Human Movement Exam Notes

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Topic 1: The movement Machine

Lesson 1 notes-
In the study of physical activity and sport there are four systems that play an important role:
● The skeletal system - supports and protects the body, provides a framework for
movement, stores minerals, and manufactures blood.
● The muscular system - enables movement, maintains posture, and produces heat.]
● The cardiovascular system - the heart pumps blood around the body, enabling the
transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste.
● The respiratory system - takes oxygen from the air and supplies it to the blood, as well
as removing carbon dioxide.

System Rle

Skeletal The skeletal system is the protection of the body,provides movement,stores minerals
and manufactures blood.

Muscular The muscular system is the pumping blood and supporting movement to lifting heavy
weights or giving birth.

Circulatory Circulatory system is to transport blood around the working body.

Respiratory takes oxygen from the air and supplies it to the blood, as well as removing carbon
dioxide.

What is the relationship between the skeletal and muscular system?


Skeletal system is a framework, muscles attach to bones (framework) via tendons.
This allows the muscles to contract allowing for movement. The muscular and skeletal
systems work together to support and move the body.

What is the relationship between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems?


Breathing O2 in through our lungs from the atmosphere, O2 is diffused into blood and
pumped around the body via the heart. CO2 is breathed out back into the atmosphere.

What other important systems make up the human body? What are their roles?
Digestive system → break down food into chemical energy.
Lesson 2 - The skeletal System
It supports the organs and tissues of the body. Without this support they would collapse under
their own weight. It provides a base for the attachment of muscles and so allows movement
with the bones acting as levers. It provides protection for internal organs. For example, the
cranium protects the brain; the thorax protects the heart and lungs. The bones are a source of
supply of blood cells and a store for minerals required for the body to function. For example,
red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, which is found in the middle of
bones.

-Axial Skeleton – forms the basic structure by which the rest of the skeleton is supported.
Consists of the Skull, Spine, and Thorax or Rib Cage.
-Appendicular Skeleton – Consists of the limbs joined together by the girdles of the pelvis and
shoulders.

Skill Bones

Shooting Carpals, Humerus, Radius, Scapula

Running Tibia, femur , patella

catching Humerus,scapula,clavicle
Lesson 3 - Types of joints
A joint is a place at which two or more bones meet. Almost every bone in the body has formed
at least one joint with another bone. Joints can facilitate not only movement but stability. There
are three types of joints:

● fixed (immovable) joints


● cartilaginous, or slightly movable joints
● synovial, or freely movable joints.

STRUCTURE OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Cartilage is a smooth shiny surface on the bones which allows them to glide across each other
freely.
Tendons are tough inelastic cords that attach muscles to bones. These further strengthen the
joint and allow the joint to move.
Synovial Fluid is a lubricant that keeps the joints moist and nourishes the cartilage to enable
easy movement
Ligaments are fibrous bands that connect bones to bones. These maintain stability in the joint.

Joint Definition Example


Ball and Socket a synovial joint, which means hip or shoulder.
it allows for smooth
movements between bones.

Hinge the joint between two bones human fingers


that allows movement only in
one plane.

Pivot a synovial joint in which the the skull


ends of two bones connect.

Gliding a synovial joint built between ankle joints,


two bones that meet on flat acromioclavicular joints,
articular surfaces allowing
sliding or gliding motion.

Condyloid only allow for movement of fingers


forward-backward and side to
side movement and do not
allow rotation.

Saddle a type of synovial joint that shoulder, and ear


supports a wide range of
movement.
Flexion - A decrease in the angle of a joint. For example, moving your wrist up to your shoulder.
Extension - An increase in the angle at a joint, or returning the body part back to the normal
anatomical position. For example, standing up straight after crouching down.
Adduction – Movement towards the body’s midline. For example, crossing your left leg over
your right.
Abduction – Movement away from the body’s midline. For example lifting your arm up so it’s in
line with your shoulder.
Rotation – Movement about an axis. For example, circling your arms.
Circumduction – Moving a limb so that the end of the limb does a circle. For example, circling
your wrists.
Pronation – Movement of the forearm so the palm of the hand turns down.
Supination – Movement of the forearm so the palm of the hand faces down faces up

Joint Joint Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduc


action tion

Knee

Elbow

Hip

Shoulder

Wrist

Spine
Lesson 4- The Muscular System
Without muscles movement would not be possible. We couldn’t digest food, breath or other
normal bodily functions. The muscular system:
● Protects internal organs
● Provides movement for the skeleton
● Maintains posture
● Production of heat

TYPES OF MUSCLE

Skeletal system Cardiac Smooth


Smooth

Involuntary muscles
These muscles work all the time and you cannot directly control them. An example is your
heart.

Voluntary muscles
Also known as “skeletal muscles” because they are responsible for moving your skeleton
around. These muscles are termed “voluntary” because your body is free to move them
whenever it chooses. They are under your control.

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