2.00 Ordinary Method of Slices Bishop

METHOD OF SLICES
Method of Slices: Circular surfaces

Ordinary Method of Slices (OMS)
 This method can be used for soil in different shearing resistance along
the failure plane
 Proposed by Fellenius ,
Regulation of slices
1. Sliced performed vertical direction
2. The width of the slice does not have the same measurement
3. One slice must have one type of soil in the failure surface
4. The width of the slice must be such that the curve (failure plane) can
be considered a straight line
5. The total weight of soil in a slice is the soil wedge itself, including
water and external load
Fellenius (Ordinary) Method of Slices
Ordinary Method of Slices (OMS)
 Assumes that the side forces T and E may be neglected

 the normal force N, may be determined simply by resolving the
weight W of the slice in a direction normal to the arc, at the mid
point of the slice
 𝑁 = 𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
 where  is the angle of inclination of the potential failure arc to
the horizontal at the mid point of the slice
 The driving force is 𝑊 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
formulation
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 σ 𝑅.𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥

 𝐹𝑆 = =σ
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑅 𝑊 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
σ 𝑐 ′ 𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼+𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑
 𝐹𝑆 = σ 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
 If submerged: 𝑁 = 𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑢𝑙
 Where: 𝑙 = 𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼
σ 𝑐 ′ 𝑙+(𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 −𝑢 𝑙) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑
σ 𝑐 ′ 𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼+(𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 −𝑢 𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑
Formulation: Improved accuracy
 Accuracy: note the following
 The term “ 𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑢𝑙” becomes negative at high angle(𝛼) or
large pore water pressure
 The Accuracy of this becomes very poor
 As an alternative: the effective weight can be calculated

′
 𝑊 = 𝑊 − 𝑢𝑏
Formulation: Improved accuracy
 submerged: 𝑁 ′ = 𝑊 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
 𝑁 ′ = 𝑊 − 𝑏𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
 𝑁 ′ = 𝑊 − 𝑢𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
 𝑁 ′ = 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑢𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 , then
′ 𝑁′ 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 −𝑢𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼
 𝜎𝑛 = =
𝑙 𝑙
𝑏
 Where: 𝑙 = = 𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
 Improved FS is given by
σ 𝑐 ′ 𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼+(𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 −𝑢𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑′
Step by Step Procedure
1. Draw cross-section to natural scale

2. Select failure surface
3. Divide the failure mass into some slices
4. Compute total weight ( W ) of each slice: external loads shall be included in the weight
5. Compute frictional resisting force for each slice (N – ul) Tanφ
6. Compute cohesive resisting force for each slice Cl
7. Compute tangential driving force (T) for each slice
8. Sum resisting and driving forces for ALL slices and compute FS
Ordinary Method of Slices
 Satisfies moment equilibrium only
 It replicates the Swedish circle method for φ = 0.0
 Direct or explicit FS
 Less accuracy than other methods. Less accurate for effective stress analysis, and less
accurate for increasing pore water pressure
Example
Remarks on Safety Factor
Use FS = 1.3 to 1.5 for critical slopes such as end slopes under abutments, slopes
 containing footings, major retaining structures
Use FS = 1.5 for cut slopes in fine-grained soils which can lose strength with time
Simplified Bishop Method
Wassel AL Bodour
 Circular Slip surface
 Side forces are horizontal: shear forces are zeros
 Equilibrium is satisfied in the vertical direction
𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑊 = 0.0
𝜏𝑓𝑓 . 𝑙
𝑇 = 𝜏. 𝑙 =
𝐹
T
𝑐 ′ 𝑙 + 𝑁 − 𝑢𝑙 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑′
𝑇=
𝐹
𝑐 ′ 𝑙 − 𝑢𝑙 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
′
𝑊−
𝑁= 𝐹
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑′
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝐹
 Circular Slip surface
 Side forces are horizontal: shear forces are zeros
 Equilibrium is satisfied in the vertical direction
𝑐 ′ 𝑙 − 𝑢𝑙 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑊−
𝑁= 𝐹
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑′
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 +
𝐹
𝑁
𝜎𝑛′ = −𝑢
𝑙 T
Moment Equilibrium for circular surfaces
𝑐 ′ 𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝑊 − 𝑢 𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 tan 𝜑′

sin 𝛼 tan 𝜑′
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 +
𝐹= 𝐹
σ 𝑊 sin 𝛼
For Total stress analysis:
For fully undrained

analysis:
This equation is the same for:

- Logarithmic spiral
- Swedish circle
- Ordinary Method
- Simplified Bishop
- In fact, it is the same for any circular failure that satisfies moment
equilibrium
Simlified Bishop Method: Remarks
 Does not satisfy the complete static equilibrium (Horizontal direction)
 Relatively accurate
 Shows improved accuracy over the ordinary method(effective stress
analysis and High PWP)
 Good agreement (for F) between Simplified Bishop and limit
Equilibrium that satisfy the static equilibrium
 For example, agrees with FEM favorably within 5%
 Limitations: Restricted to Circular surfaces

2.00 Ordinary Method of Slices Bishop

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METHOD OF SLICES

Method of Slices: Circular surfaces

 Assumes that the side forces T and E may be neglected

𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 σ 𝑅.𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥

 As an alternative: the effective weight can be calculated

1. Draw cross-section to natural scale

𝑐 ′ 𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝑊 − 𝑢 𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 tan 𝜑′

For fully undrained

This equation is the same for:

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