Jefry Aris I & Susie Chrismalia G – Compound Noun In Computer Sofware Technical Terms

COMPOUND NOUNS IN COMPUTER SOFTWARE

TECHNICAL TERMS
Jefry Aris Indarto
Susie Chrismalia Garnida

Abstract. Makalah ini membahas studi morfologis tentang proses pembentukan nomina majemuk dalam
peristilahan teknis piranti lunak komputer. Fokus penelitian adalah proses pembentukan kata majemuk
dan jenis makna dari kata majemuk bentukan tersebut. Penelitian deskriptif kualitatif ini menggunakan
40 data berupa nomina majemuk dari kamus komputer dan Internet data software appendix dalam
Windows. Studi menemukan empat tipa pembentukan nomina majemuk: nomina+nomina (28),
adjektiva+nomina (5), verba+nomina (5) dan preposisi+nomina (2). Jenis makna yang terbentuk dari
pemajemukan tersebut adalah nomina majemuk berinti (headed compound nouns, 15 data) dan nomina
majemuk takberinti (headless compound nouns, 25 data).

Keywords: compound noun, headed/headless compound noun, computer technical terms

INTRODUCTION of various paper and electronic dictionaries of

Morphology is a relevant discipline to technical terms in different disciplines has
deal with the increase of new words in a shown the effort to meet the need.
language as a result of rapid development of A compound noun is a noun that is made
science and technology, because many new with two or more words. Each compound
terms in various fields of technology have noun acts as a single unit and can be modified
been invented to express the new concepts by adjectives and other nouns. Nordquist
and ideas in the fields. Many of the new terms (http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/compnount
are formed by combining two or more erm.htm: 20/10/2013) explains the compound
existing words to create new meaning. Such a noun structure is extremely varied in the types
formation process is known as compounding. of meaning relations it can indicate. It can be
Compounding is a joining of two separate used to indicate what someone does
words to produce a single form (Yule, (language teacher), what something is for
2006:54), for example: bookcase, doorknob, (waste-paper basket, grindstone), what the
fingerprint, sunburn, textbook, wallpaper, qualities of something are (whiteboard), how
wastebasket and waterbed. Of these terms, something works (immersion heater), when
formation of compound nouns seems to be the something happens (night frost), where
dominant process. It is predictable because something is (doormat), what something is
new concepts and ideas are normally made of (woodpile). Also, compound nouns
expressed in the form of nouns. may be written in three ways: Open or spaced
Compounding has become one important that is when there is space between words
instrument of forming new words, especially (tennis shoe); Hyphenated that is when there
in the attempt to catch up with the is hyphen between words (six-pack), and
development of science and technology. The Closed or solid that is when there is no space
need here is to find or invent new words that or hyphen between words (bedroom).
can express new concepts and ideas in many According to Carstairs-McCarthy
areas of science and technology. The increase (2002:62) that compound noun really comes

* Jefry Aris Indarto, S.S. adalah alumnus Prodi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945
Surabaya
** Dra. Susie Chrismalia Garnida, M.Pd. adalah dosen Prodi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas 17 Agustus
1945 Surabaya

Parafrase Vol. 15 No.01 Mei 2015

45
 Jefry Aris I & Susie Chrismalia G – Compound Noun In Computer Sofware Technical Terms

into its own as a word forming process in Headless compounds (exocentric) is a

English. Cultural and technical change term used to refer to a particular type of
produces more novel artefacts than novel compounds that lack a head. Often these
activities or novel properties. Examples can compounds refer to pejorative properties of
be found with each of the other main word human beings. An exocentric compound, by
classes supplying the left-hand element: contrast, is one which is not a hyponym of
1. verb–noun (VN): swearword, drop- one of its elements, and thus appears to lack a
hammer, playtime head or perhaps to have a head (or ‘centre’)
2. noun–noun (NN): hairnet, mosquito net, external to the compound itself. The first
butterfly net, hair restorer person to extend the notion of exocentricity
3. adjective–noun (AN): blackboard, from syntax to the morphological form of
greenstone, faintheart compounds was Bloomfield (1933: 236).
4. preposition–noun (PN): in-group, Bloomfield himself links the term ‘exocentric
outpost, overcoat compound’ with the earlier Sanskrit term
bahuvrihi, thus establishing the equivalent use
English compound has two kinds of of the two terms in the subsequent technical
compounds: Headed compounds (endo- literature. This is unfortunate. First, the
centric) and headless compounds (exo- original Sanskrit i compounds were adjectives
centric). Spencer (2004: 1264) statements, not nouns. Examples are bahuvrīhi- itself,
they are double-headed. At the same time, literally ‘much rice’ but meaning having
Spencer lists these in a discussion of exo- much rice’, or gatāyus- ‘departed life = dead’
centric compounding, suggesting that exocen- (Gonda 1966: 83). Second, as will be shown,
tricity arises when it is difficult to take a bahuvrihis represent a very small proportion
decision on headedness. of those compounds which may be termed
Headed compounds are a type of com- exocentric. According to Andrew Carstairs-
pound in which one member functions as the McCarthy (2002:65) headless compounds is
head and the other as its modifier, attributing not determined by any element inside them.
a property to the head. According to Andrew This has led some grammarians to call them
Carstairs-McCarthy (2002:65) headed com- exocentric In this thesis the writer shall
pounds would be regarded as having an consider some of the different kinds of
internal ‘centre’; and, sure enough, they are exocentric compound in English, and suggest
sometimes called endocentric. A compound that some of them are not exocentric at all.
can be classified as endocentric if the For examples: red-cap (in Britain ‘military
compound has the same grammatical function policeman’, in the US ‘railway porter’), red-
as the head member (typically the right-hand eye (several meanings, including ‘cheap
element is the head of the construction).For whiskey’), hatchback (‘car whose boot and
example: the English compound steamboat as rear window form a single opening door’),
compared with boat is a modified, expanded paperback (‘book in soft binding’), skinhead
version of boat with its range of usage (‘person — usually of a particular social type
restricted, so that steamboat will be found in — with a shaven head’) (2004:6-7).
basically the same semantics contexts as the There has been a study of compound
noun boat. The compound also retains the word by ZaenalArifin (2009). The study
primary syntactic features of boat, since both focuses on the study compound words in
are nouns. Hence, a steamboat is a particular Kangguru Radio English Magazine, and tried
type of boat, where the class of steamboats is analyze the bases of the compound words and
a subclass of the class of boats their meanings, and the meaning of the

Parafrase Vol. 15 No.01 Mei 2015

46
 Jefry Aris I & Susie Chrismalia G – Compound Noun In Computer Sofware Technical Terms

compound words that are derived from the used in computer software terms? (3) What
base words. The study used morphological are the meanings of the compound nouns used
theory in word formation or compounding on in the computer software terms? The finding
noun, verb, adjective and adverb that found in of this study is expected to give valuable
Kangguru Radio English Magazine. contribution theoretically and practically.
One particular area of technology that Theoretically, this study will deepen our
shows a great increase of technical understanding and knowledge about
vocabulary is computer. A number of morphological study especially on English
technical terms about computer software, compound words and semantics theory for the
computer processing system and relevant meaning found in Business computer
activities that computer technology can do software. Practically, this study will be useful
have been added to the vocabulary of for adding more vocabulary in specific areas
language. And many of these terms are such as computer software.
particularly formed by compounding. Many
software or applications for software have METHOD
been available in internet, beginning from The design of the study is descriptive
freeware and software that requires paying qualitative, in that it concerns with collecting
license. The names of many of these data in attempt to describe a subject as
programs are in the forms of compounds, accurately as possible and to answer the
meaning that the names are made from questions, that is to identify the construction
combinaton of two words with each word has and compounds words in computer software.
its own meaning. The qualitative method, the design evolves
There has been a study of technical terms during the research, it can be adjusted or
by Alia Ni’am (2011) focusing on the changed as it progress (SamyTayie: 2005:86).
semantic change on nouns used as technical The data involves forty (40) compound nouns
terms in Computer Science. The study obtained from computer term dictionary and
focuses on the study of semantic change on e-book (Microsoft Computer Dictionary (fifth
computer technical term of single nouns, and edition)) from the software compatible
tried to identify the types of meaning changes windows operating system.
from the general or common words into
technical words. However, there have been no RESULT AND DISCUSSION
studies that focus on the computer technical The study found four types of compound
terms in the form of compound nouns. noun formation: noun + noun, adjective +
Therefore, the focus of the study is the noun, verb + noun and preposition + noun
formation and meaning of the compound combinations.
nouns for computer software technical terms.
The present study deals with compound 1. Noun+Noun
nouns used in computer software technical There are twenty eight (28) data that are
terms. In this study, the writer will focus on formed in this combination. This combination
the formation of the compound nouns and the divided two types based on exocentricity, i.e.
meaning, particularly the computer program headed and headless.
names.The questions to be answered in the
study are: (1) What are the formation of a. Headed Noun + Noun Combination
compound nounsused incomputer software The analysis found eleven (11)
terms? (2) What are the lexical categories and compound nouns belong to this category,
meanings of the bases of the compound nouns including Adobe reader, iTunes, Internet

Parafrase Vol. 15 No.01 Mei 2015

47
 Jefry Aris I & Susie Chrismalia G – Compound Noun In Computer Sofware Technical Terms

Explorer, Jetaudio, Microsoft Office, PDF files from files created with
Microsoft Word, Microsoft Project, Net business software).’
Meter, ProjectcReader, Android Studio, and The compound noun Adobe Reader refers to a
Microsoft Publisher. The analysis of some kind of computer program produced by a
data is presented below for illustration. company called Adobe, Inc. Here, the second
(1) Adobe (noun)+Reader (noun)Adobe meaning of the word Reader is used. Thus the
Reader (noun) combination of the two bases creates a new
This compound noun has two bases: Adobe meaning, a specific software product
and Reader. The meanings of the bases are: produced by Adobe company whose
Adobe (n): ‘An American multinational specification is for converting a fully
computer software company head- formatted document created on a Windows,
quartered in San Jose, California, United Macintosh, MS-DOS, or UNIX platform into
States. The company has historically a Portable Document Format (PDF) file that
focused upon the creation of multimedia can be viewed on several different platforms.
and creativity software products, with a
more-recent foray towards rich Internet(2) Internet (noun)+Explorer (noun) 
application software development.’ InternetExplorer (noun)
Reader (n): ‘(1) A person who reads a This compound noun has two bases: Internet
book, magazine, newspaper, etc. (2) A and Explorer. The meanings of the bases are:
machine that is used for reading text or Internet (n): ‘A global computer network
information that is stored on film, tape, providing a variety of information and
etc. (3) A book that is used to learn how communication facilities, consisting of
to read or to practice reading in your own interconnected networks using
language or in a foreign language.’ standardized communication protocols.’
The combination of the two words create a Explorer (n): ‘A person who explores an
new meaning: unfamiliar area; an adventurer’
Adobe Reader (n): ‘A program from The combination of two words creates a new
Adobe Systems, Inc., that converts a meaning:
fully formatted document created on a Internet Explorer (n): ‘a series of
Windows, Macintosh, MS-DOS, or graphical web browsers developed by
UNIX platform into a Portable Docu- Microsoft and included as part of the
ment Format (PDF) file that can be Microsoft Windows line of operating
viewed on several different platforms. systems, starting in 1995. It was first
Acrobat enables users to send documents released as part of the add-on package
that contain distinctive typefaces, color, Plus! for Windows 95 that year. Later
graphics, and photographs electronically versions were available as free
to recipients, regardless of the appli- downloads, or in service packs, and
cation used to create the originals. included in the OEM service releases of
Recipients need the Acrobat Reader, Windows 95 and later versions of
which is available free, to view the files. Windows. Internet Explorer is one of the
Depending on version and platform, it most widely used web browsers,
also includes tools such as Distiller attaining a peak of about 95% usage
(which creates PDF files from PostScript share during 2002 and 2003. Versions of
files), Exchange (which is used for links, Internet Explorer for other operating
annotations, and security-related systems have also been produced,
matters), and PDF Writer (which creates including an Xbox 360 version called

Parafrase Vol. 15 No.01 Mei 2015

48
 Jefry Aris I & Susie Chrismalia G – Compound Noun In Computer Sofware Technical Terms

Internet Explorer for Xbox and an Billquick: ‘A time tracking, project

embedded OEM version called Pocket management and billing software for
Internet Explorer, later rebranded Architects, Engineers, Accountants,
Internet Explorer Mobile, which is Consultants and other service
currently based on Internet Explorer 9 professionals.
and made for Windows Phone, Windows The compound noun billquick refers to a kind
CE, and previously, based on Internet of computer program. Here, the general
Explorer 7 for Windows Mobile. It meanings of the bases are specialized into a
remains in development alongside the specific kind of software product.
desktop versions. Internet Explorer for
Mac and Internet Explorer for UNIX (4) Cam (noun)+Frog (noun)Camfrog
(Solaris and HP-UX) have been (noun)
discontinued.’ This compound has two bases: Cam and
This compound noun InternetExplorer refers Frog. The meaning has two bases are:
to kind computer software program product Cam (n): ‘(1) A projection on a rotating
by Microsoft. Here, the second meaning of part in machinery, designed to make
the word Explorer is used. Thus the sliding contact with another part while
combination of the two bases creates a new rotating and to impart reciprocal or
meaning, a specific software product variable motion to it; Abbreviation to
produced by Microsoft whose specification is Camera: (1) computer-aided manufac-
for graphical web browsers. turing, (2) computer-aided manufac-
turing.’
b. Headless Noun + Noun Combination Frog (n): ‘A tailless amphibian with a
There are seventeen (17) compound short squat body, moist smooth skin, and
nouns belong to this category: Billquick, very long hind legs for leaping.’
Camfrog, Earmaster, Firefox, Format The combination of two words create a new
Factory, Goldwave, Handbrake, Paintshop, meaning:
Onenote, Photoshop, Photoline, iCloud, Camfrog (n): ‘A video chat client created
Powerpoint, Pro Tool, Thunderbird, by Camshare LLC first launched in
Lightroom, and Apple Safari. The analysis of 2003.
the data is illustrated below. The compound noun Camfrog refers to kinds
of computer software program created by
(3) Bill (noun)+Quick (noun)Billquick Camshare LLC. Here, the general meanings
(noun) of the bases are specialized into a specific
This compound has two bases: bill and quick. kind of software product.
The meanings of the bases are:
bill (n): ‘(1) an amount of money owed 2 Adjective + Noun
for goods supplied or services rendered, There are five (5) data that belong to this
set out in a printed or written statement group. This combination is also divided into
of charges. (2) a draft of a proposed law two types of exocentricity:headed and
presented to parliament for discussion’, headless.
quick (adj): ‘(1) moving fast or doing
something in a short time.(2) (of a a. Headed Adjective + Noun Combination
person) prompt to understand, think, or There are two (2) compound nouns
learn; intelligent.’ belong to this category:Open Office and
The two bases form a new meaning: Smartdraw.

Parafrase Vol. 15 No.01 Mei 2015

49
 Jefry Aris I & Susie Chrismalia G – Compound Noun In Computer Sofware Technical Terms

(5) Open (adjective) + Office (noun)  This compound noun Open Office refers to
Open Office (noun) kinds of computer software program
This compound noun has two bases: Open developed by OpenOffice.org. Here, the
and Office. The meanings of two bases are: second meaning of the word Office is used.
Open (adj): ‘(1) Allowing access, Thus the combination of the two bases creates
passage, or a view through an empty a new meaning, a specific software product
space; not closed or blocked up. (2) produced by OpenOffice.org whose
Exposed to the air or to view; not specification for an open-source office suite.
covered. It was primarily developed for Linux,
Office (n): ‘(1) A room, set of rooms, or Microsoft Windows and Solaris, and later for
building used as a place for commercial, OS X, with ports to other operating systems.
professional, or bureaucratic work. (2) A
position of authority, trust, or service, (6) Smart (adjective)+Draw
typically one of a public nature. (3) A (noun)Smartdraw (noun)
service or kindness done for another This compound noun has two bases; Smart
person or group of people. and Draw. The meaning has two bases are:
The combination of two compounds creates a Smart (adj): ‘(1) Having or showing a
new meaning: quick-witted intelligence. (2) (Of a
Open Office (n): ‘An open-source office person) clean, neat, and well-dressed.
suite. It was an open-sourced version of Draw (n): ‘A person or thing that is very
the earlier StarOffice, which Sun attractive or interesting.
Microsystems acquired in 1999 for The combination of two words create a new
internal use. Sun open-sourced the meaning:
software in July 2000 as a competitor to Smartdraw (n): ‘A visual processor
Microsoft Office, releasing version 1.0 developed by SmarDraw, LLC used to
on 1 May 2002. The project was closed create flowcharts, organization charts,
by Oracle Corporation, the then-owner of mind maps, project charts, and other
Sun, in April 2011. Active successor visuals. It is built exclusively for
projects include Apache OpenOffice, Windows operating systems and works
LibreOffice and NeoOffice. with Windows 7, Vista, XP, and 2000.
OpenOffice.org's default file format was Since version 7, it uses Microsoft’s
the OpenDocument Format (ODF), an Fluent User Interface in conjunction with
ISO/IEC standard, which originated with automated panels specific to each type of
OpenOffice.org. It could also read a wide diagram. It integrates with Microsoft
variety of other file formats, with Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Microsoft
particular attention to those from Project; it can export diagrams to
Microsoft Office. OpenOffice.org common image formats and PDF
contained a word processor (Writer), a format.’
spreadsheet (Calc), a presentation This compound noun Smartdraw refers to
application (Impress), a drawing kind of computer software program
application (Draw), a formula editor developed by SmartDraw, LLC. Here, the
(Math), and a database management second meaning of the word Draw is used.
application (Base). OpenOffice.org was Thus the combination of the two bases creates
primarily developed for Linux, Microsoft a new meaning, a specific software product
Windows and Solaris, and later for OS produced bySmartDraw, LLC whose
X, with ports to other operating systems.’ specification for A visual processor used to

Parafrase Vol. 15 No.01 Mei 2015

50
 Jefry Aris I & Susie Chrismalia G – Compound Noun In Computer Sofware Technical Terms

create flowcharts, organization charts, mind meanings of the bases are specialized into a
maps, project charts, and other visuals. It specific kind of software product.
integrates with Microsoft Word, Excel, (8) Real (adjective)+Player (noun)Real
PowerPoint and Microsoft Project; it can Player (noun)
export diagrams to common image formats This compound noun has two bases: Real and
and PDF format. Player. The meaning has two bases are:
Real (adj): ‘(1) Actually existing as a
2. Headless Adjective + Noun Combination thing or occurring in fact; not imagined
There are three (3) compound nouns or supposed. (2)(Of a substance or thing)
belong to this category: Quick Time, Real not imitation or artificial; genuine. (3)
Player, and Bluestack . Complete; utter (used for emphasis). (4)
(7) Quick (adjective) +Time (noun)  Adjusted for changes in the value of
Quick Time (noun) money; assessed by purchasing power.
This compound noun has two bases: Quick (5) (Of a number or quantity) having no
and Time. The meaning has two bases are: imaginary part. (6) (Of an image) of a
Quick (adj): ‘(1) Moving fast or doing kind in which the light that forms it
something in a short time. (2) (Of a actually passes through it; not virtual.
person) prompt to understand, think, or Player (n): ‘(1) A person taking part in a
learn; intelligent.’ sport or game. (2)A person who plays a
Time (n): ‘(1) The indefinite continued musical instrument. (3) An actor.’
progress of existence and events in the The combination of two words create a new
past, present, and future regarded as a meaning:
whole. (2) A point of time as measured Real Player (n): ‘a cross-platform
in hours and minutes past midnight or software product created by
noon. (3) An instance of something RealNetworks primarily used for the
happening or being done; an occasion. playing of recorded media. The media
(4) (Following a number) expressing player is compatible with numerous
multiplication. (5) The rhythmic pattern formats within the multimedia realm,
of a piece of music, as expressed by a including MP3, MPEG-4, QuickTime,
time signature.’ Windows Media, and multiple versions
The combination of two words create a new of the proprietary RealAudio and
meaning: RealVideo formats. RealPlayer is also
Quick Time (n): ‘An extensible available for other operating systems
multimedia framework developed by (OS) and Linux, Unix, Palm OS,
Apple Inc., capable of handling various Windows Mobile and Symbian versions
formats of digital video, picture, sound, have been released. The software is
panoramic images, and interactivity. The powered by an underlying open source
classic version of QuickTime is available media engine called Helix.
for Windows XP and later, as well as This compound noun Real Player refers to
Mac OS X Leopard and later operating kinds of computer software program product
systems. A more recent version, created by RealNetworks primarily used for
QuickTime X, is currently available on the playing of recorded media. Here, the
Mac OS X Snow Leopard and newer.’ general meanings of the bases are specialized
This compound noun QuickTime refers to into a specific kind of software product.
kinds of computer software program
developed by Apple Inc,. Here, the general 3 Verb + Noun

Parafrase Vol. 15 No.01 Mei 2015

51
 Jefry Aris I & Susie Chrismalia G – Compound Noun In Computer Sofware Technical Terms

There are five (5) data that belong to this

group, which are also divided into two types (10) Cheat (verb) + Engine (noun) 
of exocentricity: headed and headless. Cheat Engine (noun)
This compound has two bases: Cheat and
a. Headed Verb + Noun Combination Engine. The meaning has two bases are:
There are two (2) compound nouns that Cheat (v): ‘(1) Act dishonestly or
belong to this category: Split Cam and Cheat unfairly in order to gain an advantage,
Engine. esp. in a game or examination. (2) Avoid
(9) Split (verb)+Cam (noun)Split Cam (something undesirable) by luck or skill.
(noun) Engine (n): ‘(1) An machine with
This compound noun has two bases: Split moving parts that converts power into
and Cam. The meaning has two bases motion. (2) A thing that is the agent or
are: instrument of a particular process. (3)A
Split (v): ‘(1) Break or cause to break railroad locomotive.
forcibly into parts, esp. into halves or The combination of two words create a new
along the grain. (2) (With reference to a meaning:
group of people) divide into two or more Cheat Engine (n): ‘An open source
groups. (3) Betray the secrets of or memory scanner/hex editor/debugger
inform on someone.’ created by Eric Heijnen ("Dark Byte")
Cam (n): ‘(1) A projection on a rotating for the Windows operating system. Cheat
part in machinery, designed to make Engine is mostly used for cheating in
sliding contact with another part while computer games, and is sometimes
rotating and to impart reciprocal or modified and recompiled to evade
variable motion to it; Abbreviation to detection. This program resembles L.
Camera: (1) computer-aided manufac- Spiro's "Memory Hacking Software",
turing. (2) computer-aided manufac- TSearch, and ArtMoney. It searches for
turing.’ values input by the user with a wide
The combination of two words create a new variety of options that allow the user to
meaning: find and sort through the computer's
Split Cam (noun): ‘A freeware program memory. Cheat Engine can also create
developed by Split Video Capture Driver standalone trainers that can operate
for webcam features extending. Its independently of Cheat Engine. Cheat
webcam software offers cool webcam Engine's latest version is 6.3.
effects for having more positive This compound noun CheatEngine refers to
emotions during video calls with friends. kinds of computer software program
Additionally it is the easiest way to split resembles L. Spiro's "Memory Hacking
webcam video stream. Software", TSearch, and ArtMoney. Here, the
This compound noun Split Cam refers to kind second meaning of the word Engine is used.
of computer software program developed by Thus the combination of the two bases creates
Split Video Capture Driver. Here, the second a new meaning, a specific software product
meaning of the word Cam is used. Thus the ceated by Eric Heijnen ("Dark Byte") whose
combination of the two bases creates a new specification for An open source memory
meaning, a specific software product scanner/hex editor/debugger for the Windows
produced by Split Video Capture Driver operating system. Cheat Engine is mostly
whose specification for webcam features used for cheating in computer games, and is
extending. sometimes modified and recompiled to evade

Parafrase Vol. 15 No.01 Mei 2015

52
 Jefry Aris I & Susie Chrismalia G – Compound Noun In Computer Sofware Technical Terms

detection. graphics, 3D graphics, an embedded

scripting language called ActionScript
b. Headless Verb + Noun Combination executed in ActionScript Virtual
There are three (3) compound nouns Machine, and streaming of video and
belonging to this category:Flash Player, audio. ActionScript is based on
Dropbox, Google Chrome. ECMAScript, and supports object-
(11) Flash (verb)+Player (noun)Flash oriented code, and may be compared to
Player (noun) JavaScript. Flash Player has a wide user
This compound noun has two bases: Flash base, with over 90% penetration on
and Player. The meaning has two bases are: internet connected personal computers,
Flash (v): ‘(1) (Of a light or something and is a common format for games,
that reflects light) shine in a bright but animations, and GUIs embedded into
brief, sudden, or intermittent way. (2) web pages. Adobe Systems, the
Display (an image, words, or developer of Adobe Flash Player, states
information) suddenly on a television or that more than 400 million of total more
computer screen or electronic sign, than 1 billion connected desktops update
typically briefly or repeatedly. (3) Move to the new version of Flash Player within
or pass very quickly.’ six weeks of release. Flash Player can be
Player (n): ‘(1) A person taking part in a downloaded for free and its plug-in
sport or game. (2)A person who plays a version is available for recent versions of
musical instrument. (3) An actor.’ web browsers (such as Internet Explorer,
The combination of two words create a new Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera
meaning: and Safari) on selected platforms.
Flash Player (n): ‘A freeware software Google Chrome distribution comes
for viewing multimedia, executing rich bundled with the sandboxed Adobe Flash
Internet applications, and streaming plug-in and will continue to support the
video and audio, content created on the plug-in in Windows 8 Metro mode. Each
Adobe Flash platform, developed by version of Adobe Flash Player is
Adobe System and Microsoft backwards-compatible.
Corporation. Flash Player can run from a This compound noun Flash Player refers to
web browser (as a browser plug-in) or on kinds of computer software program
supported mobile devices, but there also developed by Adobe System and Microsoft
exist versions running directly on an Corporation. Here, the general meanings of
operating system intended both for the bases are specialized into a specific kind
regular users and content developers, of software product.
denoted with the Projector (or
Standalone) and Debugger name (12) Drop (verb)+Box (noun)Dropbox
suffixes, respectively. Flash Player runs (noun)
SWF files that can be created by the This compound noun has two bases: Drop
Adobe Flash Professional authoring tool, and Box. The meaning has two bases are:
by Adobe Flex or by a number of other Drop (v): ‘(1) Let or make (something)
Macromedia and third party tools. Flash fall vertically. (2) Fall vertically. (3)
Player was created by Macromedia and Make or become lower, weaker, or less.
now developed and distributed by Adobe (4) Abandon or discontinue (a course of
Systems after its acquisition. Flash action or study). (5) Set down or unload
Player supports vector and raster (a passenger or goods), esp. on the way

Parafrase Vol. 15 No.01 Mei 2015

53
 Jefry Aris I & Susie Chrismalia G – Compound Noun In Computer Sofware Technical Terms

to somewhere else. (6) (in sports) fail to Look. The meaning has two bases are:
win (a point, game, or match).’ Out (prep): ‘Through to the outside.’
Box (n): ‘(1) a container with a flat base Look (n): ‘(1) An act of directing one's
and sides, typically square or rectangular gaze in order to see someone or
and having a lid. (2) An area or space something. (2) The appearance of
enclosed within straight lines, in someone or something, esp. as
particular. (3) A small structure or expressing a particular quality.’
building for a specific purpose, in The combination of two word create a new
particular. (4) A protective casing for a meaning:
piece of a mechanism. (5) A mailbox at a Outlook (n): ‘a personal information
post office, newspaper office, or other manager from Microsoft, available as a
facility where a person may arrange to part of the Microsoft Office suite. The
receive correspondence.’ current versions are Microsoft Office
The combination of two words create a new Outlook 2013 for Windows and
meaning: Microsoft Office Outlook 2011 for Mac.
Dropbox (n): ‘A file hosting service Although often used mainly as an email
operated by Dropbox, Inc., application, it also includes a calendar,
headquartered in San Francisco, task manager, contact manager, note
California, that offers cloud storage, file taking, journal, and web browsing.’
synchronization, and client software. This compound noun Outlook refers to kinds
Dropbox allows users to create a special of computer software program developed by
folder on each of their computers, which Microsoft. Here, the general meanings of the
Dropbox then synchronizes so that it bases are specialized into a specific kind of
appears to be the same folder (with the software product.
same contents) regardless of which
computer is used to view it. Files placed (14) After (preposition)+Dark
in this folder also are accessible through (noun)AfterDark (noun)
a website and mobile phone applications. This compound noun has two bases: After and
Dropbox provides client software for Dark. The meaning has two bases are:
Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, After (prep): ‘(1) During the period of
Android, iOS, BlackBerry OS and web time following (an event). (2) Behind.
browsers.’ (3) In pursuit or quest of. (4) Next to and
This compound noun Dropbox refers to kinds following in order or importance. (5) In
of computer software program that a file allusion to (someone or something with
hosting service operated by company called the same or a related name). (6)
Dropbox, Inc. Here, the general meanings of Concerning or about.’
the bases are specialized into a specific kind Dark (n): ‘(1) The absence of light in a
of software product. place. (2) A dark color or shade, esp. in a
painting.’
4 Preposition + Noun The combination of two words create a new
There are two (2) data that belong to this meaning:
group: Outlook, (40) After Dark. Both are After Dark (n): ‘A series of computer
headless type of compound. screensaver software introduced in 1989
(13) Out (preposition)+Look by Berkeley Systems for the Apple
(noun)Outlook (noun) Macintosh, and for Microsoft Windows.
This compound noun has two bases: Out and This compound noun AfterDark refers to

Parafrase Vol. 15 No.01 Mei 2015

54
 Jefry Aris I & Susie Chrismalia G – Compound Noun In Computer Sofware Technical Terms

kinds of computer software program that a Language. Ortanda Florida. Horcourt.

series of computer screensaver developed by Gleason, Jr. H.A. 1961. An Introduction to
Berkeley System. Here, the general meanings Descriptive Linguistics. New York,
of the bases are specialized into a specific Chicago. San Fransisco. Toronto.
kind of software product. London. Rinehart and Winston.
Gonda, Jan. 1966. A Concise Elementary
CONCLUSION Grammar of the Sanskrit Language. El
This study found four combinations of Cerrito. University of Alabama Press.
compound nouns in computer software terms: Hockett, Charles Francis 1959. A Course in
Noun + Noun combination (jetaudio, Modern Linguistics. New York: The
Firefox), Adjective + Noun combination Macmillan Company.
(OpenOffice, QuickTime), Verb + Noun Hornby, A.S. 1995. Oxford Advanced
combination (CheatEngine, GoogleChrome), Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford University
and Preposition + Noun combination Press.
(Outlook). The combination may form headed Libben, Gary and GoniaJarema. 2006. The
or headless compounds, and the meanings Representation and Processing of
may refer to specific kinds of software Compound Nouns. Oxford University
products. Press.
Ni’am, Alia. 2011. An Analysis of Semantic
REFERENCES Change on Nouns Used as Techncal
Terms in Computer Science.
Anderson, Stephen R. 1992. A-Morpheus Unpublished Thesis. Surabaya: Jurusan
Morphology. Cambridge. Cambridge Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Untag
University Press. Surabaya.
Arifin, Zainal. 2009.A Morphological Study Press, Microsoft. 2002. Microsoft Computer
on English Compound Words Found in Dictionary: Fifth Edition. Washington. A
Kangguru Radio English Magazine. Division of Microsoft Corporation One
Unpublished Thesis. Malang: The Microsoft Way.
Degree of S1 Program STIBA Malang. Spencer, Andrew and Arnold Zwicky. 2001.
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New The Handbook of Morphology. Ohio.
York. Henry Holt And Company, Inc. Blackwell Reference Online.
Brinton, Laurerj. 1987. The Structure of Tayie, Samy. 2005. Research Methods and
Modern English: A Linguistics Writing Research Proposals. Cairo.
Introduction. Amsterdam. John Center for Advancement of
Benjamin’s Publishing Company. Postgraduates Study and Research in
Carstairs, Andrew and McCarthy. 2002. An Engineering Science, Faculty of
Introduction to English Morphology: Engineering, Cairo University.
Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh. Yule, George. 2006. The Study of Language:
Edinburgh University Press Ltd. An Introduction Third Editions.
Crystal, David. 2003. The Cambridge Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.
Encyclopedia of the English Language: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Windo
Second Edition. Cambridge. Cambridge ws_software. Accessed date: January
University Press. 19, 2014.
Fromkin, Robert Rodman.1997. An http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/Word-
Introduction to Language. Canada. Formation.htm. Accessed date:
Fromkin., Victoria. 1999. An Inroduction to November 22, 2013.

Parafrase Vol. 15 No.01 Mei 2015

55
 Jefry Aris I & Susie Chrismalia G – Compound Noun In Computer Sofware Technical Terms

http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/compnounte rm.htm. Accessed October 20, 2013.

Parafrase Vol. 15 No.01 Mei 2015

56