CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

In this chapter, there are three points explained by the researcher. The first one is a review of

studies, the second one is a review of theories, and the third one is a theoretical framework. In

the review of related studies, the researcher used an undergraduate thesis and some journals.

Those studies contributed to this study. In the second point review of theories the researcher

uses the theory of word formation and morphology, and the last one is the theoretical

framework the researcher explains the contribution of each theory and reviews it to answer

the problems of the study.

A. Review of Related Studies

In this research, the researcher found several research conducted by some previous

research related to this research. Compound words are important to analyze so in this study,

the researcher will analyze the types and context meanings. The first research was written by

Fazril Dwi Lestari. The purpose of this research was to describe the types of compound

words and the contextual meaning of the compound words found in the Taylor Swift song

album selected for this study (An Analysis of Compound Word in the Selected Song Album

of Taylor Swift by Fazril Dwi Lestari). A compound word is a word created by combining

two words. In analyzing the data, the researcher used the theories by Katamba (1993). A

descriptive qualitative research approach was used for this research since the data was

presented descriptively. The objects of this study were 7 songs by Taylor Swift. There are

similarities and differences between the research conducted by the researcher and this journal.

There is a similarity between the two in that both discuss how words are formed in song
lyrics. There is a difference in the word formation used by the researcher and the previous

journal, which discusses compounding while the researcher discusses all word formations.

The second research was written by Astrid S, and discussed the process of word

formation of suffixes. Linguistics studies the affix as one of its components. It is very

important to have a strong affix word in grammar. The affix is a part of a word that gives it

meaning. Suffixes are affixes that are placed at the end of words. According to (Astrid S –

2021 - The Word Formation Process of Suffixes in ‘Leave Beautiful’ Song) a theory the

researchers developed based on Yule's (2020) theory is used in analyzing the suffix. An

instrument used in this research is a qualitative descriptive approach and content analysis as a

means of identifying valid data. in this journal, the researcher found similarities, namely that

they both discussed word formation of suffixes found in song lyrics. After analyzing the data,

the researchers found that the suffix is distributed among 74 words. Words with the suffix

-s/es appear eight times, and words with the addition -ed appear 33 times. Furthermore, for

the suffix -ful, the researchers found 2 words, while for the suffix -ing the researchers found

27 words. There are also three words with the suffix -ly and one with the suffix -ize. As a

result of the analysis, it can be concluded that -s/-es is the most commonly used suffix with

33 words. From this journal, it can be concluded that in the process of word formation,

suffixes play an important role. Suffixes are word affixes located behind a word, and they can

change the word into a different category. Neutral Suffixes and NonNeutral Suffixes are the

two types of suffixes. There are many neutral suffixes, such as -ness, -er, -ize, and -ment, that

join two independent words together. In contrast, they can also be used with nonneutral

suffixes, including -es, -es, -ess, -ian, -ous, -ic, or -ive. Researchers found 74 words that use

the suffix as a result. The suffixes are as follows: -s / -es, -ed, -fu, -ing, -ly, and -ize.

Furthermore, the researchers classified these suffixes according to their derivational and

inflectional characteristics. The researchers found that there are 51 inflectional types and 23
derivational types. Lastly, the difference here is that this journal only discussed the suffixes

process, not all word formations are discussed.

The third research explained and written by Yola Alghasani, discusses the analysis of

word formation in Ariana Grande's song. In this study, the researcher analyzes Ariana

Grande's songs in the album positions to uncover how words are formed. (Yola Alghasani –

2021 - An Analysis of Word Formation in Ariana Grande Songs from the Album 'Sweetener').

This research was conducted using a qualitative approach. The purpose of this study was to

conduct descriptive research. According to the results of word formation in song lyrics, the

one-word formation process is borrowed. Another aspect concerns the coinage process and its

word formation. In the third aspect, five data are presented about the word formation of the

compounding process. Both the journal and the thesis the researcher wrote discuss word

formation, particularly compounding, which is found in song lyrics. There are seven pieces of

data on the word formation of the mixing process in the fourth aspect. Among the five

aspects, there are three data on the word formation of the clipping process. In the eighth

aspect, the inflection process produces five-word forms, while in the last, derivation

processes produce six-word forms. The difference from the research written by the researcher

lies in the song lyrics that are analyzed and this journal only examines nine word formations.

B. Review of Related Theories

In this research, the researchers found several theories that related to this research.

1. Word Formation
In order to understand the word formation processes, some rules divide it into several types.

The researcher uses the theory from Francis Katamba. The further explanation will be

explained below.

a. Compounding

Compounding, according to Katamba (1993, p. 54) is a process that contains compound

words that have at least two bases that are both words or root morphemes. This, by any

means, joins two words together to make another new word where Katamba uses the example

of 'blueberry'. Blue (adjective) + berry (noun) when joined together created a whole new

word 'blueberry' (noun). Another example is 'lamppost' (noun) from the word lamp (noun) +

post (noun).

b. Affixes

According to Katamba (1993, p. 44), an affix is a morpheme that only happens when it gets

linked to other morphemes. Another name of the affix is boun morpheme which means the

morphemes can not stand on their own. There are three types of affixes based on this theory

which are explained below.

i. Prefixes

A prefix is an affix that is linked before the root word. This type is usually attached to the

morpheme to complete the word such as re-, un-, or in. Examples of the words are 'rewatch',

'unlike', and 'indecisive'.

ii. Suffixes

A suffix is an affix that is linked after the root word. This type is attached to the morpheme to

complete the end of words such as -ly, -ing, -ed. Examples of the words are 'unlikely',

'dreaming', and 'jumped'.

An infix is an affix that gets linked and inserted into the root word itself. This type of affix is

a common word that can be found in daily words. An example of this type is mentioned by

Bauer (1983) with the word 'kangaroo' which gets changed into 'kanga-bloody-roo'.

Unfortunately, this kind of infix is strictly forbidden in polite and legal things.

c. Clipping

The process of clipping involves shortening a word without changing its meaning (Bauer,

1988). It is often the case that clipping changes the stylistic value of a word, as shown in the

example below. There is no way to predict how many words will be clipped off in clipping,

even which end of the word will be clipped off.

d. Backformation

A backformation is a form of reduction that occurs when a word loses part of itself to form

another word with a different class. Stockwell and Minkova (2001) states that backformation

is like edit from the editor when the final is incorrectly analyzed as a suffix. Bauer (1988)

argues that there is one important point of backformation in retrospect it is invisible. It is only

noticeable when the backformed word is unfamiliar.

e. Blending

Bauer (1988) states that blends are also called portmanteau words because two meanings are

packed into one word. In some cases, two words are simply merged where they overlap so no

information is lost, but repetition of letter combinations is avoided. Example: glass + asphalt

> glasphalt, war + orgasm > wargasm.

f. Coinage
Coinage is the invention of totally new terms or words that can come from the old uses to the

new terms. The most common sources are invented trade names for one company's product

which become general terms.

g. Derivation

According to Szymanek affixation is probably the most frequent and widespread of

producing morphologically complex words in human language (1989, pp. 62). In specifying

the word category-derived noun will explain the means and method in english derivational

morphology for conveying the nominal concept ‘act(ion) / process of V-ing’ (Szymanek,

1989, pp. 135).

h. Abbreviation

Abbreviation is a shortened form of a written word or phrase. Abbreviations may be used to

save space and time, to avoid repetition of long words and phrases, or simply to conform to

conventional usage.

i. Acronyms

Acronyms are words coined from the initial letter of words in a name, title, or phrase (Bauer

1988). They are more than just abbreviations because they are pronounced as new words.

Bauer (1988) suggests that many acronyms may precede the title in which it purports to

abbreviate or at least the title may be manipulated to give an acronym that is considered

suitable for the group concerned.

j. Slang

Eble states (1996, p. 11) that slang is 'an ever-changing set of colloquial words and phrases

that speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity within a group or with a trend or
fashion in society at large'. On the other hand, Akmajian et al (2010, p.301) state that slang is

something that everyone can know but no one can interpret.

2. Morphology

In the field of linguistics, morphology is "the study of the internal structure of words"

(Katamba, 1993, p. 2).

C. Theoretical Frameworks

In doing analysis, the researcher uses some theories, which are theory of morphology

that covers word formation. In order to help to answer the questions in the problem

formulation, the theory on word formation covers blending, clipping, abbreviation, acronym,

slang, backformation, coinage, derivation, affixes, and compounding. The researcher uses

word formation from the theories of Bauer (1988),

Szymanek (1989), Eble States (1994), and Katamba (1993). These theories are needed

to find the definition and the processes of word formation types found in the song lyrics. The

theory by Bauer (1988) and Szymanek (1989) will be used to analyze the word formation of

blending, acronym, clipping, and backformation. Using Katamba’s theory (1993) will help to

analyze affixes, compounding, and morphology. The last theory by Eble States (1994) to

analyze the slang.