Members:

Carabuena, Ara L.

Valladolid, Jessabel T.

Villafuerte, Rhaisanne R.

Title:

1."Planting depth and it's effect on tomato seed(solanum

lycopersicum) germination and plant growth."

2."Growth and yield of ladyfinger(Abelmoschus esculentus) using FAA

(Fish Amino Acid) as natural organic fertilizer."

3."Growth and yield performance of corn (Zea Mays) utilizing the

different kind of planting distance"

4" Unleashing the Power of Egg Shells for Sustainable Green Onion or
Scallions (Allium fistulosum)"

5." Assessing the Efficacy of Fermented Coconut Water as a natural

Pest Control Agent in Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) Cultivation"
 "PLANTING DEPTH AND IT'S EFFECT ON TOMATO SEED
(Solanum lycopersicum)"
Introduction:
Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) are one of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops
globally, valued for their nutritional content, culinary versatility, and economic importance.
As a determinant factor in the success of tomato cultivation, seed germination and early
growth stages are critical stages that significantly influence yield and quality outcomes.

By systematically manipulating planting depths and monitoring seedling responses under

controlled conditions, this study seeks to elucidate the physiological mechanisms underlying
the observed effects and provide insights into the adaptive strategies employed by tomato
seeds in response to varying soil environments. Practical implications for growers and
agronomists will be discussed, with emphasis on optimizing planting practices to maximize
seedling establishment, vigor, and ultimately, crop productivity.

This thesis contributes to our understanding of the role of planting depth in tomato seed
germination and early growth, providing valuable insights for optimizing planting practices
and enhancing crop productivity in tomato cultivation systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

Planting depth refers to the depth at which seeds are sown into the soil during the initial
planting process. It is a critical determinant of seedling emergence, early growth, and
ultimately, crop productivity. While numerous factors affect seedling establishment in
tomatoes, including soil moisture, temperature, and nutrient availability, planting depth
plays a fundamental role in creating the optimal environment for seed germination and
seedling growth.

Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effects of planting depth on the
germination, emergence, and early growth of tomato seeds (Solanum lycopersicum) under
controlled experimental conditions. By systematically analyzing the influence of planting
depth on key agronomic parameters, this research seeks to provide valuable insights that can
inform growers' decisions and contribute to the development of best management practices
for tomato cultivation.
Previous studies have demonstrated that planting depth can significantly affect various
aspects of tomato seedling development. For instance, shallow planting depths may promote
quicker emergence but can result in weaker seedlings with shallower root systems, leading to
reduced drought tolerance and nutrient uptake efficiency. On the other hand, excessively
deep planting may delay emergence and inhibit seedling growth due to limited access to light
and oxygen.

Understanding how planting depth influences tomato seedling establishment can inform
growers and agronomists in making informed decisions regarding seedling management
practices, ultimately leading to improved crop productivity, resource efficiency, and
sustainability in tomato production systems.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

The successful cultivation of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) depends on various
agronomic practices, with planting depth being a critical factor influencing seedling
establishment and subsequent crop performance. However, despite its importance, the
relationship between planting depth and tomato seed performance remains inadequately
understood, particularly concerning the optimal planting depth for maximizing germination
rates, seedling vigor, and overall crop yield.

The primary problem addressed by this study is the lack of comprehensive research
evaluating the effects of planting depth on tomato seedling development under controlled
experimental conditions. To address this problem, the following specific research questions
will be investigated:

What is the influence of different planting depths on the germination percentage of tomato
seeds?

How does planting depth affect the emergence rate and uniformity of tomato seedlings?

What are the effects of planting depth on early growth parameters such as seedling height,
root length, and biomass accumulation?

What are the implications of the findings for recommending optimal planting depths to
enhance tomato crop productivity and sustainability?

By addressing these research questions, this study aims to fill the existing knowledge gap
regarding the effects of planting depth on tomato seed performance and provide practical
insights that can guide growers in optimizing their cultivation practices.
"Growth and yield of ladyfinger(Abelmoschus
esculentus) using FAA (Fish Amino Acid) as natural
organic fertilizer."

INTRODUCTION:
Ladyfinger, also known as Okra or Abelmoschus esculentus, is a highly valuable vegetable
crop that is grown in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. It is known for its
high nutritional value, being rich in vitamins A and C, fiber, and other essential nutrients. In
recent years, there has been an increasing interest in sustainable and organic farming
practices. One such practice involves the use of Fish Amino Acid (FAA) as a natural organic
fertilizer. FAA is an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable source of essential nutrients
for plants. It is made through the fermentation of fish waste, and it has been found to
improve plant growth and yield in a variety of crops.

Backgrounds of the study:

The use of chemical fertilizers has been associated with a number of environmental and
health problems, including soil degradation, water pollution, and negative impacts on
beneficial soil microorganisms. As a result, there is a growing need for more sustainable and
eco-friendly alternatives. Fish Amino Acid (FAA) is one such alternative. It is a rich source of
nitrogen, which is an essential nutrient for plant growth. Despite its potential benefits, there
is limited research on the use of FAA as a fertilizer for Ladyfinger. This study aims to fill this
gap in knowledge.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

This study aims to answer the following questions:

1. How does the application of FAA affect the growth of ladyfinger?

2. How does the application of FAA affect the yield of ladyfinger?

3. How does the use of FAA as a fertilizer for ladyfinger compare to the use of synthetic
fertilizers?

4. "What is the effect of FAA on the growth and yield of Ladyfinger?"

"Growth and yield performance of corn (Zea Mays) utilizing the
different kind of planting distance.

INTRODUCTION
corn, also known as maize, into human cultivation is a story that traces back thousands of
years to the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica. Around 9,000 years ago, ancient farmers in
what is now Mexico began selectively breeding teosinte, a wild grass, to produce the early
ancestors of modern corn. Over centuries of careful cultivation, these early farmers
transformed teosinte into the maize we recognize today.Corn played a crucial role in the
development of Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Maya and Aztec, serving as a staple
food source and a foundation for cultural and economic exchange. With the arrival of
Europeans in the Americas, corn was introduced to the rest of the world, becoming one of the
most widely cultivated crops globally.

Today, corn is a cornerstone of agriculture and food systems worldwide, with diverse
varieties adapted to various climates and uses. Its introduction into human cultivation
represents a transformative moment in agricultural history, shaping diets, economies, and
cultures across continents.

BACKGROUNDS OF THE STUDY:

Corn ( Zae mays) involves examining various aspects of its history, cultivation, genetics, uses,
and impact on societies. History: Corn, or maize, was domesticated around 9,000 years ago in
Mesoamerica by indigenous peoples. It was a staple crop for civilizations such as the Maya,
Aztec, and Inca.

Cultivation: Corn is cultivated worldwide in diverse climates and soils. Understanding its
cultivation practices, including planting, fertilization, pest control, and harvesting, is essential.

Genetics: Corn exhibits significant genetic diversity, with thousands of varieties bred for
different purposes, including food, feed, and industrial uses. Studying its genetics helps
improve crop resilience, yield, and nutritional content.

Uses: Corn is used for food as a grain, flour, or sweetener, animal feed, ethanol production,
and various industrial applications manufacturing processes and biodegradable plastics.
Cultural Significance: Corn holds cultural importance for many societies, symbolizing fertility,
sustenance, and tradition. It plays a central role in ceremonies, rituals, and culinary traditions
worldwide.

Economic Impact: Corn is a major commodity crop, with significant economic implications for
farmers, agribusinesses, and food industries globally. Understanding its economic dynamics,
including market trends and trade patterns, is crucial.Studying these aspects provides insights
into the importance of corn as a crop and its multifaceted role in human societies and
ecosystems.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

answer the following questions:

1.improper planting distances in corn cultivation can lead to suboptimal yields, reduced crop
quality?

2. What does affect planting distance in the corn?

"Unleashing the Power of Egg Shells for Sustainable Green Onion or
Scallions (Allium fistulosum)"

INTRODUCTION:
The cultivation of green onion or scallions (Allium fistulosum) faces various challenges related
to soil health degradation, pest infestations, and the depletion of natural resources. This
research aims to assess the potential of utilizing egg shells as a sustainable resource in green
onion cultivation.

This study aims to provide insights into the potential benefits and challenges of unleashing
the power of egg shells for sustainable green onion cultivation. The findings of this research
endeavor have the potential to inform agricultural practices and contribute to the
development of environmentally friendly and economically viable strategies for green onion
production.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

One of the primary challenges in green onion cultivation is soil health degradation.
Continuous cultivation and inadequate soil management practices can lead to soil
compaction, nutrient depletion, and reduced microbial activity, which in turn can affect plant
growth and yield. Green onion crops are susceptible to attack by pests and diseases, including
thrips, onion maggots, and fungal pathogens, which can cause significant damage if left
uncontrolled.

In the pursuit of sustainable agriculture, there is a growing interest in exploring alternative

approaches to address these challenges while promoting economic viability. Researchers and
farmers are increasingly turning to organic and natural resources to improve soil fertility,
enhance plant resilience, and reduce reliance on synthetic inputs.

Egg shells represent one such potential resource. Egg shells, which are often discarded as
waste, are rich in calcium carbonate, a mineral that can help regulate soil pH and improve
nutrient availability. Egg shells possess pesticidal properties due to the presence of proteins
and chitin, which may help deter pests and inhibit the growth of certain pathogens. Despite
their potential benefits, egg shells are often underutilized in agricultural settings.
The utilization of egg shells in green onion cultivation presents an opportunity to address
multiple challenges simultaneously. By incorporating egg shells into the soil, it is possible to
improve soil structure, enhance nutrient retention, and promote beneficial microbial activity.
And also, the application of egg shell extracts or formulations may help suppress pest
populations and reduce the incidence of soil-borne diseases, thereby contributing to
improved crop health and yield.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

This research aims to assess the potential of utilizing egg shells as a sustainable resource in
green onion cultivation. This study seeks to address the following research questions:

How does the incorporation of egg shells into the soil affect soil quality parameters such as
pH, nutrient levels, and microbial activity in green onion cultivation?

What is the impact of egg shell amendments on the growth, yield, and quality of green onion
crops, including measures of plant vigor, leaf size, and nutritional content?

To what extent do egg shell extracts or formulations demonstrate efficacy in controlling

common pests and diseases that afflict green onion crops, such as thrips, onion maggots, and
fungal pathogens?

What are the economic feasibility and practical considerations associated with the use of egg
shells in commercial green onion production systems, including factors such as cost-
effectiveness, scalability, and ease of implementation?

By addressing these research questions, this study aims to provide insights into the potential
benefits and challenges of unleashing the power of egg shells for sustainable green onion
cultivation. The findings of this research endeavor have the potential to inform agricultural
practices and contribute to the development of environmentally friendly and economically
viable strategies for green onion production.
" Assessing the Efficacy of Fermented Coconut Water as a natural Pest
Control Agent in Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) Cultivation"
INTRODUCTION:
In recent years, the agricultural industry has faced increasing challenges in pest management
due to the negative impacts of synthetic pesticides on human health and the environment. As
a result, there has been a growing interest in exploring natural alternatives to traditional pest
control methods. One such alternative is fermented coconut water, which has shown promise
in preliminary studies as a potential pest control agent.

This thesis aims to assess the efficacy of fermented coconut water as a natural pest control
agent in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cultivation. Lettuce is one of the most widely consumed leafy
vegetables globally, and its cultivation is often plagued by various pests, leading to yield
losses and economic consequences for farmers. By evaluating the effectiveness of fermented
coconut water against common lettuce pests, this research seeks to provide valuable insights
into its potential as a sustainable pest management solution.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is an economically important leafy vegetable cultivated worldwide,
valued for its nutritional content and culinary versatility. However, lettuce cultivation faces
significant challenges from various pests, including aphids, caterpillars, and mites, which can
cause substantial yield losses and quality degradation if left uncontrolled. Historically,
synthetic pesticides have been the primary means of pest management in lettuce production.
However, the indiscriminate use of these chemicals has raised concerns regarding
environmental pollution, human health risks, and the development of pesticide resistance
among pest populations.

Coconut water, the clear liquid found inside young coconuts, is rich in nutrients and bioactive
compounds known to possess insecticidal and repellent properties. Fermentation further
enhances these properties by promoting the production of bioactive metabolites, such as
organic acids, enzymes, and antimicrobial peptides, which may exert toxic effects on insect
pests while being safe for non-target organisms and the environment.

Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of fermented plant extracts and microbial
metabolites as biopesticides against a wide range of agricultural pests. However, research
specifically focusing on the use of fermented coconut water in lettuce cultivation remains
limited. But there is a need for systematic investigation to evaluate the potential of
fermented coconut water as a natural pest control agent in lettuce production.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

The cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) faces significant challenges from pests,
necessitating the use of pest control agents. Traditional chemical pesticides may pose risks to
human health and the environment. Therefore, there is a need to explore alternative, eco-
friendly solutions. Fermented coconut water has emerged as a potential natural pest control
agent due to its biochemical properties. However, its efficacy in controlling pests in lettuce
cultivation remains largely unexplored. This study aims to assess the efficacy of fermented
coconut water as a natural pest control agent in lettuce cultivation.

The main problem addressed in this research is:

How does the application of fermented coconut water affect the population dynamics of
pests commonly found in lettuce cultivation?

What is the impact of fermented coconut water on the growth and development of lettuce
plants (Lactuca sativa)?

Can the use of fermented coconut water as a pest control agent in lettuce cultivation be
economically viable for farmers?