Unit 1
Unit 1
Unit 1
Unit I
Basic Principles of
Cryogenics
S.No Term Technical Meaning Literal Meaning
1 Cryogenics the science that addresses the production pertaining to the production or
and effects of very low temperatures. use of very low temperatures
2 Throttling The process of throttling
process involves utilizing a throttle valve to
change a high-pressure fluid into a low-
pressure fluid
3 Cryogen a substance for producing low 1. a substance used to produce very
temperatures; freezing mixture low temperatures.
UNIT I - INTRODUCTION
Relates to
• Production and utilization of low temp
• Production of Cryogens and their storage
• Transport and consumption
Year Event
1892 Dewar developed a vacuum insulated vessel for cryogenic fluid storage
Year Event
1975
Record high superconducting transition
temperature (23 K) achieved
1994 Matsubara developed a 4 K cryocooler
• Hydrogen
• Exists in Diatomic form as H2
• Normal Boiling Point = 20.27 K
• Normal Freezing Point = 13.95 K
• Critical Pressure = 1.315 Mpa
• Critical Temperature = 33.19 K
• Liquid Hydrogen Density = 70.79 kg/m3
• Latent Heat = 443 KJ/kg
• Hydrogen – Uses
• Cryogenic engines are powered by propellants like liquid hydrogen.
• It is being considered as fuel for automobiles.
• Cryocoolers working on a closed cycle use hydrogen as
working fluid
• Hydrogen codes and standards should be followed to ensure safety
while handling liquid hydrogen.
• Helium
• Helium is an inert gas and exists in monoatomic
state
• Normal Boiling Point = 4.25 K
• Critical Pressure = 0.277 Mpa
• Critical Temperature = 5.25 K
• Liquid Helium Density = 124.8 kg/m3
• Latent Heat = 20.28 KJ/kg
• Liquid Methane
• It boils at 111.7 K
• Can be used as a rocket fuel
• It’s a form of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
• Liquid Neon
• It is a clear, colorless liquid with boiling point at 27.1 K
• Liquid neon is commercially used as a cryogenic
refrigerant
• It is compact, inert and less expensive as compared to liquid
helium
• Liquid Nitrogen
• It boils at 77.36 K and freezes at 63.2 K
• Resembles water in appearance
• Density = 807 kg/m3
• Latent Heat of vaporisation = 199.3KJ/kg
• Liquid Oxygen
• Blue in Colour
• Boils at 90.18 K
• Freezes at 54.4 K
• Density = 1141 kg/m3
• Slightly magnetic
• Liquid Argon
• Colorless, Inert and Toxic Gas
• Boils at 87.3 K
• Freezes at 83.8 K
• Density = 1394 kg/m3