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10
SCIENCE 10
QUARTER 4
Week 3

Capsulized Self-Learning Empowerment

Toolkit

Schools Division Office of Zamboanga City

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga City

“Unido, Junto avanza con el EduKalidad Cree, junto junto puede!”

PREPARED BY: Sigrid J. Panganiban, SST-I

Pasonanca National High School
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SUBJECT & Science

10
QUARTER 4 WEEK 3 DAY __________________________________
GRADE/LEVEL dd/mm/yyyy

TOPIC CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS

2.Identify the elements present and describe the structure of the
following biomolecules based on their functional groups:
LEARNING
COMPETENCY a. Carbohydrates
b. Lipids

IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your all answers for the SAQ,
Practice, and Try items on a separate sheet/s of paper.

UNDERSTAND
What are Carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are any group of organic

compounds in foods and living tissues that
include sugars, starch, and cellulose.
• It is a major source of energy for the
body.
• The extra amount of energy is stored
in our muscles and liver.
• They are biomolecules comprising
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
Figure 1. Examples of Carbohydrates
• Found in grains, vegetables, fruits, and milk, and other dairy products.

What are Lipids?

Lipids are another class of biomolecules that have the "job" of storing energy for later use.
• Lipids are found in
hormones and cell
membrane components.
• Like carbohydrates, they
also contain the
elements Carbon,
Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
• They are insoluble polar
solvents such as water
but soluble in nonpolar
solvents such as 2
alcohol.

Figure 2. Examples of Lipids

SAQ1: SAQ-1: What are commons to carbohydrates and lipids?

PREPARED BY: Sigrid J. Panganiban, SST-I

Pasonanca National High School
 2

What are the classification and structure of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are classified into simple and complex based on their chemical
structure and degree of polymerization.

Simple carbohydrates have one or two sugar molecules. These are the following;

1. Monosaccharides- from the prefix “mono” which means one. The simplest sugar
and the basic sub-unit of carbohydrate. These compounds are white solids at room
temperature because they have polar, hydroxyl (-OH) groups in the molecular
structures and are very soluble in water.

Most common are Glucose also

called Dextrose, and Fructose, or fruit
sugar. Although both of these have the
formula C6H12O6, their structural formulas
differ.
As figure 3 shows, Glucose in
water solution forms a ring made up of 5
carbon atoms and 1 oxygen atom.
Fructose in water solution formed a ring
made up of 4 carbon and 1 oxygen atom.
Both compounds have five –OH groups in
their structures. The arrangement of the
C, H, and O atoms determines the shape
and properties of each sugar.
Figure 3. Structure of Glucose and Fructose

2. Disaccharides- Two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide. Examples of

carbohydrates having two monomers include- Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose.

Sucrose is made up of glucose and a fructose molecule joined together by a

glycosidic bond. This glycosidic bond is formed between carbon 1 of glucose and
carbon 2 of fructose. It is formed between the functional groups of two molecules.
It is also known as table sugar or cane sugar. Its molecular formula is C12H22O11.

Lactose is another important disaccharide commonly consumed by human beings.

It is also known as milk sugar. Its molecular formula is the same as that of sucrose.

Maltose is not abundantly found in nature. Its molecular formula is the same as that
of lactose and sucrose. Maltose is made up of two sub-units of glucose.
It is present in cereal, beer, potatoes, processed cheese, pasta, etc.

The structure of a disaccharide is much similar to that of a monosaccharide. It also

consists of multiple hydroxyl groups and a functional group that could be an aldehyde or a
ketone. The only difference is the presence of a glycosidic bridge connecting the two
molecules.

PREPARED BY: Sigrid J. Panganiban, SST-I

Pasonanca National High School
 3

In a glycosidic bridge or bond, the two carbon atoms of two different molecules are
joined using an oxygen atom. The oxygen atom acts as a bridge connecting the two different
carbons of two different monosaccharide molecules in a glycosidic bond.

Figure 4. Structures of Disaccharides

Complex carbohydrates have two or more sugar molecules, hence they are referred to as
starchy foods. Molecules are digested slowly compared to simple carbohydrates.

3. Polysaccharides are formed by the complex polymerization of a large number of

monomers. Examples are starch, glycogen, the cellulose that exhibit extensive
branching and are homopolymers- made up of only glucose units.

Starch- is composed of two components- amylase and amylopectin. Amylose forms

the linear chain, and amylopectin is much-branched.

Glycogen- is called animal starch. It has a structure similar to starch but has more
extensive branching.

Cellulose- is the main structural component of the plant cell wall. It is a fibrous
polysaccharide with high tensile strength. Unlike starch and glycogen, it forms a linear
polymer.

Figure 5. Structure of Starch Figure 6. Structure of Cellulose

PREPARED BY: Sigrid J. Panganiban, SST-I

Pasonanca National High School
 4

Figure 7. Structure of Glycogen

SAQ2: How important is carbohydrates to its structure and function to living

things?

What are the structures of Lipids?

Lipids are groups of biomolecules that include fats, oils, waxes, hormones, and
steroids. They are polymers of fatty acids. They contain a long, nonpolar hydrocarbon chain
with a small, polar part containing oxygen. It means that they are mostly nonpolar, so they
are not soluble in water.

Triglycerides can store energy, provide insulation to cells, and aid in the absorption of
fat-soluble vitamins. Examples are fats and oils. Fats are solid at room temperature and
contain saturated fatty acids. They contain single bonds, and they are produced only by
animals. Lard and butter are examples of animal fats. Oils are liquid at room temperature
and contain unsaturated fatty acids, and have one or more double bonds. Oils are primarily
of long hydrocarbon chains. Most oils such as vegetable oils, corn oil, and olive oil are
produced by plants. Fats and oils are esters made up of glycerol (a 3-carbon sugar
alcohol/polyol) and 3 fatty acids. Table 1 below shows the structures of common fatty acids.
The presence of double bonds in the fatty acids lowers its melting point.

Table 1. Structures of Some Common fatty Acids

Name Structural Formula Melting Point
(oC)
Lauric CH3(CH2)10COOH 44
Myristic CH3(CH2)12COOH 53
Palmitic CH3(CH2)14COOH 63
Stearic CH3(CH2)16COOH 70
Oleic CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH 16
Linoleic* CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH -5
Linolenic* CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH -11
Arachidonic* CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2COOH -50
Source: Padolino, M.C.D. Antero E.S., Alumaga, M.J.B & Estanilla, L.C (2004) Conceptual and Functional Chemistry

Steroids are another class of lipids whose

molecules are composed of fused rings of atoms.
The most important steroid is cholesterol is also
known as a “sterol” because of the presence of
alcohol or the hydroxyl functional group. Although
cholesterol plays an important and essential lipid
for humans, excessive levels of cholesterol in the
blood can lead to deposits in the arteries of the
heart.
Figure 8. Structure of Cholesterol

PREPARED BY: Sigrid J. Panganiban, SST-I

Pasonanca National High School
 5

Cholesterol is produced in the liver and is the forerunner to many other steroid
hormones, such as estrogen, testosterone, and cortisol. It is also a part of cell membranes,
inserting itself into the bilayer and influencing the membrane’s fluidity.
Figure 8 shows the unique structure of cholesterol consists of four linked hydrocarbon
rings forming the bulky steroid structure. The hydrocarbon tail is linked to one end of the
steroid and a hydroxyl group linked to the other end.

SAQ3: What are the importance of lipids in human being?

Let’s Practice! (Write your answer on separate sheets.)

Directions: Supply the terms on the blanks to complete the statements.

1. ______________ are the main source of energy.

2. ______________ are nonpolar.
3. Carbohydrates and lipids are biomolecules which contain the elements
______________, __________________ and _________________.
4. Cabohydrates are highly soluble soluble in water because of ______________ group.
5. ______________ are made up pf glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

Directions: Identify the biomolecules and describe their structure based on their functional
group. Write your answers on the given graphic organizer.

B
I
O
M
O
L
E
C
U
L
E
S

REMEMBER
Key Point

• A Biomolecule is a chemical compound found in living organisms. They are the

building blocks of life and perform important functions in living organisms.

• Carbohydrates are biomolecules comprising carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

PREPARED BY: Sigrid J. Panganiban, SST-I

Pasonanca National High School
 6

• Carbohydrates refer to any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods

and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. It is the major source of
energy for the body. The extra amount of energy or sugar is stored in our muscles
and liver. It is classified into two; Simple and Complex carbohydrates. Simple
carbohydrates include the monosaccharide and disaccharide, while complex
carbohydrates include the polysaccharide.

• Lipids are another class of biomolecules that have the “job” of storing energy for later
use. They are also found in hormones and cell membrane components. Like
carbohydrates, they also contain the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. They
are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents.
• The most abundant lipids are fats and oils. Fats are solid at room temperature and
contain saturated fatty acids and contain single bonds, and they are produced only by
animals. Lard and butter are examples of animal fats. Oils are liquid at room
temperature and contain unsaturated fatty acids, and they contain one or more double
bonds. Oils are primarily of long hydrocarbon chains. Most oils, such as vegetable
oils, corn oil, and olive oil are produced by plants.
• Steroids are another class of lipids whose molecules are composed of fused rings of
atoms. The most important steroid is cholesterol, known as a "sterol" due to the
presence of alcohol or the hydroxyl functional group. Although cholesterol plays an
essential lipid for humans, an excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood can lead
to deposits in the heart arteries.

TRY
Let’s see how much you have learned today!
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
(Answer on the Learner’s Activity and Assessment sheets.)

1. What is the function of carbohydrates?

A. It stores energy for later use.

B. It is the major source of energy for the body.
C. It speeds up reactions in the body and is used up eventually in the process.
D. It helps repair and build your body’s tissues.

2. Which statement best describes the structure of carbohydrates?

A. It contains –OH, which makes them soluble in water.

B. It is made up of glycerol which makes them nonpolar.
C. It contains an H atom, which acts as a bridge to connect the two monosaccharides.
D. They have the carboxyl group, which dissolves easily in water.

3. Which of the following statement is NOT true about carbohydrates and lipids?

A. Both are used primarily as energy sources for cell metabolism.

B. All carbohydrates and lipids have the same chemical elements but different
proportions.
C. Both of them have the same structure.
D. Carbohydrates are soluble in water except for lipids.

PREPARED BY: Sigrid J. Panganiban, SST-I

Pasonanca National High School
 7

4. Which of the given structures represents molecules that are very soluble in water?

A. B.
D.

C. D.

5. The following are the chemical elements found in carbohydrates and lipids, EXCEPT

A. Hydrogen
B. Nitrogen
C. Carbon
D. Oxygen
6. Which of the following is a correct pair?

A. Lactose: Monosaccharide
B. Starch: Polysaccharide
C. Fructose: Disaccharide
D. Triglyceride: Polysaccharide

7. Which structural formula is lipid-based?

A. C12H22O11
B. CH3(CH2)10COOH
C. C6H12O6
D. -OH

8. The following statements about fats are True EXCEPT

A. They are liquid at room temperature.

B. Fats are produced only by animals.
C. They are saturated hydrocarbons that contain a single bond.
D. Examples of animal fats are lard and butter

9. Which of the following is a structure of sterol?

A. B.

C. D.

PREPARED BY: Sigrid J. Panganiban, SST-I

Pasonanca National High School
 8

10. Which is a characteristic of cholesterol?

A. It contains a hydroxyl group linked to one end.
B. It contains a carboxyl group.
C. It contains a long polymer chain of glucose units.
D. It is consists of 2 linked hydrocarbon rings.

“Carbohydrates.” Accessed June 16, 2020.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com

“Carbohydrates.” Accessed June 16, 2020

https://byjus.com

Science 10 Learning Material pp. 450- 461

KidsHealth Medical Experts (Ed.). (n.d.). Your Digestive System (for

REFERENCE/S Kids) - Nemours KidsHealth. Accessed June 03, 2020.
https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/digestive-system.html

“Structure of Disaccharides.” Accessed May 17, 2021.

https://alevelbiology.co.uk/notes/disaccharides/#:~:text=The%20st
ructure%20of%20disaccharide%20is,bridge%20connecting%20th
e%20two%20molecules.

“Biochemistry of Lipids.” Accessed May 17, 2021.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525952/
.

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PREPARED BY: Sigrid J. Panganiban, SST-I

Pasonanca National High School