CHENDHURAN

POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
PUDUKKOTTAI – 622507

FABRICATION OF SOLAR SEED SPRAYER

PROJECT WORK 2023-2024

Done by

NAME REG NO
ANANTH A 20214739
MUTHU ASELVAM P 21210967
ADHITHYAN S 22209592
AHAMED SIDDIQ A 22209593
AJITH C 22209594
ALAGAPPAN S 22209595

Report Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the

“Diploma in Mechanical Engineering” of the
Directorate of technical education,
Government of TamilNadu

Under the Guidance of

Mr.V.GANESANM.E.,
LECTURER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHENDHURAN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

PUDUKKOTTAI – 622507

1
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report titled

FABRICATION OF SOLAR SEED SPRAYER

is a Bonafide record of work done by

Register Number: of the Department of

Mechanical Engineering in partial fulfillment for the Directorate of Technical

Education, Government of Tamil Nadu during the academic year 2023-2024

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mr.V. GANESAN M.E., Dr.SG.SHELVARAJ, M.E, Ph.D.,

(LECTURER/MECH) HOD/MECH and PRINCIPAL

Submitted for the Board Examination held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset, we express our thanks to our esteemed chairman. Thiru

AVM SELVARAJ and beloved CEO Dr. AVM.S.KARTHICK B.E.,MBA.,
Ph.D for their dynamic role and for elevation of our institution to greater heights
by providing us with all the infrastructure and other essential facilities.

Also we would like to extend our thanks to our principal & also HOD of
Mechanical Engineering Department Dr. S.G.SHELVARAJ M.E.,Ph.D for his
constant effort in helping us by providing the necessary equipment and
materials that were used to build the project.

Not the more formality but from the depth of our heart, we extend our
sincere thanks to our project guide Mr.V.GANESAN M.E., lecturer in
Department of Mechanical Engineering for his valuable suggestions, motivation,
and constant support.

We are really indebted to our parents, faculty members and our friends
for their timely help, and for the mental and moral support. Along with their
blessing of the almighty, we will continue to feel the success.

We would like to submit our special thanks to our Department Staff

Members and Lab Instructors and other non teaching staff for their valuable
suggestions to improve the content and quality of the project.

We also exhibit our thanks to one and all who had constantly supported
us either directly or indirectly to complete in completing this project
successfully.
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE PAGE NO
NO

ABSTRACT 01

I INTRODUCTION 02

II LITERATURE REVIEW 09

III DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS 12

IV WORKING PRINCIPLE 16

V DIAGRAM 18

VI COST ESTIMATION 20

VII FEATURES 23

VIII CONCLUSION 25

IX REFERENCES 27
 ABSTRACT

Today’s era is marching towards the rapid growth of all sectors including the
agricultural sector. To meet the future food demands, the farmers have to
implement the new techniques which will not affect the soil texture but will
increase the overall crop production. In this project, an attempt has been made
for the “Design and fabrication of solar seed sprayer machine”. In this technique
seeds in a hopper get sprayed by means of fan or blower directly to land without
human effort. By this process the seed is feed to land at the time of plough .The
main benefit of using this method is to reduce the time of seed to the land and
reduced human effort. Usually the manpower is needed for sowing a seeds by
using this machine there is no need for human power. This system does not
require any additional power source to run the fan, because here solar panel is
employed as a power source.

1
INTRODUCTION

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy and it will
continue to remain so for a long time. The government of India appointed a
commission to assess the feasibility of increasing the crop productivity under
prevailing Indian ecological conditions. In order to develop the standard of
living of small farmers we should make the machines with low cost. Then only
small farmers can implement the recent modern machines for farming purposes.
The basic objective of sowing operation is to put the seed and fertilizer in rows
at desired depth and spacing, cover the seeds with soil and provide proper
compaction over the seed. The recommended row to row spacing, seed rate,
seed to seed spacing and depth of seed placement vary from crop to crop and for
different agricultural and climatic conditions to achieve optimum yields and an
efficient sowing machine should attempt to fulfill these requirements. In
addition, saving in cost of operation time, labor and energy are other advantages
to be derived from use of improved machinery for such operations. A traditional
method of seed sowing has many disadvantages. Our proposed “Solar seed
sprayer machine” is used to sowing seed easily. In this project an attempt has
been made to provide the low cost sowing machine and also it reduces the
human effort.

It has to support almost 17 percent of world population from 2.3 percent

of world geographical area and 4.2 percent of world’s water resources. The
present cropping intensity of 137 percent has registered an increase of only 26
percent since 1950-51. The net sown area is 142 Mha. The basic objective of
sowing operation is to put the seed and fertilizer in rows at desired depth and
spacing, cover the seeds with soil and provide proper compaction Over the seed.
The recommended row to row spacing, seed rate, seed to seed spacing and
depth of seed placement vary from crop to crop and for different agricultural

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and climatic conditions to achieve optimum yields and an efficient sowing
machine should attempt to fulfill these requirements. In addition, saving in cost
of operation time, labor and energy are other advantages to be derived from use
of improved machinery for such operations. A traditional method of seed
sowing has many disadvantages.

This paper is about the different types of methods of seed sowing and
fertilizer placement in the soil And developing a multifunctional seed sowing
machine which can perform simultaneous operations. For a long time, it has
been thought that atomic energy would be a solution for the growing energy
problem, but in recent times solar energy has proved to be an efficient, more
secure and safe way of providing energy. Concepts related to the solar energy
have constantly been under heavy research and development. The basic
objective is to optimize the energy produced from photovoltaic cells, by making
the overall systems more efficient and cost effective. Most solar panels are
statically aligned; they have a fixed position at a certain angle towards the sky.
Therefore, the time and intensity of direct sunlight falling upon the solar panel
is greatly reduced, resulting in low power output from the photovoltaic (PV)
cells. Solar tracking system is the solution to this issue as it plays a major role in
overall solar energy optimization. In order to ensure maximum power output
from PV cells, the sunlight’s angle of incidence needs to be constantly
perpendicular to the solar panel.

This requires constant tracking of the sun’s apparent daytime motion, and
hence develops an automated sun tracking system which carries the solar panel
and position it in such away that direct sunlight is always focused on PV cells.
Seed sowing machine is a device which helps in the sowing of seeds in a
desired position hence assisting the farmers in saving time and money. The
basic objective of sowing operation is to put the seed and fertilizer in rows at
desired depth and seed to seed spacing, cover the seeds with soil and provide

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proper compaction over the seed. The paper discusses different aspects of seed
sowing machine which will be helpful for the agriculture industry to move
towards mechanization. The agricultural industry has always been the backbone
of India’s sustained growth. As the population of India continues to grow, the
demand for produce grows as well. Hence, there is a greater need for multiple
cropping on the farms and this in turn requires efficient and high-capacity
machines. Mechanization of the Agricultural industry in India is still in a stage
of infancy due to the lack of knowledge and the unavailability of advanced tools
and machinery. In traditional methods seed sowing is done by broadcasting
manually, opening furrows by a plough and dropping seeds by hand. This
project is about moving a solar panel along with the direction of sunlight; it uses
a stepper motor to control the position of the solar panel, which obtains its data
from a microcontroller. The automated solar tracking system is design in order
to optimize the efficiency of overall solar energy output. Light dependent
resistor (LDR) is used for each degree of freedom. LDRs are basically
photocells that are sensitive to light. Several applications of solar energy
ranging from simple solar water heating to complex mega watt power
generation systems are under extensive investigation. The function of the solar
collector is to collect the radiation incident from the sun. To get maximum
energy from the Sun, solar panel need to rotate according to movement of the
Sun with the help of LDR.

Traditional Sowing Methods

Traditional methods include broadcasting manually, opening furrows by a

country plough and dropping seeds hand, known as ‘ Kera’, and dropping seeds
in the furrow through a bamboo/mental funnel attached to a country
plough( Pora). For sowing in small areas dibbling i.e., making holes or slits by a
stick or tool and dropping seeds by hand, is practiced. Multi row traditional

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seeding device with manual metering of seeds are quite popular with
experienced farmers.

Traditional sowing methods have following limitations;

1) In manual seeding, it is not possible to achieve uniformity in

distribution of seeds. A farmer may sow at desired seed rate but inter- row and
intra – row distribution of seeds is likely to be uneven resulting in bunching and
gaps in field.

2) Poor control over depth of seed placement.

3) It is necessary to sow at high seed rates and bring the plant population
to desired level by thinning.

4) Labour requirement is high because two persons are required for

dropping seed and fertilizer.

5) The effect of inaccuracies in seed placement on plant stand is greater

in case of crops sown under dry farming conditions.

During kharif sowing, placement of seeds at uneven depth may result in poor
emergence because subsequent rains bring additional soil cover over the seed
and affect plant.

Why we used solar seed sowing machine?

This project is about moving a solar panel along with the direction of
sunlight; it uses a stepper motor to control the position of the solar panel, which
obtains its data from a microcontroller.

The automated solar tracking system is design in order to optimize the

efficiency of overall solar energy output. Light dependent resistor (LDR) is used
for each degree of freedom. LDRs are basically photocells that are sensitive to
light. Several applications of solar energy ranging from simple solar water
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heating to complex mega watt power generation systems are under extensive
investigation. The function of the solar collector is to collect the radiation
incident from the sun. To get maximum energy from the Sun, solar panel need
to rotate according to movement of the Sun with the help of LDR.

India is agricultural country. And whose economic balance is based on

farming. Development in farming increases economic level of country. In India
farmers have to face lots of problem due to ineffective time consuming farming
techniques, lack of labors which ultimately increases the cost of farming. This
project is about to plant seeds and maintains proper distance between two seeds,
spacing between two rows and planting seeds at proper depth of soil with
appropriate soil compaction. As variety of seeds changes shape and size also
changes which requires changing certain parameters like distance between two
rows and two seeds as well as depth of the seed plantation? The main intention
is to produce cost effective machine which will reduces cost as well as time of
plantation and enhances overall productivity.

Conventional way of farming based on consideration of seed to seed

distance level of seed plantation which is highly ineffective, time consuming
and besides of this it’s require lots of efforts Farmers are facing one more
serious problem because of different harmful pests and insects. Farmers use
conventional way of pesticide spraying by carrying the heavy pump on their
back throughout the field which requires lots of efforts and time. Researchers
have presented a better speed of operation and good Seed Sowing capacity for
new advanced agriculture process which includes robotic based cultivation. An
agriculture robotic system is used. They has used DC motor which has four
wheels. An agricultural farm is cultivated by the Plow machine, depending on
the crop considering particular rows specific columns. Ultrasonic sensor detects
the blocks in the path with measure the distance between both robot and block.

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 Also senses turning position of our vehicle at end of the each column.
The seed block can be detected and solved using water pressure. This machine
can be controlled on remotely. A sensor guided robot rover for digging, precise
seed positioning and sowing has been proposed to reduce the human effort. To
overcome the disadvantages related with previous model, we have designed a
model Running without any fuel and also easy to operate for a user. Pesticide
application plays an important role in pest management. Proper technique of
application of pesticide and the equipment used for applying pesticide are vital
to the success of pest control operations. The application of pesticide is not
merely the operation of sprayer or duster. It has to be coupled with a thorough
knowledge of the pest problem. All pesticides are poisonous substances and
they can cause harm to all living things.

Therefore their use must be very judicious. The application techniques

ideally should be target oriented so that safety to the non-targets and the
Environment is ensured. Therefore, proper selection of application equipment is
necessary. The requirement of coverage and spray droplet size depends upon the
mobility and size of the pest. The mode of action of pesticide, its relative
toxicity and other physicochemical properties, help to decide the handling
precautions, agitation requirement etc. Further the complete knowledge of the
equipment is necessary to develop desired skill of operation, to select and to
estimate the number and type of equipment’s needed to treat the crop in
minimum time and to optimize use of the equipment.

OBJECTIVES

The basic objective of sowing operation is:-

 To put the seed and fertilizer in rows and at desired depth and achieve
desirable distance between two seeds.

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 The recommended distance between two seed to seed and depth of seed vary
from crop to crop and it also depends upon agro-climate conditions.

 To manufacture seed sowing machine which can be operated by the single

operator?

 To set fertilizer with sowed seed.

 To level the ground in small extent.

 To enable the machine for the sowing of several of seed like maize, wheat etc.

 To maintain the same distance between two seeds at the time of sowing
process.

THE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

It helps in the sowing of seeds in the desired position hence assisting the
farmers in saving time and money. So considering these points related to
spraying and seed sowing an attempt is made to design and fabricate such
equipment which will able to perform both the operations more efficiently and
also will result in low cost. Decrease the operational cost by using new
mechanism.

•Work reliably under different working conditions.

• Decrease the cost of the machine.

• Decrease labor cost by advancing the spraying method.

• The machine can be operated in the small farming land (1 acre).

• Making such a machine which can be able to perform both the

operation.

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 For seeking different ways to improve the equipment quality while
reducing the direct overhead costs (labour) and capital, the project has been
made. Thus, a significant opportunity rests with understanding the impact of a
pesticide sprayer seed sowing equipment in an agriculture field. A pesticide
sprayer seed sowing equipment has to be portable and with an increased tank
capacity as well as should result in cost reduction, labour, seed sowing and
spraying time. In order to reduce these problems, there are number of sprayer
and seed sowing equipment introduced in the market but these devices do not
meet the above problems or demands of the farmers. The conventional sprayer
and seed sowing equipment having the difficulties such as it needs lot of effort
to push the liver up and down in order to create the pressure to spray. Another
difficulty of petrol sprayer is to need to purchase the fuel which increases the
running cost of the sprayer and seed sowing equipment. In order to overcome
these difficulties, we have proposed a wheel driven sprayer and seed sowing
equipment, it is a portable device and no need of any fuel to operate, which is
easy to move and sprays the pesticide by moving the wheel. The mechanism
involved in this sprayer is reciprocating pump, and nozzles which were
connected at the front end of the spraying equipment. And for seed sowing
equipment the mechanism is chain and sprocket.

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

First step is to manually fill the hopper with seed and the fertilizer in
container. Mechanism uses the manual push force for running. Rotary motion of
wheels is given to the sowing shaft by sprocket or belt drive. With measured
distance interval, seed sowed in the soil vie pipe connecting seed hopper with
the digger and then the seed is covered with the soil and provide compaction
over seed. Sprayer mechanism works on battery. Electrically operated pump is
used which is placed at the front of machine. Which is chargeable can be
charged after specified interval of time, it’s depending on capacity of battery.

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Traditional Sowing Methods and Fertilizer Spraying Techniques

Traditional sowing methods include:

 Broadcasting manually, opening furrows by a country plough and

dropping seeds by hand.

 Dropping seeds in the furrow through a bamboo/meta flannel attached

to a country plough (Pora).

 For sowing in small areas dibbling i.e., making holes or slits by a stick
or tool and dropping seeds by hand.

 Multi row traditional seeding devices with manual metering of seeds are
quite popular with experienced farmers.

 In manual seeding, it is not possible to achieve uniformity in

distribution of seeds. A farmer may sow at desired seed rate but inter-row and
intra-row distribution of seeds is likely to be uneven resulting in bunching and
gaps in field.

Seed meter mechanism

Using sprocket the Rotary motion of wheels is given to the sowing shaft
(Positioned in seed hopper). Due to motion provided to the shaft the shaft
rotates and it drop the seed in the hose from seed container to the digger.

Digger mechanism

For digging and seeding Digger mechanism is used. With the help of nut
and bolts digger is connected to the frame. We used adjustable diggers so we
can adjust depth of digger.

Power transmission mechanism

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 Belt pulley transmission system is used for transmitting the power. To get
required distance between the two seed different pulleys are used. For achieving
necessary space among two seeds the belt is move from one pulley to other.
And to achieve required distance adjustable wheels are connected to frame.

A. Sprayer Mechanism:- Electrically operated pump is used which is

placed at the front of machine. Which is chargeable can be charged after
specified interval of time, it’s depend on capacity of battery

STUDY OF PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) CELL

The photoelectric effect was first noted by a French physicist, Edmund

Becquerel, in 1839, who found that certain materials would produce small
amounts of electric current when exposed to light. In 1905, Albert Einstein
described the nature of light and the photoelectric effect on which photovoltaic
technology is based, for which he later won a Nobel prize in physics. The first
photovoltaic module was built by Bell Laboratories in 1954. It was billed as a
solar battery and was mostly just a curiosity as it was too expensive to gain
widespread use. In the 1960s, the space industry began to make the first serious
use of the technology to provide power aboard spacecraft.

Through the space programs, the technology advanced, its reliability was
established, and the cost began to decline. During the energy crisis in the 1970s,
photovoltaic technology gained recognition as a source of power for non-space
applications. The solar cells that you see on calculators and satellites are also
called photovoltaic (PV) cells, which as the name implies (photo meaning
"light" and voltaic meaning "electricity"), convert sunlight directly into
electricity. A module is a group of cells connected electrically and packaged
into a frame (more commonly known as a solar panel). Solar panels are a great
way of cutting your electricity We all want to live self-sustainably, or at least
reduce the carbon footprint of our home, and solar panels make that dream

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possible. Solar panels are made of photovoltaic (PV) cells, which turn sunlight
into electricity. This electricity can then be fed into your home's mains
electricity supply. The technology behind solar is relatively old, despite their
futuristic appeal, but while the basics are the same the efficiency of solar panels
has improved greatly in recent years. Rated power 15W Frame Heavy
dutyaluminum Kind of connection waterproof junction box, can be customized
Guarantee of power 90% within 10 years 80 within 25 years, Kind of glass and
its thickness Low Iron, high transparency tempered glass of 3.2mm SLA
Battery Voltage 12V 12 inch x 18 inch.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

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 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

Our country faces the totalloss of 33% of its economy from Weeds. The
Losses are due to some of the following reasons, total loss of 26% from Crop
Diseases, total loss of 20% from Insects and Worms, total loss of 6% from Rats.
Has been Surveyed. Shrinking farm lands, acute labor shortage, decreasing
income per acre of cultivation, and economic frustration are some of the key
factors hurting a farmer's confidence in continuing farming. Weeding control is
done by: mechanical weeding, thermal weeding: flaming, biological control,
chemical control, and by farming pattern. It has always been a problem to
successfully and completely remove weeds and other innocuous plants.
Invariably, weeds always grow where they are not wanted.
This work involved the design and construction of mechanical weeder,
after discovering that tools such as cutlass and hoes require high drudgery, time
consuming and high labour force. As a solution to these problems, mechanical
weeder was designed and constructed. The mechanical weeder was made of two
implements attachment i.e. the primary cutting edge which is in front to loose
soil above and the secondary cutting edge which is behind to do cutting and
lifting of weeds. The overall machine field efficiency was 98.67%. The Single
Wheel Weeder being manufactured is the equipment, which is used for very
special purpose when the weeding is required at narrow places or between rows.
The blade is thin but very sturdy and tough besides, it is very safe to use and
offers zero threat of hurting to the user, Other than the wheel, there is nothing
mechanical in this single wheel weeder but, it works wonderfully under the

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condition where it is put into. This hassle free equipment requires no special
maintenance. It is necessary to design the weeder which minimize the human
effort and provide efficient work output.
Singh (1971) revealed that by using a seed drill for wheat crop there was
an increase in yield by 13.025 percent when compared with the conventional
method, it also revealed that by using a seed drill for wheat crop, a saving of
69.96 per cent in man-hours and 55.17 percent in huliock. hours was achieved
when compared, with the conventional method.
Umed Ali Soomro at al. in Pakistan has evaluated three sowing methods
and seed rate in a four replicated RCBD method and concluded that drilling
method of sowing at seed rate 125 kg/ha is optimal for yield and quality of
wheat grains, because the said sowing method and seed rate distribute seed
uniformly and desired depth which provide appropriate depth for seed
germination and crop establishment.
The main goal of M.A. Asoodar another agricultural researcher
determined the effects of different seeding technique and machines and also
different rates of oilseed rape application on seeding emergence plant
establishment and final grain yield.
TruptiA.Shinde. et.al In seed sowing machine system, they are used
battery powered wheels and dc motor inbuilt in these wheels. When the seeds
are empty it detects the level of storage seed and indicates the alarm. When any
obstacle comes in the in-front of machine or divert path the seed sowing
machine can detect this obstacle very easily. In each complete rotation of
rotating wheel there is seeds falls from this seed drum and the seed plantation
process can take place smoothly as well as without wastage of seeds. The end of
system machine reached and it create alarm.
Kunal A. Dhande. Et.al In this work we replace complicated gear system
by hall effect sensor for easier and costlier seed sowing and also reduce a need
of labour. The Hall Effect sensor convert rotation into distance for which seed

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sowing at particular distance. Also, there is adjustable system for sowing at
different distance. By using this machine, the sowing can be done row by row
and distance will maintain. This research paper presents design modification in
multipurpose sowing machine. In this they present that for sowing purpose we
import the machinery which are bulk in size having more cost. To prevent this
they design multipurpose sowing machine which consists of hopper, seed
metering mechanism, ground wheel, power transmission system, seed
distributor, and tiller. In this they design model on PRO-E software.
Actually the working is very simple as the tiller rotates it directly transmit
motion to ground wheel which directly connected through main shaft. A main
shaft has a disc with scoops inside the hopper. When the ground wheel rotates
the main shaft also rotates with the help of power transmission system. The
scoops collect the seed from hopper and leave it inside the seed distributor. The
tiller is having very good contact with ground.
Mahesh R. Pundkar et al (2018): The researcher stated that the seed
sowing machine is a key component of agriculture field. High precision
pneumatic planters have been developed for many verities of crops, for a wide
range of seed sizes, resulting to uniform seeds distribution along the travel path,
in seed spacing.
Nivash et al (2018): The researcher states that the agriculture plays an
important role in the life of economy. It is the backbone of our economy system.
Sowing is one of the basic and best operations needed to get better revenue from
agriculture. In Manual sowing has the problem of not giving acceptable spacing
between row to row and plant to plant. It also leading to less population of crops
than recommended by the agriculture. In this project work they focused on seed
sowing processes and tried to solve the problem. In seed sowing machine
system they are used wheels.
SwapnilThorat et al. (2017) The researchers made sowing machine which
is operated manually but reduces the efforts of farmers thus increasing the

17
efficiency of planting also reduces the problem encountered in manual planting.
For this machine a farmer can plant different types and different sizes of seeds
also we can vary the space between two seeds while planting. This also
increased the planting efficiency and accuracy.
D Ramesh et al. This research paper present “Agriculture Seed Sowing
Equipment: A Review”. The present review provides brief information about
the various types of innovations done in seed sowing equipment. The basic
objective of sowing operation is to put the seed and fertilizer in rows at desired
depth and seed to seed spacing, cover the seeds with soil and provide proper
compaction over the seed. In this multipurpose seeding machine equipment
consists of cylindrical shape container in which the seeds can fill. The container
is attached on the four wheeled carrier assembly. It consists of metering plate
bevel gear mechanism and two holes at the bottom depending on seed size. The
working as plate will rotate in container when the bottom holes of container and
meter plate hole coincide seeds will flow through pipe to soil. Here the metering
plate gets rotating motion by bevel gear assembly and the bevel gears get the
motion by rear wheels with the help chain and sprocket assembly.

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DESCRIPTION OF
COMPONENTS

19
 CHAPTER III

DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

SOLAR PANEL

A solar panel, or photo-voltaic (PV) module, is an assembly of photo-

voltaic cells mounted in a framework for installation. Solar panels use sunlight
as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity. A collection of PV
modules is called a PV panel, and a system of panels is an array. Arrays of a
photovoltaic system supply solar electricity to electrical equipment. Fig.1 Solar
panels collect clean renewable energy in the form of sunlight and convert that
light into electricity which can then be used to provide power for electrical
loads. Solar panels are comprised of several individual solar cells which are
themselves composed of layers of silicon, phosphorous (which provides the
negative charge), and boron (which provides the positive charge). Solar panels
absorb the photons and in doing so initiate an electric current.

The resulting energy generated from photons striking the surface of the
solar panel allows electrons to be knocked out of their atomic orbits and
released into the electric field generated by the solar cells which then pull these
free electrons into a directional current. This entire process is known as the
Photovoltaic Effect. An average home has more than enough roof area for the
necessary number of solar panels to produce enough solar electricity to supply
all of its power needs excess electricity generated goes onto the main power
grid, paying off in electricity use at night. In a well-balanced grid-connected
configuration, a solar array generates power during the day that is then used in
the home at night.

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 Net metering programs allow solar generator owners to get paid if their
system produces more power than what is needed in the home. In off-grid solar
applications, a battery bank, charge controller, and in most cases, an inverter are
necessary components. The solar array sends direct current (DC) electricity
through the charge controller to the battery bank. The power is then drawn from
the battery bank to the inverter, which converts the DC current into alternating
current (AC) that can be used for non-DC appliances. Assisted by an inverter,
solar panel arrays can be sized to meet the most demanding electrical load
requirements. The AC current can be used to power loads in homes or
commercial buildings, recreational vehicles and boats, remote cabins, cottages,
or homes, remote traffic controls, telecommunications equipment, oil and gas
flow monitoring, RTU, SCADA, and much more

BATTERY

A twelve-volt battery has six single cells in series producing a fully

charged output voltage of 12.6 volts. A battery cell consists of two lead plates a
positive plate covered with a paste of lead dioxide and a negative made of
sponge lead, with an insulating material (separator) in between. Primary (single-
use or “disposable”) batteries are used once and discarded, as the electrode
materials are irreversibly changed during discharge; a common example is the
alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic
devices. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries can be discharged and recharged
multiple times using an applied electric current; the original composition of the
electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid
batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics
such as laptops and mobile phones. Batteries come in many shapes and sizes,
from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to small, thin
cells used in smartphones, to large lead acid batteries or lithiumion batteries in
vehicles, and at the largest extreme, huge battery banks the size of rooms that

21
provide standby or emergency power for telephone exchanges and computer
data centers. Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass)
than common fuels such as gasoline. In automobiles, this is somewhat offset by
the higher efficiency of electric motors in converting chemical energy to
mechanical work, compared to combustion engines. In most car batteries you
have six cells, and therefore a 12-volt battery. The plates are submerged in
sulphuric acid that triggers a reaction between the two plates. … The result is a
chemical reaction that produces electrons. The electrons race around the plates
and generate electricity. A fully charged battery will typically display a
voltmeter reading of about 12.6 to 12.8 volts. If your voltmeter is showing a
voltage anywhere between 12.4 and 12.8, that means your battery is in good
shape. Any voltage above 12.9 volts is a good indicator that your battery has
excessive voltage. Batteries take time to recharge. It could take hours. A 12-volt
battery could take up to 12-24 hours to charge fully. When recharging your
battery, remember that if it gets too hot while you’re charging it, you need to
stop charging.

DC MOTOR

An electric motor is a device used to convert electrical energy to

mechanical energy. Electric motors are extremely important in modernday life.
The basic principle on which motors operate is Ampere’s law. This law states
that a wire carrying an electric current produces a magnetic field around itself.
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct
current electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely
on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have
some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically
change the direction of current in part of the motor. DC motors were the first
form of motor widely used, as they could be powered from existing direct-
current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor’s speed can be

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controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by
changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used
in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current
but is a lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools and appliances.
Larger DC motors are currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator
and hoists, and in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics
has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many
applications. 60RPM DC Motor is high quality low cost DC geared motor.

It has steel gears and pinions to ensure longer life and better wear and tear
properties. The gears are fixed on hardened steel spindles polished to a mirror
finish. The output shaft rotates in a plastic bushing. The whole assembly is
covered with a plastic ring. Gearbox is sealed and lubricated with lithium grease
and require no maintenance. The motor is screwed to the gear box from inside.
Although motor gives 60 RPM at 12V but motor runs smoothly from 4V to 12V
and gives wide range of RPM, and torque. Tables below gives fairly good idea
of the motor’s performance in terms of RPM and no load current as a function
of voltage and stall torque, stall current as a function of voltage. For compatible
wheels refer to Wheels and Accessories product category.

WHEELS

A wheel is a disc or circle-shaped mechanical device. Its main purpose is

to allow things to roll; in other words, the wheel spins, and object on the wheels
moves more easily along the ground. It is a simple machine. Most land vehicles
roll on wheels. Wheels are often used in pairs, connected by a rod of wood or
metal known as an axle. Many machines have wheels with teeth, known as
gears. The principle behind the wheel is that of mechanical advantage. Four disc
wheels with 50mm diameter are used for movement purpose. The movement of
machine is dependent on the movement of wheels. Wheels will rotate with

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rotation of motor in forward position. Hence the motor will also move in
forward direction

WORKING PRINCIPLE

24
 CHAPTER IV

WORKING PRINCIPLE

1) In this machine a solar panel is used to consume solar energy and this energy
is converted into electrical energy. The electrical energy is stored inside a 24V
battery of capacity 7.5 Amp Hour, which then gives the necessary power to a
DC motor. This power is then transmitted to the cutter through belt and pulley
system.
2) Due to the shear deformation created by the cutter’s teeth, the farm field will
be ploughed to create a furrow for the unsown seeds.
3) Seed hopper rotate due to the friction between ground and surface of the
hopper. Ground contact generates the torque for rotation. Seeds will be dropped
on the ground from the holes due to their own weight.
4) The basic objective of sowing operation is to put the seeds in rows at desired
depth, to maintain seed to seed spacing and to cover the seeds with soil and
provide proper compaction over the seed. The recommended row to row
spacing, seed rate, seed to seed spacing and depth of seed placement can vary
from crop to crop and for different agro-climatic conditions to achieve optimum
yields. Typical application of seed sowing of Cereal's including ground nut, all
types of dal’s, oil seed crop’s etc.
5) To put the soil back on the seeds, an adjuster is used which adjust the soil
towards the furrow created by the cutter.

25
6) After adjusting the soil, water is sprayed from the pipe for cultivation. Water
Tank- Tap arrangement is used for irrigation purpose.
7) Tires of the machine are rotated by pulling the machine with the help of man
power. Tires need to be rotated for forward movement of the vehicle and
rotating the seed Hopper. 8) Various fabrication processes involve cutting and
welding of mild steel, cutting of solid shaft, cutting and welding used in cutter,
clamping of ball bearings, bolting of DC motor, slot making for lateral
movement of DC Motor, clamping of batteries and solar panel, wiring and
clamping of seed sower and adjuster etc.

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DIAGRAM

27
CHAPTER V
DIAGRAM

28
COST ESTIMATION

29
 CHAPTER VI

COST ESTIMATION

S.No Component Qty Price

1 Base frame - Rs.800

2 Solar Panel 1 Rs.1300

3 DC Motor 1 Rs.800

4 Battery 1 Rs.500

5 Hopper 1 Rs.250

6 Wheels 4 Rs.400

Total Rs.4050

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LABOUR COST

 welding

 Grinding

 Power hacksaw

OVERHEAD CHARGES:

The overhead charges are arrived by ”manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost

= Rs.4050 + Rs.1200

= Rs.5250

Overhead Charges = 20%of the manufacturing cost

= Rs.1050

TOTAL COST

Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead

Charges

= Rs.4050 + Rs.1200 + Rs.1050

= Rs.6300

Total cost for this project = Rs.6300

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FEATURES

32
 CHAPTER VII

FEATURES

ADVANTAGES
 It is simple in operation.
 Maintenance cost is low.
 No seed loss in terms of remaining in the hopper.
 Low cost.
 It is more suitable for small farmers.
 Reduced size and complexity when compared to existing
machine.
 No Power needed.
 Human power is not necessary.

APPLICATION
 It can be installed in all agricultural lands.

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CONCLUSION

34
 CHAPTER VIII

CONCLUSION

A solar seed sprayer machine is designed for small farmers to improve

their productivity. In this machine a common seed storage place is introduced to
reduce the cost of the machine. The drawbacks in the existing sowing machine
are rectified successfully in our machine. It will be more useful for small
farmers and the agricultural society. Thus, solar operated automatic seed sowing
machine will help the farmers of those remote areas of country where fuel is not
available easily. And also, they can perform their regular cultivation activity as
well as saves fuel up to larger extent. At the same time by using solar energy
environment pollution can also be reduced. Thus, aiming to save the revenue of
government & also most demanded fossil fuel. By using this innovative project
of seed sowing equipment, we can save more time required for sowing process
and also it reduces lot of laborer cost. It is very helpful for small scale farmers.

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REFERENCES

36
 CHAPTER IX

REFERENCES

1. Mahesh. R. Pundkarand A. K. Mahalle, “A Seed-Sowing Machine: A

Review” International Journal of Engineering and Social Science, Volume3,
Issue3, Pp-68-74

2. Laukik P. Raut, Smit B. Jaiswal and Nitin Y. Mohite, “Design, development

and fabrication of agricultural pesticides . with weeder”, International Journal of
Applied Research and Studies, 2013, Volume 2, Issue 11, Pp-1-8

3. D. Ramesh and H. P. Girishkumar, “Agriculture Seed Sowing Equipments:

AReview”, International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
Research, 2014, Volume 3, Issue 7, Pp-1987-1992

4. Pranil V. Sawalakhe, AmitWandhare, AshishSontakke,

BhushanPatil,RakeshBawanwade and SaurabhKurjekar, “Solar Powered Seed
Sowing Machine”, Global Journal of Advanced Research, Vol-2, Issue-4, Pp-
712- 717

5. Sridhar H .S “Development of Single Wheel Multi Use Manually Operated

Weed Remover”, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, 2013,
Vol. 3, Issue.

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6, Pp-3836-3840 6. D. Ramesh and H .P. Girishkumar, “Development of
Agriculture Seeding Equipment”, International Journal of Informative &
Futuristic Research, 2014, Volume -1 Issue -10, J, Pp-133-138

7. VarikutiVasanthaRao, SharanakumarMathapati and Dr. BasavarajAmarapur,

“Multiple Power Supplied Seed.”, International Journal of Scientific and
Research Publications, 2013, Volume 3, Issue 8, Pp-1-5

8. Sankaranarayanan M and Nzamwitakuze A, “Development of A Push Type

Seed Drill for Sowing Maize in Rwanda”, Pp-1-6

9. I. Shrinivas, R. V. Adake, B. Sanjeeva Reddy, G. R. Korwar, C. R.

Thyagaraj, AtulDange, G. Veerprasad and Ch. Ravinder Reddy, “Comparative
Performance of Different Power Weeder in Rainfed Sweet Sorghum Crop”,
Indian Journal of Dryland Agriculture Reaserch and Development, 2010, Vol-
25, Issue-2, Pp-63-67

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