ITC

Lesson 2

CDE-AU

May 2024

Logical Organization of digital computers

Essay Type Questions

1. What is computer hardware ?

Ans.

Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer

system that can be touched, seen, and manipulated. These
components work together to enable the functioning of a
computer and execute various tasks. Hardware can be
broadly classified into several categories based on their
functionality and purpose:

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU):

 The CPU is often considered the "brain" of the computer

and performs most of the processing tasks. It interprets
instructions, executes program commands, and
coordinates the operation of other hardware components.

2. Memory:
 Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM temporarily stores
data and program instructions that the CPU needs to
access quickly. It allows for fast read and write operations
and is used for running programs and processing data.
 Read-Only Memory (ROM): ROM stores firmware or
permanent instructions that are used to boot up the
computer and initialize hardware components. It retains its
contents even when the computer is powered off.

3. Storage Devices:

 Hard Disk Drive (HDD): HDDs store data magnetically on

spinning disks. They provide large storage capacities for
documents, applications, and multimedia files.
 Solid State Drive (SSD): SSDs use flash memory to store
data electronically. They offer faster read and write speeds
compared to HDDs and are often used for improving
system performance.
 Optical Drives: Optical drives, such as CD-ROM, DVD-ROM,
and Blu-ray drives, read and write data to optical discs for
storage and playback.

4. Input Devices:

 Keyboard: Keyboards allow users to input text and

commands into the computer.
 Mouse: Mice are pointing devices used to navigate
graphical user interfaces and interact with on-screen
objects.
 Touchscreen: Touchscreens enable direct interaction with
the computer's display by touching the screen with fingers
or a stylus.
 Scanners: Scanners convert physical documents, photos, or
images into digital formats that can be stored and
manipulated by the computer.

5. Output Devices:

 Monitor: Monitors display visual output from the

computer, including text, graphics, and videos.
 Printer: Printers produce hard copies of digital documents,
images, or other content stored on the computer.
 Speakers: Speakers output audio signals produced by the
computer, allowing users to hear sound effects, music, or
speech.

6. Peripheral Devices:

 Network Interface Card (NIC): NICs enable computers to

connect to networks, such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi, for
communication and data exchange.
 USB Devices: USB devices, including flash drives, external
hard drives, and peripherals like printers and scanners,
 connect to the computer via USB ports for data transfer
and functionality.

7. Expansion Cards:

 Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): GPUs enhance the

computer's graphical capabilities and are used for
rendering images, videos, and 3D graphics.
 Sound Card: Sound cards process audio signals and
provide audio output capabilities, including playback and
recording.

These hardware components work together to form a

complete computer system, enabling users to perform a
wide range of tasks and activities.

2. What are the input devices ?

Ans.

Q Nos 22 and 23 Page No. 22 and 24 – ITC.

3. Explain about special input devices .

Ans.

Special input devices are hardware peripherals designed

for specific tasks or specialized applications beyond the
standard input devices like keyboards, mice, and
touchscreens. These devices are tailored to meet the
unique needs of particular industries, professions, or user
 requirements. Here are several examples of special input
devices:

1. Barcode Scanners: Barcode scanners are used to read

barcodes, which consist of a series of vertical lines
representing data. They are commonly used in retail,
logistics, inventory management, and healthcare for
quickly and accurately capturing product information,
tracking items, and managing inventory levels.
2. Biometric Scanners: Biometric scanners authenticate
individuals based on their unique physical characteristics,
such as fingerprints, iris patterns, or facial features. These
devices are used for access control, time and attendance
tracking, and identity verification in various applications,
including security systems, border control, and financial
services.
3. Digital Pens: Digital pens, also known as smart pens or
stylus pens, allow users to write or draw on digital
surfaces, such as tablets or digital notebooks, while
capturing and digitizing the handwritten input in real-time.
They are popular among artists, designers, note-takers,
and professionals who prefer the tactile experience of pen
and paper but need digital functionality.
4. Joysticks and Game Controllers: Joysticks and game
controllers are input devices used primarily for gaming but
also find applications in simulation, virtual reality (VR), and
remote control systems. They consist of buttons, triggers,
 and directional controls that allow users to interact with
virtual environments or control machinery with precision.
5. Graphic Tablets: Graphic tablets, also known as drawing
tablets or pen tablets, are input devices used by digital
artists, designers, and illustrators for creating digital
artwork. They feature a flat surface and a stylus pen that
allows users to draw directly onto the tablet, with the
drawings being replicated on a computer screen in real-
time.
6. Microphones and Voice Recognition Devices:
Microphones capture audio input from users and convert
it into digital signals that can be processed by computers.
Voice recognition devices, such as speech-to-text software
and virtual assistants like Amazon Alexa and Apple Siri,
interpret and respond to spoken commands, enabling
hands-free interaction with devices and applications.
7. 3D Scanners: 3D scanners capture three-dimensional
objects and environments as digital models, which can be
used for prototyping, reverse engineering, quality control,
and digital preservation. They are commonly used in
industries such as manufacturing, architecture,
archaeology, and healthcare.
8. Touchpads and Trackballs: Touchpads and trackballs
provide alternative methods of cursor control and
navigation for users who may have difficulty using
traditional mice or touchscreens. They are particularly
 useful in industrial environments, medical devices, and
assistive technology applications.

These special input devices cater to specific user needs

and workflows, enhancing productivity, efficiency, and user
experience in various industries and applications.

Q No. 4. How do you classify printers ?

Q No. 13 Page No. 27 - ITC.

5. What is a plotter ? What is its principal use ?

Ans.

A plotter is a specialized output device used to produce

high-quality, large-format prints of vector graphics. Unlike
printers, which are primarily designed for printing text and
raster images, plotters use pens, markers, or cutting tools
to draw precise lines on paper, vinyl, or other materials.

The principal use of plotters is in engineering, architecture,

and design applications where accurate and detailed
technical drawings, schematics, and blueprints are
required. Plotters are commonly used for:

1. Architectural Drawings: Plotters are used to print

architectural plans, floor layouts, elevation drawings, and
construction details with precise measurements and scale.
2. Engineering Diagrams: Plotters are used to produce
engineering schematics, circuit diagrams, piping and
instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs), and mechanical
drawings for various industries such as automotive,
aerospace, and manufacturing.
3. GIS Mapping: Geographic Information System (GIS)
professionals use plotters to print large-scale maps,
topographic surveys, land-use maps, and spatial data
visualizations with high accuracy and detail.
4. Graphic Design and Illustration: Plotters are used by
graphic designers, artists, and illustrators to create large-
format posters, banners, signage, and artwork with
intricate designs and precise line work.
5. Textile and Apparel Design: Plotters equipped with
cutting tools are used in the textile and apparel industry to
cut patterns, templates, and designs onto fabric, vinyl, or
other materials used in garment manufacturing.
6. Education and Presentation: Plotters are used in
educational institutions and business settings to create
visual aids, posters, charts, and diagrams for presentations,
classroom instruction, and research projects.

Plotters offer several advantages over traditional printing

methods, including:

 High Precision: Plotters can produce precise, detailed

drawings with consistent line quality and accuracy, making
 them ideal for technical applications that require exact
measurements and scale.
 Large Format: Plotters can print on large-format media,
allowing for the creation of oversized prints and drawings
that would be impractical or impossible to produce with
standard printers.
 Versatility: Plotters can accommodate various media
types and thicknesses, including paper, vinyl, film, and
fabric, making them suitable for a wide range of
applications across different industries.

While plotters have been largely supplanted by inkjet and

laser printers for general-purpose printing, they remain
essential tools for professionals who require high-quality,
large-format output with precise line rendering and scale.

Q No. 6. Explain the functions of CPU .

Q No.14 Page No. 29 – ITC.

Q No. 7. What is a control unit ? What are its actions ?

Ans.
A control unit is a critical component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) responsible
for coordinating and directing the execution of instructions stored in the computer's memory. It
acts as the central nervous system of the CPU, orchestrating the flow of data and control signals
between various hardware components to ensure that instructions are executed correctly and in
the proper sequence.

The primary actions of a control unit include:

1. Instruction Fetch: The control unit retrieves
instructions from the computer's memory, typically from
the instruction cache or main memory, and loads them
into the CPU for execution. The instruction to be fetched is
determined by the program counter (PC), which keeps
track of the memory address of the next instruction to be
executed.
2. Instruction Decoding: Once an instruction is fetched,
the control unit decodes it to determine the operation to
be performed and the operands involved. The instruction
decoder interprets the binary representation of the
instruction and generates control signals to coordinate the
execution of the instruction.
3. Execution Control: The control unit coordinates the
execution of instructions by generating control signals to
activate the appropriate functional units within the CPU,
such as the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), floating-point unit
(FPU), and memory unit. It ensures that each instruction is
executed in the correct order and that data dependencies
are properly handled.
4. Data Movement: The control unit controls the
movement of data between the CPU registers, cache, and
main memory. It generates control signals to select the
source and destination operands for arithmetic and logic
operations and manages the transfer of data between
different storage locations.
 Q No. 8. How do you classify primary memory ?

Ans.

Q No. 15 Page No. 30 – ITC.

Q No. 9. What is a secondary storage device ? Explain its need .

Ans.

A secondary storage device, also known as secondary

storage or auxiliary storage, refers to non-volatile storage
media that are used to store data and programs for long-
term retention and retrieval. Unlike primary storage (e.g.,
RAM) which is volatile and temporary, secondary storage
retains data even when the computer is powered off.
Secondary storage devices are typically slower than
primary storage but offer larger storage capacities and
persistent storage capabilities.

The need for secondary storage arises due to several

reasons:

1. Permanent Data Storage: Secondary storage devices

provide a means for permanently storing data and
programs beyond the duration of a single computing
session. This is essential for preserving critical information,
files, and applications over extended periods, even when
the computer is turned off.
2. Large Storage Capacities: Secondary storage devices
offer much larger storage capacities compared to primary
storage, allowing users to store vast amounts of data,
including documents, multimedia files, software
applications, and system backups.

3. Data Persistence: Secondary storage ensures data

persistence, meaning that stored data remains intact even
in the absence of power. This makes it suitable for long-
term archival purposes and disaster recovery, ensuring
that valuable data is not lost due to power outages or
system failures.

4. Portability and Accessibility: Secondary storage devices

are often portable and can be easily transported between
different computers or locations. This allows users to
access their data and applications on multiple devices,
share files with others, and work remotely without being
tied to a single computing environment.

5. Backup and Recovery: Secondary storage devices are

commonly used for data backup and recovery purposes.
By regularly backing up data to secondary storage media,
users can protect against data loss due to hardware
failures, software errors, viruses, or accidental deletion, and
restore lost or corrupted data when needed.
6. Data Sharing and Distribution: Secondary storage
facilitates data sharing and distribution among multiple
users or devices. Files stored on secondary storage devices
can be easily shared over networks, transferred between
computers, or distributed to remote locations, enabling
collaboration and information exchange.

7. Cost-Effectiveness: Secondary storage devices offer a

cost-effective solution for storing large volumes of data
compared to primary storage options. They provide a
balance between storage capacity, performance, and cost,
making them suitable for storing archival data,
infrequently accessed files, and backup copies.

Common examples of secondary storage devices include:

 Hard Disk Drives (HDDs): Magnetic storage devices that

use spinning disks to store data.
 Solid State Drives (SSDs): Flash memory-based storage
devices that offer faster access times and improved
reliability compared to HDDs.
 Optical Discs: Removable discs such as CDs, DVDs, and
Blu-ray discs used for storing data, music, movies, and
software.
 USB Flash Drives: Portable storage devices that use flash
memory to store and transfer data between computers.
 External Hard Drives: Standalone hard drives that
connect to computers via USB, Thunderbolt, or other
interfaces for additional storage capacity.
 Network Attached Storage (NAS): Storage devices
connected to a network and accessible to multiple users or
devices for centralized data storage and sharing.

Overall, secondary storage devices play a crucial role in

modern computing environments by providing reliable,
long-term storage solutions for data and applications,
ensuring data persistence, accessibility, and protection
against data loss.

Q No. 10 How does secondary storage is different from primary storage ?

Ans.

Secondary storage and primary storage (also known as

main memory or primary memory) serve different
purposes and have distinct characteristics, as outlined
below:

1. Volatility:

 Primary Storage: Primary storage is volatile, meaning that

it loses its contents when the power is turned off. It is used
to temporarily hold data and instructions that are actively
being processed by the CPU.
 Secondary Storage: Secondary storage is non-volatile,
meaning that it retains its contents even when the power
is turned off. It is used for long-term storage of data and
programs that need to be preserved beyond the duration
of a single computing session.

2. Speed:

 Primary Storage: Primary storage is much faster than

secondary storage in terms of access times and data
transfer rates. It enables rapid access to data and
instructions required for executing programs and
performing computations.
 Secondary Storage: Secondary storage is slower than
primary storage, typically exhibiting higher access times
and slower data transfer rates. It is not directly accessed by
the CPU for executing instructions but is used for storing
data that is not immediately needed by the CPU.

3. Capacity:

 Primary Storage: Primary storage has a limited capacity

compared to secondary storage. It is designed to hold a
relatively small amount of data and instructions that are
actively being processed by the CPU.
 Secondary Storage: Secondary storage offers much larger
storage capacities compared to primary storage. It is used
to store vast amounts of data, including documents,
 multimedia files, software applications, and system
backups.

4. Location:

 Primary Storage: Primary storage is located inside the

computer's CPU or on the motherboard. It consists of
components such as Random Access Memory (RAM),
Cache Memory, and Registers.
 Secondary Storage: Secondary storage is located outside
the CPU and is typically connected to the computer via
external interfaces such as SATA, USB, or network
connections. It includes devices such as Hard Disk Drives
(HDDs), Solid State Drives (SSDs), Optical Discs, and USB
Flash Drives.

5. Purpose:

 Primary Storage: Primary storage is used for storing data

and instructions that are actively being processed by the
CPU during program execution. It provides the CPU with
fast access to frequently accessed data and facilitates rapid
execution of instructions.
 Secondary Storage: Secondary storage is used for long-
term storage of data and programs that need to be
preserved beyond the duration of a single computing
session. It provides persistent storage capabilities and
 serves as a repository for storing files, applications,
backups, and archives.

Q No.11. Explain different types of secondary storage devices .

Ans.

Secondary storage devices encompass a wide range of

hardware peripherals designed for long-term storage of
data and programs. Here are different types of secondary
storage devices:

1. Hard Disk Drives (HDDs):

 HDDs use magnetic storage to store data on spinning

disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. Data is
written and read using read/write heads that move across
the disk surfaces.
 HDDs offer high storage capacities and are commonly
used in desktop computers, laptops, servers, and external
storage solutions.
 They are relatively affordable but have slower access times
and are susceptible to mechanical failure due to moving
parts.

2. Solid State Drives (SSDs):

 SSDs use flash memory (NAND or NOR) to store data

electronically, eliminating the need for moving parts. Data
 is stored in memory cells and accessed via electronic
circuits.
 SSDs offer faster access times, lower power consumption,
and improved reliability compared to HDDs. They are
commonly used in laptops, desktops, servers, and high-
performance computing systems.
 While SSDs are more expensive per gigabyte than HDDs,
prices have been decreasing, making them increasingly
popular for both consumer and enterprise applications.

3. Optical Discs:

 Optical discs use optical technology to store data as

microscopic pits and lands on a reflective surface. Data is
read using lasers that detect changes in reflectivity.
 Common types of optical discs include Compact Discs
(CDs), Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs), and Blu-ray Discs
(BDs), each offering varying storage capacities.
 Optical discs are used for storing music, movies, software
applications, archival data, and backup files. They are
portable and widely compatible with different devices but
have slower access times compared to HDDs and SSDs.

4. USB Flash Drives:

 USB flash drives, also known as thumb drives or memory

sticks, use flash memory to store data electronically. They
 connect to computers via USB ports and do not require
external power sources.
 USB flash drives are compact, portable, and durable,
making them ideal for storing and transporting files
between computers. They are commonly used for data
backups, file sharing, and portable applications.
 USB flash drives offer varying storage capacities and
transfer speeds, with higher-capacity and faster models
available at higher price points.

5. External Hard Drives:

 External hard drives are standalone storage devices that

connect to computers via USB, Thunderbolt, eSATA, or
other interfaces. They contain one or more internal HDDs
or SSDs housed in an external enclosure.
 External hard drives offer additional storage capacity and
can be used for data backup, file storage, multimedia
content, and portable computing solutions. They are
available in various form factors, including portable and
desktop models.

6. Network Attached Storage (NAS):

 NAS devices are specialized storage appliances connected

to a network and accessible to multiple users or devices.
 They contain one or more internal HDDs or SSDs and
provide centralized storage and file sharing capabilities.
 NAS devices are used for data backup, file storage, media
streaming, and collaborative work environments. They
offer features such as RAID redundancy, data encryption,
remote access, and integration with cloud services.

These secondary storage devices offer diverse options for

storing and managing data, providing solutions tailored to
different storage requirements, performance needs, and
budget considerations.

Short Answer Questions

Bring the above Q Nos. 1,5,7,10 here .

Objective Questions

Mutiple Choice Questions

1. A device that allows users to feed data into a computer for

analysis and storage and to give commands to the computer is
called
a) Output device
b) Input device
c) Memory
d) Both a and b
Answer: (b)

2. User communicates with a computer with the help of which

devices?
a) Input device
b) Output device
c) Software device
d) Both a and b
Answer: (d), Input-output device feeds data into and accepts data
from a computer.

3. Which device allows you to enter data and instructions into a

computer?
a) Input device
b) Output device
c) ALU
d) CPU
Answer: (a)
4. Which device converts human-understandable data and
programs into a form that computers can understand and
process?
a) Output
b) Monitor
c) Input
d) All of the above
5. A device that communicates the results of data processed by
the computer and converts the digital information into a form
that humans can easily read and understood is called
a) Input
b) Monitor
c) Output
d) Keyboard
Answer: (c)

6. Which of the following groups are only input devices?

a) Mouse, keyboard, monitor, Joystick
b) Mouse, keyboard, printer, Light pen
c) Mouse, keyboard, Scanner, Joystick, Light pen
d) Mouse, keyboard, Trackball, Touch Screen, Microphone
e) Both c and d
Answer: (e)
7. Which of the following is not a pointing device?
a) Mouse
b) Joystick
c) Light pen
d) Digitizer
Answer: (d), Digitizer is an input device that converts analog
information into a digital form.

8. Which input device is used for input text, numbers, and

commands to the computer?
a) Mouse
b) Keyboard
c) Scanner
d) All of the above
Answer: (b)

9. Which input device is/are used to move the cursor position on a

monitor screen?
a) Mouse
b) Joystick
c) Light pen
d) Both a and b
Answer: (d)
10. The number of function keys in a keyboard is
(a) 14
(b) 12
(c) 13
(d) 15
Answer: (c)

11. Ctrl, Shift, and Alt are known as _ _ _ _ _ _ _keys.

(a) function
(b) modifier
(c) alphanumeric
(d) adjustment
Answer: (b)

12. Which key of keyboard is used to make characters either

upper or lower case?
(a) ESC
(b) Return
(c) Shift
(d) Both a and c
Answer: (c)

13. The use of tab key in the keyboard is

(a) to move a cursor across the screen
(b) to indent a paragraph
(c) to move the cursor down the screen
(d) Both a and c
Answer: (d)

14. Mouse is
(a) pointing and drop device
(b) cursor-control device
(c) monitoring device
(d) Both a and b
Answer: (d)
15. The first computer mouse was developed by
(a) Douglas Engelbart
(b) William English
(c) Daniel Cougher
(d) Robert Zawaski
Answer: (a)

16. Optical mouse was built by

(a) IBM, 1920
(b) Intel, 1930
(c) Microsoft, 1999
(d) Dell, 2000
Answer: (c)

17. Which of the following is used in an optical mouse?

(a) Infrared light
(b) Light Emitting Diode (LED)
(c) Sensor
(d) Microwave
Answer: (b)

18. Wireless mouse communicates through

(a) radiowaves
(b) infrared wave
(c) microwaves
(d) Electromagnetic signal
Answer: (a)
19. Which of the following are not input devices?
(a) Webcam and Microphone
(b) Bar Code Reader and Smart Card Reader
(c) Optical Character Reader and Optical Mark Recognition
(d) Monitor and Printer
Answer: (d)
20. Which of the following is/are input devices?
(a) Track ball
(b) Scanner
(c) Touch screen
(d) Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)
(e) All of the above
Answer: (e)

21. Which of the following is not an output device?

(a) Monitor
(b) Printer
(c) Headphone
(d) Speaker
(e) Scanner
Answer: (e)

22. A projector is an _ _ _ _ _ _ device that can take images

generated by a computer and reproduce
them on a large, flat surface.
(a) input
(b) output
(c) input and output
(d) monitor input
Answer: (b)
23. The OCR stands for
(a) Outsized Character Reader
(b) Optical Character Reader
(c) Operational Character Reader
(d) Only Character Reader
Answer: (b)

24. The OMR stands for

(a) Optical Mark Recognition
(b) Optical Magnetic Reader
(c) Only Mark Recognition
(d) Optical Markup Recognition
Answer: (a)

25. The MICR stands for

(a) Magnetic Ink Card Reader
(b) Magnetic Ink Code Recognition
(c) Meta Ink Character Recognition
(d) None of these
Answer: (a)
26. Which kind of device is a digital camera?
(a) Output
(b) Input
(c) Input and Output
(d) Software
Answer: (b)

27. Which of the following groups consists of only output devices?

(a) Scanner, monitor, printer
(b) Mouse, monitor, printer
(c) Keyboard, monitor, printer
(d) Monitor, printer, plotter
Answer: (d)

28. Which of the following is not an output device?

(a) LCD
(b) Printer
(c) CRT
(d) Touch screen
Answer: (d)

29. The computer monitor is connected to CPU through

(a) Bus
(b) Cable
(c) Wire
(d) Line driver
Answer: (b)

30. The number of pixels displayed on the computer screen is

called
(a) color depth
(b) resolution
(c) refresh rate
(d) viewing size
Answer: (b)

31. Which of the following is a combination of input-output

devices?
(a) VDT
(b) Keyboard
(c) Printer
(d) Laser
Answer: (a)

32. Which of the following units are used to count the speed of
the printer?
(a) CPM
(b) PPM
(c) LPM
(d) All of the above
Answer: (d)

33. The output quality of a printer is measured in

(a) dots per sq
(b) dots per inch
(c) dots printer per inch
(d) All of these
Answer: (a)

34. Which of the following is a kind of port?

(a) Serial
(b) Parallel
(c) AGP
(d) All of these
Answer: (d)

35. How many bits of data can be transferred by parallel port?

(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 8
(d) 16
Answer: (c)

36. The full form of USB port is

(a) United Serial Bus
(b) Universal Serial By-pass
(c) Universal System Bus
(d) Universal Serial Bus
Answer: (d)

37. Which of the following is the fastest port data transfer?

(a) USB
(b) Serial
(c) Parallel
(d) Firewire
Answer: (d)

38. USB port is a

(a) Serial port
(b) Parallel port
(c) infrared port
(d) AGP port
Answer: (a)

39. Which post is widely used on wireless devices to connect with

network devices for easy communication?
(a) Serial port
(b) Parallel port
(c) Infrared port
(d) AGP port
Answer: (c)

40. Which port can be used for transferring files between two
computers?
(a) Serial port
(b) Parallel port
(c) Firewire port
(d) Infrared port
Answer: (c)
Fill in the blanks questions

1. The ____ given to a computer is called data. The ------ obtained from a
computer is called information. (input , output)

2. _______ is the hardware of a computer that stores data and information.

( Memory )

3. The ______ and instructions for a computer to work need to be stored in

_____ as it is a permanent memory and retains its contents even after the
computer is switched off. On the other hand, ____ is a volatile memory and all the
data contained in it will be lost after the computer is turned off.( Programs ,
ROM , RAM )

4. A ____ is the smallest unit of a computer memory. ( Bit )

5. ________ devices are used to save data permanently. Some examples of

secondary storage devices are hard disk, Compact disc, Digital versatile disc etc.
( Secondary storage )

6. A _________ is the most important secondary storage device of a computer. It

is so because the hard disk stores the operating system, software applications and
all the files and folders. ( Hard disk )

7. A _________ is mainly of two types. They are: CD-R (Compact DiscRecordable)

and CD-RW (Compact Disc-Rewritable). CD-R is a recordable CD.

( Compact Disc – CD )

8. A _______ has a large storage capacity. The storage capacity of a hard disk
ranges from 250GB to 3TB. A Blu-ray disc however, can hold up to 25GB of data.
( hard disk )

9. A _______ is advantageous than other storage devices as it keeps the data safe
and secure. We can rewrite data onto it any number of times. ( Flash drive )