Condution Heat Transfer-1

Tailor made module for various exams like HPCL, ISRO, BARC etc.
CONDUTION HEAT TRANSFER

1. The radius of a bare cable carrying electric current before providing insulation should
be ________
(a) Equal to rc (b) Less then rc (c) Greater then rc (d) Twice of rc
2. Upto the critical radius of insulation
(a) Adding insulation to a wall decreases heat loss
(b) Adding insulation to a wall increases heat lose
(c) Heat flux of the wall decreases
(d) Convection heat lose is less than conduction heat lose in the wall
3. For a given heat flow and for the same thickness, the temperature drop across the
material will be maximum for
(a) Copper (b) steel
(c) glass wool (d) refractory brick
4. Two insulating materials of thermal conductivity K and 3 K are available for lagging
a pipe carrying a hot fluid. If the radial thickness of each material is same,
(a) Material with higher thermal conductivity should be used for the inner layer and
one with lower thermal conductivity for the outer
(b) Material with lower thermal conductivity should be used for the inner layer and
one with lower thermal conductivity for the outer
(c) It is immaterial in which sequence insulating materials are used
(d) It is not possible to judge unless numerical value of dimensions are given
5. The ratio of heat flow Q1 /Q2 form two walls of same thickness having their thermal
conductivities as k1 = 2k2 will be.
(a) 1 (b) 0.5 (c) 2 (d) 0.25
6. A steam pipe is to be insulated by two insulating materials put over each other. For
best results
(a) Better insulation should be put over pipe and better one over it
(b) Inferior insulation should be put over pipe and better one over it
(c) Both may be put in any order
(d) Whether to put inferior one over pipe or the better one would depend on steam
temperature
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7. What is the equivalent thermal conductivity of a composite wall made up of two

layers of different materials of thermal conductivities k1 and k2 and having thickness
of 1 and 2 respectively?
2(k1  k 2 ) (k1 +k 2 ) δδ k k δ  δ  k  k 
(a) (b) + 1 2 (c) 1 2 1 2 (d)  1    2 
δ1  δ 2 k1 k 2 δ1  δ 2 k1δ2  k 2δ1  δ1   δ2 
8. In steady state conduction with thermal conductivity given by k = ko (1 + T) where
, is positive, a slab of given thickness and given temperature drop will conduct
(a) More heat at lower temperature levels
(b) More heat at higher temperature levels
(c) Same heat as flow depends on the temperature drop
(d) Same heat as flow depends on the thickness only
9. The plastic sleeve of outer radius r0 = 1 mm covers a wire (radius = 0.5 mm) carrying
electric current. Thermal conductivity of the plastic is 0.145 W/mK. The heat transfer
coefficient on the outer surface of the sleeve exposed to air is 25 W/m2 K. Due to the
addition of the plastic cover, the heat transfer from the wire to the ambient will.
(a) Increases (b) Remain the same (c) Decreases (d) be zero
10. Thermal conductivity of air with rise in temperature
(a) Increases (b) Decreases
(c) Remains constant
(d) May increases or decreases depending on temperature
11. The rate of heat flow through a hollow sphere of inner radius 0.25 m and outer radius
0.35 m whose thermal conductivity is 5 W/mK, maintained at temperatures of 400oC
and 300oC respectively equal to
(a) 2425 W (b) 5495 W (c) 2747.5 W (d) 4850 W
12. For a current wire of 20 mm diameter exposed to air (h = 20 W/m2 K), maximum heat
dissipation occurs when thickness of insulation (k = 0.5 W/mK) is
(a) 20 mm (b) 25 mm (c) 15 mm (d) 10 mm
13. The temperature distribution at a certain instant of time in a slab during a process is
given by T = 2 ×2 + x + 5, where x is in cm and T is in K. If the thermal diffusivity is
0.0002 cm2/s, the rate of change of temperature with time is given by
(a) 0.008 K/s (b) 0.004 K/s (c) – 0.004 K/s (d) – 0.008 K/s
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14. A glass window 3m high, 5 m wide, 0.3 m thick of thermal conductivity k = 0.9
W/mK, having inner and outer surface temperature at 16oC and 2oC respectively. The
rate of heat loss and thermal resistance of the glass will be respectively given by
(a) 63W, 0.022 K/W (b) 630W, 0. 22 K/W
(c) 630W, 0.022 K/W (d) 63W, 0. 22 K/W
(e) 63W, 2.2 K/W
15. The critical radius is a insulation radius at which the resistance to heat flow
is_____________
(a) Minimum (b) Zero (c) Maximum (d) Double
16. Three dimensional steady state heat conduction equation with internal heat generation
and constant thermal conductivity is known as
(a) Laplace equation (b) Poisson equation
(c) Fourier equation (d) Diffusion equation
17. A long conduit of 4 cm outer diameter is carrying steam. Currently it is insulated with
20 mm thick insulation. Additional insulation required to reduce the heat loss by two
third is
(a) 90 mm (b) 110 mm (c) 120 mm (d) 140 mm
18. Heat is lost steadily through a 0.5 cm thick 2 m × 3m window glass whose thermal
conductivity is 0.7 W/moC. The inner and outer surface temperature of the glass are
measured to be 12oC to 9oC the rate of heat loss by conduction through the glass is
(a) 420 W (b) 5040 W (c) 1256 W (d) 2520 W
19. The ratio of heat flows from two walls of thickness ratio 1: 2 and thermal conductivity
ratio 3:1 for the same temperature difference on the two sides is
(a) 5 : 1 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 6 : 1
20. A wall of 0.6 m thickness has normal area of 1.5 m2 and is made up of material of
thermal conductivity 0.4 W/m K. If the temperature on the two sides of the wall is
800oC and 1000oC, the thermal resistance of the wall is
(a) 1.8 K/W (b) 1.8 W/K (c) 1 K/W (d) 1 W/K
21. Two plane slabs of equal are but with thermal conductivities in the ratio 1: 2 are held
together with temperature between the two outer surfaces being T1 and T2. If the
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T1 +T2
junction temperature between the two surfaces is desired to be , then their
2
thicknesses should be in the ratio of
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 3 : 1
22. A high value of thermal diffusivity represents
(a) High storage, loss conduction of heat
(b) Less storage, more conduction of heat
(c) There is always equal amount of conduction and storage since it is property
(d) It has no relevance
23. Which substance has the minimum value of thermal conductivity?
(a) Air (b) Water (c) Plastic (d) Rubber
24. Cork is a good thermal insulator because
(a) Its density is low (b) It is porous
(c) It can be powdered (d) it is flexible
25. The radial heat transfer rate through hollow cylinder increases as the ratio of outer
radius to inner radius :
(a) Decreases (b) Increases
(c) Constant (d) None of the above
26. A body cools from 90°C to 70°C in 5 minutes. The time required by body for further
cooling to 50°C will be:-
(a) 5 minutes (b) Less than 5 minutes
(c) More than 5 minutes (d) 10 minutes
27. Thermal conductivity of water
(a) First increases with temperature then decreases with temperature
(b) Increases steadily with temperature
(c) Decreases with temperature (d) Does not depend on temperature
28. Consider steady-state heat conduction across the thickness in a plane wall of thickness
0.6 m. The wall has a normal area 1.5 m2 and is made up of material of thermal
conductivity 0.4 W/m0C. There is no generation of thermal energy within the wall.
The temperature on the two sides is 800oC and 300oC. The thermal resistance of the
wall is :
(a) 1.5 W/oC (b) 1 W/oC (c) 1.5 oC/W (d) 1 oC/W
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29. Which of the following material has least thermal conductivity at room temperature?
(a) Human skin (b) Urethane (c) Wood (d) Brick
30. A satellite float in deep space with vary high velocity it will continuously lose heat by
(a) Convection (b) Conduction and convection
(c) Radiation (d) Radiation and convection
31. Consider the following statements
1. The thermal conductivity of a material is its ability to conduct heat
2. The thermal conductivity can be defined as the rate of heat transfer through a
unit thickness of the material per unit area
3. In solids heat conduction is due to lattice vibrational energy as well as energy
transported via free flow of electrons
4. Convection involves combined effect of conduction and fluid motion
Which of the above statements are valid?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2,3 and 4 (c) 1,3 and 4 (d) 3 and 4
32. Which one of the following is correct in context of thermal diffusivity of liquid and
gas
(a) gas> liquid (b) gas< liquid
(c) gas = liquid (d) Depend on other factors
33. Consider the following statements the fourier heat conduction equation
dt
Q = – kA
dx
Presumes
1. Steady state conditions
2. Constant value of thermal conductivity
3. Uniform temperature at the wall surfaces
4. One dimensional heat flow
Which of these statements are correct?
(a) 1,2 and 3 (b) 1, 2 and 4 (c) 2,3 and 4 (d) 1,3 and 4
34. One end of iron rod of cross sectional area A and length L is kept in a steambath.
After same time steady state conditions prevail and Q unit of heat per second passes
through any cross section of the rod. The heat flow rate will be adversely affected if
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(a) room temperature is deceased

(b) cross sectional area of the rod increases
(c) rod is made longer
(d) iron rod is replaced by a copper rod of the same area and length
35. The temperature distribution for a hollow cylinder for steady state heat flow and
constant value of thermal conductivity is
(a) logarithmic (b) parabolic (c) hyperbolic (d) exponential
36. An aluminium sheet of 10 mm thickness is brought into contact with iron sheet of 20
mm thickness. The outer surface of aluminium is kept at 100oC where as the outer
surface of iron is maintained at 0oC If the ratio of thermal conductivity of aluminium
and iron is 3: 1 then the interface temperature in oC is
(a) 40 (b) 60 (c) 75.7 (d) 85.7
37. A metal wall has an area of 5 m2, thickness 10 cm and a thermal conductivity 200
W/mK, what is the value of thermal resistance of the wall in K/W?
(a) 10–4 (b) 10–3 (c) 2 × 103 (d) 104
38. A flat plate has thickness 5 cm, thermal conductivity 1 W/(mK) convective heat
transfer coefficients on its two flat faces of 10 W/ (m2 K) and 20 W/(m2 K) The
overall heat transfer coefficient for such a flat plate is
(a) 5 W/ (m2K) (b) 6.33 W/ (m2 K) (c) 20 W/ (m2K) (d) 30 W/ (m2 K)
39. A hallow sphere has inner and outer surface areas of 2 m2 and 8 m2 respectively. For a
given temperature difference across the surfaces, the heat flow is to be calculated
considering the material of the sphere as a plane wall of the same thickness. What is
the equivalent mean area normal to the direction of heat flow?
(a) 6 m2 (b) 5 m2 (c) 4 m2 (d) None of these
40. In descending order of magnitude, the thermal conductivity of
(a) Pure iron, (b) liquid water,
(c) Saturated water vapour, (d) Pure aluminum can be arranged as
(a) a b c d (b) b c a d (c) d a b c (d) d c b a
41. One dimensional unsteady state heat transfer equation for a sphere with heat
generation at the rate ‘qg’, can be written as
1   T  q 1 T 1   2 T  q 1 T
(a) r   (b) r  
r r  r  k  t r 2 r  r  k  t
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 2T q 1 T 2 q 1 T
(c)   (d) (rT)  
r 2 k  t r 2
k  t
42. In case of one dimensional heat conduction in a medium with constant properties, T is
T
the temperature at position x, at time t. Then is proportional to
t
T T  2T  2T
(a) (b) (c) (d)
x x  x t x 2
43. A well machined steel plate of thickness L is kept such that the wall temperatures are
Th and Tc as seen in the figure below. A smooth copper plate of the same thickness L
is now attached to the steel plate without any gap as indicated in the figure below. The
temperature at the interface is Ti. The temperatures of the outer walls are still the
same at Th and Tc. The heat transfer rates are q1 and q2 per unit area in the two cases
respectively in the direction shown. Which of the following statements is correct?
L
L
L
q2 q2
TC Ti
Th
STEEL q1 Th Steel Copper TC
q1
(a) Th > Ti > Tc and q1 < q2 (b) Th = (Ti + Tc) / 2 and q1 > q2
(c) Th < Ti < Tc and q1 = q2 (d) Ti < (Th + Tc) / 2 and q1 > q2
44. In a composite slab, the temperature at the interface (Tinter) between two materials is
equal to average of the temperatures at the two ends. Assuming steady one
dimensional heat conduction, which of the following statements is true about the
respective thermal conductivities.
K1 K2
T1
Tinter
T2
2b b
(a) 2K1 = K2 (b) K1 = K2 (c) 2K1 = 3K2 (d) K1 = 2K2

45. With an increase in the thickness of insulation around a circular pipe, heat loss to
surroundings due to
(a) Convection increases, while that due to conduction decreases
(b) Convection decreases, while that due to conduction increases
(c) Convection and conduction decreases
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(d) Convection and conduction increases

46. Steady two dimensional heat conduction takes place in the body shown in the fig
below. The normal temperature gradients over surface P and Q can be considered to
be uniform. The temperature gradient T / x at surface Q is equal to 10K/m. surfaces
P and Q are maintained at constant temperatures as shown in the fig. While the
remaining part of the boundary is insulated. The body has a constant thermal
conductivity of 0.1 W/mK, the value of T / x and T / y at surface P are
Y
Surface Q,
0ºhC
2m
1m
Surface P,
100º C
X
(a) T / x  20K / m, T / y  0 K / m (b) T / x  0K / m, T / y  10 K / m
(c) T / x  10K / m, T / y  10 K / m (d) T / x  0K / m, T / y  20 K / m

47. A pipe of 25 mm outer diameter carries steam. The heat transfer coefficient between
the cylinder and surrounding is 5 W/m2K. It is proposed to reduce the heat loss from
the pipe by adding insulation having a thermal conductivity of 0.05 W/mK. Which
one of the following statements is TRUE?
(a) The outer radius of the pipe is equal to the critical radius.
(b) The outer radius of the pipe is less than the critical radius.
(c) Adding the insulation will reduce the heat loss.
(d) Adding the insulation will increase the heat loss.
48. Consider one-dimensional steady state heat conduction along -axis (0 < x < L),
through a plane wall with the boundary surfaces (x = 0 and x = L) maintained at
temperatures of 0°C and 100°C. Heat is generated uniformly throughout the wall.
Choose the CORRECT statement
(a) The direction of heat transfer will be from the surface at 100°C to the surface at
0°C
(b) The maximum temperature inside the wall must be greater than 100°C
(c) The temperature distribution is linear within the wall
(d) The temperature distribution is symmetric about the mid-plane of the wall
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49. Consider a long cylindrical tube of inner and outer radii, ri and ro, respectively,
length, L and thermal conductivity, k. Its inner and outer surfaces are maintained at Ti
and To, respectively (Ti > To). Assuming one-dimensional steady state heat
conduction in the radial direction, the thermal resistance in the wall of the tube is
1 r  L 1 r  1 r 
(a) In  i  (b) (c) In  0  (d) In  o 
2 kL  r0  2 ri k 2 ri k  ri  4 kL  ri 
50. As the temperature increases, the thermal conductivity of a gas

(a) increases (b) Decreases
(c) remains constant
(d) Increases up to a certain temperature and then decreases
51. If a foam insulation is added to a 4cm outer diameter pipe as shown in the figure, the
critical radius of insulation (in cm) is
4cm 2
Foam h2= 2W/m .K
2
knam = 0.1W/m.K h1–15w/m
Pipe
kpipe = 15W/in.K
52. A plastic sleeve of outer radius r0 = 1mm covers a wire (radius r = 0.5mm) carrying
electric current. Thermal conductivity of the plastic is 0.15 W/m-K. The heat transfer
coefficient on the outer surface of the sleeve exposed to air is 25 W/m2-K. Due to the
addition of the plastic cover, the heat transfer from the wire to the ambient will
(a) Increase (b) Remain the same (c) Decrease (d) be zero
53. A slender rod of length L, diameter d (L >>d) and thermal conductivity k1, is joined
with another rod of identical dimensions, but of thermal conductivity k2, to form a a
composite cylinderical rod of length 2L. The heat transfer in radial direction and
contact resistance are negligible. The effective thermal conductivity of the composite
rod is
2k1k 2 k1 k 2
(a) (b) k1 k 2 (c) (d) k1 + k2
k1  k 2 k1  k 2
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54. One-dimensional steady state heat conduction takes place through a solid whose
cross-sectional area varies linearly in the direction of heat transfer. Assume there is no
heat generation in the solid and the thermal conductivity of the material is constant
and independent of temperature. The temperature distribution in the solid is
(a) Quadratic (b) Linear (c) Logarithmic (d) Exponential
55. Two bars of same length and same cross-section area but of different thermal
conductivities K1 K2 are joined end to end as shown in the figure, One end of the
compound bar is at temperature T1 and the opposite end at temperature T2 (where T1
> T2)The temperature of the junction is
K1T1  K 2 T2 K1T2  K 2 T1 K1 (T1  T2 ) K 2 (T1  T2 )

(a) (b) (c) (d)
K1 + K 2 K1 + K 2 K2 K1
56. In the question number 55, the equivalent thermal conductivity of the compound bar
is
K1 K 2 2K1K 2 K1 K2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
K1  K 2 K1  K 2 K1  K 2 K1  K 2
57. Consider a composite slab consisting of two different materials having equal
thickness and thermal conductivities K and 2K respectively. The equivalent thermal
conductivity of the slab is
2 4
(a) K (b) 2K (c) 3 K (d) K
3 3
58. Two rods of equal length and diameter have thermal conductivities 3 and 4 units
respectively. If they are joined in series, the thermal conductivity of the combination
in the given units would be
(a) 3.43 (b) 4.43 (c) 5.43 (d) 2.43
59. A wall is made of equally thick layers A and B of different materials. Thermal
conductivity of A is twice that of B. In the steady state, the temperature difference
across the wall is 36°C. The temperature difference across the layer A is
(a) 12 °C (b) 18 °C (c) 6°C (d) 24 °C
60. Mud houses are cooler in summer and warmer in winter because
(a) Mud is a good conductor of heat (b) Mud is a superconductor of heat
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(c) Mud is a bad conductor of heat

(d) None of these
61. A high value of thermal diffusivity represents
(a) High storage, less conduction of heat
(b) Less storage, more conduction of heat
(c) There is always equal amount of conduction and storage since it is a property
(d) It cannot explained by thermal diffusivity
62. Which one of the following is correct, in context of thermal diffusivity of liquid and
gas
(a) gas > liquid (b) gas < liquid
(c) gas = liquid (d) Depend on other factors
63. Arrangement of silver, air, aluminium and lead in order of increasing thermal
conductivity at room temperature yields
(a) Air, Aluminium, Silver, Lead (b) Air, Aluminium, Lead, Silver
(c) Lead, Air, Aluminium, Silver (d) Air, Lead, Aluminium, Silver
64. An aluminium sheet of 10 mm thickness is brough into contact with an iron sheet of
20 mm thickness. The outer surface of aluminium is kept at 100°C. Whereas the outer
surface of iron is maintained at 0°C. If the ratio of thermal conductivity of aluminium
and iron is 3 : 1, then the interface temperature in °C is
(a) 40 (b) 60 (c) 75.7 (d) 85.7
65. A hollow sphere has inner and other surface areas of 2m2 and 5m2 respectively. For a
given temperature difference across the surfaces the heat flow is to be calculated
considering the material of the sphere as a plane wall of the same thickness what is
the equivalent mean area normal to the direction of heat flow?
(a) 6 m: (b) 5 m2 (c) 4 m2 (d) none of these
66. A composite hollow sphere with steady internal heating is made of 2 layers of
materials of equal thickness with thermal conductivities in the ratio of 1: 2 for inner to
outer layers. Ratio of inside to outside diameter is 0.8 what is ratio of temperature
drop across the inner and outer layers?
(a) 0.4 (b) 1.6 (c) 2 In 0.8 (d) 2.5
67. A 0.5 m thick plane wall has its two surfaces kept a 300'C and 200CC. Thermal
conductivity of the wall varies linearly with temperature and its values at 300°C and
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200°C are 25 W/mK and 15 W/mK, respectively. Then the steady heat flux through
the wall is
(a) 8 kW/m2 (b) 5 kW/m2 (c) 4 kW/m2 (d) 3 kW/m2
68. A metal wall has an area of 5 m2, thickness 10 cm and a thermal conductivity 200
W/mK what is the value of thermal resistance of the wall in K/W
(a) 10–4 (b) 10–3 (c) 2 × 103 (d) 104
69. The outer surface of a long cylinder is maintained at constant temperature. The
cylinder does not have any heat source. The temperature in the cylinder will
(a) Increase linearly with radius (b) Decrease linearly with radius
(c) Be independent of radius (d) Vary longitudinally with radius
70. A flat plate has thickness 5 cm, thermal conductivity 1 W/mK, convective heat
transfer coefficients on its two flat faces of 10 W/m2 K and 20 W/m2 K. The overall
heat transfer coefficient for such a flat plate is
(a) 5 W/m2 K (b) 6.33 W/m2 K (c) 20 W/m2 K (d) 30 W/m2 K
71. A large concrete slab 1 m thick has one dimensional temperature distribution :
T = 4 – 10x + 20x2+ 10x3
Where T is temperature and x is distance from one face towards other face of wall. If
the slab material has thermal diffusivity of 2 x 10–3 m2/hr, what is the rate of change
of temperature at the other face of the wall?
(a) 0.1 °C/h (b) 0.2°C/h (c) 0.3°C/h (d) 0.4°C/h
72. As the thickness of insulation around a heated cable gradually increases from zero,
neat transfer from the conductor
(a) Goes on decreasing monotonically
(b) Goes on increasing monotonically
(c) First increases and then decreases
(d) First deceases and then increases
73. It is desired to increase dissipation rate over the surface of an electronic device of
spherical shape of 5 mm radius exposed to convection with h= 10 W/m2 K by encasing
it in a spherical sheath of conductivity 0.04 W/mK. For maximum heat flow, the
diameter of the sheath should be
(a) 18 mm (b) 16 mm (c) 12 mm (d) 8 mm
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74. A steam pipe is covered with two layers of insulating materials with the better
insulating material forming the outer part If the two layers are interchanged, the heat
conducted
(a) Will decrease (b) Will increase
(c) Will remain unaffected
(d) May increase or decrease depending upon the thickness of each layer
75. A copper wire of radius 0.5 mm is insulated with a sheathing of thickness 1 mm
having a thermal conductivity of 0.5 W/mK. The outside surface convective heat
transfer coefficient is 10 W/m2 K. If the thickness of insulation sheathing is raised by
10 mm, then the electrical current-carrying capacity of the wire will
(a) Increase (b) Decrease
(c) Remain the same
(d) Vary depending upon the electrical conductivity of the wire
76. Assertion (A): Addition of insulation to the inside surface of a pipe always reduces
heat transfer rate and critical radius concept has no significance.
Reason (R): If insulation is added to the inside surface, both surface resistance and
internal resistance increase.
Of these statements
(a) both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
77. Choose the correct statement
(a) Thermal conductivity for metals decreases with increase in temperature
(b) Thermal conductivity for gases and insulating material decreases with increase in
temperature
(c) Thermal conductivity is not a function of temperature
(d) Thermal conductivity increases with increase in temperature irrespective of
material
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SOLUTIONS
CONDUTION HEAT TRANSFER
1. Solution: (b)
The radius of a bare cable carrying electric current before providing insulation should
be less than rc.
2. Solution: (b)
Upto the critical radius of insulation adding insulation to a wall increases heat loss
Critical radius for cylinder
q max
Heat
k
rc 
h
rc r
Critical radius for sphere
2k
rc 
h
3. Solution: (c)
We know that
dT 1

dx k
dT
k  
dx
So, form the given material glass wood [0.075 W/mk] have low (value of ) thermal
conductivity (K).
W
Copper – 385
mK
W
Steel – 17– 35
mK
W
Refractory brick – 0.9
mK
4. Solution: (b)
Two insulating materials of thermal conductivity K and 3 K are available for lagging
a pipe carrying a hot fluid here the critical radius for insulation must be
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k
(i) For first material (rc )1 
h
3k
(ii) For second material (rc )2 
h
It is apparent that (rc ) 2  3 (rc )1
Hence the first material is to be used inside and second material is to be used for
outside as it has bigger critical radius Hence, the correct option is (b)
5. Solution : (c)
dT dT
Q=  kA , Q1 =  k1A
dx dx
dT
Q2 =  k 2A , k1 = 2k 2
dx
dT
2K 2 A
Q1 dx  2

Q2  K A dT
2
dx
6. Solution : (a) K1 K2
K2 K1
k1 < k 2 [k 1 better inslator] Steam
Steam
dT
Q = kA
dx
This means that the material having better insulating material should be inside to
minimize the heat flow hence if better insulating material is placed inside it will
reduce the heat transfer.
7. Solution : (c)
kk1 1 k2
δ1 +δ2 δ1 δ
 R eq =R 1 +R 2  = + 2
k eq A k1A k 2A
δ1 +δ 2 δ1 δ 2
 = +
k eq k1 k 2
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δ1 +δ 2 δ1k 2  k1 2 k1k 2 (δ1 +δ 2 )

 = keq 
k eq k1k1 k1δ 2 +k 2 δ1
8. Solution: (b)
k = k 0 (1   t )
More heat at higher temperature levels

9. Solution: (a)
Outer radius of plastic sleeve (r0) = 1 mm electric current carrying wire radius (r) =
0.5 mm
Thermal conductivity of plastic (k) = 0.15 mm
Convective heat transfer coefficient (h) = 25 W/m2 K
According to question it is said that the wire is insulated by a plastic sleeve which
shown in figure below
k = 0.15 mm h = 25 W/m 2 K
r0
r
Wire
Plastic
k 0.15
Critical radius rC  =  6  103 m
h 25
rC  6 mm
Here , we can see the critical radius is greater than the radius of coating (rC < r0)
therefore addition of plastic sleeve will increase the heat transfer.
(d) May increases or decreases depending on temperature
10. Solution: (a)
As the temperature of air increases the molecular diffusion also get increases and in
case of air, thermal conductivity is directly proportional to the lattice vibration and
molecular diffusion and hence as the temperature increases the thermal conductivity
of air increases
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11. Solution: (b)

Data given as
r1 = 0.2 m, r0 = 0.35 m k = 5 w/mk,
o o
T1 =400 C T0 = 300 C
We know that
The rate of heat flow through hollow sphere
4πri r0 k(Ti -To )
Q =
ro - ri
22
4  0.25  0.35  5  [400  300]
Q = 7
0.35  0.25
Q = 5500 W = 5495 W
12. Solution : (c)
q max
Date given,
D = 20 mm
h = 20 W/m2 K loss
k = 0.5 W /mK
rc =25 mm r
0.5
rc   1000  25mm
20
t c = rc  ro  25  10  15mm
13. Solution: (a)

T = 2x2 + x + 5
T
 4x 1
x
 2T
4
x 2
General equation without generation (q = 0) and in x– direction only.
1 T  2 T

 t x 2
T
 4    4  0.0002  0.0008 K / s
t
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14. Solution: (c)

t = 0.3 m
l=3m
w=5 m
Ti = 16oC
To= 2oC
We know that,
ΔT
Q = k.A (A  3  5m 2 )
t
[16  2]
 0.9  3  5 
0.3
Q = 630 W
Thermal resistance
t 0.3
R th = = =0.022 K/W
kA 0.9×3×5
15. Solution: (a)
The critical radius is the insulation radius at which the resistance to heat flow is
minimum and heat flow is maximum
k
rc  (for cylinder)
h
2k
rc  (for spherical )
h
16. Solution: (b)
General heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates
 2t  2t  2 t qgen C t 1 t
    .  …. (1)
x 2 y 2 z 2 k k   
1. for the case when no internal source of heat is present
qgen = 0
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 2 t  2 t  2 t 1 t
    …. (2)
x 2 y 2 z 2  
(Called Fourier’s equation)
2. in steady state
t
0

 2t  2t  2 t qgen
   0
x 2 y 2 z 2 k
(Called Poisson Equation)
3. If no internal heat source and in steady state then
 2t  2t  2t
  0
x 2 y 2 z 2
(Called Laplace equation)
17. Solution: (c)
Given that
 
 
1  2 kl ( T) 
Q2  Q1  Q 
3  r  
 ln  o  
  ri  
2 KLT 1 2 KLT

 r3  3 r 
ln   ln  2 
 r2   r1 
r  1 r 
ln  2   ln  3 
 r1  3  r2 
4 1 r 
ln    ln  3 
2 3  2 
r3
3  ln  2   ln
2
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r3 r3
ln (2)3  ln 8
2 2
r3  16 cm
Extra insulation = r3 – r2. = 16 – 4 = 12 cm = 120 mm
18. Solution: (d)
Data given as,
t = 0.5 cm = 0.5 × 10–2 m
A = 2 × 3 m2.
T1 = 12oC, T2 =9oC
Heat loss through the glass

dT 0.7  2  3  (12  9)
Q = kA   2520W
dt 0.5 102
19. Solution: (d)
Two walls, of thickness 1 =1, 2 = 2 thermal conductivity
k1 =3, k 2 =1
Q1 = Q 2
 k1 AT1  k2 AT2 3 A.T1 1A.T2

 
1 2 1 2
3 1

1 2
6: 1
20. Solution : (d)
Given thickness (L) = 0.6 m
Area (A) = 1.5 m2
Thermal conductivity (k) = 0.4 W/mK
Temperature difference (T) = 200oC
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L
Thermal resistance (Rth) =
kA
0.6
= =1k/W
0.4×1.5
21. Solution: (a)
For first slab

dt
Q = KA
dx
KA   T1 +T2  
dx1 =
Q T1   2  
  
KA  T1 +T2 
dx1 =   ........(i)
Q  2 
For second slab
2KA  T1 +T2 
dx 2 =   T2 
Q  2 
K.A  T1 +T2 
=2   ......(ii)
Q  2 
Equation (i) divided by equation (ii) so
dx1 1

dx 2 2
22. Solution : (b)
A high value of thermal diffusivity represents less storage, more conduction of heat
Thermal diffusivity: - Thermal diffusivity indicates the case at which energy get
diffused in the volume of the substance. It is defined as the ratio of thermal
conductivity to the heat capacity of a substance
K
α=
ρ.cρ
Hence it is directly proportional to the thermal conductivity
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23. Solution : (a)

Air has the minimum value of thermal conductivity
Material Thermal conductivity
Wood 0.11
Air (20oC) 0.025
Water (100oC) 0.6804
Steam (200oC) 0.03349
Natural Rubber 0.15
Plastic 0.33
24. Solution: (b)
Cork is a good thermal insulator because it is porous. Porous material :- Porous
materials are material with pores (cavities, channels or interstics). The characteristics
of a porous material vary depending on the size, arrangement and shape of the pores,
as well as the porosity (The ratio of the total pore volume relative to apparent volume
of the material) and composition of material itself.
25. Solution: (a)
Decreases
26. Solution: (c)
Rate of cooling decreases at the body cools
27. Solution: (a)
Thermal conductivity of most of the liquid decrease with increasing temperature,
water is acception. In case of water, thermal conductivity first increase with
temperature, then decreases with temperature.
28. Solution: (d)
2
Given = Area A = 1.5 m
Thickness of wall = t = 0.6 m
Thermal conductivity (k) = 0.4 W/m0C
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T1 = 8000C, T2 = 3000C
t 0.6 0.6
Thermal resistance (Rth) = = 
kA 0.4  1.5 0.6
R th  1o C / W
29. Solution: (b)

Material W/m– K
Diamond 2300
Silver 429
Copper 401
Gold 317
Aluminum 237
Iron 80.2
Mercury (Liquid) 8.54
Glass 0.78
Brick 0.72
Water (Liquid) 0.607
Human skin 0.97
Wood (Oak) 0.17
Helium (g) 0.152
Softrubber 0.13
Glass fibre 0.043
Air (g) 0.06
Urethane rigid foam 0.026
30. Solution (c)
31. Solution: (c)
Thermal conductivity can be defined as the rate of heat transfer through a unit
thickness of material per unit area per unit temperature difference
32. Solution: (a)
k
Since thermal diffusivity,  =
C
K liquids > kgas (C)liquid > (C)gas ()gas > ()liquid
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33. Solution: (d)

k may be constant or vary
34. Solution: (c)
L
kA T
Q=  If L , Q 
L
35. Solution: (a)
Since heat transfer in hollow cylinder is given by
2 kl (T1  T2 )
Q
r 
In  2 
 r1 
Hence heat transfer profile is logarithmic
36. Solution: (d)
k Al
3
k Fe
Al T oC Fe
00 C
10 mm 20 mm
k Al  A(100  T)
QAl 
10
k Fe  A(T  0)
QFe 
20
k Al (100  T)  2  k Fe (T) : 3(100  T)  2  T
600  6T  T 600  7T
600
 T  85.7o C
7
37. Solution: (a)
L 0.1
Thermal resistance =   104 K / W
kA 5  200
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38. Solution: (a)

1 1
UA  
R 1 b
 
1
Ah kA hA
1
U
1 1 5  102
 
10 20 1
1 1 1 1 10  5  2 17
   = 
U 10 20 50 100 100
100
U  5.88 W / m 2 K
17
39. Solution: (c)
For sphere
A gm = A1A 2 = 2×8 = 4 m 2
40. Solution. (c)

Out of the given substances pure aluminium has high K and steam has low K.
Silver > Copper > Aluminium > Iron > Water > Steam
41. Solution (b)
Sphere with internal heat generation.
Consider a solid sphere with a uniform heat source q(W/m3). the outside surface at
r = r0 is maintained at a constant temperature T0. The energy balance equation from
the figure is:
r0
dr
r
Qr
.
Qg =q .4r2dr Qr+dr
Qr + Qg = Qr + dr
Where, Qg = q.4r2dr
Qr = –k.4r2. dT
dr
Qr + dr = –k.4r2 dT –k.4 d d r 2 dT dr
dr dr dr dr  
So, the equation for unsteady state heat transfer for a sphere is
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.
dr dr 
d r 2 dT  r 2 q = 1 dT
k  d
.
Or
r 2 dr 
dr k 
1 d r 2 dT  q = 1 dT
 d
42. Solution: (c)
For one dimensional unsteady state heat conduction without heat generation, the heat
2T 1 T
conduction equal is 2
=
x  t
43. Solution: (d)
Th  Tc
q1 =
Rs
Th  Tc
q2 =
Rs  Rc
Because Rs + Rc > Rs
q1 > q2
Also, Rs > Rc (Copper is more conductive than steel)
(Th – Ti) Q > (Ti –Tc) Q
Th – Ti > T i – Tc
Th + Tc > 2Ti
Th  Tc
Ti <
2
44. Solution: (d)
T1  T2
Ti =
2
2Ti = T1 + T2
Ti + T i = T1 + T2
Ti - T2 = T1 - Ti
Q1 = Q2
T1  Ti T  T2
= i
R1 R2
R1 = R2
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2b b K1
= = K2
K1 K 2 2
Ki = 2K2
45. Solution: (a)

As the insulation thickness increases, the surface area exposed for H.T. by convection
increases and wall thickness also increases hence the convection H.T. increases and
conduction H.T. reduces.
46. Solution: (d)
At Q
T
= 10
x
T K
=0
y m
Heat flows always normal to the surface)

at P
T
=0
x
(for constant surface temperatures)
qcond Q =qcond P
dT dT
KA P = KA Q
dy P dx Q
dT A dT
= Q
dy Q A P dx Q
2
=  10 = 20 k/m
1
47. Solution: (c)
r2 = 0.0125 m = 12.5 mm
h0 = 5 W/m2K, Ki = 0.05
K i 0.05 1
rc =  =  0.01m  10mm
h0 5 100
rc < r2 addition of insulation will reduce heat loss.
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Q
r
Rc=10 r2=12.5
48. Solution: (b)
T2
T1
x=0 x=L
In one dimensional heat conduction equation with heat generation is given as

.
d 2T  q = 0 ...(1)
dx 2 k
Integrating the equation (1)
.
dT = q
x  C1 ...(2)
dx k
Integrating the equation (2),
. 2
T = q x  C1x  C2 ...(3)
k 2
Above equation is of second order, hence temperature distribution is of parabolic
nature.
At x= 0, T1 = 0
At x= L, T2 = 100oC
Putting the above boundary conditions in equation (3)
. 2
C2 = 0 100 = qL  C1L
2k
Therefore,
C1 = 100 + qL
L 2k
From equation (3),
T=
k 2
 
q x 2 100 qL

L 2k 
x ...(4)
For maximum temperature

dT = 0
dx
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On differentiating the equation (4) with respect to x,

. .
q  2x 100 qL 100k  L
  =0 x= .
2k L 2k qL 2
49. Solution: (c)
ro
r1 L
Ar = 2rL
From Fourier’s law
qr = kAr dT
dr
qr = –2krL dT
dr
Boundary conditions:
T = Ti at r = ri
T = To at r = ro
2kL(Ti  To )
q=
ln(ro / ri )
Ti  To T  To
=  i
ln(ro / ri ) R th
2kkL
ln(r / r )
Rth = o i
2kL
50. Solution : (a)
Gases transfer heat by direct collisions between molecules. As the temperature
increases, the thermal conductivity increases due to increase in speed, movement and
colllisions in the molecules.
51. Solution: (5)
k 0.1
Critical radius rc =   .05m
h0 2
= 5 cm
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52. Solution: (a)

For wire, critical radius of insulation is given as:-
k
rc =
h
0.15
=
25
= 6 ×10-3m
= 6 mm
But sleeve has radius of 1mm. So, heat transfer from wire to ambient will increase.
53. Solution: (a)
K eq
as rod (1) & (2) are in series so

Req = R1 + R2
2L L L
 
K eq A K 1A K 2 A
2K1K 2
By solving K eq 
K1  K 2
54. Solution: (c)

1D heat conduction equation
d  dt 
  KA   0
dx  dx 
dt
KA  K1
dx
-K1
dT= dx
KA
But given that area variation is linear by linear equation A = cx + B
Integrate both sides
2 2
 K1
 dT   K(cx  B)dx
1 1
K1  Cx 2  B 
T2  T1  ln    K2
K  Cx1  B 
55. Solution: (a)
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Let L and A be length and area of cross section of each bar respectively. Therefore
K1A(T1 -T0 )
heat current through the bar 1 is H1 = Here T0 is junction temperature
L
K 2 A(T0 -T2 )
Heat current through the bar 2 is H2 =
L
K1A(T1 -T0 ) K 2 A(T0 -T2 )
 
L L
K1 (T1 -T0 ) = K 2 (T0 -T2 )  K1T1 -K1T0  K 2T0 -K 2T2
K1T1 + K 2 T2
K1T0 +K 2T0  K1T1 +K 2T2  T0 (K1 -K 2 ) = K1T1  K 2T2 T0 = ....(i )
(K1 +K 2 )
56. Solution: (b)
Let K be thermal conductivity of the compound bar. Heat current through the
compound bar of length 2L is
KA(T1 -T2 )
H=
2L
It steady state, H = H1 = H2
KA(T1 -T2 ) K1A(T1 -T0 )
  ....(ii)
2L L
Substituting the value of T0 from Equation (i) and (ii), we get
K(T1 -T2 )  K T  K 2T2  K1K 2 (T1 -T2 ) 2K1K 2

 K1  T1  1 1  K 
2  (K1  K 2 )  (K1  K 2 ) K1 + K 2
57. Solution: (d)

The equivalent thermal conductivity when the slabs are connected in series is
K eq 
x n

x x

2 x(2 K 2 ) 4
 K
x n
x

x (2 Kx  Kx) 3
K n
K 2K
58. Solution: (a)

Given L1 = L2 = L, A1 = A2 = A
Ki = 3 unit and K2 = 4 unit If R1 and R2 are the thermal resistances of the two rods
then
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L1 L L2 L
R1   and R 2  
K1A1 3×A K 2 A 2 4×A
If Req is the equivalent thermal resistances of two rods in series and Keq is the
equivalent thermal conductivity, then
L1  L 2 2L
R eq  
K eq  A K eq A
As Req = R1 + R2
2L L L 7L
So   
K eq A 3A 4A 12A
12  2
Or K eq   3.43 units
7
59. Solution: (a)
Here , KA = 2KB TA – TB = 36oC
Let T is the temperature of the junction
 ΔT   ΔT 
As    
 t  A  t  B
K A A (TA -T) K BA (T-TB )
  2K B (TA  T)  K B (T  TB )  2(TA  T)  T  TB
x x
Add (TA– T) on both sides we get,
3 (TA– T) = TA– T + T – TB  3 (TA– T) = TA – TB
TA  TB 36
TA – T =   12o C
3 3
A = TA– T = 12oC
60. Solution : (c)
Mud is a bad conductor of heat. If does not allow heat to come in from outside in
summer and it does not allow heat to go out from the house in winter.
61. Solution : (a)
K
 (Thermal diffusivity) = high value of ‘’ represent less storage and more
 Cp
conduction heat transfer.

62. Solution: (a)
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K
 , Although ‘k’ of gases are very small as compared to liquids but their heat
 Cp
capacity (storage) is also very small so, In general gases > liquids
63. Solution : (d)
Kair < K Lead  K Al  Ksiever
64. Solution : (a)
Iron   Aluminium
T1 =100o C
Ti
T2 =0o C
20 mm 10 mm
T -T T -T
In steady state heat transfer, 1 i -3  i 2 -3
20×10 10×10
K ir ×A K al ×A
100  Ti Ti  0
  3(Ti  0)  2(100  Ti )
2 1
K ir 3×K ir
3Ti  200  2Ti  5Ti  200

Ti = 40oC
65. Solution : (d)
For a sphere, considering it as a plane wall of same thickness
T T
  A m = 4 Kr1r2
(r2  r1 ) (r2  r1 )
KAm 4 Kr1r1
Or A m = 4πr12 × 4πr22  A1 × A 2
A m = 5 × 2  10
66. Solution : (d)

T1 T2
  ( T1 )  r1r2  K i  ( T2 )  K 0 r2 r3
(r2  r1 ) (r3  r2 )
K i  r1r2 K 0  r2 r3
In steady state heat transfer also (r2–r1) = (r3–r2)
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ΔT1 K 0 r3 2 1
    2.5
ΔT2 K i r1 1 0.8
67. Solution : (c)
T 25  15 W
q  , Where K m   20
0.5 2 mK
K m 1
100
q   20  4 KW / m2
0.5
68. Solution : (a)
10  10 2
Rth (cond)   10 4 K / W
200  5
69. Solution : (d)
The outer surface of cylinder is maintained at some constant temperature, it means
there is no heat transfer in longitudinal direction. But there will be heat conduction
takes place radially and temperature will vary longitudinary
T
As, Q 
ln(r2 / r1 )
2 KL
(Steady state radial heat conduction without heat generation)
70. Solution: (a)
1 1 1 b 1
  Rth    
UA UA h1A kA h2 A
(As area will be same for plane wall)
1 1 5  10 2 1 5W
    U  2
U 10 1 20 m K
71. Solution : (b)
T = 4–10x + 20x2 +10x3
dT
 10  40 x  30 x 2
dx
d 2T
Also,  40  60 x
dx 2
1– D , unsteady state conduction Heat transfer
d 2T 1 dT
 ......(i)
dx 2  dt
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 d 2T 
 2  at x  1m
 dx 
 40  60(1)  100, putting this equation (1)
1 dT dT
100  3
  0.2o c / h
2  10 dt dt
72. Solution: (c)
Actually it depends on critical radius, but in general increasing insulation from zero
first result in increase in Heat transfer upto critical radius of insulation and after that it
will start decreasing
73. Solution : (b)
2ki 2  0.04
rC    8mm
h 10
So, diameter will be 16 mm to have maximum heat transfer
74. Solution : (a)
Providing the better insulator inside will provide more resistance to heat transfer
which will further result in decease in heat transfer
75. Solution : (a)
k 0.5
rC    50 mm
h 10
r0(Initial)  0.5  1  1.5 mm
r0( Final )  1.5  10  11.5 mm
r0 < rc  Increasing the thickness of insulation or radius of insulation upto critical

radius will result in increase in heat transfer i.e current carrying capacity will increase.
76. Solution: (c)
Providing insulation to the inside always increase conduction resistance without
affecting convection resistance. Which result in decrease in heat transfer always and
critical radius concept has no significance? So, Assertion is right but reason is wrong.
77. Solution : (a)
Thermal conductivity of metals decreases with the increase in temperature due to
restriction in free electron transfer
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Tailor made module for various exams like HPCL, ISRO, BARC etc.

CONDUTION HEAT TRANSFER

7. What is the equivalent thermal conductivity of a composite wall made up of two

(a) room temperature is deceased

(a) 2K1 = K2 (b) K1 = K2 (c) 2K1 = 3K2 (d) K1 = 2K2

(d) Convection and conduction increases

(c) T / x  10K / m, T / y  10 K / m (d) T / x  0K / m, T / y  20 K / m

50. As the temperature increases, the thermal conductivity of a gas

K1T1  K 2 T2 K1T2  K 2 T1 K1 (T1  T2 ) K 2 (T1  T2 )

(c) Mud is a bad conductor of heat

δ1 +δ 2 δ1k 2  k1 2 k1k 2 (δ1 +δ 2 )

More heat at higher temperature levels

11. Solution: (b)

13. Solution: (a)

14. Solution: (c)

Heat loss through the glass

 k1 AT1  k2 AT2 3 A.T1 1A.T2

21. Solution: (a)

For first slab

Hence it is directly proportional to the thermal conductivity

23. Solution : (a)

29. Solution: (b)

K liquids > kgas (C)liquid > (C)gas ()gas > ()liquid

33. Solution: (d)

34. Solution: (c)

38. Solution: (a)

40. Solution. (c)

Also, Rs > Rc (Copper is more conductive than steel)

(Th – Ti) Q > (Ti –Tc) Q

45. Solution: (a)

Heat flows always normal to the surface)

rc < r2 addition of insulation will reduce heat loss.

48. Solution: (b)

In one dimensional heat conduction equation with heat generation is given as

For maximum temperature

On differentiating the equation (4) with respect to x,

49. Solution: (c)

52. Solution: (a)

as rod (1) & (2) are in series so

54. Solution: (c)

K(T1 -T2 )  K T  K 2T2  K1K 2 (T1 -T2 ) 2K1K 2

57. Solution: (d)

58. Solution: (a)

conduction heat transfer.

3Ti  200  2Ti  5Ti  200

66. Solution : (d)

r0( Final )  1.5  10  11.5 mm

r0 < rc  Increasing the thickness of insulation or radius of insulation upto critical

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