Chapter 4 Part B

CHAPTER 4 – BDA 20402
Materials selection
chart
4.1 DERIVATION OF PROPERTY LIMITS
AND MATERIALS INDICES
4.2 SELECTION PROCEDURE
4.3 STRUCTURAL INDEX
4.4 MATERIALS SELECTION
WITHOUT SHAPE
4.4 Material Selection
Without Shape
har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 2

PERFORMANCE INDICES…

Characteristic for selected
material:
1.  < 1 Mg/m3
2. f > 10 MPa
3. Minimum weight design,

C = f2/3/
= 27 MPa/Mg/m3
f = 10 MPa,  = 0.172 Mg/m3

f = 1000 MPa,  = 3.70 Mg/m3
Selected areas for

potential materials

Plot
M = T1/2/ = 2 K1/2/MPa
in the chart and

determine the slope
for the line
T1/2/  =2
 = T1/2/2
At
T = 400 K,  = 10 MPa
T = 1600 K,  =20 MPa
Slope :
log M = ½ log T – log 

log  = ½ log T – log M
slope, m = 1/2

Question ONE:
A particular design asks us to choose a material using M = E⅔ / ρ2.
For a plot of log ρ [x-axis] versus log E [y- axis], determine the
slope of the selection line.
Answer:
Take the log of both sides of the M equation and arrange as Y = A
+ BX:

Question TWO:
Assume a design of M =
E/ρ.
(a) Draw a line of M = 3
in the E-ρ chart.
(b) List all suitable
materials for M = 3
Answer:
M = E/ρ = 3
So, E = 3ρ;
If ρ = 1, E = 3
If ρ = 10, E = 30
* 1 GPa = 1000 MPa

Question THREE:
Determine the subset of
materials with a Young’s
Modulus (E) greater than 100
GPa and a performance index
of M = σ2 / E greater than 100
MPa/GPa.
Answer:
- Plot E = 100.
- All materials with E > 100 are
suitable.
- Plot M = σ2 / E = 100
- σ = (100 E)½ = √(100 E)
- All materials with M > 100 are
suitable
- Sketch or mark the final
selection area within E >
100 and M > 100

Question FOUR: E = 10 GPa
Sketch the search

region for E > 10 GPa
and KIC2 / E > 10
(MPa.m1/2/GPa).
KIC2 / E = 10

EXAMPLE :
Today we need to select a material for a diaphragm for a sensitive vacuum
gage. The diaphragm is a thin cylindrical disk of radius, R, and thickness, t.
With a pressure difference across the diaphragm, the disk deflects, and we
will measure the deflection to find the pressure difference. Assume the
radius and the thickness are free to vary, and that the design requires as
large a deflection as possible. The constraints are that the mass must be
less than mo kilograms, and it should not fail under the pressure load.
Given:
Center deflection of the diaphragm:
Maximum stress in the diaphragm:
Mass of the diaphragm:

1) What is the measure of performance, p, for this design?
p=
2) Is this design OVERCONSTRAINED, FULLY DETERMINED, or

UNDERCONSTRAINED, and why?
FULLY DETERMINED, because there are two free parameters

(R, and t), and there are two constraints (MASS, and FAILURE
STRESS). Equal numbers of constraints and free parameters
defines a fully determined design.
3) How many M values (materials selection criterion) should you have

for this design?
Because this design is fully determined, there will be only

ONE selection criterion (M-value).

4) On the selection chart below I have marked a selection line for a particular
design. What is the VALUE of the M for which this line is derived? (Be sure
to include the UNITS!)
Gradient;
B = y 2 – y1 / x 2 – x1
= [log 1000 – log 0.1]/[log 100 – log 1]
=2

• Now, to find the value of M for this line position, we only need to pick
off a point on the line and plug the values for X and Y into the
expression for M:

EXERCISE 1 Objective
1) You are asked to select a material for a very inexpensive socket
for a socket wrench set. The model, shown at the right, is of a
thin walled cylinder of fixed radius, R, and unknown wall
thickness, t. The socket must not fail under the applied torque,
T, and it should deflect by less than THETA rotational angle in
use. Use the equations below for the rotational deflection and
failure torque to answer the following questions.
Rotational deflection of the socket:
Maximum torque on the socket:
Cost of the socket:

(i) What is the measure of performance, p, for this design?
(ii) Is this design OVERCONSTRAINED, FULLY DETERMINED, or

UNDERCONSTRAINED, and why?
(iii) Determine the M value(s) you should have for this design.

SOLUTIONS EXERCISE 1:
EXERCISE 1
(i) p=1/$
(ii) OVERCONSTRAINED
- one free parameter (thickness), two constraint (rotational
deflection and failure torque)
(iii) Solve the equations for the free parameter, t.

EXERCISE 2
2) You have been asked to design a xylophone to be carried on
board the space shuttle to study gravitational effects on
vibrating structures. The basic design is a simply supported
beam, which is struck (loaded) in the center with a mallet and
the vibration makes a noise. Because this is to be launched
into space, it must be made as lightweight as possible. It has an
additional constraint that the fundamental vibration frequency
must be equal to fo.
Assume the length, L, and the width,

w, are fixed, but the thickness, t, is
free to vary. Use the following
information to answer the design
questions below. Fundamental
frequency of vibration:
where K is a constant, E is the

Young's Modulus, and  is the density.

(i) What is the measure of performance, p, for this design?
(ii) Derive the materials selection criterion, M, using the

frequency constraint.
(iii) A particular design asks us to choose a material using

. For a plot of log() [X axis] versus log(E) [Y axis],
determine the slope of the selection line.
(iv) Use the selection chart below to determine the subset of

materials with a thermal conductivity greater than
10 W/mK AND a performance index less than
Show your materials with a sketch on the selection chart.

EXERCISE 2
(i) p=1/m
(ii) Write out the cost constraint equation (for frequency, fo), solve
for the free parameter (t) and substitute into the performance
equation ;
(iii) Take the log of both sides of the M equation and arrange as
Y = A + BX ;

(iv)

Requirements:
1. Thermal conductivity
> 10 W/mK
2. M = 2/a < 108 W2s/m4K2

 = 1, a = 10-8
 = 100, a = 10-4
M1= 10 W/mK
M2= 108 W2s/m4K2

EXERCISE 3
3) A furniture designer, conceives of a lightweight table of daring simplicity : a
flat sheet of toughened glass supported on slender, unbraced, cylindrical
legs.
The leg must be solid (to make them thin) and as light as possible (to make
the table easier to move). They must support the tabletop and whatever is
placed upon it without buckling. What materials could one recommend?
The leg is a slender column of material of density  and modulus. Its length,
l and the maximum load, P, are determined by the design they are fixed.
The radius r of a leg is a free variable.
Mass of the legs : m = r 2l
: P =  EI =  Er
2 3 4
Elastic load, Pcrit of a column
crit 2 2
l 4l
For slenderness : p = Pcrit
The given material indices for this case are M1 = E1/2/ =  6 GPa1/2m3/Mg
M2 = E  100 GPa
* Propose potential materials for the table leg by using E- selection chart.

EXERCISE 3
Design requirements for table legs :
Function Column (supporting compressive load)

Objective (a) Minimize the mass
(b) Maximize the slenderness
Constraint (a) Must not buckle under design loads
 Must not fracture if accidentally struck

SOLUTION :
M1 = E1/2/ M2=100GPa
 6 GPa1/2m3/Mg
M2 = E  100GPa
M1=6(GPa)1/2m3/Mg

Materials for table legs
Material M1 M2 Comment
(GPa1/2m3/Mg) (GPa)
Woods 5-8 4 - 20 Outstanding M1; poor M2
CFRP 4-8 30 - Outstanding M1 and M2,

200 but expansive
GFRP 3.5 – 5.5 20 - 90 Cheaper than CRFP, but

lower M1 and M2.
Ceramics 4-8 150 - Outstanding M1 and M2.

1000 Eliminated by brittleness.

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CHAPTER 4 – BDA 20402

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 2

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 3

3. Minimum weight design,

f = 10 MPa,  = 0.172 Mg/m3

Selected areas for

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 4

in the chart and

log M = ½ log T – log 

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 5

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 6

* 1 GPa = 1000 MPa

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 7

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 8

Sketch the search

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 9

Center deflection of the diaphragm:

Maximum stress in the diaphragm:

Mass of the diaphragm:

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 10

2) Is this design OVERCONSTRAINED, FULLY DETERMINED, or

FULLY DETERMINED, because there are two free parameters

3) How many M values (materials selection criterion) should you have

Because this design is fully determined, there will be only

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 11

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 12

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 13

Rotational deflection of the socket:

Maximum torque on the socket:

Cost of the socket:

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 14

(ii) Is this design OVERCONSTRAINED, FULLY DETERMINED, or

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 15

(iii) Solve the equations for the free parameter, t.

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 16

Assume the length, L, and the width,

where K is a constant, E is the

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 17

(ii) Derive the materials selection criterion, M, using the

(iii) A particular design asks us to choose a material using

determine the slope of the selection line.

(iv) Use the selection chart below to determine the subset of

Show your materials with a sketch on the selection chart.

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 18

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 20

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 21

2. M = 2/a < 108 W2s/m4K2

M2= 108 W2s/m4K2

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 22

Mass of the legs : m = r 2l

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 23

Function Column (supporting compressive load)

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 24

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 25

Woods 5-8 4 - 20 Outstanding M1; poor M2

CFRP 4-8 30 - Outstanding M1 and M2,

GFRP 3.5 – 5.5 20 - 90 Cheaper than CRFP, but

Ceramics 4-8 150 - Outstanding M1 and M2.

har/JKP/FKMP/2021 BDA20402-Materials Selection 26