Critical Thickness PDF

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CRITICAL THICKNESS & VARIABLE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
1. If the radius of current carrying wire is less than the critical radius, then
the addition of electrical insulation will enables the wire to carry a higher
current because
a. The thermal resistance of the insulation is reduced.
b. The thermal resistance of the insulation is increased.
c. The heat loss from the wire would decreases.
d. The heat loss from the wire would increases.
2. It is decided to use an insulation layer of k = 0.2 W/mK in a convective

environment have h = 50 W/m²K to cover a bare electric power copper
wire of diameter 1cm. Find out critical diameter in mm
a. 4
b. 16
c. 8
d. 2
3. Steady one dimensional heat conduction take place in a long slab of

width “w” (in the direction of heat flow, x) and thickness L. The slab
𝑘∗
conductivity varies with temperature as k = , where T is the
(𝑇 ∗ +𝑇)
𝑤
temperature (in K) and 𝑘 ∗ (in ) and 𝑇 ∗ (in K) are constant. The
𝑚
temperature at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑤 are 𝑇0 and 𝑇𝑤 . What will be correct
expression for the heat flux in steady operation
𝑘∗ 𝑇 ∗ − 𝑇0
a. q = ln ( )
𝑤 𝑇 ∗ + 𝑇𝑤
𝑘∗ 𝑇 ∗ + 𝑇0
b. q = ln ( )
𝑤 𝑇 ∗ + 𝑇𝑤
𝑘∗ 𝑇 ∗ + 𝑇0
c. q = ln ( )
𝑤 𝑇 ∗ − 𝑇𝑤
𝑘∗ 𝑇 ∗ + 𝑇𝑤
d. q = ln ( )
𝑤 𝑇 ∗ + 𝑇0
1
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4. The inner and outer radii of a hollow cylinder are 5cm and 10cm
respectively. the inside surface is maintained at 300℃ and outside
surface at 100℃ .The thermal conductivity varies with temperature in
the range of 100 < T < 300℃ as k = 0.5 (1+ 10−3T) where T is in ℃ .
Determine the heat flow rate per meter length of cylinder is _______
kW/m.
5. A 5mm diameter spherical ball at 50℃ is covered by 1mm thick plastic

insulation (k = 0.13 W/mK). The ball is exposed to a medium at 15℃ with
heat transfer coefficient of 20 W/m² ℃. Heat loss from the spherical ball
due to further plastic insulation will
a. Always increases
b. First increases then decreases
c. Always decreases
d. First decreases then increases
6. A furnace wall of 20cm thick has its two surface maintained at 800℃ and
50℃ respectively. The thermal conductivity of wall at 800℃ is 1.213
W/mK and at 50 ℃ is 0.82 W/mK. Calculate the heat flow rate per unit
area. Assume k = 𝑘0 [ 1 ± 𝛽𝑇]
𝑤
a. 4548.75
𝑚2
𝑤
b. 3075
𝑚2
𝑤
c. 3811.87
𝑚2
𝑤
d. 38.11
𝑚2
7. A 1mm diameter wire is maintained at 400 ̊ and exposed to

C
convective environment at 40 C
̊ , with h=120 W/m2K. Calculate the
𝑊
value of thermal conductivity (k) in which will be just cause an
𝑚𝐾
insulation thickness of 0.2 mm to produce critical thickness.---
2
8. The thermal conductivity of material is given by the relation k=k 0(1+𝛽T).

Then the temperature at mid-plane of the wall would be :
a) Equal to the average of the temperature at the two end face
b) more than the average of the temperature at the two end faces
c) less than the average of the temperature at the two end faces
d) dependent upon the difference in temperature between the
two end faces
9. A wall thickness 𝛿 is made of material whose thermal conductivity

varies with temperature as k=k0 T2. The Expression for steady state heat
conduction through the wall per unit area if two sides are maintained at
T1 and T2... ( k0 is constant )
𝑘0 ( T1 3 −T2 3 )
a.
𝛿
𝑘0 ( T1 3−T2 3)
b.
2𝛿
𝑘0 ( T1 3−T2 3)
c.
3𝛿
𝑘0 ( T1 3−T2 3)
d.
4𝛿
10. Consider the following statements :
(I) The existence of the critical radius requires that heat transfer area
should change in the direction of the heat transfer.
(II) We need not be concerned with the effect of a critical radius for a
spherical system when the convection heat transfer coefficient is very
small
(III) For electrical conductors carrying current the critical radius is a
function of the thermal conductivity of the conductor and the
convection heat transfer coefficient at the surface.
Of these statements :
a) only 1 is correct
b) only 2 is correct
c) 1 and 2 are correct
d) 1,2 and 3 are correct
3
11. An electric wire, 2mm in diameter is covered with a 2.5mm thick layer
plastic insulation (k=0.5W/mK) to reduce the heat loss. Heat is dissipated
from the outer surface of insulation to surrounding air at 25 ̊C by
convection with heat transfer coefficient of 10W/m2K .The wire is
maintained at constant temperature of 120 C ̊ . Calculate the
maximum value of heat dissipation with insulation in W/m.
a) 19.2
b) 5.97
c) 60.75
d) 49
12. Upto the critical radius of insulation

a) convection heat loss will be less than conduction heat loss
b) heat flux will decrease
c) added insulation will increase heat loss
d) added insulation will decrease heat loss
13. Assertion (A): addition of insulation to the inside surface of pipe always
reduce the heat transfer rate.
Reason (R): If insulation is added to the inside surface then both
conductive heat loss and convective heat loss decreases
a) Both A and R correct and R is correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R correct and R is not correct explanation of A
c) A is true , R is false
d) A is false, R is true.
14. A pipe of outside diameter 20 mm is to be insulated with asbestos

which has a mean thermal conductivity of 0.1 W/m℃. The local
coefficient heat to the surroundings is 5W/m2℃. What should be the
maximum permissible value of thermal conductivity of insulating
material to reduce heat transfer______ W/mK
4
15. A sphere of 5 mm diameter at 50℃, is covered by a 1 mm thick plastic

insulation (k = 0.13 W/m℃ ). The sphere is exposed to a medium at
15℃, with a combined convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient
of 20 W/m2℃. How will the plastic insulation on the sphere be effect the
heat transfer from the sphere?
a. Always increase heat transfer
b. Always decrease heat transfer
c. Increase heat transfer upto critical radius and then decrease.
d. Decrease heat transfer upto critical radius and then increase.
CONVENTIONAL QUESTION:
1. A tube 2cm O.D. maintained at uniform temperature of Ts is
covered with insulation ( k = 0.20W/mK ) to reduce heat transfer
loss to the ambient air at 𝑇∞ with h = 15 W/m2K.
To find (i) the critical thickness of insulation (rc) in cm
(ii) the ratio of heat loss from the tube with
insulation to the without insulation
a) If the thickness of insulation is equal to ( r c)
b) If the thickness of insulation is ( rc + 2)cm.
2. Estimate the rate of evaporation of liquid oxygen in( 𝑘𝑔/𝑠) from a

spherical container with 1.8m inner diameter covered with 30cm of
asbestos insulation . the temperature of the inner and outer surfaces
of the insulation are -183℃ and 0℃ respectively. The boiling point of
oxygen is -183℃ and the latent heat of vaporisation is 212.5 kJ/kg.
The thermal conductivity of insulation is 0.157 and 0.125W/m℃ at
0℃ and -183℃ respectively. Assume that the thermal conductivity of
the wall varies as
𝑇+𝑇0
k =k0 +( ki + k0 )( )
𝑇𝑖 +𝑇0
𝑘𝑖 =Thermal conductivity at inner surface temperature (𝑇𝑖 )
𝑘𝑜 = Thermal conductivity at outer surface temperature(𝑇𝑜 )
5
ANSWER KEY :
1 D 9 C
2 C 10 A
3 B 11 60.75
4 1.087 12 C
5 B 13 A
6 C 14 0.05
7 0.084 15 c
8 B
CONVENTIONAL ANS KEY
1. (i) 0.33
(ii) a. 1.035
b. 0.83
2. 0.0055

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@gautredevanand HEAT TRANSFER htdevsir@gmail.

CRITICAL THICKNESS & VARIABLE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

2. It is decided to use an insulation layer of k = 0.2 W/mK in a convective

3. Steady one dimensional heat conduction take place in a long slab of

5. A 5mm diameter spherical ball at 50℃ is covered by 1mm thick plastic

7. A 1mm diameter wire is maintained at 400 ̊ and exposed to

8. The thermal conductivity of material is given by the relation k=k 0(1+𝛽T).

9. A wall thickness 𝛿 is made of material whose thermal conductivity

12. Upto the critical radius of insulation

14. A pipe of outside diameter 20 mm is to be insulated with asbestos

15. A sphere of 5 mm diameter at 50℃, is covered by a 1 mm thick plastic

2. Estimate the rate of evaporation of liquid oxygen in( 𝑘𝑔/𝑠) from a

CONVENTIONAL ANS KEY

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