network, as shown below.

For zL outside the 1+jx circle on the Smith chart.

For zL inside the 1+jx circle on the Smith chart.

With zL the normalized load impedance (zL =ZL/Z0)

The 1 + jx circle is the resistance circle on the impedance Smith chart for which r = 1. 5
 L-section impedance matching network

L-section matching networks for zL inside the 1+jx circle on the Smith chart.

When zL = ZL /Z0 is inside the 1 + jx circle on the Smith

chart, which implies that RL > Z0 for this case.
The impedance seen looking into the matching network,
followed by the load impedance, must be equal to Z0.
Fig2. Network for zL inside the 1+jx circle on the
Smith chart
XL  R L / Z0 RL2  X L2  Z 0 RL
B 
RL2  X L2 Outside the 1+jx circle on the
Smith chart.
1 X L Z0 Z
X    0
B RL BR L

B
C Inside the 1+jx circle on the
2fZ 0 Smith chart.

XZ 0
L
2f 6
 L-section impedance matching network

L-section matching networks for zL outside the 1+jx circle on the Smith chart.

When zL = ZL /Z0 is inside the 1 + jx circle on the Smith

chart, which implies that RL< Z0 for this case.
The admittance seen looking into the matching network,
followed by the load impedance, must be equal to 1/Z0.
Fig3. Network for zL outside the 1+jx circle on the
Smith chart
( Z 0  RL ) / RL
B
Z0 Outside the 1+jx circle on the
Smith chart.
X   RL ( Z 0  RL )  X L

 Z0
L
2fB Inside the 1+jx circle on the
Smith chart.
1
C
2fXZ0
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 L-section impedance matching network

Example:
Design an L-section matching network to match a series RC load with an impedance ZL = 200 − j100 ohm
to a 100 ohm line at a frequency of 500 MHz. zL
Solution:

The normalized load impedance is zL = 2 − j1, which

is plotted on the Smith chart.
This point is inside the 1 + jx circle, so we use the
matching circuit of Fig4.

1 + jx circle

Fig4. Network for zL inside the 1+jx circle on the Smith

chart 8
 L-section impedance matching network

Solution:

XL  R L / Z0 RL2  X L2  Z 0 RL
B 
RL2  X L2

1 X L Z0 Z
X    0
B RL BR L

These formulas give the solution as B = (0.29 and −0.69).

For B=0.29 , X = 1.22.

For B=-0.69 , X= −1.22.

This indicated that there are two solutions.

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 L-section impedance matching network

Solution1( for B=0.29 , X = 1.22):

B XZ 0
C L
2fZ 0 2f

These formulas give the solution as:

C = 0.92pF, L = 38.8nH.

Solution2( for B=-0.69 , X = -1.22):

1  Z0
C L
2fXZ0 2fB

These formulas give the solution as:

C = 2.61 pF, L = 46.1 nH.

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 L-section impedance matching network

Smith Chart Solutions.

Instead of the above formulas, the Smith chart can be used to quickly and accurately design
matching networks.

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 L-section impedance matching network
Smith Chart Solutions1.

The normalized load impedance is zL = 2 − j1

This point is inside the 1 + jx circle
Drawing the SWR circle through the load, and a straight line
from the load through the center of the chart.
Then we see that adding a susceptance of jb = j0.3 will move
us along a constant-conductance circle to y = 0.4 + j0.5 (this
choice is the shortest distance from yL to the shifted 1 + jx
circle).
. Converting back to impedance leaves us at z = 1 − j1.2,
indicating that a series reactance of x = j1.2 will bring us to
the center of the chart.
For comparison, the formulas give the solution as b = 0.29, x
= 1.22. Smith chart for the L-section matching networks.

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 L-section impedance matching network
Smith Chart Solutions2.

It is also interesting to look at the second solution to

this matching problem.
If instead of adding a shunt susceptance of b = 0.3, we
use a shunt susceptance of b = −0.7, we will move to a
point on the lower half of the shifted 1 + jx circle, to y
= 0.4 − j0.5.
Then converting to impedance and adding a series
reactance of x = −1.2 leads to a match as well.
For comparison, the formulas give the solution as b =
−0.69, x = −1.22.

Smith chart for the L-section matching networks.

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 L-section impedance matching network

Fig5. Reflection coefficient magnitudes versus frequency for the matching circuits of the two solutions.

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 L-section impedance matching network

Lumped Elements (R, L, C) for Microwave Integrated Circuits:

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 Single Stub matching

A stub is a short section of line which is connected to the main transmission line to minimize reflections.
A stub is a short section of transmission line witch is either short-circuited or open-circuited at one end.
A single-stub matching circuit consist of shunt or series stub as shown in the figure6.

(a) (b)

Fig6. Single (a) Shunt stub matching. (b) Series stub matching.
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 Single Stub matching

In single-stub tuning the two adjustable parameters are:

 The distance d from the load to the stub position.
The value of susceptance or reactance provided by the stub.

(a) (b)
Fig6. Single (a) Shunt stub matching. (b) Series stub matching.

The design parameters are the distance d from the load to the stub position and length of the stub l . 17
 Single shunt stub matching

For the shunt-stub case, the basic idea is to select d so that the admittance, Y , seen looking into the
line at distance d from the load is of the form Y0 + j B. Then the stub susceptance is chosen as − j B,
resulting in a matched condition.

Shunt stub matching.

Shunt stubs are preferred for microstrip line or stripline.

18
 Single shunt stub matching

To derive formulas for d and l, let the load

Solving for t gives
impedance be written as ZL = 1/YL = RL + j XL
The impedance Z down a length d of line from the
load is:
If RL = Z0, then t = −XL /2Z0. Thus, the two
principal solutions for d are :
where t = tan βd. The admittance at this point is:

Where:
For an open circuited stub:

For a short circuited stub

Now d (which implies t) is chosen so that G = Y0 =
1/Z0. this results in a quadratic equation for t:

If the length is negative, λ/2 can be added to 19

give a positive result.
 Single shunt stub matching

Example:

For a load impedance ZL = 60 − j80 ohm, design two single-stub (short circuit) shunt tuning
networks to match this load to a 50ohm line. Assuming that the load is matched at 2 GHz
and that the load consists of a resistor and capacitor in series, plot the reflection coefficient
magnitude from 1 to 3 GHz for each solution.

Solution:
Smith Chart Solutions.
Instead of the above formulas, the Smith chart can be used to quickly and accurately design matching
networks.

20
 Single shunt stub matching
Solution:
Smith Chart Solutions.

The first step is to plot the normalized load impedance

zL = 1.2 − j1.6, construct the appropriate SWR circle, and
convert to the load admittance, yL.
we consider the Smith chart as an admittance chart.
Notice that the SWR circle intersects the 1 + jb circle at
two points, denoted as y1 and y2.
Thus the distance d from the load to the stub is given by
either of these two intersections. Reading the WTG scale,
we obtain:
d1 = 0.176 − 0.065 = 0.110λ and d2 = 0.325 − 0.065 =
0.260λ
At the two intersection points, the normalized
Fig8.Smith chart for the shunt-stub tuners. 21
admittances are: y1 = 1.00 + j1.47 and y2 = 1.00 − j1.47.
 Single shunt stub matching
Solution:
Smith Chart Solutions.

Thus, the first tuning solution requires a stub

with a susceptance of − j1.47. The length of a
short-circuited stub that gives this susceptance
can be found on the Smith chart by starting at
y = ∞ (the short circuit) and moving along the
outer edge of the chart (g = 0) toward the
generator to the − j1.47 point. The stub length
is then:
l1 = 0.095λ.
Similarly, the required short-circuit stub
length for the second solution is l2 = 0.405λ.

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Fig8.Smith chart for the shunt-stub tuners.
 Single shunt stub matching

d1 = 0.110λ and d2 = 0.260λ.

l1 = 0.095λ and l2 = 0.405λ.

The series-RC load impedance is:

ZL = 60 − j80 ohm at 2 GHz, (a)

so R = 60 ohm and C = 0.995 pF.

(b)
Fig8.(a)The two shunt-stub tuning solutions. (b) Reflection coefficient
magnitudes versus frequency for the tuning circuits of (a).
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 Single shunt stub matching

Example:

The photo of the realized modified two-stage Reflection coefficient in the input port of 4-elements
signal distribution network for 4-patch array. planar array.

Source: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=8405225 24
 Single series stub matching

For the series-stub case, the distance d is selected so that the impedance, Z, seen looking
into the line at a distance d from the load is of the form Z0 + j X. Then the stub reactance is
chosen as − j X, resulting in a matched condition.

Series stub matching.

Series stubs are preferred for slotline or coplanar waveguide. 25

 Single series stub matching

To derive formulas for d and l for the series-stub tuner.

the load admittance be written as YL = 1/ZL = GL + j BL .

the admittance Y down a length d of line from the load is: If GL = Y0, then t = −BL /2Y0. Then
the two principal solutions for d are

where t = tan βd and Y0 = 1/Z0.

The impedance at this point is:

for a shortcircuited stub

Where:
for an open circuited stub
Now d (which implies t) is chosen so that R = Z0 =
1/Y0. this results in a quadratic equation for t:
If the length is negative, λ/2 can be
added to give a positive result.
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Solving for t gives:
 Single series stub matching

Example:

Match a load impedance of ZL = 100 + j80 ohm to a 50 ohm line using a single series open-
circuit stub. Assuming that the load is matched at 2 GHz and that the load consists of a resistor
and inductor in series, plot the reflection coefficient magnitude from 1 to 3 GHz.

Solution:
Smith Chart Solutions.
Instead of the above formulas, the Smith chart can be used to quickly and accurately design matching
networks.

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 Single series stub matching

Smith Chart Solutions.

First plot the normalized load impedance:

zL = 2 + j1.6, and draw the SWR circle.
Note that the SWR circle intersects the 1 + jx circle
at two points, denoted as z1 and z2.
The shortest distance, d1, from the load to the stub
is, from the WTG scale
d1 = 0.328 − 0.208 = 0.120λ,
and the second distance is:
d2 = (0.5 − 0.208) + 0.172 = 0.463λ.

Fig7.Smith chart for the series-stub tuners.

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 Single series stub matching

Smith Chart Solutions.

The normalized impedances at the two intersection

points are:
z1 = 1 − j1.33 and z2 = 1 + j1.33.
The first solution requires a stub with a reactance of
j1.33. The length of an open-circuited stub that gives
this reactance can be found on the Smith chart by
starting at z = ∞ (open circuit), and moving along the
outer edge of the chart (r = 0) toward the generator to
the j1.33 point. So l1 = 0.397λ.
Similarly, the required open-circuited stub length for
the second solution is: l2 = 0.103λ. Fig7.Smith chart for the series-stub tuners.
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 Single series stub matching

Solutions.

d1 = 0.120λ and l1 = 0.397λ

d2 = 0.463λ and l2 = 0.103λ

If the load is a series resistor and inductor with

(a)
ZL = 100 + j80 ohm at 2 GHz,
then R = 100 ohm and L = 6.37 nH.

(b)

Fig8.(a)The two series-stub tuning solutions. (b) Reflection coefficient

magnitudes versus frequency for the tuning circuits of (a).
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 Double stub matching

Disadvantages of Matching with Single Stub: „

A variable length of line between the load and the stub is needed. „This would be a problem if an
adjustable tuner was desired.
Solution: „Double stub matching .
Two tuning stubs in fixed positions. „
 Adjustable stubs are usually connected in parallel to the main feed line. „
Double stub tuner cannot match all load impedances.

The double-stub tuner, which uses two tuning stubs in fixed positions, can be used. Such tuners are
often fabricated in coaxial line with adjustable stubs connected in shunt to the main coaxial line. We
will see, however, that a double-stub tuner cannot match all load impedances.

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 Double stub matching

(a) (b)
Fig8. Double-stub tuning. (a) Original circuit with the load an arbitrary distance from the first stub. (b)
Equivalent circuit with the load transformed to the first stub.

The design parameters are lengths of the two stubs l1 and l2 .

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 Double stub matching
Analytic Solution

The admittance just to the left of the first stub in Figure 8b is:
Where YL=GL+jBL is the load admittance, and B1 is the susceptance of the first stub. After transforming
through a length d of transmission line, we find that the admittance just to the right of the second stub is

where t = tan βd and Y0 = 1/Z0. At this point the real part of Y2 must equal Y0, which leads to the equation

Solving for GL gives:

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 Double stub matching

Because GL is real, the quantity within the square root must be nonnegative, and so

This implies that:

which gives the range on GL that can be matched for a given stub spacing d. After d has been set, the
first stub susceptance can be determined as

Then the second stub susceptance can be found from the negative of the imaginary part of (5.18) to be

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 Double stub matching

The upper and lower signs correspond to the same solutions. The open-circuited stub length is found as

and the short-circuited stub length is found as

where B = B1 or B2.

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 Double stub matching
Example:

Design a double-stub shunt tuner to match a load impedance ZL = 60 − j80ohm to a 50ohm line. The stubs are
to be open-circuited stubs and are spaced λ/8 apart. Assuming that this load consists of a series resistor and
capacitor and that the match frequency is 2 GHz, plot the reflection coefficient magnitude versus frequency
from 1 to 3 GHz.

Solution:

Fig9 .The two double-stub tuning solutions. 36

Thank you for your attention

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