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INRODUCTION

COMPUTING DEVICES

Computing is usually defined as the activity of using and developing computer


technology, computer hardware and software.

Device that performs certain arithmetic and logical operations without any errors is
known as computing devices.

Now computing devices are the one’s that perform some computational operations
using logical, arithmetic logics; these operations are structured and coded into the
microprocessor of the devices using different programming languages. These devices are
sometimes also called computer devices i.e. those devices that can help you perform task
accurately and manage your data and information for longest possible time period.

For any computing device a processor is the most important integrated part of the
hardware, it is integrated and the logics and code is integrated in the processor.
Processors
A processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions
that drive a computer. The term processor has generally replaced the term central processing
unit (CPU).
A central processing unit or processor is an electronic circuit that can execute computer
programs. This term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s. The
form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the earliest
examples, but their fundamental operation has remained much the same.

The processor in a personal computer or embedded in small devices is often called a


microprocessor.
A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a central processing unit
(CPU) on a single integrated circuit. The first microprocessors emerged in the early 1970s and
were used for electronic calculators, using binary-coded decimal arithmetic on 4-bit words.
Other embedded uses of 4- and 8-bit microprocessors, such as terminals, printers, various kinds
of automation etc, followed rather quickly. Affordable 8-bit microprocessors with 16-bit
addressing also led to the first general purpose microcomputers in the mid-1970s.

Computer processors were for a long period constructed out of small and medium-scale ICs
containing the equivalent of a few to a few hundred transistors. The integration of the whole
CPU onto a single VLSI chip therefore greatly reduced the cost of processing capacity. From
their humble beginnings, continued increases in microprocessor capacity have rendered other
forms of computers almost completely obsolete, with one or more microprocessor as
processing element in everything from the smallest embedded systems and handheld devices
to the largest mainframes and supercomputers.
COMPUTER

A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions. An


electronic or digital device that stores and processes DATA and converts it into Information is
known as computer. A machine that accepts input, processes it according to specified rules, and
produces output is also referred as a computer.

Computing devices categorization:


1. Desktop Computer
2. Notebook
3. Tablet Computer
4. Handheld
5. Mobile or Smart Phone.

Component of the computer:


1. Input Devices
2. Output Devices
3. Storage Units
4. Central Processing Unit

Keyboard:
In computing, a keyboard is an input device, partially modeled after the typewriter
keyboard, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or
electronic switches. A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and
each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some
symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most
keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs, other keys or simultaneous key presses can
produce actions or computer commands.

Categorization of keyboard:
o Alphanumeric keys
o Modifier keys
o Numeric keys
o Functional keys
o Cursor moment keys
o Special purpose keys
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Monitors:
A monitor or display is a piece of electrical equipment which displays images generated
by devices such as computers, without producing a permanent record. The monitor comprises
the display device, circuitry, and an enclosure.
Types:
 CRT (cathode ray tube)
 LCD (liquid crystal display)
 TFT (thin film transistor)

Monitor provide the graphical user interface(GUI) for the user as to output the machine
language code in user understandable format.

Computer Peripherals:

Computer peripherals are any electronic devices that can be hooked up to a computer
other than the standard input-output devices like monitor, keyboard and mouse.   Peripheral
devices include speakers, microphones, printers, scanners and digital cameras.

Printer:
A printer is a peripheral which produces a hard copy of documents stored in electronic
form, usually on physical print media such as paper. Many printers are primarily used as local
peripherals, and are attached by a printer cable or, in most newer printers, a USB cable to a
computer which serves as a document source.

Categorization of Printers:
› Dot matrix
› Ink jet
› Laser
Scanners:
A scanner is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object,
and converts it to a digital image. Common examples found in offices are variations of the
desktop scanner where the document is placed on a glass window for scanning. Hand-held
scanners, where the device is moved by hand, have evolved from text scanning "wands" to 3D
scanners used for industrial design, reverse engineering, test and measurement, orthotics,
gaming and other applications. Mechanically driven scanners that move the document are
typically used for large-format documents, where a flatbed design would be impractical.

Digital cameras:
A portable device that use for still photography at high resolution is known as digital
cameras. In digital cameras, images can be stored on memory stick and transferred to computer
by using cable or disks. Some can crop pictures and perform other elementary image editing.
Fundamentally they operate in the same manner as film cameras, typically using a lens with a
variable diaphragm to focus light onto an image pickup device.

Projectors:
Projectors can be divided in many parts:
Video projector is a device that projects a video signal from computer, home
theater system etc.

i. Movie projector is a device that projects moving pictures from a filmstrip.


ii. Slide projector is a device that projects a still image with a transparent base.
iii. Overhead projector is a device that projects a transparent image.
iv. Opaque projector is a predecessor to the overhead projector.

Hand held devices:

A mobile device is a pocket-sized computing device, typically having a display screen


with touch input or a miniature keyboard. In the case of the personal digital assistant (PDA) the
input and output are combined into a touch-screen interface. Smart phones and PDAs are
popular amongst those who require the assistance and convenience of a conventional
computer, in environments where carrying one would not be practical.
Different types of hand held devices:
 Pen’s /stylus
 Touch screens
 Game controller
› Game pad
› Joysticks

Optical input devices:


An optical device is a device that creates, manipulates, or measures electromagnetic
radiation. Like ….

 Bar code reader


› Convert printed image into electronic form
› Reads bar code
 Image scanner
 Optical character reader
› To scan text document

Storage media:
A storage device may hold information, process information, or both. A device that only
holds information is a recording medium. Devices that process information may either access a
separate portable (removable) recording medium or a permanent component to store or
retrieve information.
Types:
 Flash drives

› Pen drives
› Capacity range 256 MB-16 GB
 Hard disk
› Capacity 40 – 500 GB
 Smart Cards Reader
› Need smart card
› Contains small chip
› Microprocessor

RIFD:
Radio-frequency identification is the use of an object (typically referred to as an RFID
tag) applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of
identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from several meters away
and beyond the line of sight of the reader.
Most RFID tags contain at least two parts. One is an integrated circuit for storing and
processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency signal, and other
specialized functions. The second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal.
CCTV:
Closed-circuit television is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific
place, on a limited set of monitors.
USES:
 Crime prevention
 Hacking and video art
 Industrial process
 Traffic monitoring
 Transport safety
 Criminal use

Bluetooth Devices:
Bluetooth is an open wireless protocol for exchanging data over short distances from
fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs). It was originally conceived as
a wireless alternative to RS232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming
problems of synchronization. That device is known as Bluetooth devices.

Network devices:
List of computer networking devices:

 Gateways device sitting at a network node for interfacing with another network that
uses different protocols. It works on OSI layers 4to7.
 Router is a specialized network device that determines the next network point to which
to forward a data packet toward its destination. Unlike a gateway, it cannot interface
different protocols. It works on OSI layer 3.
 Bridge is a device that connects multiple network segments long thedata link layer. it
works on OSI layer2.
 Switch is a device that allocates traffic from one network segment to certain lines which
connect the segment to another network segment. So unlike a hub a switch splits the
network traffic and sends it to different destinations rather than to all systems on the
network. It works on OSI layer 2.
 Hub connects multiple Ethernet segments together making them act as a single
segment. When using a hub, every attached device shares the same broadcast domain
and the same collision domain. Therefore, only one computer connected to the hub is
able to transmit at a time. Depending on the network topology, the hub provides a basic
level 1 OSI Model connection among the network objects (workstations, servers, etc). It
provides bandwidth which is shared among all the objects, compared to switches, which
provide a dedicated connection between individual nodes. It works on OSI layer1.
 Repeater: device to amplify or regenerate digital signals received while setting them
from one part of a network into another. It works on OSI layer1.
Daily used electronic devices:
 Wrist watches
 i-pod’s
 Washing machine
 Microwave's
 CD/DVD players
 Dishwasher
 Air conditioner
 Fire detector
 Music systems
 Refrigerator
 Play stations
 Traffic lights

TO CONCLUDE WE CAN SAY THESE DEVICES HAVE BOTH THEIR POSITIVES AND
NEGATIVES TO THE MANKIND AND THE WORLD AROUNG

POSITIVES :

 CONVINENT, FAST AND SAVE TIME


 DATA IS ACCESSIBLE ANYWHERE ANYTIME
 BETTER INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
 PROVIDE ACCESS TO GLOBAL INFORMATION
 TRANSFERING INFORMATION FASTER AND ACCURATELY
 HELPS IMPROVE EFFICIENCY
 HELPS INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY
 HELP IN SECURITY – TRANSACTION, CRIME PREVENTION,TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
 ENTERTAINMENT

NEGATIVES:
 OVER DEPEDENCY ON COMPUTING DEVICES
 HEALTH HAZARDS – RSI , EYE STRAIN, HEART BEAT SLOW ETC
 HARMFUL RAY
 CAN LEAD TO IMPOTENCY
 OVER USE OF THESE DEVICES LEAD TO GLOBAL WARMING

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