1) what is an array? Explain 2D array with memory representation.

Ans. Array:

 In C Programming, an array is a data structure that stores a fixed-size sequence

of elements of the same type. It provides a way to efficiently organize and access
a collection of values. Each element in an array is identified by an index, which
represents its position within the array.
 an array is a data structure that allows you to store a collection of elements of the
same type. It provides a way to organize and access data efficiently. Each element
in an array is identified by an index, which represents its position in the
collection..
 An array is a data type that stored data in sequential order. the array stored
similar types of data.
Two-Dimensional Array [2D array]

<pre>

The 2-Dimensional Array has used a matrix from (row and Coolum).

Syntax of the 2D array: – This is the syntax of the 2-dimensional array.

<DataTypes>ArrayName[Row_size][Coloum_size];

Declaration & Initialization of 2D Array:-

To declare and initialize a 2D array in C, you can follow these steps:

Declare the 2D array by specifying the data type, array name, number of rows, and
number of columns. For example, to declare a 2D array of integers with 3 rows and 4
columns:

int myArray[3][4];

Initialize the elements of the array with desired values. You can either initialize the array
during declaration or assign values to individual elements later.

Initialize the array during declaration:

  Enclose the initialization values within curly braces {}.
 Separate the elements with commas ,.
 Ensure that the number of elements matches the size of the array.
For example, to initialize a 2D array with 3 rows and 4 columns:

int myArray[3][4] = {

{1, 2, 3, 4},

{5, 6, 7, 8},

{9, 10, 11, 12}

};

Assign values to individual elements after declaration:

 Use the array indices to access specific elements.

 Assign values using the assignment operator =.
For example:

int myArray[3][4]; // Declaration

myArray[0][0] = 1;

myArray[0][1] = 2;

myArray[0][2] = 3;

myArray[0][3] = 4;

myArray[1][0] = 5;

myArray[1][1] = 6;
myArray[1][2] = 7;

myArray[1][3] = 8;

myArray[2][0] = 9;

myArray[2][1] = 10;

myArray[2][2] = 11;

myArray[2][3] = 12;

The total size of 2d array

Size = Row_size X Coloum_size.

Ex –

int arr[2][5] = { { 2,6,7,8,9,},{3,10,25,23,8}};

 Memory Representation of 2D Array

2) Define pointer? Explain all functions of DMA (Dynamic Memory

Allocation).

Ans. Pointer: –

Define Pointer?

 Pointer is a variable that contains the address of another variable. It means, it is a

variable that points to any other variable.
 Although this is itself a variable, this contains the address or memory address of
any other variable.
 It can be of type int, char, array, function, or even any other pointer.
 Its size depends on the architecture.
 Pointers in C Language can be declared using *(asterisk symbol).
Declaration of Pointer

The Declare of the pointer with using Asteric (*) Sign. This asteric sign also known as
Indirection Operator.
Syntax

int *ptr;

Initialization of Pointer

initialization means assign the value at the declaration time.

int * ptr = &age;

The function of DMA (Dynamic Memory Allocation)

Dynamic Memory Allocation: – DMA stands for Dynamic Memory Allocation. it means
we can allocate the memory after the execution of the program. and the compiler
decided how much memory to allocate at the compiler time not run time.

Dynamic Memory Allocation Function

There are ways in which we can allocate memories dynamically in a heap. We use these
four standard library functions often;

1. malloc()
2. calloc()
3. free()
4. realloc()
1. malloc():

malloc stands for memory allocation. This inbuilt function requests memory from the
heap and returns a pointer to the memory. The pointer is of the void type and we can
typecast it to any other data type of our choice.

All the values at the allocation time are initialized to garbage values. The function
expects the memory space along with the size we want in bytes at the time it is used.

Syntax:

ptr = (ptr - type *)malloc(size_in_bytes)

Example:
int *ptr;

ptr = (int *)malloc(5 *sizeof(int));

2. calloc():

calloc stands for contiguous memory allocation. Similar to malloc, this function also
requests memory from the heap and returns a pointer to the memory. Differences lie in
the way we have to call it.

First, we have to send as parameters the number of blocks needed along with their size
in bytes. Second, in calloc(), the values at the allocation time are initialized to 0 instead
of garbage value unlike what happens in malloc().

Syntax:

ptr = (ptr - type *)calloc(n, size_in_bytes)

Example:

int *ptr;

ptr = (int *)calloc(5, sizeof(int));

3. realloc():

realloc stands for reallocation of memory. It is used in cases where the dynamic memory
allocated previously is insufficient and there is a need of increasing the already allocated
memory to store more data.

We also pass the previously declared memory address, and the new size of the memory
in bytes while calling the function.

Syntax:

ptr = (ptr - type *)realloc(ptr, new_size_in_bytes)

Example:
ptr = (int *)realloc(ptr,10* sizeof(int));
4. free():

While discussing the disadvantages of dynamic memory allocation, it was mentioned

that there is no automatic deletion of dynamically allocated memory when the pointer
gets overwritten. So, to manually do it, we use the free() function to free up the
allocated memory space. Therefore, free() is used to free up the space occupied by the
allocated memory.

We just have to pass the pointer as a parameter inside the function and the address
being pointed gets freed.

Syntax:

free(ptr);

3) What is the string? Explain all library functions of string.

Ans. String: –

A string is an array of characters. Data of the same type are stored in an array, for
example, integers can be stored in an integer array, and similarly, a group of characters
can be stored in a character array. This character array is also known as a string. A string
is a one-dimensional array of characters that is terminated by a null (‘\0’).

Library Function of String

We can use C’s string handling library functions to handle strings. The string.h library is
used to perform string operations. It provides several functions for manipulating strings.

Following are some commonly used string handling functions:

1. strcat():

This function is used to concatenate the source string to the end of the target string.
This function expects two parameters, first, the base address of the source string and
then the base address of the target string. For example, “Hello” and “World” on
concatenation would result in a string “HelloWorld”.

Here is how we can use the strcat( ) function:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

int main()

char s[] = "Hello";

char t[] = "World";

strcat(s, t);

printf("String = %s", s);

Output:

String = HelloWorld

2. strlen():

This function is used to count the number of characters present in a string.

Here is how we can use the strlen( ) function:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

int main()

char s[] = "Hello";

int len = strlen(s);

 printf("Length = %d", len);

Output:

Length = 5

3. strcpy():

This function is used to copy the contents of one string into the other. This function
expects two parameters, first, the base address of the source string and then the base
address of the target string.

Here is how we can use the strcpy( ) function:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

int main()

char s[] = "sdak24";

char t[50];

strcpy(t, s);

printf("Source string = %s\n", s);

printf("Target string = %s", t);

Output:

Source string = sdak24

Target string = sdak24

4. strcmp():

The strcmp() function is used to compare two strings to find out whether they are the
same or different. It takes two strings as two of its parameter. It will compare two
strings, character by character until there is a mismatch or the iterator reaches the end
of one of the strings.

If both of the strings are identical, strcmp( ) returns a value of zero. If they are not
identical, it will return a value less than zero, considering the ASCII value of the
mismatched character in the first string is less than the mismatched character in the
second string. Else, it will return a value greater than 0.

Here is how we can use the strcmp( ) function:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

int main()

char s[] = "Hello";

char t[] = "World";

int cmp = strcmp(s, t);

printf("Comparison result = %d", cmp);

Output:

Comparison result = -1

5. strrev():
This function is used to return the reverse of the string.

Here is how we can use the strrev( ) function:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

int main()

char s[] = "Hello";

printf("Reversed string = %s", strrev(s));

Output:

Reversed string = olleH

4) What are structure and union? How to deferent unions by structure. What is the
difference between them?

Ans.

Structure: –

Structures are usually used when we wish to store data of different data types together.
For example, if we want to store information about a book, there could be a number of
parameters defining a book.

Books have a title, an author name, the number of pages, and a price. All of the book
attributes belong to different data types. The titles and author names must be strings,
but the prices and number of pages must be numerical.
 One way to store the data is to construct individual arrays, and another method is to
use a structure variable. It is to keep in mind that structure elements are always stored in
contiguous memory locations.

Union: –

Just like Structures, the union is a user-defined data type. All the members in unions
share the same memory location. The union is a data type that allows different data
belonging to different data types to be stored in the same memory locations. One of the
advantages of using a union is that it provides an efficient way of reusing the memory
location, as only one of its members can be accessed at a time. A union is used in the
same way we declare and use a structure. The difference lies just in the way memory is
allocated to their members.

How to different unions by structure

here are some differences between union and structure are given below:

The difference between Union and Structure

Basic for
Structure Union
comparison

The keyword “struct” is use to define The keyword “union” is used to

Keyword
a structure. define a union.

Space
Consume more space than union. Consume less space than structure.
Consuming

Each member within a structure is

Memory allocated is shared by
Memory assigned unique storage area of
individual members of union.
location.
 Altering the value of a member will Altering the value of any of the
Value Altering not affect other members of the member will alter other member
structure. values.

Accessing Individual member can be accessed Only one first member of a union can
members at a time. be initialized.

Several members of a structure can Only the first member of a union can
Initializations
initialize at once. be initialized.

union tag-name
struct tag-name
{
{
data-type member-1;
data-type member-1;
data-type member-2;
Syntax data-type member-2;
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
Data-type member-n;
Data-type member-n;
}
}

5) Define a macro. How to substitute the macro directives in our

program?

Ans. Maco: – In c, the macro is used to define any constant value or any variable with its
value in the entire program that will be replaced by the macro name. Where macro is
contains the set of code that will be called when the macro name used in the program.

Substitute the macro directive in our program

The given example substitutes the macro in our program.

Ex –

#define A (2+3) // it macro

#define B (4+5) // it macro

void main()

int C;

C = A*B;

printf(“C= %d”,C);

Output:

C= 45

6) Explain Conditional Compilation directives. How to use it.

Ans. Conditional Compilation: – Conditional Compilation directives help to compile a

specific portion of the program or skip the compilation of some specific part of the
program based on some conditions.

Conditional Compilation Directives are –

Directive Name Directive Description

1) #ifdef Return true if macro is defined.

2) #ifndef Return true if macro is not defined.

3) #if Test if a compile time condition is true.

4) #else The alternative for #if

5) #elif #else and #if one statement

6) #endif ends preprocessor conditional

7) #undef Remove the definition of the specific macro

7) What is the file? Explain the modes of files.

Ans. File:- A file can be defined as a collection of related records that give a
complete set of information about a certain item or entity. A file can be stored
manually in a file cabinet or electronically in computer storage devices.

Modes of Files

We can use one of the following modes with the helpf of the fopen() function.

Mode Description

“r” Open for reading. If the file does not exist, fopen() return null.

“rb” Open for writing. If the file does not exist, fopen() return null.
 “w” Open for writing. If the file exists, the content will be over write.

“wb” Open for writing in binary. If the file exists, the content will be over write.

“a” Open for appended. If the file does not exist, it will be return created.

(Short Questions)

1) Difference between string and character array.

Ans.

String Character Array

2). The character array is a collection of

1). String is a collection of elements.
variables stored in contiguous memory.

2). The String always ended with Null Character 2). The Character array ended with the last
‘\0’. variable of the array.

3). Slow access compare to a character array. 3). Fast access compare to string.

4). The character array is used for static

4). The string used to static memory.
memory.

2) What is making bit field.

Ans. The masking bit field is the method of saving the waste memory. it saves memory
by using set the bit.
Ex –

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdint.h>

struct {

uint32_t year:23;

uint32_t day:5;

uint32_t month:4;

} typedef Bitfield;

int main() {

Bitfield date = {2020, 13,12 };

printf("sizeof Bitfield: %lu bytes\n", sizeof(date));

printf("date: %d/%d/%d \n", date.day, date.month,

date.year);

return EXIT_SUCCESS;

Output

sizeof Bitfield: 4 bytes

date: 13/12/2020

3) What is the pointer? Explain.

  Null Pointer
 Void Pointer
 Wild Pointer
 Dangling Pointer
Ans. Pointer: – Pointer is the special variable which stored another variable address.
There are some types of pointer.

Null Pointer: – Null pointer by assigning the null value at the time of pointer
declaration. This method is useful when you do not assign any address to the pointer. A
null pointer always contains value 0.

Void Pointer: – The void pointer is a generic pointer that isn’t associated with any data
type. A void pointer can be type casted to any type, so it is instrumental in assigning the
different types of variables to the void pointer.

Wild Pointer: – If a pointer isn’t initialized to anything, it’s called a wild pointer.
Dereferencing a wild pointer has undefined behavior that may crash the program or
give a garbage value.

Dangling Pointer: – A dangling pointer is a pointer that refers to a memory location

that has been released or deleted.

4) Write the program to concatenate two string without using string

library function?

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

char str1[10];

char str2[10];

char str[20];
int i,j,k,l;

printf("Enter first string: \n");

scanf("%s", str1);

printf("Enter second string: \n");

scanf("%s", str2);

for(i=0;i<10;i++){

if(str1[i]=='\0')

break;

for(j=0;j<10;j++){

if(str1[j]=='\0')

break;

for(k =0; k<i-1; k++){

 str[k] = str1[k];

int n = 0;

for(l=k;l < i+j-2;l++){

str[l] = str2[n++];

printf("The string is: %s", str);

getch();

Output:

Enter first string:

sdak

Enter second string:

24

The string is: sda24

5) Deference between call by value and call by reference

Call by value Call by Reference

Call by value passed the value. Call by reference passed to address.

Value copied actual parameter to formal Have the both parameter in a same memory
parameter. address.

Change the formal parameter value the value Change the value the can reflect actual
cannot be reflect into actual parameter. parameter because both value having in a same
Because it copied value. memory address.

(Very Short)

1) What is bitwise operator? Explain left shift and right shift.

Ans. Bitwise Operator: – bitwise operator are used for manipulating the data at bit
level, also called as (bit level programming) bitwise operator. Bit level programing
consist at 0 and 1.

Operator Description

& Bitwise And

| Bitwise OR

^ Bitwise Exclusive OR [XOR]

<< Bitwise Left Shift

>> Bitwise Right Shift