Unit 1

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PAAVAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL

Unit I
Basic Principles of
Cryogenics
S.No Term Technical Meaning Literal Meaning
1 Cryogenics the science that addresses the production pertaining to the production or
and effects of very low temperatures. use of very low temperatures
2 Throttling The process of throttling
process involves utilizing a throttle valve to
change a high-pressure fluid into a low-
pressure fluid
3 Cryogen a substance for producing low 1. a substance used to produce very
temperatures; freezing mixture low temperatures.

4 Propellant It is a mass that is expelled or expanded a substance


in such a way as to create a thrust or that propels something.
another motive force in accordance with
Newton's third law of motion, and
"propel" a vehicle, projectile, or fluid
payload.
5 Refrigerant refrigerant is a working fluid used in the A refrigerant is a material whose
refrigeration cycle of air conditioning boiling and condensation moves
systems and heat pumps where in most heat from one heat exchanger to
cases they undergo a repeated phase another.
transition from a liquid to a gas and back
again.
6 Refrigeration the removal of unwanted heat from a the process of subjecting food or
selected object, substance, or space and drink to cold in order to chill or
its transfer to another object, substance, preserve it
or space.

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PAAVAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION

• Cryogenics – Science &Technology of producing low


temperatures
• Coined from Greek word – Kryo – Frost
Genics – to produce
• Deals with temp.below -150°C or 123 K
• Encompasses Liquified Natural Gas, Liquid oxygen, Liquid Nitrogen,
Liquid Argon, Liquid Hydrogen and Liquid Helium

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PAAVAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL

Caters a variety of disciplines like


• Basic sciences, biological and medical sciences
• Food processing
• Metallurgy
• Space studies
• Rocketry
• Electronics and manufacturing practices

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PAAVAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL

Relates to
• Production and utilization of low temp
• Production of Cryogens and their storage
• Transport and consumption

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Relates to
• Production of related devices
• Equipments and plants for safe, sustained and energy efficient
performance of cryogenic processes

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CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURE SCALE

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• First ever liquefaction of cryogenic gas in 1877 by French Mining
engineer Cailletet
• Succeded in precooling a container filled with oxygen at 300 atm.
and then expanding it
• Swiss physicists, succeded in liquefying oxygen and nitrogen.
• After a year later, the succeded in liquefying hydrogen at 100
atm.

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• James Dewar developed vacuum jacketed double walled
containers in 1892
• Kammerling Onnes developed low temp physics laboratory
in Holland in 1908
• French Engineer Claude established air liquefaction
system in 1902
• Linde installed first air liquefaction plant in 1907.

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• In 1933, magnetic cooling was successfully used to attain
below 1 K
• Kapitza, in 1934, built first expansion engine for large scale
liquefaction of helium
• Collins, in 1947, developed an efficient cryostat for
liquefaction of helium
• A liquid hydrogen fueled rocket engine was developed in 1956.

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``

Year Event

1877 Cailletet and Pictet liquefied Oxygen

1879 Linde founded the Linde Eismaschinen AG

1892 Dewar developed a vacuum insulated vessel for cryogenic fluid storage

1895 Onnes established Leiden Laboratory

1902 Claude established l’Air Liquide and developed air-


liquefaction system

1908 Onnes liquefied helium

1911 Onnes discovered superconductivity

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Year Event

1926 Goddard test fired the first cryogenicallypropelled rocket

1934 Kapitza designed the first expansion engine

1952 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST), USA, Cryogenic


Engineering Laboratory established

1966 Development of Dilution refrigerator

1975
Record high superconducting transition
temperature (23 K) achieved
1994 Matsubara developed a 4 K cryocooler

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• Cryogenics in Space Industry
• Exploration of Space in solar system
• Current space launching systems make use of cryogenic
chemical propellants such as liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen
as rocket fuel.
• This energy is used to move in the space orbit and
escape the bounds of Earth’s gravity.
• Imperative to have a proper design for propulsion systems in addition for
efficient liquefaction system fro cryogenic propellants
• Used in Miniaturisation, Physical robustness, effciency and
effectiveness of system.

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• Cryogenics in Aviation and Aerospace Industry
• Used in production and reconditioning of static storage tanks and
some bearing metal components.
• Military aircraft uses argon in space over fuel in tanks and fill
aircraft tyres with nitrogen
• Liquid oxygen is stored as lightweight source of breathing gas for
pilot.
• Helium gas is used in large volumes for filling balloons and
airships.

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• Cryo-Metallurgy
• Cryo processsing has emerged to increase wear resistance and life
of all the metals.
• The retained stresses cause uneven expansion, increased
dimensional stability etc
• Cryogenic tempering transforms structure into more durable, stronger and
stable.
• Cryogenic processes has been proved for improving performance,
reliability, durability of racing engines.
• Also used for improving the strength of drive lines, machine parts,
punching dies.

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• Cryobiology
• Cryobiology is the study of effects of freezing and low temperatures on
living organisms.
• Cryobiology is known to have the potential for improving the
quality of lives in future.
• Practice of freezing humans who are not curable by current medical
technology in future to bring them to life. It is known as suspended
animation.
• Ways of repairing the damage caused by freezing process are
developed, as well as when cures of diseases.

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• Cryosurgery
• Cryosurgery are for treatment of certain types of skin lesions, for benign and
dysplastic mucosal lesions.
• Involves different techniques to achieve selective necrosis of tissues, by
freezing at extremely low temperatures through precise cooling.
• Each technique involves specific procedure in order to cater requirement of
surgery for specific purpose.
• Uses a pre-cooled metal acessory that is directly applied to lesion.
• Has added more benefits which includes lack of need of general anesthesia,
Optional need for local anesthesia,Simplicity and Safety

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• Cryopreservation of tissue and blood
• Cryopreservation of foods
• Cryo transport

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• Fluid with normal boiling less than 123 K

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• Fluid with normal boiling less than 123 K

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• Hydrogen
• Helium
• Liquid Methane
• Liquid Neon
• Liquid Nitrogen
• Liquid Oxygen
• Liquid Argon
• Liquid Air

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PAAVAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL

• Hydrogen
• Exists in Diatomic form as H2
• Normal Boiling Point = 20.27 K
• Normal Freezing Point = 13.95 K
• Critical Pressure = 1.315 Mpa
• Critical Temperature = 33.19 K
• Liquid Hydrogen Density = 70.79 kg/m3
• Latent Heat = 443 KJ/kg

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PAAVAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL

• Hydrogen – Uses
• Cryogenic engines are powered by propellants like liquid hydrogen.
• It is being considered as fuel for automobiles.
• Cryocoolers working on a closed cycle use hydrogen as
working fluid
• Hydrogen codes and standards should be followed to ensure safety
while handling liquid hydrogen.

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PAAVAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL

• Helium
• Helium is an inert gas and exists in monoatomic
state
• Normal Boiling Point = 4.25 K
• Critical Pressure = 0.277 Mpa
• Critical Temperature = 5.25 K
• Liquid Helium Density = 124.8 kg/m3
• Latent Heat = 20.28 KJ/kg

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PAAVAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL

• Liquid Methane
• It boils at 111.7 K
• Can be used as a rocket fuel
• It’s a form of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

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PAAVAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL

• Liquid Neon
• It is a clear, colorless liquid with boiling point at 27.1 K
• Liquid neon is commercially used as a cryogenic
refrigerant
• It is compact, inert and less expensive as compared to liquid
helium

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PAAVAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL

• Liquid Nitrogen
• It boils at 77.36 K and freezes at 63.2 K
• Resembles water in appearance
• Density = 807 kg/m3
• Latent Heat of vaporisation = 199.3KJ/kg

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PAAVAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL

• Liquid Nitrogen - Uses


• Used as a liquid for providing refrigeration
• For Food preservation, Blood, cells preservation
• High temperature Superconductivity
• Use for providing an inert atmosphere in chemical and
metallurgical industries

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PAAVAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL

• Liquid Oxygen
• Blue in Colour
• Boils at 90.18 K
• Freezes at 54.4 K
• Density = 1141 kg/m3
• Slightly magnetic

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PAAVAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL

• Liquid Oxygen - Uses


• Widely used in industries and for medical purposes
• Largely used in iron and steel manufacturing industry
• Oxidizer propellant for spacecraft rocket applications

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PAAVAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL

• Liquid Argon
• Colorless, Inert and Toxic Gas
• Boils at 87.3 K
• Freezes at 83.8 K
• Density = 1394 kg/m3

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PAAVAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL

• Liquid Argon - Uses


• Used to purge molds in casting industry
• Argon – oxygen decarburization (AOD) process in stainless steel
industry
• Offers inert atmosphere for welding stainless steel, aluminium,
titanium etc

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• Liquid Air
• Considered as a mixture 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1%
Argon and others
• Boiling point = 78.9 K
• Density = 874 kg/m3
• Was earlier used as pre-coolant for low temperature
application
• Primarily used for production of Pure nitrogen, oxygen
and rare gases

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