Transforming Ideas into Innovations II-ENGR132

Chapter 6 – Fundamental Dimensions and

Systems of Units
• First things first, you need to understand the basics
• There are two systems of measurement
• US/Customary System
• Then there is the metric system which is used all over the world
• Units of Measurement (Length):
• US System • Metric
• Inches • Meters
• Feet
• Yards
• Miles

• 1 inches = 0.083 feet

• 1 inches = 2.54 cm
• The metric system is based on a base unit that
corresponds to a certain kind of measurement
• Length = meter
• Volume = liter
• Weight (Mass) = gram

• Prefixes plus base units make up the metric system

• Example:
• Centi + meter = Centimeter
• Kilo + liter = Kiloliter
• For each “step” to right, you are multiplying by 10
For example, let’s go from a base unit to centi:
1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters

• For each “step” to left, you are dividing by 10

For example, let’s go from a base unit to Kilo
1 meter = 0.1 decameter = 0.01 hectometer=
(2 x 10 = 20) =
0.001 kilometer
(20 x 10 = 200)

meter
kilo hecto deca meter
liter deci centi milli
gram
• Mili- 1/1000, which means that 1mm=0.001m or 1000 mm=1m

• Centi- 1/100, which means that 1cm=0.01m or 100 cm =1m

• Deci- 1/10, which means that 1dm=0.1m or 10dm= 1m

• Deka- 10, which means that 1dkm=10m

• Hecto- 100, which means that 1hm=100m

• Kilo- 1000, which means that 1km=1000m

5 m= mm

10 cm= mm

1 decameter= m

100 mm= hectometer

3500 m= km
• Transform the following to the corresponding unit:
Value Unit Value Unit
4 mm cm
250 dm m
11.89 dm mm
0.9974 m2 mm2
100.94 mm2 Square inch
4 inches feet
16.34 cm inches
12.5 dkm mm
490 m hm
Transforming Ideas into Innovations II-ENGR132
Chapter 7 – Mathematics in Engineering
• The word geometry comes from Greek words
meaning “to measure the Earth”
• Basically, Geometry is the study of shapes and is one
of the oldest branches of mathematics
• Knowing that you can’t define everything and that you
can’t prove everything, Euclid began by stating three
undefined terms:
➢Point is that which has no part

➢(Straight) Line is a line that lies evenly with the

points on itself
➢Plane (Surface) is a plane that lies evenly
with the straight lines on itself
• A ray starts at a point (called the endpoint) and
extends indefinitely in one direction.

A B AB

• A line segment is part of a line and has two

endpoints.

A B AB
 • An angle is formed by two rays with the same
endpoint.
side

vertex side

• A right angle has a measure • A straight angle has a measure

of 90 degrees. of 180 degrees.
• A simple closed figures by joining three or more line
segments is called polygon
• A regular polygon is a polygon with sides of equal length
It is a closed figure formed by joining three line
segments . So , a triangle is a polygon . Different shapes
of triangle are shown below:

The height (H) of a triangle is measured perpendicular

to the base.
H
H
H
• The perimeter of a plane geometric figure is a
measure of the distance around the figure.

• The area of a plane geometric figure is the amount of

surface in a region. It is expressed in units2 (m2, cm2,
mm2 etc.)

area
perimeter

a c
Perimeter = a + b + c
h

Area = 1/2 b*h

b
• Recall: a quadrilateral is a 4-sided polygon. We can further classify
quadrilaterals:
A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are
parallel.
A kite is a quadrilateral in which two pairs of adjacent sides are congruent.
A rhombus is a quadrilateral in which all sides are congruent.
A rectangle is a quadrilateral in which all angles are congruent (90 degrees)
A square is a quadrilateral in which all four sides are congruent and all four
angles are congruent.
 Quadrilateral

trapezoid
kite
More specific

parallelogram

rhombus

rectangle

square
 s
w

Perimeter = 2w + 2l Perimeter = 4s

Area = lw Area = s2
 Parallelogram

Perimeter = 2a + 2b

Area = hb

→ Area of a parallelogram = area of rectangle

with width = h and length = b Area=21​×(Base1​+Base2​)×Height
Ex: Name the polygon
Ex: What is the perimeter of a triangle with sides of lengths 1.5
cm, 3.4 cm, and 2.7 cm?

1.5 2.7 Perimeter = a + b + c

3.4 = 1.5 + 2.7 + 3.4

= 7.6
Ex: The perimeter of a regular pentagon is 35 cm. What is the
length of each side?

s
Recall: a regular polygon is one with
congruent sides.

Perimeter = 5s

35 = 5s

s = 7 cm
Ex: A parallelogram has a based of length 3.4 cm. The height
measures 5.2 cm. What is the area of the parallelogram?

Area = (base)(height)

5.2 Area = (3.4)(5.2)

= 17.86 cm2
3.4
Ex: The width of a rectangle is 12 cm. If the area is 312 cm2, what
is the length of the rectangle?

Area = (Length)(width)
12 312
Let L = Length
L
312 = (L)(12)

L = 26 cm

Check: Area = (Length)(width) = (12)(26)

= 312
• A circle is a plane figure in which all points are equidistance from
the center.
• Center is a fixed point in the interior of circle whose distance
from all the points on the circle is same.
• The radius, r, is a line segment from the center of the circle to
any point on the circle.
• The diameter, d, is the line segment across the circle through the
center. d = 2r
• The circumference, C, of a circle is the distance around the circle.
C = 2pr
• The area of a circle is A = pr2. r
o
d
 1.5 cm

• The circumference, C, • The area of a circle is A = pr2

of a circle is the distance around the
circle. C = 2pr
• d=2r, 4 = 2r, 2 = r

• C = 2pr
• A = pr2 = p(4)2 = 16p sq. cm.
• C = 2p(1.5)
• C = 3p cm
• Composite Geometric Figures are made from two or
more geometric figures.
• Ex:

+
• Ex: Composite Figure

-
Ex: Find the perimeter of the following composite figure
15

= +
Rectangle with width = 8 Half a circle with diameter = 8
and length = 15 → radius = 4

Perimeter of partial rectangle Circumference of half a circle

= 15 + 8 + 15 = 38 = (1/2)(2p4) = 4p.

Perimeter of composite figure = 38 + 4p.

 Ex: Find the perimeter of the following composite figure
60

12
28
42
?=b
12
28
?=a
60
b
a 42

60 = a + 42 → a = 18 28 = b + 12 → b = 16

Perimeter = 28 + 60 + 12 + 42 + b + a
= 28 + 60 + 12 + 42 + 16 + 18 = 176
 Ex: Find the area of the figure

3 3

3 8

Area of triangle = ½ (8)(3) = 12

8

Area of figure
= area of the triangle + area of
the square = 12 + 24 = 36.
3

8
Area of rectangle = (8)(3) = 24
Ex: Find the area of the figure
4 4

3.5
3.5

Area of rectangle = (4)(3.5) = 14

The area of the figure

4
= area of rectangle – cut out area
= 14 – 2p square units.

Diameter = 4 → radius = 2
Area of circle = p22 = 4p → Area of half the circle = ½ (4p) = 2p
 Ex: A walkway 2 m wide surrounds a rectangular plot of grass.
The plot is 30 m long and 20 m wide. What is the area of the
walkway?

What are the dimensions of the big

2 rectangle (grass and walkway)?
30
Width = 2 + 20 + 2 = 24
20
Length = 2 + 30 + 2 = 34
2 Therefore, the big rectangle has area
= (24)(34) = 816 m2.
What are the dimensions of the small rectangle (grass)? 20 by 30
The small rectangle has area = (20)(30) = 600 m2.
The area of the walkway is the difference between the big and small
rectangles:
Area = 816 – 600 = 216 m2.
 Find the area of the shaded region
10

10

Area of square = Area of each

102 = 100 circle = p52 = 25p

r=5 ¼ of the circle cuts

10
into the square.
r=5
But we have four ¼
4(¼)(25p ) cuts into
the area of the square.
Therefore, the area of the shaded region
= area of square – area cut out by circles = 100 – 25p square units
• Given the following geometric figure.
• If a=3.2 cm and b=8 cm, find the following:
1. Calculate the side b in inches?
2. Calculate side c in m?
3. Calculate the perimeter of the rectangle in cm?
4. Calculate the area of the rectangle in cm2?
5. Calculate the area of the right triangle (shaded region of
the above-given rectangle) in mm2?
• Given the following composite figure which is the
combination of two or more geometric figures.
1. Assume values for a=1.5 cm and b=3 cm. Calculate side F of
the composite figure in cm?
2. Calculate the perimeter of the composite figure if a=1.5cm,
b=5 cm and H=3.81 cm?
3. Calculate the area of the composite figure if a=1.5 cm, b=5
cm, and H=3.81 cm?