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The Self from a Psychological Perspective
Psychology - the scientific study of human behavior and mental

processes
- mainly focuses on the individual
- interested in functions & processes of brain, mind
as well as behavior related to mental function
- collection of behaviors, traits, attitudes that characterize
an individ. or group
- is the rather new field in the soc sci & it is closely linked to
philosophy, anthropology, sociology and others..
Self - is interchangeable with other similar term

- the sense of personal identity & of who we are as individ
- a multilevel system and in constant change as one grows up sense of
his/ her self changes.
- the sense of self - the way a person thinks about nd view her traits,
beliefs and purpose within the world.
SIGMUND FREUD- Psychoanalytic Theory

→ founding father of Psychoanalysis - method for treating mental illness
& theory explaining human
behavior.
→ he believed that events in our childhood have a great
influenced on our adult lives, in shaping our personality.
→ known for his idea THE UNCONSCIOUS- primary source of human behav.
- Freud’s Iceberg Theory - a topographical model of the mind, describing
the features of the mind’s structure and
function.
- used the analogy of an iceberg to describe the
three levels of the mind.
Psychosexual Stages of Development

- his controversial theory suggests that early childhood experience
and stages shape our adult personality and behavior.
- this theory is predicated the concept of that childhood experiences
create the adult personality and that problems in early life
would come back to haunt the individual as a mental illness.
Dream Analysis
- he believed that dreams are a window into unconscious mind
- dream represent unfulfilled wishes from the id, trying to
breakthrough to the conscious.. they’re disguise using defense as
symbolism: manifest content (what they dreamt) latent content
(what it meant)
- dream extension of conscious mind & of reality
Tripartite Nature of the Psyche

-also known as Provinces of the mind.
The human psyche is divided into 3 parts:
The Id - the pleasure principle

- seeks immediate pleasure & gratification
- unconscious, impulsive, child-like portion
- needs are not satisfied can results to tension/anxiety
- only component of personality that is present from birth
The Ego - the reality principle

- in contact with external world
- responsible for dealing with reality
- functions in the conscious, preconscious, & unconscious mind
- cohesive awareness of personality
- weighs the costs and benefits of an action
The Superego - the moralistic and idealistic principle

- has no contact w/ outside world, unrealistic
& demand for perfection
- provides guidelines for making judgement
- superego begins to emerge at around age five
two parts:
• Conscience - includes information about things that
are viewed as bad by parents and society.
• Ego Ideal - includes the rules and standards for
behaviors that the ego aspires to.
Dynamic Relationship
- the id, the ego, and the superego, it is important to remember that
these are not three separate entities with clearly defined boundaries.
- these aspects are dynamic and always interact to influence individual's
overall personality and behavior.
Ego Strength - refer to the ego’s ability to function despite these dueling
forces.
Healthy Personality
According to Freud, the key to a healthy personality is a balance between
the id, the ego, and the superego.
- because if there’s imbalance between those elements
it would lead to a maladaptive personality.
WILLIAM JAMES- FUNCTIONALISM
→ a leading figure in psychology & philosophy at the turn of 19 th century
→ father of American psychology
→contributed significantly by founding the school of functionalism,
focusing on how mental activities help individuals adapt to their envi.
The Self
→the totality of all that a person can call hers
→for William - the self is an object that can be observed
& a subject, an agent that does the observing
- self has two parts: ME & I
The Self ‘’Me’’

- the empirical me
- objective self
- object ought by the I
- the physical characteristics & psychological capabilities that makes who
we are
- composed of the material, social, & spiritual self
The Material Self

- core of material self is body
- associated with body are:
Clothes - reflect’s a person status, formation
& maintenance of self image.
Family - a family does sumthing good it is the pride name of fam
if it’s wrong it’s a shame to the whole fam
- when sumone in fam dies, a part of oneself is gone too.
Home - where a person grows nd develops, memories is
associated.
Material Possessions - impulse drive of the material self is
wealth & property.
The Social Self

- who a person in social situation,how she presents herself in public
- for William James a person has many social selves
- social self may vary to situation to situation
- social selves mayb contradictory people may have diff concept of you
The Spiritual Self

- a person’s subjective & most intimate self
- is the important of me
- it is a person is at her core, closer to the I
-more permanent than the other selves
- dwells on introspection
- spiritual self include/compose: personality, core values, conscience.
The Self ‘’I’’

- also called pure ego
- subjective self
- the thinking self/ thinking being
- the self that knows who is & what she has done in her life
- the acting, feeling, and thinking self
- provides the continuity of of a person’s past, present, future
Other Concepts
CARL ROGER-THEORY OF PERSONALITY
- I - the one who acts nd decide
-ME - what you think/feel about yourself as an object
Identity - composed of one’s characteristics, roles, responsibilities
that define who one is.
Self-concept - what comes to your mind when you are asked
about yourself , like your little details: your age nd
history nd name.
Self, identity, and self-concept are not fixed.
Self Schema - organized system/ collection of knowledge

about who we are.
- they’re not passive receivers as they actively shape
and affect how you see,think, feel about other
other things around you.
Incongruence -
Congruence -
INTERNAL & EXTERNAL SELF
→ George Herbert Mead’s- Theory of Symbolic Interactionism

- which argued that human interaction
helps develop the self.
Self Concept is the result of this interaction between
who we think we are and how other see us.
→ Carver and Scheir - identified two types of self we can be

aware of:
• The Private Self - person’s internal thoughts &
feelings
• The Public Self - what a person commonly
shows to others.
SELF-DISCREPANCY THEORY
→this theory states that individuals compare their actual self to
internalized standards or the ideal/ought self.
- the gap between two of these self-representations.
Three other self-schema:

•The Actual Self - who we are at present
•The Ideal Self - who we like to be esp. in future
•The Ought elf - who we think we should ; in contrast
with actual self
SELF-AWARENESS
→ the ability to see yourself clearly and objectively
through reflection nd introspection
- can keep you doing something dangerous
- Self- awareness - can be too much that we are concerned about being
criticized by others also known as self-consciousness
-too much interaction lead to Deindividuation- the loss of individual self
SELF-ESTEEM
→ our personal positive/negative perception of ourselves
- social relationship affects our self-esteem thru social comparison
SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY

→ we learn about ourselves, the appropriateness of our behaviors, as well
as our social statuses by comparing aspects of ourselves w other people.
Two types of social comparison:
• Downward Social Comparison - the more common type of comparing
ourselves with other.
- we compare ourselves w/ those who are
worse off than us.
• Upward Social Comparison - comparing ourselves w/ those who are better
off than us
-
The social comparison also entails our self-evaluation.
SELF-EVALUATION MAINTENANCE THEORY

→ states that we can feel threatened when someone
outperform us esp when the person is close to us
Narcissism - a trait characterized by overly high self-esteem,

Self-admiration, nd self-centeredness

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The Self from a Psychological Perspective

Psychology - the scientific study of human behavior and mental

Self - is interchangeable with other similar term

SIGMUND FREUD- Psychoanalytic Theory

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Tripartite Nature of the Psyche

The human psyche is divided into 3 parts:

The Id - the pleasure principle

The Ego - the reality principle

The Superego - the moralistic and idealistic principle

The Self ‘’Me’’

The Material Self

The Social Self

The Spiritual Self

The Self ‘’I’’

Self Schema - organized system/ collection of knowledge

→ George Herbert Mead’s- Theory of Symbolic Interactionism

→ Carver and Scheir - identified two types of self we can be

Three other self-schema:

SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY

The social comparison also entails our self-evaluation.

SELF-EVALUATION MAINTENANCE THEORY

Narcissism - a trait characterized by overly high self-esteem,

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