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ENERGY
FORCE
• The use of word ‘force’ in our daily life is very common
straight line
A pull
A push
A stretch
A squeeze
A catch
A twist
Forces can make things
Speed up
Slow down
Change direction
Change shape
Illustrations for effects of force
1. To set a stationary body into motion
suitable material
Electrostatic force:
Intermolecular force:
Reaction force:
Deforming force:
Nuclear force:
F = ma
Units of force
dyne:
newton:
Gram-force (gf):
direction of force.
W =F x d
Work Concept
Mathematically, work can be expressed by the following equation.
W= F x d cos q (cos00 = 1)
1 joule = 1N x1 m
But 1 N = 10 5 dyne , 1m = 10 2 cm
Electrical energy:
Heat energy:
The invisible energy which causes in us the sensation of hotness
Light energy:
The energy which causes in us the sensation of vision
Different forms or kinds of Energy ..
Sound energy:
The mechanical energy which produces sensation of hearing
Magnetic energy:
The energy possessed by permanent magnets or electromagnets
Nuclear energy:
The energy released in the form of heat during the fission or fusion
of nuclear fuels
Solar energy: the energy radiated out by sun is called solar
energy. Solar energy cannot be directly used to perform work,
because it is too diffused and it is not always available uniformly.
However,
Solar panels, solar furnaces and solar cells etc have been
invented to make use of solar energy
Hydro energy: the energy possessed by the fast moving water
is called hydro energy. This energy is used to generate
electricity in hydroelectric power stations
Wind energy:the energy possessed by the fast moving air is
called wind energy. This energy is used in driving a wind mill
Mechanical energy and its different forms
Mechanical energy:
▪ KE = 1/2 mv2
▪ KE = ½ (4Kg)(5m/s) 2
▪ KE = 50 Kg m 2 /s 2
▪ KE = 50 J
Forms of energy ..
Potential Energy
➢ The capacity to do work by virtue of position or
configuration
➢ Stored energy or gravitational energy
Forms of energy ..
Gravitational Potential Energy
➢ After an object has been lifted to a height, work is done.
➢ PE = W= F x d= mgh
Potential Energy is
maximum at the
maximum HEIGHT
Conservation of Energy
Energy can neither be created nor can be destroyed. It only
Changing one form of energy to another
output
E fficiency % = x100
input
POWER
Suppose an aged man takes 10 seconds to do a particular work
➢ P=Fxd/t
➢ P = 30 N (10 m) / 5 s
➢ P = 60 N m /s
➢ P = 60 watts
Types of Power
Electrical Power: The rate at which the work is being done in an
electrical circuit is called an electric power.