Sustainable Tourism Development in Religious Tourism in Pasuruan City

Nency Hardinie1*

Rinaldyan Hizianzami2

Andini Risfandini3
12
Magister Management, Post Graduate Program Universitas Merdeka Malang
3
Diploma of Tourism Universitas Merdeka Malang

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

The city of Pasuruan holds significant potential for religious tourism, making it a prime
candidate for tourism development. Achieving sustainable tourism, which involves finding a
harmonious equilibrium among three key aspects - the quality of tourism experiences, the
excellence of tourism resources, and the well-being of the local community - is imperative for
the region. To this end, well-devised strategies are essential to facilitate urban tourism growth
within Pasuruan City. This research endeavors to shift the focus of religious tourism
development towards a sustainable paradigm in Pasuruan. Employing qualitative research
techniques, the study employs methods such as observation, interviews, literature review, and
documentation for data collection. The findings of the research underscore Pasuruan City's
potential for fostering sustainable tourism through the establishment of religious tourism
offerings. The establishment of sustainable tourism practices not only promises to bolster the
local economy but also enrich the lives of the Pasuruan community, ultimately shaping the
city's identity. This research aspires to serve as a guiding tool for the local government of
Pasuruan City, aiding them in implementing tourism development strategies to uplift the
region's economy.

Key words: tourism, sustainable tourism, religious tourism, Pasuruan city

1
Introduction

The tourism sector plays a pivotal role in the economic development of a region. It acts

as a catalyst for economic growth at both the broader national level (macro) and the local

community level (micro). The establishment of various tourist attractions and destinations

contributes significantly to the influx of visitors, which, in turn, generates revenue for the local

economy. One of the key benefits of a thriving tourism industry is its ability to trigger a chain

reaction of positive economic outcomes, often referred to as the domino effect. As tourists visit

an area, they require various services, accommodations, food, transportation, and

entertainment, which prompts the growth of related industries. Hotels, restaurants,

transportation services, souvenir shops, and other hospitality-related businesses all experience

increased demand. This surge in demand leads to job creation, not only in traditional tourism

sectors but also in supporting industries like agriculture, construction, and retail. Moreover, the

positive impact of the tourism sector extends beyond direct economic gains. Local

entrepreneurs and artisans often find opportunities to showcase their products and cultural

heritage, fostering cultural preservation and community pride. As a result, the tourism sector

becomes a multi-faceted driving force, not only for the local economy but also for cultural

exchange and understanding. By diversifying the sources of income within a region, the

tourism sector reduces the community's dependency on a single industry, making the local

economy more resilient to external shocks. This economic resilience is particularly important

during times of global economic uncertainty, such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic, where

traditional sectors might face challenges. A strong tourism sector can serve as a buffer, helping

to maintain economic stability and livelihoods.

In essence, the development and growth of the tourism sector have far-reaching positive

implications for a region's economic prosperity. It enhances employment opportunities,

2
stimulates business innovation, and encourages cultural exchange. Moreover, by attracting

international visitors and generating foreign exchange earnings, the tourism sector contributes

to the overall economic well-being of a nation. Therefore, fostering and sustaining a robust

tourism industry should be a strategic priority for regions seeking comprehensive and

sustainable economic development.

The pivotal role of the local tourism industry in the overall economic advancement of

a nation is a concept that has been duly acknowledged and comprehended by the central

government. This recognition is exemplified by the provisions outlined in Article 4 of the

Tourism Law No. 10 of 2009, which elucidates the multifaceted objectives of national tourism

development.

At its core, the purpose of fostering the national tourism sector is to foster a substantial

boost in economic growth. This isn't limited to mere financial gains; rather, it encompasses the

broader ambition of elevating the welfare and quality of life of the general populace. The

pursuit of this goal inherently involves the battle against poverty and the reduction of

unemployment, positioning tourism as a potential avenue for creating job opportunities and

enhancing livelihoods.

Furthermore, the scope of national tourism development extends to encompass vital

environmental considerations. It underscores the imperative of preserving the environment,

natural resources, and ecological balance. This not only safeguards the beauty and ecological

diversity of the region but also contributes to sustainable development, aligning with global

initiatives for responsible and eco-friendly tourism practices.

In parallel, the development of the tourism industry contributes to national progress and

identity. By promoting the nation's cultural, historical, and geographical uniqueness, tourism

helps in the cultivation of a positive national image on the global stage. This, in turn, can foster

3
international interest, leading to increased tourism flows and thereby, economic growth. The

comprehensive objectives outlined in Article 4 of the Tourism Law underscore the symbiotic

relationship between the national tourism industry and the broader socio-economic fabric. By

striving for economic growth, improved societal welfare, poverty alleviation, and

environmental preservation, the development of the tourism sector acts as a catalyst for positive

change, not only within the local communities but on a national scale.

Pasuruan City is considered relatively small in East Java Province. It spans only about

36.58 square kilometers and is divided into 4 districts. Despite its size, Pasuruan City possesses

significant potential due to its strategic location in industries, commerce, and even tourism.

The tourism potential of Pasuruan City encompasses various types of attractions, including

cultural, historical, and religious sites. Situated in East Java Province, Pasuruan City is

predominantly inhabited by followers of Islam. The city holds a long history in the spread of

Islam, with Islamic boarding schools that have persisted over time as places of learning for

teachers, scholars, and kyai (Islamic leaders) in East Java. The label "Kota Santri" (City of

Islamic Students) attached to Pasuruan City is one of the factors that attracts tourists.

Furthermore, one of the main attractions drawing visitors to Pasuruan City is to visit

several popular tombs, including those of Mbah Ratu Ayu, Mbah Hamid, Mbah Selagah, Mbah

Sakarudin, Mbah Semendi, and Mbah Arif Segoropuro. This underscores Pasuruan City's

significant potential in religious tourism. In any region, sustainable tourism is essential to create

a balance and harmony among three elements of tourism: the quality of the tourist experience,

the quality of tourism resources, and the quality of community life.

According to Pearce and Robinson (2013), strategy is a large-scale, long-term oriented plan to

interact with the competitive environment to achieve a company's objectives. Therefore, to

accomplish this, appropriate strategies for the urban tourism development in Pasuruan City are

4
also necessary, as outlined by Larasati (2017). Meanwhile, according to Ervina (2017), the

process of strategy development begins with business strategy development, focusing on

sustainability, followed by the formulation of operational strategies with a focus on structural

and infrastructural development. Based on the above description, this study aims to explore the

development of Religious Tourism based on the Sustainable Tourism approach in Pasuruan

City.

Literature Review
Tourism Concept
The concept of tourism involves a comprehensive plan that orchestrates a sequence of

activities conducted by individuals or groups, spanning across the territorial boundaries of

another nation. These activities are orchestrated to harness services, conveniences, and other

ancillary components provided by both government entities and local communities, with the

overarching aim of fulfilling the desires and aspirations of tourists. In accordance with the

findings by Prandnyana et al. (2022), the pivotal potential for transforming a region into a

thriving tourist destination hinges on its possession of captivating tourism potential,

encompassing both inherent strengths and untapped opportunities that can catalyze its growth.

In the real world scenario, the notion of sustainability has been embraced and integrated into

the previous version of the Tourism Law, denoted as Law number 9 of the year 1990, which

subsequently underwent revision to become Law number 10 of 2009. This legislative evolution

signifies an increasing consciousness regarding the intricate concept of sustainability, which

encompasses multiple dimensions: an eco-friendly disposition, the capacity for economic

enrichment, social and cultural acceptability, and a paramount focus on the community's pivotal

role in the developmental process.

As highlighted by Anwar et al. (2017), the development and progression of tourism stands as

an indicative barometer for the welfare and prosperity of communities. Taking a sociological

5
standpoint, the holistic development of tourism consists of three cardinal elements: a dynamic

facet involving travel to alluring tourist destinations, a static facet entailing prolonged stays

within these destinations, and an aftermath component that signifies the repercussions of these

activities, especially concerning the local populace.

Sustainable Tourism Concept

Sustainable development is a multifaceted concept that involves carefully balancing

economic, social, and environmental considerations. In the context of tourism, it becomes even

more complex as it involves not only the promotion of economic growth through tourism

activities but also ensuring the preservation of natural resources, local culture, and the overall

well-being of the community. Sutamihardja (2004) highlights the potential conflicts that can

arise between environmental conservation and economic development. Striking a balance

between these two seemingly opposing goals is at the heart of sustainable tourism. This means

that tourism activities should be designed and managed in a way that they generate economic

benefits while minimizing negative impacts on the environment.

Risfandini and Sunardi (2017) emphasize the importance of involving various stakeholders in

sustainable tourism development. This approach recognizes that the outcomes of tourism

ventures affect not only tourists and businesses but also the local community and the

environment. Engaging stakeholders in the decision-making process can lead to more holistic

and inclusive development that considers the interests of all parties involved. Arida (2021)

outlined principles further underscore the comprehensive nature of sustainable tourism

development. These principles advocate for community participation, emphasizing that the

local population should have a say in shaping the direction of tourism activities. Additionally,

the principles stress the significance of responsible resource use, ensuring that tourism does

not deplete natural resources or harm the environment. Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms

6
are also essential to ensure that the development goals are being met and to make adjustments

if necessary. Overall, sustainable tourism development requires a delicate balance between

economic growth and environmental conservation, all while considering the social and cultural

aspects of the local community. It's a complex endeavor that necessitates careful planning,

active involvement of stakeholders, and continuous monitoring to ensure that the benefits of

tourism are maximized while the negative impacts are minimized.

Research Method

The study employed a qualitative descriptive approach, which is a research method that

aims to provide a detailed and comprehensive account of a phenomenon. This approach is

particularly suitable for exploring complex and nuanced aspects, such as the development of

religious tourism in Pasuruan. By using this approach, the researchers sought to go beyond

mere statistical analysis and instead focus on gaining a deep understanding of the topic. The

research was conducted in Pasuruan, a city that holds significance due to its potential for

religious tourism. This choice of location adds context and relevance to the study, as the

researchers aimed to understand the specific dynamics of religious tourism in this particular

area. The interviews were conducted through the FGD and discussions with relevant parties on

August 10, 2023, during an event focused on public order and safety (Kamtibmas) with the

topic of "Building Pasuruan City through Synergy & Collaboration".

The researchers collected data through various methods, including interviews, focus group

discussions, observation, and documentation. Interviews and focus group discussions are

crucial tools in qualitative research, as they allow direct interaction with participants. In this

case, interviews were conducted with a diverse range of stakeholders, including local residents,

officials from relevant government bodies, cultural experts, academics, and other relevant

parties. This comprehensive approach ensured a well-rounded understanding of the

7
perspectives and experiences related to religious tourism in Pasuruan. To ensure the credibility

and validity of the data, a triangulation approach was likely used. Triangulation involves using

multiple sources, methods, or perspectives to corroborate findings. This enhances the

robustness of the research and minimizes biases that could arise from relying solely on one

source or method. Transcribing and analyzing the collected data manually is a rigorous process.

Researchers transcribe recorded interviews and discussions verbatim to ensure accurate

representation. Then, they group the data into themes based on commonalities and patterns.

These themes form the basis for the discussion section of the research article, where the

researchers delve into the insights gained from the data analysis. Overall, this research

methodology allows for an in-depth exploration of the development of religious tourism in

Pasuruan. By combining various data collection methods and involving diverse stakeholders,

the study aims to provide valuable insights into the challenges, opportunities, and strategies

related to sustainable religious tourism in the city.

Result and Analysis

Religion Tourism Potencial in Pasuruan City

Informant Main Theme Statement

Informan 1 Vision and Mission "Vision to Realize Madinah City:

Accelerating Economic Growth and
Resilience Based on Local Potential"

"We acknowledge our limited financial

capacity, so what we are doing is how
we polish what we have, but it can
become a lever for the economic
sector."

Informan 2 FGD to discuss directly "Focus Group Discussions (FGD)

with the local are conducted each Friday, driven
by the guidance from the
Indonesian National Police
(POLRI), which emphasizes the

8
 necessity of direct face-to-face
interaction with the community,
enabling the direct formulation of
policy steps."

Informan 3 Bounce back after COVID- "Two years under extremely

19 Pandemic challenging conditions, our
economic growth was negative,
reaching up to 4 percent during the
COVID-19 pandemic. Today, the
economic growth in Pasuruan City
has exceeded 6 percent, even higher
than before the COVID-19
pandemic."

Informan 4 Vision Mission "The heritage sites, religious

tourism, and events that are held
aim to attract more people from
outside to come to Pasuruan City.
The positive impact will be felt for
the local economy. This aligns with
the vision and mission of Pasuruan
as the Madinah City, which focuses
on advancing its economy,
beautifying the city, and fostering
harmony among its residents."

Informan 5 Cultural heritage site "Pasuruan City still has quite a number
of historical buildings. This is the work
of expert teams who can conduct
research and studies in order to propose
them as cultural heritage sites."

Informan 6 Synergy and collaboration "We see a paradigm shift after the
country's reform into a supporting
system for development, the key is
to build in synergy and
collaboration."

Informan 7 Synergy and collaboration "There are still many untapped

potentials, and with the completion
of neighborhood community
development (RT RW) in Pasuruan,

9
 this could become an attraction for
investors to invest in the city."

Informan 8 Discussion "Focus Group Discussions (FGD)

are conducted to communicate
directly with the community so that
the Local Government can make
appropriate policy decisions. This
needs to be a collaborative effort
and should not turn into a
misunderstanding in the field."

The main themes that emerged from the interviews conducted with the informants during the

Focus Group Discussion (FGD) revolve around the strategic aspects of sustainable tourism

development in Pasuruan city. These themes shed light on the collaborative and comprehensive

approach required for successful and impactful tourism growth:

1. Shared Vision and Mission: The first theme underscores the necessity for all

stakeholders involved in the tourism sector to align their vision and mission. This unity

ensures that everyone is working towards a common goal, creating a cohesive

framework for sustainable tourism development.

2. Local Engagement through Discussion: The second theme highlights the significance

of involving the local community at every stage of sustainable tourism planning. By

fostering open discussions and incorporating local insights, the development can cater

to the needs and aspirations of the residents, leading to a more inclusive and

community-oriented approach.

3. Synergy and Collaboration: The third theme emphasizes the pivotal role of synergy

and collaboration among all the stakeholders. Effective communication, partnership,

10
 and shared resources enable a holistic approach to tourism development, fostering a

positive impact on the local economy, culture, and environment.

4. Pasuruan's Potential for Sustainable Tourism: The fourth theme highlights the

promising potential of Pasuruan city as a sustainable tourism destination. The regained

economic growth following the pandemic serves as a strong foundation for the

implementation of sustainable tourism initiatives. With a balanced focus on economic

growth and community well-being, Pasuruan can position itself as an attractive and

responsible tourism hub.

These themes collectively underscore the need for a coordinated effort among various

stakeholders, including local communities, government bodies, businesses, and cultural

entities, to pave the way for sustainable tourism development in Pasuruan. The informants'

insights reflect a comprehensive strategy that takes into account the economic, social, and

environmental dimensions of tourism growth.

Based on the data from the Department of Tourism, Youth, and Sports (Disparpora) of Pasuruan

City, until December 2022, tourists visiting for religious purposes occupied the top rank with

a total of 754,324 people. This number is significantly higher when compared to tourists who

were solely seeking leisure, which amounted to 116,860 people, and tourists who stayed in

hotels, totaling 36,398 people.

11
 Tourism Visit Rate of Pasuruan City 2022

800.000 754.324

700.000

600.000

500.000

400.000

300.000

200.000
116.860
100.000 36.398
-
Wisatawan Religi Wisatawan Leisure Wisatawan menginap di
Hotel

Figure 1. Data on Tourism Visit Rate of Pasuruan City 2022

Source: Department of Tourism, Youth, and Sports of Pasuruan City

In addition to having religious tourism as a potential attraction, according to informant 1 during

a focus group discussion organized by the Pasuruan City Government, it was stated that

Pasuruan City also possesses socio-cultural potential that supports the existing religious

tourism. One of these potentials is the celebration or commemoration of the Prophet's Birthday

(Maulid Nabi). During the celebration of the Prophet's Birthday, there are usually religious

lectures, processions or parades in traditional attire, artistic and cultural performances such as

the "jeng rejeng" art, commonly known as "Rebutan", which involves the tradition of

competing for prizes hung on a rope. The prizes being contested range from brooms, cooking

pots, clothes to food items, and there's also a cultural exchange of food like fruits, cakes, and

yellow rice. This represents a unique socio-cultural aspect of the local community and can be

considered a tourist attraction that is intricately linked with the religious tourism in Pasuruan

City.

12
Here's one form of sustainable tourism that supports the economic sector: pilgrims visiting

from outside the city, usually arriving on Thursday evenings for the ziarah (pilgrimage). After

the ziarah, the majority of them choose to stay, engaging in local activities and interacting with

the local community. Many street vendors surround the pilgrimage sites, creating a very

interesting social interaction within the urban area.

Efforts in Developing Religious Tourism as Sustainable Tourism

Economic development should be viewed as a multidimensional process that encompasses

fundamental changes in social structure, societal attitudes, and national institutions, while also

pursuing the acceleration of economic growth, addressing income disparities, and alleviating

poverty, according to Todaro (2000). In the pursuit of religious-based tourism development, it

is hoped to create sustainable tourism in Pasuruan City. The development of religious tourism

also aims for the enhancement of community well-being, cultural advancement, preservation

of nature, environment, and other resources within the Pasuruan City area.

At present, the vision to transform Pasuruan City into an economically advanced, aesthetically

pleasing, and harmonious city (Madinah) is driving continuous efforts to increase local revenue

through the optimization of regional potential, including the development of tourism activities.

Based on research conducted in Pasuruan City, several initiatives undertaken by the Pasuruan

City Government to achieve sustainable tourism and optimize the development of religious

tourism in the area have been identified, including:

1. Development of Religious-based Tourism Area According to informants 1, 7, and 8: As

a city known for its religious tradition, Pasuruan City holds remarkable potential in

religious tourism that attracts numerous visitors. When visiting Pasuruan City, tourists

can explore not only the tombs of Mbah Slagah and Mbah Hamid, but also the Jami'

Mosque and the city square area. One significant event in religious tourism is the Haul

13
 of Mbah Hamid, attended by thousands of people. It takes place on the 9th of Rabbiul

Awwal (in the Islamic calendar, Rabbiul Awwal is the month of the Prophet

Muhammad's birth) around the tomb of KH Abdul Hamid, located behind the Al-Anwar

Grand Mosque in Pasuruan City. This pilgrimage has become a prominent tourist

attraction in Pasuruan City.

2. Cultural Potential Development and Creation of Religious Tourist Attractions

According to informant #2: The development of cultural potential in Pasuruan City can

integrate local cultural and spiritual elements, while also restoring and preserving

historical buildings with religious architectural value. For instance, the Jami' Mosque,

the oldest mosque with Javanese and Islamic architectural elements, and the Kepanjen

church, built in the 19th century with Dutch architectural influence. In terms of creating

religious tourist attractions, Pasuruan City presents the Terbangan Banjari religious

performance, a unique form of Islamic arts characterized by rhythmic and vibrant

melodies. It serves as a medium of religious expression, conveying messages of faith,

social culture, and Ishari music, a form of spiritual music with a focus on sacred

expression.

3. Involvement of Local Community in Every Religious Tourism Development According

to informant 3: The engagement of the local community in every religious tourism

development is essential. For instance, in religious tourism development, local

communities can actively participate in promotion, combining it with entrepreneurial

activities. This can involve selling local SME products, unique handicrafts, signature

foods (souvenirs), or even becoming tour guides around these tourist sites.

4. Supporting Skill Training Programs and Promotion of Religious Tourism: According to

informant 4: Utilizing training for the community to establish businesses for micro, small,

14
 and medium enterprises (MSMEs) organized by the Malang City Government, often held

on Pasuruan's anniversary. The training provided includes making chiffon cakes, turning

clams into chips, and training in crafting skills like batik and woven bags. The Department

of Cooperatives and Micro Enterprises frequently holds exhibitions featuring MSME

products every six months to promote MSME practitioners and generate income for

Pasuruan residents. Additionally, as a way of promoting religious tourism, the Department

of Education and Culture in Pasuruan holds arts and culture competitions focused on

religious themes. These competitions include religious song singing contests, poetry

competitions, and religious-themed painting contests held during the commemoration of

Isra' Mi'raj.

5. Environmental Conservation and Cultural Preservation:

According to informant 5: In commemoration of World Environment Day held in June 2023,

Pasuruan, supported by the Department of Environment, conducted a cleanup activity around

the city square area involving the community, theater enthusiasts, local youth organizations,

and residents around Purworejo. With the tagline "Littering? Not Cool!", the aim was to educate

the community about the importance of environmental preservation, proper waste disposal,

cleanliness, and transforming waste into valuable artworks. The city square area features the

popular Payung Madinah tourist attraction. Through annual events like these, it is hoped that

the community gains a deeper understanding of the significance of environmental conservation

in preserving culture.

6. Private Sector Participation in Religious Tourism Development:

According to informant 6: Support from the private sector, such as Bank Jatim, through

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs, involves the development and arrangement

of the Simpang 4 Panglima Sudirman area or the Landmark area. This enhances the realization

15
of Pasuruan's concept as Madinah City (Advancing its Economy, Beautifying the City, and

Harmonizing its Citizens). Bank Jatim also supports the Mayor's programs aimed at

empowering MSMEs and digitalizing Pasuruan towards becoming a smart city. This further

strengthens Pasuruan's vision as Madinah Van Java and positions it as a religious tourism

destination.

In the optimal development of religious tourism in Pasuruan City, it is necessary to

preserve the surrounding environment and continue to uphold the culture that Pasuruan

possesses. Based on a survey conducted regarding the condition of the religious areas in

Pasuruan City, with a classification of security conditions, the results showed a percentage

value of 81% indicating that the majority of roads are in a safe condition. The social condition

of the community within the P3GI area was reported as good by 86% of respondents. The road

infrastructure was considered to be in good condition with a percentage of 86%. According to

interviews with the community, the condition of drainage infrastructure was reported as good

by 74%. The availability of educational facilities was reported as 67% in good condition, and

places of worship were considered good by 66% of the community. The availability of trading

facilities was reported as 83% in good condition, and health facilities had a 69% rating of good

condition. However, there is a fear among some members of the community that this

development might overlook the cultural heritage that already exists in Pasuruan City. In

response to these concerns, the government, along with the team, has explained that the

development of religious tourism will not disregard the cultural heritage of Pasuruan City. In

fact, it aims to preserve the existing cultural heritage, preventing its demise and making it

known to the national community.

16
Conclusion and Recommendation

Based on the research conducted in Pasuruan City, several efforts can be undertaken for

the optimization of religious tourism development in the city as a sustainable form of tourism.

These efforts include: (1) Establishing a religious-based tourism area in the Alun-Alun (city

square) of Pasuruan, precisely on Jl. Alun-Alun Selatan, Kebonsari Panggungrejo, Pasuruan,

East Java. This is known as the "Payung Madinah" tourism spot, which is recognized for its

significant potential and high market share. (2) Developing cultural potential and creating

religious tourism attractions. The general concept of religious tourism development in

Pasuruan follows a cultural city approach, making governmental and community support

crucial in achieving the vision of Pasuruan as a "Madinah" city. This can be achieved by

endorsing and promoting religious tourism attractions such as "Terbangan Banjari" and "Seni

Hadrah Ishari," usually organized during the celebration of the Prophet's Birthday (Maulid

Nabi) every year.

In general, the development of religious tourism in Pasuruan as sustainable tourism is indeed

worth pursuing. This is demonstrated by the presence of the Regional Spatial Planning

Regulation of Pasuruan City for the period 2021-2041, which serves as both a legal foundation

and a commitment to sustainable development. It involves community participation in

decision-making through surveys and focus group discussions with relevant stakeholders,

preservation of cultural heritage areas, the establishment of mangrove tourism, and the

management of existing religious tourism facilities and infrastructure, such as the complex of

the KH Abdul Hamid mausoleum.

Several steps that can be taken by Pasuruan City to optimize the development of

sustainable religious tourism include developing a cultural city concept, enhancing security in

areas prone to criminal activities, improving infrastructure and drainage in certain locations,

17
introducing new and more appealing religious tourism attractions, conducting training

programs to enhance the quality of human resources in the tourism sector, and establishing

partnerships with private entities for the development of religious tourism in Pasuruan City.

Further research could delve into the impact of religious tourism development on the

preservation of cultural heritage and the local environment. Investigating how the development

of religious tourism aligns with the concept of a cultural city and its implications on the

community's way of life could provide valuable insights. Additionally, studying the

effectiveness of the training programs and collaborations with the private sector in promoting

sustainable religious tourism and local economic growth could shed light on potential areas for

improvement. Exploring tourists' perceptions and satisfaction with the developed religious

tourism attractions could also contribute to refining strategies for enhancing the visitor

experience and ensuring the long-term success of the initiatives.

18
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