1

Student Name:

Student ID Number:

Professor:

Date:

Title:
 2

Table of Contents
LAW ENFORCEMENT STRATEGIES TO REDUCE SUPPLY OF DRUGS:..................................2
ALERT AND D.A.R.E PROGRAMS......................................................................................................3
How do you explain Development theory?..............................................................................................3
What are the three development views?..................................................................................................4
Explain life course theory.........................................................................................................................4
What is Early-onset?.................................................................................................................................4
According to Age-Graded theory, what are the turning points that produce informal social control
and enable people to desist from delinquency as they mature?.............................................................4
Describe the general theory of crime........................................................................................................5
According to the general theory of crime, what causes people to commit delinquent behaviors?......5
What is social capital?...............................................................................................................................5
What are abstainers? What are the two subgroups of abstainers?.......................................................5
What causes gender differences in development?...................................................................................6
What is the chivalry hypothesis?..............................................................................................................6
Explain sex trafficking?............................................................................................................................6
Why is the gender gap in crime and delinquency arrest narrowing?....................................................6
Explain liberal feminism...........................................................................................................................7
Why are girls still subject to harsh punishment by government officials?............................................7
What are the family dysfunctions that seem to promote delinquent behavior?...................................7
What are the elements that distinguish effective and ineffective families?...........................................7
How is parental deviance connected to a child's misbehavior?..............................................................7
Who are the perpetrators of child abuse?................................................................................................8
What is meant by the child protective system?.......................................................................................8
Why do students drop out of school?.......................................................................................................8
What are the consequences of dropping out?..........................................................................................8
What is the connection between school failure and delinquency?.........................................................9
Define bullying...........................................................................................................................................9
Who becomes a bully?...............................................................................................................................9
Who is the school shooter?......................................................................................................................10
What is the difference between delinquency prevention and delinquency control?...........................10
 3

What are the early childhood delinquency prevention programs........................................................10

What are the delinquency prevention approaches that target teenagers?..........................................11
Explain Mentoring...................................................................................................................................11
What is a disposition?.............................................................................................................................12
Please study the similarities and differences between the juvenile and adult justice system, then
mention one difference you didn't know about.....................................................................................12
What is Community policing?................................................................................................................13
What is problem-oriented policing?.......................................................................................................13
Define probable cause.............................................................................................................................13
What are your Miranda rights?.............................................................................................................13
Please study The Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth amendments.....................................13
What is police discretion?..........................................................................................................................14
What are the factors that shape police discretion.................................................................................14
When can the police conduct warrantless searches?............................................................................15
What are the four steps that serve as the foundation to problem-oriented policing?.........................15
What are the most important factors for detaining a youth once they are taken into the custody of
the police?................................................................................................................................................15
How does bail work?...............................................................................................................................16
What is the term intake refers to?..........................................................................................................16
What do we mean by juvenile diversion?..............................................................................................16
Why our criminal justice system has created a diversion program?...................................................16
What is plea bargaining?........................................................................................................................16
References.................................................................................................................................................17
 4

LAW ENFORCEMENT STRATEGIES TO REDUCE SUPPLY OF DRUGS:

A vigorous enforcement of laws forbidding drug manufacturing, distribution, and use will

eventually decrease supply and demand for banned drugs and hence abolish the criminal market.

Police, drug-enforcement agencies, and in some instances, even the military have played a

significant role in creating and executing drug laws and regulations. Deterrents used to curb drug

demand and supply include:

activities to disrupt drug smuggling operations; investigation and detention of those

suspected of high-level trafficking; arrest and sentencing of people accused with possession or
 5

use of prohibited narcotics. Consumers have been deterred from drug use by the possibility of

arrest, while manufacturers and traffickers have been targeted through physical restrictions.

ALERT AND D.A.R.E PROGRAMS

The new Project ALERT-GTO (Getting to Outcomes) research offers a unique chance to

help keep kids healthy and drug-free. In collaboration with GTO, an evidence-based

implementation methodology, ALERT will help businesses launch programs more successfully

and achieve objectives. In contrast, Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) is designed to

reduce drug usage, gang participation, and violence. The Department of Education, along with

law enforcement and schools, created this initiative to educate kids about the hazards of drug

usage.

How do you explain Development theory?

Through the lens of developmental theories, we gain a better understanding of the various

stages of human development, from birth to old age. It is important to understand that there are

numerous theories of growth. Many people's intellectual growth may be traced back to Jean

Piaget's work, which continues to be significant today. As humans mature, Lawrence Kolhberg's

views describe how morality evolves, and Eric Erikson and Robert Kegan's theories describe

how identity and the nature of self-change.

What are the three development views?

Lifelong development can be investigated scientifically through the three developmental

views of physical, cognitive, and psychological.

 6

Explain life course theory.

LCT is a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the mental, physical, and social

health of persons, which combines both life span and life stage principles that impact the health

trajectory of the individual.

What is Early-onset?

Early onset refers to a condition that appears in a person's life before the age of 12,

especially in comparison to other persons who have the same ailment.

According to Age-Graded theory, what are the turning points that produce informal

social control and enable people to desist from delinquency as they mature?

"Turning points," in the Age-Graded theory, are all about the establishment or

dissolution of social bonds. People, who marry, serve in the military, or work gains a better sense

of community and social authority. Everyday daily routines alter as a result of forming important

social ties. Non-deviant conduct is more likely to develop when there are more informal duties

and more social control.

Describe the general theory of crime.

The general theory of crime, often known as the self-control theory of crime, proposes

that criminal activity is primarily caused by a person's inability to exercise self-control.

According to the idea of crime and self-control, children reared by parents who were ineffective

before the age of ten have less self-control than children of a similar age raised by effective

parents. Low self-control has also been linked to illegal and impulsive behavior, according to

research.
 7

According to the general theory of crime, what causes people to commit delinquent

behaviors?

People who lack self-control are more likely to engage in criminal activity, according to

the General Theory of Crime. A person's ability to regulate their impulses begins early in life.

When parents fail to supervise their children sufficiently, fail to notice deviant behavior in their

children, or fail to respond correctly, they develop a lack of self-control.

What is social capital?

Human capital can be developed and amassed through the use of social ties, according to

the social capital hypothesis. As an illustration, having a stable home life can help people

succeed in school and gain highly sought-after qualifications and abilities. Social capital, in

evolutionary terms, can be described as an aspect of a social interaction that has the potential to

benefit future generations through reproduction.

What are abstainers? What are the two subgroups of abstainers?

People who are abstainers are those who have never taken any psychotropic substances or

engaged in any criminal or antisocial behavior. As a result of their isolation, absentees are

regarded to be loners who shun close relationships, are bland in their emotional and behavioral

expression, and maybe unhappy as a result of this. It is said that those who abstain from alcohol

are also too moral, conservative, and moralistic in their outlook on life. There are two subgroups

of abstainers; the first subgroup comprises people who are antisocial and the second subgroup

comprises abstainers who are social but avoid substance use.

 8

What causes gender differences in development?

For some qualities, cross-cultural heterogeneity in gender differences may indicate that

cultural origin or social roles and norms impact gender differences in development.

What is the chivalry hypothesis?

Criminal justice researchers have coined the phrase "chivalry theory." Chivalry argues

that female criminals are given lighter penalties than male criminals. Among the possible reasons

for the lenient sentence is that women are often regarded as the primary caregivers or loving

mothers.

Explain sex trafficking?

It is defined by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 as "the recruiting, housing

or transportation of a person for a commercial sex act" Adults are forced to engage in

commercial sex by the use of force, fraud, or other forms of compulsion in sex trafficking.

Why is the gender gap in crime and delinquency arrest narrowing?

Young women's offending has been rising in many Western countries because the gender

difference in crime and delinquent arrests has narrowed. Assumptions about the observed pattern

are frequently predicated on the notion that females mimic males' criminal behavior, but the

opposite is also true: males mimic females' behavior.

Explain liberal feminism.

Liberal feminism, sometimes known as mainstream feminism, is a major branch of

feminism that aims to bring about gender equality by political and legal reform within a liberal

democratic framework.
 9

Why are girls still subject to harsh punishment by government officials?

Punishing the girls so harshly results from government authorities' inability to grasp the

importance of women's rights and feminism.

What are the family dysfunctions that seem to promote delinquent behavior?

One of the most common causes of delinquency in children is parental rejection. Studies

also show that the temperament of the child plays a part in this cycle of cause and effect. This

produces an escalating cycle of misbehavior in children and adolescents, who their parents

frequently reject.

What are the elements that distinguish effective and ineffective families?

Ineffective families, parents must communicate with their children about the rules and

make sure that they understand them. These people are not afraid to face the consequences of

their actions regardless of their moods. Assuming that children comprehend expectations is a

common mistake made by ineffective parents.

How is parental deviance connected to a child's misbehavior?

Children's delinquency is linked to parental deviance, which may be molded by parenting

competence, the acquisition of deviant values, or even the stigma and labeling of the parents.

Who are the perpetrators of child abuse?

Nearly all child abuse and neglect cases include perpetrators who are intimately familiar

with the victim and have easy access to them. The most common perpetrators of child abuse are

the child's family members. The vast majority of child abuse abusers are parents.
 10

What is meant by the child protective system?

Protecting children from neglect, physical, sexual, or emotional abuse is the goal of the

Child Protective System (CPS). To strengthen families and provide children with safe, nurturing

environments, the emphasis is on their safety and the support of their parents.

Why do students drop out of school?

Following are the main causes of students dropping out of school:

 Academic Failure: A student's academic performance will suffer if they

cannot read at a basic level, which is a requirement for all students in secondary school.

 Disengagement: In a study by the High School Survey of Student

Engagement, students who are not actively engaged in their school have a high likelihood

of dropping out.

What are the consequences of dropping out?

The immediate and obvious result for students who drop out is that they no longer have

access to their education. Student antisocial tendencies can potentially be exacerbated by

dropping out, according to several recent studies. This not only affects the individual but the

economy as a whole. In 2009, Northeastern University's Center for Labor Market Studies issued

a report that demonstrated just how detrimental dropping out maybe.

What is the connection between school failure and delinquency?

Failure in school erodes a student's enthusiasm and dedication to school and education.

When a youngster rejects academic performance and prosocial behavior as appropriate

objectives and ideals, it might lead to delinquent peer relationships. Rolf Loeber of the Western

Psychiatric Institute and Clinic at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center advised against
 11

oversimplifying the connection between criminality and academic success. Delinquent behavior

and school failure are not necessarily linked, as not every offender ends up in trouble at school,

and not every failing student becomes a criminal.

Define bullying.

Bullying is a term that is frequently used in popular publications, and it appears to be

understood by the general public in the same way that intellect is understood. Bullying is defined

as "teasing, oppression, persecution, physically or morally" by the Oxford English Dictionary.

Most scholars have defined the term in a manner that is consistent with this definition.

Who becomes a bully?

In the notion of low self-control, bullying is like many other forms of social crime in that

it poses a major threat to student's safety at school and their academic success (Moon et al.,

2008). Child self-control is significantly influenced by parenting practices, which in turn

influences deviant and criminal behavior in youngsters (Moon et al., 2008). Disparately

associated youngsters are more likely to engage in bullying behavior, as suggested by the

differential association theory.

Who is the school shooter?

According to a study by the National Institute of Health (NIH), only those who have

killed four or more people in a public location have been shown to have had trauma in their

infancy and early adulthood (O'Toole, 2009). Because of a recent event, they had suicidal

thoughts or sentiments of anger or depression. When they looked at previous school shootings,

they were inspired. In addition, they had the means to carry out a military assault.
 12

What is the difference between delinquency prevention and delinquency control?

Preventing a child's first act of delinquency by intervening early in their life is an

important part of delinquency prevention. Justice programs or policies designed to prevent future

criminal conduct are referred to as delinquent control or repression. With delinquency prevention

programs, the goal is to develop a strong bond between a parent and their child or to assist youth

find a road toward success. A common goal is to stop any other delinquent behavior.

What are the early childhood delinquency prevention programs?

Delinquency prevention programs that are most effective share these characteristics:

1. Education: Model programs have helped families and children by providing them with

academic knowledge. In addition to educating parents on raising healthy children, some

programs also educate children on the dangers of drug use, gang activity, sex, and weapons. In

contrast, others try to convey to young people that they and everyone else have intrinsic value.

2. Community Involvement: Participation in community-based activities such as Girl and

Boy Scouts and Church Youth Ministry are two examples.

3. Parent-Child Interaction Training: To finish the "Parent-Child Integration Training

Program," parents and children must work together for roughly 12 weeks.
 13

What are the delinquency prevention approaches that target teenagers?

For the most part, the juvenile justice system and government authorities advise the

following approaches for delinquency prevention in teenagers:

1. Drug education and drug prevention programs

2. Programs for classroom management and discipline in the classroom

3. Curriculums aimed towards fostering social competence

4. Curriculums for conflict resolution and violence prevention

5. Anti-bullying campaigns

Explain Mentoring.

Mentoring, also known as Peer mentoring, is a type of relationship-building between

criminalized individuals and community members who have a personal interest in criminal

justice. The one-on-one, group or informal leisure activities can all be part of it. The criminal

justice system's volunteer sector has a larger workforce than prisons and probation put together.

This sector has a lot of power, but it also has a lot of funding issues.

What is a disposition?

The outcome of an arrest or prosecution is reflected in the disposition of a person's

criminal record. Among the most common dispositions are:

 Convicted: indicates that you have entered a plea of guilty or found guilty

by a court.

 Acquitted: indicates that a court of law has acquitted you of a crime.

 14

 Dismissed: The charge against you has been thrown out by the court or

prosecutor, thereby ending the matter.

 Vacated: indicates that the guilty plea was withdrawn or the court

overturned the guilty verdict.

Please study the similarities and differences between the juvenile and adult justice

system, then mention one difference you didn't know about.

Adults and adolescents have several rights in both types of tribunals, including Legal

counsel, Self-incrimination and cross-examine witnesses, a right to know the charges leveled

against the prosecutor, The prosecution in case of the juvenile system must prove its case. It

emphasizes rehabilitation and doing right by youngsters, unlike the adult legal system. So many

alternatives exist to keep kids out of jail. The adult and juvenile criminal justice systems have

different courts. The admission of evidence is significantly looser in juvenile court. The only

difference I did not know was that A jury trial is available to adults but not to juveniles. In court,

a judge will hear their case and rule whether or not they are guilty of committing an offense.

What is Community policing?

In the United States, Community policing has been in use since the early 1980s. A law

enforcement strategy that allows police to operate in the same region for a long period to build a

closer relationship with the residents and workers is called Community policing. Through this

strategy, public safety officials can interact with local citizens and prevent crime rather than

simply responding to instances after they occur.

 15

What is problem-oriented policing?

It's called "problem-oriented" policing (POP) because it focuses on identifying and

resolving issues escalating the likelihood of crime. POP is difficult because it requires agencies

to identify and address a wide range of potential sources of criminal activity.

Define probable cause.

If a reasonable person believes that a crime has been committed, is currently being

committed, or is likely to be committed, there is probable cause. It is sufficient to obtain a

warrant for a search or an arrest. Seeing a crime being committed is sufficient for the police

officer to make an arrest.

What are your Miranda rights?

Miranda claims that my right to silence is unassailable. In a court of law, anything I say

can and will be used against me. I have the right to consult with an attorney and be accompanied

by an attorney while being interrogated. A government-funded attorney will represent me if I am

unable to pay for one on my own.

Please study The Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth amendments.

In the Bill of Rights, these changes are commonly referred to as criminal amendments.

Without a warrant, the Fourth Amendment protects citizens from unwarranted searches and

seizures. According to the Fifth Amendment, a person cannot be tried or punished without a trial.

Defendants in today's judicial system can have their case heard by a jury of their peers. As part

of this trial, the defendant is entitled to know what they are accused of and be represented by an

attorney. The Sixth Amendment guarantees these liberties. The Eighth Amendment prohibits the

court from setting bail that is too high. This stops judges from making bail decisions based on
 16

their personal biases or prejudices. A person cannot be denied equal protection under the law

under the 14th Amendment. People have a constitutional right to life, liberty, and property that

the government cannot take away from them.

What is police discretion?

Discretion can be defined as the ability to act on one's own. However, the concept of

police discretion is a little hazy, too. When it comes to police work, officers are granted

considerable discretion when making decisions that affect the individuals they are entrusted to

protect. In some jurisdictions, police officers are given more discretion. They believe that hiring

the best personnel can allow them more latitude to ensure that the public's safety is protected.

Those in other departments have less freedom and are expected to follow a set of rules.

What are the factors that shape police discretion?

Police discretion is influenced by numerous circumstances, including:

The behavior of the Suspect

A belligerent suspect is more likely to be arrested than one who is cooperative and

respectful to the officer.

System Parameters

When it comes to police officer discretion, author Larry K. Gaines explains the complex

web of elements that influence it in his textbook "Policing in America." Police tend to be more

forgiving when the courts and prisons are overflowing. A city's police force becomes more

aggressive when it needs money.

 17

When can the police conduct warrantless searches?

A police search of personal possessions is permissible without a search warrant in the

following situations:

I. When the owner of the building grants permission.

II. When there is an emergency.

III. Arrests were made as a result of the searches.

What are the four steps that serve as the foundation to problem-oriented policing?

Problem-oriented policing is typically implemented through SARA's four-stage

process: scanning, analysis, response, and assessment.

What are the most important factors for detaining a youth once they are taken into

the custody of the police?

Many factors contribute to the detention of a minor after they are taken into the custody

of the police. Still, three stand out: suspicions that they will flee while being held for trial,

concerns that they may harm their parent or guardian, and residence in low-income, dangerous

neighborhoods.

How does bail work?

Defendants are required to pay bail to be released from jail. A bail bond firm posts a bond

on a defendant's behalf to secure their release from custody. The defendant could lose the money

if they don't show up for court or break the terms of their release.
 18

What is the term intake refers to?

During the intake process, a status offender is first screened to determine the best course

of action for the youngster, their family, and the community at large.

What do we mean by juvenile diversion?

Alternatives to the official delinquency or criminal designation are known as "juvenile

diversion" (Lemert 1981). It is overly broad since it can be used to any programmed reaction that

bypasses the formality of the justice system.

Why our criminal justice system has created a diversion program?

Rather than incarcerating people for their crimes, diversion programs in our justice

system give them access to treatment for problems like substance misuse. In the expectation that

diversion will allow criminals to lead a normal life without the weight of a criminal record, it has

been said that diversion will be implemented.

What is plea bargaining?

Pleading guilty to some or all of the accusations against oneself in exchange for

concessions from the prosecution is known as a "plea bargain." Prosecutors typically agree to

decrease a defendant's sentence in plea bargains.

 19

References

O'Toole, M. E. (2009). The school shooter a threat assessment perspective. DIANE

Publishing.

Moon, C. (2011). The crime of crimes and the crime of criminology: genocide,

criminology and Darfur. The British journal of sociology, 62(1), 49-55.

Chernoff, W. A. (2019). Chivalry in the Courtroom. The Encyclopedia of Women and

Crime, 1-2.

Elder Jr, G. H. (1998). The life course as developmental theory. Child

development, 69(1), 1-12.

O'NEAL, P. A. T. R. I. C. I. A., Robins, L. N., King, L. J., & Schaefer, J. (1962). Parental

deviance and the genesis of sociopathic personality. American Journal of Psychiatry, 118(12),

1114-1124.

Puhl, R. M., Andreyeva, T., & Brownell, K. D. (2008). Perceptions of weight

discrimination: prevalence and comparison to race and gender discrimination in

America. International journal of obesity, 32(6), 992-1000.

Battin-Pearson, S., Newcomb, M. D., Abbott, R. D., Hill, K. G., Catalano, R. F., &

Hawkins, J. D. (2000). Predictors of early high school dropout: A test of five theories. Journal of

educational psychology, 92(3), 568.

Hirschi, T. (2017). Causes of delinquency. Routledge.

20