;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff sIff !

@
NEB n] nfu" u/]sf] gofF kf7\oqmd @)&* df cfwfl/t ;dflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff sIff !@ sf] kl/Iffdf
;f]Wg ;Sg] ;Defljt k|ZgpQ/x? M
PsfO{ !M ;fdflhs tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff
kf7 !M ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] cGt/;DjGw
tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx?sf] df}lns pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-s_ hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifoj:t'x¿ s] s:tf 5g\ <
pQ/M s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ cg's'ng / ;sf/fTds Jojxf/ ug{, b}lgs hLjgsf 36gfx¿F / r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug{ /
cfw'lgstfsf] af/]df kl/lrt u/fO{ ;Ifd agfpg l;sfpg] lzIff g} hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff xf] .hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff dfgj
hLjgdf k];fut bIftfsf nflu h?/L k|fljlws jf Jofj;flos 1fg / l;ksf ;fy;fy} ;fdflhs hLjgdf h'g;'s} k];fsf
JolQmsf nflu cTofjZos l;kx¿sf] l;sfO;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo xf] .
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifoj:t'x¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM –;Eo ;fdflhs ;DaGw, –g}lts dof{bfk"0f{ Jojxf/, –
k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ ug]{ l;k –;d"xdf sfd ug]{ l;ksf] l;sfO cflb.
-v_ hLjgf]kof]uL l;kcGtu{t kg]{ 5cf]6f d'Vo If]qx¿ s] s] x'g\ < pQ/M ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] ;g\ !((( df hLjgf]kof]uL
l;kcGtu{t lgDgfg';f/sf 5cf]6f d'Vo If]qx¿ klxrfg u/]sf] 5M != ;~rf/ / cGtj}{olQms l;k @= lg0f{o ug]{ / ;d:of
;dfwfg l;k #= l;h{gfTds / ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO l;k $= cfTdhfu?stf / ;dfg'e"lt % b[9tf / ;defj, jf
cfTdlgoGq0f ^= pTyfglzntf / ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ Ifdtf
-u_ ;fdflhs cWoog / hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff s;/L cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ <
pQ/M ;dfh / dfgj;+u ;DalGwt jx'cfoflds ljifox? h:t}M ef}lts, /fhg}lts, dgf]j}1flgs, ;f+:s[lts tyf cfly{s
If]qx?sf] cWoog ug]{ ljifo g} ;fdflhs cWoog xf] eg] hLjgnfO{ ;'–Jojl:yt tl/sfn] ofkg ug{ cfjZos l;ksf]
clej[l4 u/fpg] lzIff g] hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff xf] .;fdflhs cWoog / hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ .
;fdflhs cWoogcGtu{t dfgj / dfgj ;dfh;+u ;DalGwt ljleGg kIfaf/] ul/g] vf]hL, cWoog Pjd\ ljZn]if0fsf qmddf
hLjgf]kof]uL l;k klg ckl/xfo{ 5g\ . ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf l;sfO lqmofsnfkx¿ tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{x¿ ubf{ klg
hLjgf]kof]uL l;k xfl;n x'G5g\ . To; qmddf ;d"xdf sfd ug]{, Pscsf{df s'/fsfgL ug]{, ;xsfo{ ug]{, ;xof]u ug]{, g]t[Tj
ug]{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ Pjd\ l;h{gfTds sfo{ ug]{ k|z:t cj;/ k|fKt x'G5g\ . To:tf cj;/n] ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg a9fpg'sf
;fy} hLjgf]kof]uL l;k klg lbO/x]sf x'G5g\ . ;fdflhs cWoogn] dfgjsf ef}lts, ;fdflhs, / /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts tyf
cfly{snufotsf cfofdx¿sf] 1fg u/fpg'sf ;fy;fy} hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffcGtu{t kg]{ l;kx¿sf] l;sfOnfO{ klg ;dfj]z
u/]sf] x'G5 .
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ d'Vo ljifoj:t' agfpFb} ;fdflhs cWoogsf ljifoj:t' klg 1fg u/fO/x]sf] x'G5
eGg] of] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] cEof; jf:tjdf ;dfhsf] cWoogsf ljljw cfofd;Fu k|ToIftM ;Da4
x'G5 . hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] cWoogn] JolQmnfO{ ;dfhsf] ;b:osf ¿kdf ug{' kg]{ st{Jo / kfpg'kg]{ clwsf/af/] ;r]t
u/fO{ To;sf nflu cfjZos l;k;d]t lbG5. hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] hLjgf]kof] uL l;k;Fu} ;fdflhs cWoogsf ljifoj:t'nfO{
klg ;dfj]z u/]sf] x'G5 .
o;/L ;fdflhs cWoogn] hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf nflu klg dbt k'/ofpF5 / hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] cWoogaf6 ;fdflhs
cWoogsf nflu pkof]uL ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg klg x'G5 . To;}n] ;fdflhs cWoog / hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff cGt/;DalGwt 5g\
elgPsf] xf] .
PsfO{ !M kf7 @M hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, hLjgf]kof]uL l;k / :jf:y hLjgz}nLljrsf] cGt/;DjGw
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
!=k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/f eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
pQ/M k"jL{o bz{g, wd{, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf, /Lltlylt, snf cflbdf cfwfl/t lrGtg k/Dk/f k"jL{o lrGtg xf] . j]bdf
cfwfl/t cg]sf}+ ;Dk|bfox¿sf] ;ld>0faf6 cfhsf] :j¿kdf cfOk'u]sf] lxGb' wd{ Pjd\ bz{g, af}4 wd{ Pjd\ bz{g, h}g wd{
Pjd\ bz{g, ls/ft wd{ Pjd\ bz{g, lzv wd{ Pjd\ bz{g, sGkm'l;o; bz{g, tfcf] bz{g cflbsf] k|efjn] k"jL{o laGtg k/Dk/f
ag]sf] 5. o:tf] k[i7e"lddf k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/f eGgfn] lgs} ljljwtfk"0f{ bfz{lgs ljrf/wf/fTds Pjd\ Jofjxfl/s
cfofdx¿sf] ;dGjofTds b[li6sf]0fnfO{ a'‰g' kb{5. pko{'Qm ;dGjofTds b[li6sf]0fsf cfwf/df k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/fsf s]xL
;femf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx¿ /x]sf kfOG5 .
k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/fdf dfgj hLjgdf rl/qnfO{ lgs} dxTj lbOG5 . dfgjsf] rl/q lgdf{0fdf wd{, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt,
;fdflhsLs/0f, lzIff, snf, l;k cflbsf] k|ToIf k|efj k5{. kl/jf/, s'n, ;d'bfo / ;dfhnfO{ dxTj lbg' klg k"jL{o
dfGotfsf] ;femf ljz]iftf xf]. JolQmTj ljsf;nfO{ klg ;d'lrt dxQ\j lbFb} ;fd'lxstf, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df hf]8 lbg] k|j[lQ
oxfF b]lvG5 . k|s[lt;+u tfbfTDo /fVg], kof{j/0fd}qL Pjd\ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL;fk]If hLjgz}nLnfO{ k"jL{o dfGotfdf
k|fyldstf lbPsf] b]lvG5.
@=kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/f eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
pQ/M kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/f dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljrf/ xf] h;sf] d"n ;|f]t k|frLg lu|; xf] . lu|;sf bfz{lgsx¿ ;f]qm]6\ ; -
;'s/ft_, Kn]6f] / Pl/:6f]6n -c/:t'_ sf ljrf/sf] kfZrfTo lrGtgdf k|efj jt{dfg o'udf klg :ki6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . jt{dfg
;dodf k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/fsf] lj:tf/ klZrdf ;dfhdf klg eO/x]sf] 5 eg] kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fsf] lj:tf/ k|fRo
k"jL{o ;dfhdf klg eO/x]sf] 5 . k|fRo / kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fsf] ;dGjo u/L j}lZjs ;fdGh:o, ;xsfo{ Pjd\ zflGt
k|jw{g ug{ ;lsg] ljZjf; ul/G5 .
#=k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/fdf g]kfnsf] s:tf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 <
KINEMASTER pQ/M k"jL{o bz{g, wd{, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf, /Lltlylt, snf cflbdf cfwfl/t lrGtg k/Dk/f k"jL{o lrGtg xf]
. g]kfnL df}lns ;f+:s[lts klxrfg eg]sf] ljleGg ju{, If]q, ln+u / hfthfltsf efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt, /xg;xg, ;bfrf/,
g}ltstf, rf8kj{, e]ife"iff, /Lltlylt, cfrf/, ljrf/, vfgkfg, snf, ;flxTo, ;+uLt, Oltxf;, lzIff, rfnrng, >d, hLjg
;+3if{, jL/tfk"0f{ Oltxf;, /fli6«o Pstf, /fli6«o emG8f, /fli6«o k|tLs, lje"lt, dgf]/~hg, d"lt{snf, lrqsnf, nlntsnf,
/fhgLlt, Oltxf;, of]u Wofg, cfo{'j]b, n]vg, u|fdL0f a;f]jf;, s[lif k|0ffnL, hn, gbL, tfn, lxdz[+vnf, jgh+un, vfgL,
xfjfkfgL, jftfj/0f, k|s[lt, cy{gLlt cflb /Iff / ljsf;sf k|Zg x'g\ . To;}n] k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/fdf g]kfnsf] klg oL
If]qx?af6 of]ubfg ePsf] dflgG5.
xfd|f] /fli6«o df}lns ;+:s[ltsf] d"n cfwf/ hgtfsf] >d ;+3if{ / /fi6«k|ltsf] ;dk{0fsf] efj xf] . ;fy}, k"jL{o bz{g tyf
lrGtgsf ;sf/fTds kIfx¿ klg /fli6«o ;+:s[ltsf] hu xf] . k"jL{o bz{g ;a} bz{gsf cfwf/;|f]t klg x'g\ . k"jL{o jf:tjdf
dfgj ;Eotfsf] hggL xf] . Új;'w}j s'6'DasdÚ eGg] d"n dGqdf cfwfl/t k"jL{o bz{g, lrGtgdf cfwfl/t xfd|f] dfgj
;Eotf g} /fli6«o ;+:s[ltsf] hu xf] . oxL hudf ;d[l4 / ;+:s[lt x's]{sf] 5 . 1fg–lj1fgsf ;a} ;|f]t oxL k"jL{o bz{g
lrGtg xf] .
!= :j:y hLjgz}nL eGgfn] s] a'‰g'x'G5 <
pQ/M :j:y hLjgz}nL eGgfn] cf/f]Uo hLjgsf] cfwf/ / /f]ux¿sf] cf}iflw eGg] a'lemG5.
@= :j:y hLjgz}nL lgdf{0f ug{ hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] v]Ng] s'g} b'O{ e"ldsf pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M :j:y hLjgz}nL lgdf{0f
ug{ hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] v]Ng] s'g} b'O{ e"ldsf o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM –hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] dgf]j}1flgs tyf ;fdflhs
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/fpg] ePsfn] JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s lx;fan] :j:y /fVb5, –hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn]
1fg, dgf]jl[ Q, d"No dfGotf h:tf dgf];fdflhs u'0fx?sf] ;sf/fTds kIfdf hf]8 lbg] x'Fbf ljBfyL{x?sf] Jojxf/ ;'b[9Ls/0f
tyf kl/jt{g eO :j:y Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug]{ Pjd\ :jf:Yo ;d:ofsf] /f]syfd x'gfn] :j:y hLjgz}nL lgdf{0f x'G5.
#= hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] /f]syfddf k'of{pg] of]ubfgnfO{ pNn]v ug{'xf];\.
pQ/M dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ :j:y, ;kmn / ;fy{s agfpgsf lglDt cfjZos kg]{ ;Lkx?nfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk elgG5 .
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] log} ;Lksf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf d2t k'of{pFb5 . hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] dgf]j}1flgs tyf ;fdflhs
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/fpg] ePsfn] JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s lx;fan] :j:y /fVb5 . o; lzIffn] JolQmsf]
:jf:y dfq geP/ ;Dk'0f{ ;dfhs} :jf:ydf ;'wf/ ub{5 . o; lzIffn] ;dfhd}qL Jojxf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ ePsfn]
lszf]/lszf]/Lx? s'nt tyf b'j{\ojxf/ h:tf ;dfh lj/f]wL ultljlwdf ;+nUg x'gaf6 b'?T;flxt x'G5g\ .
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk ljsf; ljleGg z}lIfs sfo{qmdx?åf/f ug{ u/fpg ;lsG5 . nfu"kbfy{ b'?kof]u -Substance abuse_,
lszf]/fj:yfdf ue{wf/0ff -Adolescent pregnancy_ cflbsf] /f]syfd h:tf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng dfkm{t hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff
k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5. P8\; /f]usf] /f]syfd, zflGt lzIff / cfTdljZjf; / cfTd;Ddfg -Self–esteem_ h:tf hLjgf]kof]uL
;Lkx? z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? dfkm{t ljsf; ul/G5 . o; afx]s hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] dflg;sf] zfl//Ls, dfgl;s Pjd\
cflTds :jf:Yo ;DalGw Jofjxfl/s 1fg klg afOb5 . t;y{ hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff dflg;sf] :j:y hLjgz}nL;Fu k|ToIf
;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . o; lzIffn] :jf:Yo k|jb{\wgnfO{ d"n p2]Zo /fVb5 eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .
b}lgs hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ;Lkx?sf] l;sfO hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] cfwf/ dfGg ;lsG5 . dfgl;s :jf:Yo, :j:y
cGt/lqmof Pjd\ Jojxf/sf] k|jb{\wg b]lv nfu"cf}ifw b'j{\o;gL, c;'/lIft of}g;DaGw, ljWj+;fTds ultljlwsf] lg?T;fxg cflb
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf cGo M dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/x? x'g\.
$= hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk / :j:y hLjgz}nLaLrsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ JofVof ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ :j:y, ;kmn / ;fy{s agfpgsf lglDt cfjZos kg]{ ;Lkx?nfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk elgG5 .
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] dgf]j}1flgs tyf ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/fpg] ePsfn] JolQmnfO{
zf/Ll/s lx;fan] :j:y /fVb5 . o; lzIffn] JolQmsf] :jf:y dfq geP/ ;Dk'0f{ ;dfhs} :jf:ydf ;'wf/ ub{5 .
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk / :jf:YoaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ o;k|sf/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5M –ljBfyL{x?n] k|efjsf/L cGt/j}olQms ;Lksf]
ljsf; u/L pQ/bfloTj, cfb/ / dfof k|bz{g ub{5g\ . h;sf] kmn:j?k :j:y cGtlqmof :yflkt x'G5, –ljBfyL{x?n] ;'–
:jf:Yo sfod ug{ / :jod\ / csf{sf nflu ;'/Iff k|jb{\wg ug{ pQ/bfoL / ;'lrt x'g ;Ifd x'G5g\, –:j:y / ;lqmo
hLjgz}nL ;DaGwL 1fgnfO{ kl/jf/, ;fyL;ËL / ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf k|jb{ \wg / k|f]T;fxg ug{ k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\, –
:j:y vfgkfg tyf kf]if0f ;DaGwL 1fg xfl;n u/L :j:y hLjgz}nL ljsf; ub{5g\, –s'ntsf] klxrfg u/L o;sf
gsf/fTds c;/x?sf] ljZn]if0f ;fy} o;sf ;dfwfgsf pkfox? cjnDag ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g, –:yfgLo ;d'bfo jf cGo
:yfgx?df ;'/lIft Jojxf/x?sf] ljZn]if0f / k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu af6f]3f6f] sf6\bf, s[lif cf}hf/sf] k|of]u
ubf{, vf]nfgfnfdf g'xfpFg–w'g hfFbf cflb ;t{stf Pjd\ ;'/Iffsf pkfo ckgfpg ;Ifd x'G5g\, –:j:y hLjgsf nflu
cfjZos d"No dfGotf Pjd\ ljZjf;x?sf] klxrfg / o;sf] ;~rf/ ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\, –hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] cfly{s
ldtJolotfsf] lzIff dfkm{t hLjgnfO{ plrt cfly{s Joj:ytfkg u/L :j:y hLjgsf] nflu dfu{ bz{gL ub{5.
PsfO{ @M hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ?kdf l8lh6n tyf ;dfGo cg'zGwfg l;kx?
kf7 @M ;fdflhs cWoogdf ;x;DjGw / sfo{s/0f ;DaGwsf] cjwf/0ff
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
s_ r/ eg]sf] s] xf]< pQ/M r/ eg]sf] cg';Gwfgdf cg';Gwfgstf{n] dfkg ug{ rfx]sf] s'g} JolQm, j:t', :yfg, cj:yf jf
k|lqmof;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 .
-v_ :jtGq r/ / lge{/ r/sf Ps Ps pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ . pQ/M :jtGq r/sf] pbxf/0f Ö jiff{ x'g'
lge{/ r/sf] pbxf/0f Ö wfg pTkfbg x'g'
-u_ ;x;DaGwsf] kl/efiff n]Vg'xf];\ . pQ/M ;x;DaGwnfO{ cË|]hLdf Corelation elgG5 . of] cg';Gwfgdf k|of]u x'g]
cjwf/0ff xf] . jiff{sf] sf/0fn] wfg pTkfbg a9\g jf 36\g ;S5 t/ wfg pTkfbgsf sf/0f jiff{ a9\g jf 36\g ;Sb}g . o:tf]
;DaGwnfO{ g} ;x;DaGw elgPsf] xf].
-3_ ;x;DaGw / sfo{sf/0f ;DaGwlarsf] ;DaGwnfO{ Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ . pQ/M olb Pp6f r/ jf 36gfsf sf/0f ubf{
csf]{ r/ jf 36gf 36\5 eg] To:tf] ;x;DaGwnfO{ sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw elgG5 .
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
-s_ r/sf] kl/efiff / k|sf/x¿af/] pNn]v ub}{ 6f9fsf] ljBfnodf cWoog/t cfˆgf] sIffsf] ;fyLnfO{ Ps kq n]Vg'xf];\ .
uf]s0f]{Zj/ @, sf7d08f}+
ldtLM@)&*÷*÷#@ lk|o ldq g/]z, dL7f] ;Demgf Û
d oxfF cfhsf] ldlt;Dd ;s'zn 5' / ToxfF ltd|f] klg s'zntfsf] sfdgf ub{5' . d}n] ltdLn] k7fPsf] kq ev{/ kfPF / of]
kq n]Vb} 5' . lgs} kl5 kq k7fof} t}klg ;fyLsf] dfof df/]sf /x]g5f}+, v';L nfUof]. r/sf] kl/efiff / k|sf/x¿af/] hfgsf/L
dfu]sf /x]5f} . To;}n] ca d}n] hfg] a'em] hltsf] / cWoogsf cfwf/df s]xL hfgsf/L ltdLnfO{ lbFb} 5' .
r/-Variable_ eg]sf] cg';Gwfgdf cg';Gwfgstf{n] dfkg ug{ rfx]sf] s'g} JolQm, j:t', :yfg, cj:yf jf k|lqmof;Fu
;DalGwt x'G5 . o:tf r/x¿nfO{ lge{/ r/ -Dependent Variable_ / :jtGq r/ -Independent Variable_ egL
b'O{ k|sf/df juL{s/0f ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, h:t}M jiff{ x'g' :jtGq r/ xf] eg] wfg pTkfbg x'g' lge{/ r/ xf] lsgeg]
jiff{sf] sf/0fn] wfg pTkfbg a9\g jf 36\g ;S5 t/ wfg pTkfbgsf sf/0f jiff{ a2g jf 36\g ;Sb}g . o:tf] ;DaGwnfO{
;x;DaGw elgG5 .
kq nfdf] x'g yfNof] To;}n] otL eGb} snd aGb u5{. d ltd|f] kqsf] k|ltIffdf 5' .
pxL ltd|f] cfTdLo ;fyL /f]xg sdf{rfo{
-v_ ;x;DaGw / sfo{sf/0f ;DaGwlar ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿ pNn]v u/L b'O{ cg'R5]b n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;x;DaGw / sfo{sf/0f ;DaGwlarsf] leGgtfx¿ af/] s'/f ug{'kbf{ ;x;DaGwnfO{ cË|]hLdf Corelation elgG5 . of]
cg';Gwfgdf k|of]u x'g] cjwf/0ff xf] . jiff{sf] sf/0fn] wfg pTkfbg a9\g jf 36\g ;S5 t/ wfg pTkfbgsf sf/0f jiff{ a9\g
jf 36\g ;Sb}g . o:tf] ;DaGwnfO{ g} ;x;DaGw elgPsf] xf] eg] olb Pp6f r/ jf 36gfsf sf/0f ubf{ csf]{ r/ jf 36gf
36\5 eg] To:tf] ;x;DaGwnfO{ sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw elgG5 . t/ ;a} k|sf/sf ;x;DaGwx¿ sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw x'Fb}gg\ . jiff{
a9L x'Fbf wfg pTkfbg a9\5 / jiff{ sd x'Fbf 36\5 eg] o:tf] ;DaGw rflx sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw x'G5 . o;df jiff{sf] sf/0fn]
wfg pTkfbg x'g] a'lemG5 . t/ wfgsf] pTkfbg / ls;fgsf] pd]/ljr o:tf] ;DaGw x'Fb}g .
;x;DaGw / sfo{sf/0f ;DaGwlarsf] ;dfgtfsf] s'/fug{' kbf{ oL b'a} cg';Gwfgdf k|of]u x'g] Ps lsl;dsf cjwf/0ffx?
x'g. olb Pp6f r/ jf 36gfsf sf/0f ubf{ csf]{ r/ jf 36gf 36\5 eg] To:tf] ;x;DaGwnfO{ sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw elgG5 .
oL b'a} ;DaGwdf jiff{sf] sf/0fn] wfg pTkfbg x'g] a'lemG5 t/ wfgsf] pTkfbg / ls;fgsf] pd]/ljr oL ;DaGwx? x'Fb}gg\
.h:t}M jiff{sf] sf/0fn] wfg pTkfbg a9\g jf 36\g ;S5 t/ wfg pTkfbgsf sf/0f jiff{ a9\g jf 36\g ;Sb}g, o:tf]
;DaGwnfO{ ;x;DaGw elglgG5 / jiff{ a9L x'Fbf wfg pTkfbg a9\5 / jiff{ sd x'Fbf 36\5, o:tf] ;DaGwnfO{ sfo{sf/0f
;DaGw elgG5 .
-u_ cg';Gwfg sfo{df ;x;DaGw / sfo{sf/0f ;DaGwsf] dxQ\j n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;x;DaGw / sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw cg';Gwfgdf k|of]u x'g] dxQ\jk"0f{ cjwf/0ffx? x'g. cg';Gwfg sfo{df ;x;DaGw /
sfo{sf/0f ;DaGwsf] dxQ\j o;k|sf/sf /x]sf 5GM –o;/L cg';Gwfg ubf{ k|fKt tYofÍ / ;"rgfnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/]/ lgisif{
lgsfNg ;lhnf] x'g], –cg';Gwfgsf] nflu nfUg] ;dojwL sfd\ x'g], –cg';Gwfgstf{ / cleof]hgstf{df c:ki6tf /x]sf] x'Fbf
;f] c:ki6tf x6fpg dxQ\jk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng], –cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ug]{ lgsfosf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwgsf]
Joj:yf x'g], M –cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgstfsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f x'g] .
PsfO{ @M kf7 #M cWoog k|f:tfjgfsf] ;+/rgf M
-s_ cWoog k|:tfjgf eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/M s'g} klg 36gf, lqmofsnfk, sfo{qmd, e|d0f cflbsf] cjnf]sg, lg/LIf0f u/L To;sf kl/ro, ;d:ofsf] syg,
p2]Zox¿ ,;flxTo k'g/fjnf]sg, cWoog ljlw / ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L cflb ;dfj]; ul/ ;DalGwt ;+:yfdf k|:t't ug{ n]lvPsf]
b:tfj]hnfO{ cWoog k|:tfjgf elgG5. s'g} ;"rgf, tYo, tYofÍ / lg/LIf0fdf cfwfl/t eO jf:tljs ;d:ofsf] cjnf]sg
dfkm{t k|:tfjgf tof/ kfl/G5. of] Psk|sf/sf] Jofjxfl/s n]vg xf]. o;df ;Da4 ljifoj:t'sf] ljj/0fnfO{ qmda4 ¿kdf
k|:t't ul/G5.
-v_ cWoog ljlwdf s] s] s'/f n]Vg'k5{ <
pQ/M o; cWoogdf u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg ljlw k|of]u ul/g] 5 . of] Pp6f P]ltxfl;s cWoog ePsfn] o;df k|fylds tyf
låtLo b'j} k|sf/sf ;|f]taf6 tYofÍ ;Íng u/]/ n]lvG5 .
PsfO{ @M kf7 $M n]vgsfo{df c?sf] n]v /rgfsf] k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ g}lts kIf
!=clt 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ af}l4s rf]/L eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/M af}l4s rf]/L eg]sf] Pp6f sk6k"0f{ sfo{ xf] hxfF s;}n] c¿sf] sfd -/]vfx¿, kf7x¿, cg'R5]bx¿, lrqx¿ cflb_ sf]
gSsn u5{ / ltgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] bfjL u5{.
-v_ dflg;x¿n] af}l4s rf]/L ug{'sf s'g} b'O{ sf/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M dflg;x¿n] af}l4s rf]/L ug{'sf s'g} b'O{ sf/0fx¿ o;k|sf/sf 5g\
s–1fgsf] l;h{gf gePsf sf/0f cfˆgf] ;lhnf]sf] nflu df}lns n]v vf]Hg',
v–lzIfsx¿n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ xf]djs{ ubf{ OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{',
-u_ hfgfhfg ul/g] af}l4s rf]/Lsf s'g} b'O{ pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ . pQ/M hfgfhfg ul/g] af}l4s rf]/Lsf s'g} b'O{ pbfx/0f
o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM –c¿sf] sfdnfO{ cfˆgf] egL k|sflzt ug{', –cGo JolQmsf] n]v /rgf ;fg{',
-3_ af}l4s rf]/L ug]{ JolQmnfO{ s:tf] sf/afxL x'G5 < Ps pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ . pQ/M af}l4s rf]/L ug]{ JolQmnfO{ hl/jfgf /
s}b h:tf sf/afxL x'G5. h:t}M /rgf cg'ko'Qm tl/sfn] k|of]u u/]df To:tf] JolQmnfO{ s;'/sf] dfqfcg';f/ ? !),))) b]lv
? !,)),))) ;Dd hl/jfgf jf ^ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
@= 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ af}l4s rf]/L Ps ck/fw xf] . o; egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt Ps cg'R5]bdf JofVof ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M Kn]lhofl/Hd cyf{t\ af}l4s rf]/L ug{'nfO{ sfg'gL ck/fw dflgG5 . csf{sf] lnvtnfO{ cfˆgf] agfpg] / To;af6 nfe
lng] ;a} sfo{ af}l4s rf]/L xg t/ klg af}l4s rf]/L x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . af}l4s rf]/L eg]sf] Pp6f sk6k"0f{ sfo{ xf] hxfF s;}n]
c¿sf] sfd -/]vfx¿, kf7x¿, cg'R5]bx¿, lrqx¿ cflb_ sf] gSsn u5{ / ltgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] bfjL u5{. o:tf rf]/L ug]{
x¿ pgLx¿n] k|of]u u/]sf] ;fdu|Lsf] ;|f]t pNn]v ub}{gg\ . o:tf] rf]/L af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ -Intellectual
Property Rights _ sf] pNn‹g xf] OG6/g]6df ;fdu|Lsf] Jofks pknAwtfsf] sf/0f dflg;x¿ hfgfhfgL jf cGhfgdf
o:tf unt sfo{x¿ u5{g\ . vf;u/L ljZjljBfnodf a'emfpg'kg]{ k|f]h]S6 k|ltj]bg, y]l;; tyf cGo lnlvt b:tfj]hdf
Jofks af}l4s rf]/L x'g] u/]sf] 5 . c?sf] ljrf/nfO{ cfˆgf] ljrf/ agfpg' / ;Gbe{ gb]vfpg', df}lns JolQmsf] klxrfg
gv'nfpg' / df}lns JolQmsf] klxrfg gv'Ng'g} af}l4s rf]/Lsf] k|d'v sf/0f xf] . c?sf] egfO{nfO{ s]xL zAb dfq} kl/jt{g u/L
x'ax" ptf/ ug{' / cfˆgf] agfpg' . ljBfyL{x?df o:tf] /f]u a9L b]vf k/]sf] 5 . Jo:t dfG5]n] ug]{ efif0f cs}{n] agfOlb+bf
klg of] ;d:of b]vf k/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu lqljsf] kf]x/ ;fnsf] lbIffGtdf pks'nkltn] u/]sf] efif0f w]/} clu ;f]xL
ljZjljBfnosf pks'nkltn] u/]sf] efif0fsf] gSsn e]l6Psf] xf] . ctM o:tf] af}l4s rf]/Ln] g t rf]/L ug]{nfO{ kmfObf k'U5
g t gofF 1fgsf] l;h{gf g} x'G5 . vf;u/L ljZjljBfnon] o:tf] ck/fwsf] lgd{"n ug]{tkm{ nfUg'k5{ .
-v_ af}l4s rf]/L af6 aRg] s'g} kfFr pkfox¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M af}l4s rf]/L eg]sf] Pp6f sk6k"0f{ sfo{ xf] hxfF s;}n] c¿sf] sfd -/]vfx¿, kf7x¿, cg'R5]bx¿, lrqx¿ cflb_ / sf]
gSsn u5{ / ltgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] bfjL u5{. c?sf] ljrf/nfO{ cfˆgf] ljrf/ agfpg' / ;Gbe{ gb]vfpg', df}lns JolQmsf]
klxrfg gv'nfpg' / df}lns JolQmsf] klxrfg gv'Ng'g} af}l4s rf]/Lsf] k|d'v sf/0f xf] . ljBfyL{x?df o:tf] /f]u a9L b]vf
k/]sf] 5.
af}l4s rf]/L af6 aRg] s'g} kfFr pkfox¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5Gf\ –;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ;"rL n]Vg]M cfˆgf] n]v, k|:tfjgf jf
k|ltj]bgsf] cGtdf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL pNn]v ug{'k5{, –p4/0f ug]{M s'g} ;|f]taf6 ;"rgf ln+bf pgLx¿sf] egfO
h:tfsf] t:t} /fVg] xf] eg] To;nfO{ p4/0f lrXg æ===æ k|of]u u/L pko'Qm tl/sfn] ;|f]t pNn]v ug{'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ af}l4s
rf]/L dflgb}g . –k'gn]{vg ug]{ c¿sf] egfO jf ;"rgf k|of]u ubf{ ;w} p4/0f lrXg k|of]u ug{' /fd|f] dflgFb}g . To;}n] To:tf
s'/fx¿sf] d'Vo s'/fnfO{ cfˆg} zAbdf k'gn]{vg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ o:tf] s'/df klg ;|f]t eg] pNn]v ug}{k5{ . –af}l4s rf]/L
k/LIf0f ug]{ ;km6j]o/ k|of]u ug]{M ahf/df ljleGg Plagiarism Checker Software kfOG5g\ . o:tf ;ˆ6j]o/ k|of]u
u/L af}l4s rf]/L eP gePsf] k/LIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 . –pko'Qm tl/sfn] ;|f]t pNn]v ug]{M c¿sf] af}l4s ;DklQ xfdLn] k|of]u
g} ug{ gkfpg] xf] Og . To;}n] pko'Qm tl/sfn] ;Lt pNn]v ug{'k5{ .
PsfO{ @M kf7 % M ;dflhs cWoogsf nflu ;d:of lgdf{0f / cWoog ljlw rog
!= clt 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
-s_ ;d:of klxrfg eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/M ;d:of klxrfg eGgfn] s'g} klg ;fdflhs ;d:of, ;fdflhs 36gf jf cWoog ug{ cfjZos / pko'Qm s'g}
cjwf/0ff klxrfg ug{' eGg] a'lemG5 .
-v_ ;d:of klxrfg ubf{ s] s] s'/fdf Wofg k'ofpg'k5{ <
pQ/M ;d:of klxrfg ubf{ lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg k'ofpg'k5{M –c¿ s;}n] klxn] g} u/]sf] M sfo{ x'ax' bf]xf]l/g' x'Fb}g, –o;
cg';Gwfgaf6 gof 1fg k|fKt x'g'k5{ / pQm 1fg ;dfhnfO{ pkof]uL x'g'k5{ .
-u_ kl/df0ffTds cWoog k4lt eg]sf] s:tf] ljlw xf] <
pQ/M kl/df0ffTds cWoog k4lt eg]sf] k|fKtfÍ, tf}n, pd]/ cflb;Î\ofdf ;"rgfx¿ ;Íng x'g] / ljZn]if0f ubf{ tYofª\
szf:qLo ljlwx¿ k|of]u ul/g] cg';Gwfg ljlw xf] .
-3_ If]q cjnf]sg eg]sf] s:tf] ljlw xf]<
pQ/M If]q cjnf]sg eg]sf] s'g} JolQm, ;+:yf jf k|lqmofnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd x]//] tYofÍ ;Íng ug]{ Psk|sf/sf] cg';Gwfg
ljlw g} xf]. of] ljlw ;/n / ;xh x'gfsf ;fy} o;af6 k|fKt tYofÍ ljZj;gLo x'G5 .
@= 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf]:f\
-s_ tkfO{+sf] ljBfno jf ;d'bfodf cg';Gwfg ug{ ;lsg] s'g} b'O{ ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg ug{'xf];\ . tL ;d:ofx¿ lsg
cg';Gwfg ug{ cfjZos / pko'Qm 5g\ < sf/0f lbg'xf];\ .
pQ/M d]/f] ;d'bfodf cg';Gwfg ug{ ;lsg] s'g} b'O{ ;d:ofx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM –kmf]xf]/ x'g', –;fd'bfoLs wf/fdf k|b"lift
kfgL cfpg',
kmf]xf]/ x'g' ;d:ofsf] cg';Gwfg ug{ cfjZos / pko'Qm sf/0f o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5Gf\M –kmf]xf]/af6 7fpF 7fpFsf] jftfj/0f g}
b'u{lGwt x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5, –kmf]xf]/af6 ljiffn' Uof; lg:sg] x'Fbf dfgj tyf u}/dfgjnfO{ ;d]t xflg k'Ug], –/f]usf] ;+qmd0f
km}ng ;Sg], –hldgsf] u'0f:t/df x|f; NofOlbg], –kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ k|b'lift aGg], –;f}Gbo{df g} x|f; Nofpg] h:tf c;/x¿
kg]{,
o;y{ klg kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] plrt Jo:yfkgsf] kf6f] clgjfo{ b]lvG5 . kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] p;hg x]bf{ lbgk|ltlbg o;sf] kl/df0f
a9\b} cfPsf] / o; If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ ;+3;+:yfx¿ klg lbgk|ltlbg a9\g yfn]sf 5g\ . To;}n] xfdLn] o; ;d:ofnfO{
cg';Gwfg ug{ cfjZos 5.
;fd'bfoLs wf/fdf k|b"lift kfgL cfpg' ;d:ofsf] cg';Gwfg ug{ cfjZos / pko'Qm sf/0f o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM –lkpg, vfgf
ksfpg, ;/;kmfO ug{, j:t'efpnfO{ v'jfpg / cGo y'k|} b}lgs sfo{x¿ ug{ dflg;nfO{ kfgL g} rflxG5, –dflg;x?n] k|b"lift
kfgL ;]jg u/]df ljleGg zf/Ll/s ;d:ofx¿ b]vfkb{5g\, –vfg]kfgL dflg;sf] hLjgsf] cfwf/ x'g'sf] ;fy} clwsf/ klg xf]
t/ vfg]kfgL ;kmf / ;'/lIft gePdf oxL hLjgsf] cfwf/ ljleGg /f]u / d[To'sf] sf/0f klg x'g;Sb5,
ctMk|b"lift vfg]kfgL ;?jf /f]ux¿sf] k|d'v sf/0f ePsf]n] ;'/lIft kfgL vfg' g} ljleGg kfgLhGo /f]ux¿af6 aRg] Ps
k|d'v pkfo xf] . To;}n] xfdLn] o; ;d:ofnfO{ cg';Gwfg ug{ cfjZos 5 .
-v_ kl/df0ffTds, u'0ffTds / ldl>t cWoog k4lt lar s] km/s 5 < Pp6f tflnsfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
pQ/M kl/df0ffTds, u'0ffTds / ldl>t cWoog k4lt lar o;k|sf/sf] km/s /x]sf] 5M
kl/df0ffTds cWoog k4ltM –k|fKtfÍ, tf}n, pd]/ cflb;Î\ofdf ;"rgfx¿ ;Íng x'g] / ljZn]if0f ubf{ tYofª\szf:qLo
ljlwx¿ k|of]u ul/g] cg';Gwfg ljlwnfO{ kl/df0ffTds k4lt elgG5 .
u'0ffTds cWoog k4ltM –dflg;sf efjgf, ljrf/, Jojxf/ h:tf s'/fx¿sf ;"rgfx¿ h;nfO{ ;Î\ofdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsGg,
o:tf] vfn] cg';Gwfg ug]{ k4lt rflx+ u'0ffTds k4lt xf] .
ldl>t cWoog k4ltM –kl/df0ffTds cWoog k4lt / u'0ffTds cWoog k4lt b'j} k|of]u ug]{ ljlwnfO{ ldl>t cWoog k4lt
elgG5 .
PsfO{ @M kf7 ^M ;dflhs tYofÍ, ;'rgf ;+sngsf ljlw / ;fwgx?
-s_ tYofÍ ;+sng ljlw eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/ M cg';Gwfgd'ns ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu tYofÍ ;+sng ug{ k|of]u ul/g] ljlw tYofÍ ;+sng ljlw xf] . h;cGt/ut
;j{]If0f ljlw, cGt/jftf{ ljlw, cjnf]sg ljlw, k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw cflb kb{5g\ .
-v_ k|Zgfjln lsg ;j}eGbf jl9 k|rlnt ;fwg xf] <
pQ/ M k|Zgfjlndf cfjZos ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ ul/ k|Zgx?sf] ;"rL tof/ ul/ pQ/bftf jf6 g} pQm ;+sng ul/g] ePsfn]
k|Zgfjln cg';Gwfgsfo{df ;a}eGbf jl9 k|rlnt ;fwg dflgG5 .
-u_ tYofÍ Joj:yfkgdf k|of]u x'g] l8lh6n ;fwgx? s] s] x'g\ <
pQ/ M tYofÍ Joj:yfkgdf k|of]u x'g] l8lh6n ;fwgx? cGt/ut u'un kmd{, u'un Snf; ?d, lel8of] sGk|m]lG;ª PKnLs]zg
h:t} Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Google Meet cflb kb{5g\ .
-3_ cWoog cg';Gwfgsf nflu tYofÍ ;Íng ug]{ ljlw tyf ;fwgx¿ 5gf]6 ubf{ s] s] s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ < kfFr
a'+bfdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M cWoog cg';Gwfg eg]sf] z'4 1fg–lgdf{0f, gLlt lgdf{0f clg ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf nflu k}/jL / sfo{of]hgfsf]
lgdf{0fsf nflu d'2fx¿sf] cWoog xf]. To:t} vf]h jf cg';Gwfgsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu ;fGble{s ljlzi6
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ Ps Jojl:yt k|lqmof g} tYofÍ ;Íng xf]. To;}n] cg';Gwfgstf{n] tYofÍ ;Íng ug{'eGbf klxn] tYofÍ
;Íng ug]{ ljlw tyf ;fwgx¿sf] 5gf]6 pko'Qm 9Ëaf6 ug{'k5{.
cWoog cg';Gwfgsf nflu tYofÍ ;Íng ug]{ ljlw tyf ;fwgx¿ 5gf]6 ubf{ oL s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{M –cg';Gwfgsf]
k|sf/ / cg';Gwfgstf{sf] cfjZostf, –p2]Zo / bIftf, –tYofÍsf k|sf/, –kl/l:ylt, –;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pknAwtf cflb .
PsfO{ @M kf7 &M tYofÍ tyf ;'rgfsf] ljZn]if0f / k|:t'lts/0f
!=tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
-s_ tYofÍ tof/L eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/M tYofÍ tof/L eg]sf] tYofÍnfO{ ;kmfO tyf Jojl:yt u/L csf]{ r/0fsf nflu tof/ kfl/G5, cgfjZos tyf q'l6o'Qm
tYofÍnfO{ x6fOG5, zÍf:kb tYofÍnfO{ k'gk{'li6 ul/G5 / ljleGg pQ/bftf jf ;|f]taf6 k|fKt tYofÍ tyf ;"rgfnfO{
tflnsf, ;"rL cflbdf k|:t't u/L tYofÍ k|zf]wgsf nflu tof/ kfl/G5.
-v_ tYofÍ ljZn]if0f r/0fnfO{ lsg ;a}eGbf dxQ\jk"0f{ r/0f elgPsf] xf] <
pQ/M tYofÍ ljZn]if0f r/0faf6 k|fKt lgisif{sf cfwf/df of]hgf lgdf{0f nufotsf sfo{x¿ ul/g]xg' fn] o;r/0fnfO{ ;a}eGbf
dxQ\jk"0f{ r/0f elgPsf] xf].
-u_ s'g} b'O{ u'0ffTds tYofÍ k|zf]wg ug]{ sDKo'6/ ;ˆ6j]o/sf] gfd pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M s'g} b'O{ u'0ffTds tYofÍ k|zf]wg
ug]{ sDKo'6/ ;ˆ6j]o/sf] gfd o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM –ATLAS=ti –NVivo
-3_ zflAbs k|:t'tLs/0f eg]sf] s] xf] < pQ/M hfgsf/LnfO{ zAb, jfSo tyf cg'R5]bdf ul/g] k|:t'tLs/0fnfO{ zflAbs
k|:t'tLs/0f elgG5 .
5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
-s_ tYofÍ ;Íngkl5 ug{'kg]{ sfo{x¿ cem dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . o; egfOnfO{ ts{;lxt k'li6 ug{'xf];.\ pQ/M cWoog cg';Gwfg
eg]sf] z'4 1fg–lgdf{0f, gLlt lgdf{0f clg ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf nflu k}/jL / sfo{of]hgfsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu d'2fx¿sf]
cWoog xf]. To:t} vf]h jf cg';Gwfgsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu ;fGble{s ljlzi6 hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ Ps Jojl:yt
k|lqmof g} tYofÍ ;Íng xf]. t/ cg';Gwfg jf vf]hsf qmddf ;"rgf tyf tYofÍ ;Íng u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g . tYofÍ
;Íngkl5 ug{'kg]{ sfo{x¿ cem dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\.
;Íng ul/Psf ;"rgf tyf tYofÍ ;a} cfˆgf] cg';Gwfgdf sfd nfUb}gg\ . To;}n] k|fKt ul/Psf ;"rgf tyf tYofÍnfO{
;j{k|yd tof/L ul/G5,o; r/0fdf tYofÍnfO{ ;kmfO tyf Jojl:yt u/L csf]{ r/0fsf nflu tof/ kfl/G5 .To;kl5 k|zf]wg
ul/G5,o; r/0fdf tYofÍnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf tYofÍzf:qLo tyf u}/tYofÍzf:qLo k/LIf0fsf nflu tof/ ul/G5.
k|zf]wgkl5 ljZn]if0f u/L cg';Gwfg k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lgsflnG5,tYofÍ k|zf]wgaf6 cfPsf glthfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/L
To;sf] cy{ lgsfNg] sfo{ o; r/0fdf ul/G5 . ;a}sfo{ ;lsPkl5 tYofÍ e08f/g ul/G5,dflysf ;a} r/0f k"/f ePkl5
tYofÍ ;Íngb]lv ljZn]if0f;Ddsf ;a} sfuhx¿ tyf sDKo'6/df ePsf 8s'd]G6x¿nfO{ ;'/lIft /flvG5 . cGtdf nlIft
;d"xnfO{ tAofÍaf/] hfgsf/L lbgsf nflu ljleGg dfWodaf6 k|:t'tLs/0f ul/G5 .
cGttM k|:t't dflysf s'/fx¿af6 tYofÍ ;Íngkl5 ug{'kg]{ sfo{x¿ cem dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ eGg] k'li6 ePsf] 5.
-v_ zflAbs k|:t'tLs/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] s'g} kfFr pkfox¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M hfgsf/LnfO{ zAb, jfSo tyf
cg'R5]bdf ul/g] k|:t'tLs/0fnfO{ zflAbs k|:t'tLs/0f elgG5 . o; k|sf/sf] k|:t'tLs/0fdf n]vsn] hfgsf/Lx¿nfO{ JofVof
ug{, k'li6 ug{' / lgisif{ lgsfNg ;Sg] ePsfn] of] g} a9L k|rlnt 5 .
zflAbs k|:t'tLs/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] s'g} kfFr pkfox¿ lgDgfg';f/sf 5GM –nlIft kf7ssf] bIftf, cfjZostf /
rf;f]nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ pgLx¿n] ;lhnf];Fu a'‰g ;Sg] efiff :t/ k|of]u u/L pgLx¿sf] rf;f] x'g] hfgsf/LnfO{ a9L k|sfz
kfg]{, –n]vssf] cfˆgf efjgf tyf kIfw/tf b]vfpg] zAb jf efiff k|of]u gug]{, –tYofÍ tyf ;Î\ of / k|ltztx¿ k|:t't ubf{
uNtL x'g;Sg] ePsfn] ltgLx¿nfO{ k'g/gjnf]sg u/L uNtL eP ;Rofpg], –w]/} nfdf] JofVof jf j0f{gn] kf7snfO{ d'Vo s'/f
a'‰g sl7g kfg{;Sg] ePsfn] ;se/ ;l6s JofVof ug]{, –Pp6} a'+bfnfO{ k6s k6s bf]xf]GofpFbf kf7snfO{ lbSs nfUbf] x'g]
ePsfn] o;f] gug]{ cflb .
-u_ lrqfTds k|:t'tLs/0fsf s'g} kfFr k|sf/x¿ pNn]v u/L k|To]ssf] Ps Ps kmfObf pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M lrqfTds
k|:t'tLs/0fsf kfFr k|sf/x¿ / oL k|Tossf Ps kmfObf o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM -c_ rf6{ –o;n] ljleGg k|sf/sf lrqfTds
k|:t'tLs/0fnfO{ ;d]6\b5.
-cf_ u|fkm –o;df kl/df0ffTds tYofÍnfO{ b]vfOg] ePsfn] o;df /]vfsf] nDafO jf prfO, u|fkmsf] If]qkmnn] ;d]t
tYofÍsf] kl/df0fnfO{ k|ltlglwTj u5{g\ .
-O_ tflnsf –tYofÍzf:qLo u0fgf kl5sf glthfx¿ nfO{ k|:t't ul/G5 .
-O{_ lrq –7"nf] If]qkmnnfO{ cfsf/df NofP/ cWoog ug{ ;d]t o;n] d2t ub{5.
-p_gS;f –a[xb 1fgsf] ;+lIfKt k|:t'tL ug{ ;lsg] .
PsfO{ @M kf7 *M tYofÍ k|;f]wg / ljZn]if0fdf dfOs|f];km\6 PS;nsf] k|of]u
cEof; != tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]nsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
pQ/M dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]n -Microsoft Excel_ Ps l:k|+8l;6 -Spreadsheet_ df cfwfl/t ;km6j]o/ xf] o;nfO{ Windows,
macOS Android and iOS h:tf ck/]l6ª l;:6dsf nflu MMicrosoft sDkgLn] ljsl;t u/]sf] xf] .
-v_ dWos eg]sf] s] xf] < ∑
pQ/M dWos -Mean_ eg]sf] tYofÍsf] cf};t -Average_ xf] . dWosnfO{ (𝐗) = ;"q k|of]u u/]/ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
hxf (𝐗) n] dWos, ∑ X tYofÍsf] of]u / N n] ;+VofnfO{ hgfpFb5 .
-u_ :t/Lo leGgtfn] s] dfkg u5{ <
pQ/M :t/Lo leGgtfn] tYofÍsf] ;]6leq tYox¿ -Values_ dWosaf6 slt 6f9f jf glhs 5g\ eGg] dfkg u5{ .
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]n k|of]u u/L dlWosf lgsfNg] tl/sf n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M dlWosf -Median_ eg]sf] kl/df0fsf cfwf/df qmddf ldnfPsf] tYofÍnfO{ l7s b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug]{ dfWod xf] .
dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]n k|of]u u/L dlWosf lgsfNg] tl/sf lgDgfg';f/sf 5g\ M
–cfjZos ePsf] Cell df lSns ug{'xf];\,
–To;kl5 a/fa/ lrXg -Ö_ 6fOk ug{xf];\,
–ca MEDIAN 6fOk ug{'xf];\ . To;kl5 ;fgf] sf]i7 ;'? u/L tYofÍ ePsf Cell x¿ Select ug{'xf];\ / sf]i7 aGb ug{'xf];\ .
-o;sf] ;§f Formulas Bar df uP/ More Functions ldq uO{ Statistical df hfg'xf];\ . To;kl5 MEDIAN df lSns
ug{'xf];\ ._
–ca Enter Key lyRg'xf];\ . 5gf]6 ul/Psf] tYofÍsf] dlWosf b]lvG5 .
cGttM xfdLn] o;k|sf/n] dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]n k|of]u u/L dlWosf lgsfNg ;S5f} .
-v_ dflg;n] cfkm}n] u0fgf ug{'eGbf sDKo'6/ ;ˆ6j]o/ k|of]u u/L tYofÍ k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f ubf{ s] s] kmfObf x'G5 <
sDtLdf kfFr aFbfdf n]Vg'xf];\ . pQ/M dflg;n] cfkm}n] u0fgf ug{'eGbf sDKo'6/ ;ˆ6j]o/ k|of]u u/L tYofÍ k|zf]wg /
ljZn]if0f ubf{ lgDgfg';f/sf kmfObfx? x'G5GM –tYox?nfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd :d/0f / e08f/g u/L /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtf /fV5, –
dfgj dl:tisn] eGbf klg hl6n kIfx?sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf /fVb5, –o;n] Ppt} ;dodf ;lx 9+un] ;d:ofx?
;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] / clwstd sfo{x? ;DkGg ug]{ sfd klg u5{, –5f]6f] ;dodf q'l6/lxt glthf lbg ;Sg], –k|efjsf/L
9+un] b:tfj]h n]vg, ;Dkfbg ug{ jf e08f/g,l56f] eGbf l56f] s'g} s'/fsf] kl/If0f, lzIf0f l;sfO{, vf]h, cg';Gwfg h:tf
sfo{df logsf] ;xh k|of]u / pknAwtf .. /x]sf] 5 .
PsfO{ @M kf7 (M ZfflAbs hfgsf/L nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ tl/sf
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ k|fljlws zAbsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ . pQ/M s'g} klg j:t', lrh tyf kbfy{sf] lj1fg k|ljlw, sfg'g cflb If]qdf
k|of]u ul/g] zAb g} k|fljlws zAb x'g\ . o;nfO{ Glossary klg elgG5 .
-v_ kfbl6Kk0fL tyf cGTo l6Kk0fLdf s] km/s 5 < pQ/M s'g} ljifoj:t'af/] yk hfgsf/L lbg jf k|ltlnlk clwsf/;DaGwL
hfgsf/L lbg k[i7sf] tn lbOg] ljj/0fnfO{ kfbl6Kk0fL elgG5 eg] ljifoj:t'af/] yk hfgsf/L lbg k|:tfjgf k|ltj]bg jf
n]v/rgfsf] cGtdf lbOg] ljj/0fnfO{ cGTo l6Kk0fL -Endnote_ elgG5 .
@= 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ 5f]6f] ¿ksf] ;"rLsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;nfO{ tof/ ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'g} tLg s'/fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M cg';Gwfgsf] k|:tfjgf, k|ltj]bg tyf n]v/rgfdf zAbfjnLx¿ k6s k6s bf]xf]l/G5g\ eg] ltgLx¿sf] 5f]6f] ¿k k|of]u
ug]{ ul/G5 . o;f] ubf{ ;dosf] art x'gfsf ;fy} n]vsf] nDafO klg 5f]6f] agfpF5 . o;afx]s kf7sx¿nfO{ ;d]t
n]v/rgfsf] ljifoj:t' a'‰g ;lhnf] x'G5 .
5f]6f] ¿ksf] ;"rLsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;nfO{ tof/ ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM –5f]6f] ¿ksf] k|of]u ubf{ klxnf]
k6s k"/f ¿k / To;sf] k5fl8 sf]i7df 5f]6f] ¿k /fVg'k5{, –nfdf] vfnsf n]v/rgf h:t} cg';Gwfgsf] k|:tfjgf, k|ltj]bg
cflbdf 5f]6f] ¿ksf] 5'§} ;"rL /fVg'k5{, –o:tf] ;"rLnfO{ tflnsfx¿sf] ;"rL - Table of Tables_ / lrqx¿sf] ;"rL -Table of
Figures_ 5g\ eg] oL b'j}eGbf k5fl8 / logLx¿ gePsf] cj:yfdf ljifo;"rL - Table of Contents_ kl5 /fVg'k5{, –o:tf]
;"rLdf j0ff{g'qmdcg';f/ 5f]6f] ¿k / ;Fu;Fu} k"/f ¿k pNn]v ug{'k5{, –cË|]hL tyf g]kfnL b'j} efiffdf 5f]6f]¿k k|of]u u/]sf]
eP klxnf Pp6f efiffsf] ;"rL agfO;s]kl5 dfq csf]{ efiffsf] 5f]6f] ¿ksf] ;"rL agfpg'k5{ .
PsfO # M hLjgf]kof]uL l;k Kff7 !M hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] P]ltxfl;s k[i6e"ld, jlu{s/0f / cEof;
-s_ hLjgf]kof]uL l;k ljBfno lzIff cf}krfl/s ¿kdf slxn]b]lv ;'? ePsf] xf] <
pQ/M ;g\ @))) df ;]g]unsf] /fhwfgL 8sf/df ePsf] Ú;a}sf nflu lzIff sf] ;Dd]ng b]lv hLjgf]kof]uL l;k ljBfno
lzIff cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;'? ePsf] xf] .
-v_ ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7gn] hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿nfO{ slt ;d"xdf ljefhg u/]sf] 5 <
pQ/M ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7gn] hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ cfTdaf]w l;kx¿, cGt/j}olQms l;kx¿ / ;f]rfO l;kx¿ u/L tLg
;d"xdf ljefhg u/]sf] 5.
-u_ :j;r]tgf l;kcGtu{t kg]{ s'g} b'O{cf]6f hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M :j;r]tgf l;kcGtu{t kg]{ b'O{cf]6f hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿ lgDgfg';f/sf 5GM –;sf/fTds ;f]r –cfTd;Ddfg
-3_ ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] s'g ;d"xdf k5{ <
pQ/M ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ;f]rfO ;d"xdf k5{ .
-ª_ ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7gsf cg';f/ hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿nfO{ slt ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 <5f]6s/Ldf pNn]v u/L s'g}
Ps ;d"xdf kg]{ l;kx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\.
pQ/M ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7gn] hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ cfTdaf]w l;kx¿, cGt/j}olQms l;kx¿ / ;f]rfO l;kx¿ u/L tLg
;d"xdf ljefhg u/]sf] 5 .
cfTdaf]w l;kM –cfTdaf]w l;kx¿df JolQmn] cfˆgf] hLjgnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg rflxg] l;kx¿ k5{g\ . o;df tgfj
Joj:yfkg, ;+j]ufTds lgodg, ;sf/fTds ;f]r / cfTd;Ddfg u/L rf/cf]6f l;kx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
cGt/j}olQms l;kM –cGt/j}olQms l;kn] ;dfhdf ;kmn / ;xh hLjg lhpg ;Ifd agfpF5g\ o; ;d"xdf ;dfg'e"lt,
>j0f l;k cGt/j}olQms k|efjsfl/tf ljjfb kl/rfng ;DaGw Joj:yfkg / ljZj:t ;~rf/ u/L 5cf]6f l;kx¿ k5{g\ .
;f]rfO l;kM –;f]rfO l;kn] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] lbdfunfO{ l7s tl/sfn] kl/rfng ug{ ;3fpF5g\ . o; ;d"xdf nIo lgwf{/0f,
lg0f{o lgdf{0f, ;d:of ;dfwfg, ;dfnf]rgfTds tyf l;h{gfTds ;f]r, sfo{sf/L sfo{;Dkfbg l;k / pTyfgzLntf u/L
5cf]6f l;kx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
-r_ hLjgf]kof]uL l;k l;Sgfn] x'g] kmfObfnfO{ kfFr a'+bfdf pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M cfhLjgsf nflu rflxg] pko'Qm ;Lk g}
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk xf] . cyf{t, dflg;sf] hLjgdf cfpg] b}lgs Jojxf/sf] ultljlw cGtu{t kg]{ x/]s sfd / sfd k'/f ug]{
bIftf cg';f/sf] ;Lk hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk xf]. ljZj :jf:y ;•7gsf] kl/efiff cg';f/ “hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkx¿ JolQmsf] b}lgs
hLjgdf cfO{kg]{ dfu / r'gf}ltx¿sf] ;fdgf ub}{, k|efksf/L ¿kdf ;fdGh:o ug]{ ;sf/fTds ;Ifd afgL Jojxf/ xf] .”
hLjgf]kof]uL l;k l;Sgfn] x'g] kmfObfnfO{ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5Gf\M
–of] ;Lksf] ljsf; x'Fbf dgf];fdflhs ?kdf cfOkg]{ tgfjx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfdf ljsf; x'Fb}hfg] x'Fbf
;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf nflu JolQmsf] e'ldsf k|efjsf/L agfpFg d2t ub{5,h;sf] sf/0f dflg;n] k|lts'ntfdf cg's'n
jftfj/0f agfpFg ;Ifd e"ldsf lgefpFg ;Sb5,
–hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkn] hLjg ko{Gt ;kmn hLjg ljtfpg ;xof]u k'of{pb5,
–dflg;x?sf] km/s e"ldsfdf o;n] ;dfof]hgsf] ;Lk klg l;sfpb5 t/ nIfaf6 ljrlnt u/fpFb}g,
–ljBfyL{x?sf] b[li6sf]0f, ;f]r / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg],
–;Eo 9+un] ;fdflhs Jojxf/ ug]{, g}lts / Gofok"0f{ sfd ug]{ jf cy{k"0f{ ;+jfb ug{;Sg] ,
PsfO # M Kff7 @M ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg
-s_ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg eg]sf] s] xf] < pQ/M s'g} ljifoj:t' of s'/fsf] /fd|f tyf g/fd|f kIfx¿sf] lgikIftfsf ;fy
d"NofÍg ug]{ sfo{ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg xf] .
-v_ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtgcGtu{tsf l;kx¿dWo] tkfO{+nfO{ s'g ;a}eGbf dxQ\jk"0f{ nfU5 < Ps sf/0f lbg'xf];\ . pQ/M
;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtgcGtu{tsf l;kx¿dWo] dnfO{ v'nf ;f]rfO l;k ;a}eGbf dxQ\jk"0f{ nfU5 . v'nf ;f]rfO l;k dfkm{t
cfˆgf] ljrf/ dfq l7s eGg] efjgfaf6 d'Qm eO{ c¿ ;a}sf] ljrf/, efjgf, rf;f] cflbk|lt kof{Kt Wofg lbg s]lG›t ub{5.
cleefjs, lzIfs, ;fyLx¿nufot cfkm"nfO{ ;'emfj lbg ;Sg] ;a}sf] ljrf/df kof{Kt Wofg lbP/ dfq lgisif{ lgsfNg] o;
l;ksf] p2]Zo xf] .
-u_ cfTdcfnf]rgfnfO{ kl/eflift ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M cfTdcfnf]rgf eg]sf] cfˆgf ;an kIf / sdhf]/ kIf klxrfg u/L tyf
eljiodf sdhf]/L ;RofO{ cfkm"nfO{ ;an / ;kmn agfpg] k|of; xf].
-3_ cfTdcfnf]rgf / :j¿kfGt/0flar s] ;DaGw 5 < 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ . pQ/M cfkm"df ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos ljrf/, sfo{
/ Jojxf/df cfkm} kl/jt{g Nofpg' :j¿kfGt/0f xf] eg] To;}sf] nflu cfˆgf ;an, sdhf]/ kIf klxrfg u/L tyf eljiodf
sdhf]/L ;RofO{ cfkm"nfO{ ;an / ;kmn agfpg] k|of; g} cfTdcfnf]rgf xf].
-ª_ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtgsf] dxTjnfO{ kfFr aFbfdf n]Vg'xf];\ . pQ/M s'g} ljifoj:t' of s'/fsf] /fd|f tyf g/fd|f kbfx¿sf]
lgikIftfsf ;fy d"NofÍg ug]{ sfo{ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg xf] . ljleGg ljrf/ljrsf] tfls{s ;DaGw a'em]/ :ki6 / ts{;Ët
;f]Rg ;Sg] Ifdtf g} ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg xf] . o;nfO{ ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]r klg elgG5 .
Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg l;k w]/} dxQ\jk"0f{ x'G5 . o;n] JolQmsf] hLjgdf lgDglnlvt ;xof]u u5{M –
s'g} d'2f jf ;d:ofsf] jf:tljs lgisif{df k'Ug, –kl/l:yltcg's"nsf ljleGg l;4fGt, kl/efiff, sfg'gnufotsf s'/fx¿
lglZrt ug{, –JolQmut kIfw/tf, k"jf{u|xnufotsf lgisif{df k|efj kfg]{ tTjx¿nfO{ x6fO{ plrt lgisif{ lgsfNg, –;a}
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf rf;f], nIo, p2]Zo, ck]lIft pknlAwnufotsf b[li6sf]0fx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg, –;fGble{s tYo k|df0f /
cg'ejx¿nfO{ ;d]6L c;fGble{s s'/fx¿ x6fpg cflb .
-r_ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtgdf k|of]u x'g] l;kx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ . pQ/M ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg Pp6f hLjgf]kof]uL
l;k xf] . o;leq c¿ ljleGg l;kx¿ cGt/lglxt 5g\ . oL l;ksf] cEof; / k|of]uaf6 dfq JolQmn] ;dfnf]rgfTds l;ksf]
ljsf; ug{ ;S5 . tL l;kx¿ lgDglnlvt 5GM -c_ ljZn]if0f l;k -cf_ cy{ lgdf{0f l;k -O_ lgisif{ cg'dfg ug]{ l;k -O_
JofVof ug]{ l;k -p_ cfTdlgodg l;k -pm_ v'nf ;f]rfO l;k -C_ ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k
-5_ cfTdcfnf]rgfn] JolQmnfO{ sdhf]/ x}g ;an agfpF5 . o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M cfTdcfnf]rgf l;kn] cfˆgf
;an kIf / sdhf]/ kIf klxrfg ug{ tyf eljiodf sdhf]/L ;RofO{ cfkm"nfO{ ;an / ;kmn agfpg ;xof]u u5{ . of]
Pp6f ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg xf]. cfTdcfnf]rgfn] JolQmnfO{ sdhf]/ x}g a? o;n] dflg;sf] hLjgdf cfpg] ;Sg]
b'3{6gfaf6 arfpFb5, dflg;nfO{ ;Ifd,c;n / ;an agfpb5 .
o;n] JolQmnfO{ c¿sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 cfˆgf] Jojxf/sf] ;dLIff ug{ l;sfpg] ePsfn] cfTd;r]tgfsf] klg ljsf; u/fpF5 .
o;n] JolQmnfO{ ;d:ofsf] h/f;Dd k'Ug / To;sf] ;dfwfg kQf nufpg ;Ifd agfpF5 . cfTdcfnf]rgfaf6 dflg;df
:j¿kfGt/0fsf] ejgdf phfu/ ub{5. Oltxf;df dflg;sf] cx+sf/, bDe / 3d08sf sf/0f ljleGg b'3{6gf, o'4,ljgfz h:tf
36gfx¿ 36L;s]sf 5g\. s'g} Ps dflg;sf] cx+sf/n] ubf{ ax'dt dflg;x?n] o;sf] g/fd|f] kl/0ffd ef]u]sf 5g\ / ef]lu/xg'
k/]sf] 5. Ps sbd kl5 x6]/ dflg;x¿n] cfTdfnf]rgf u/]sf] eP cfh;Dd h] hlt 36gfx? klg 36]sf 5g\ tL 36gfx?
3l6g] lyPgg\ . dflg;x?n] cfˆgf] wg,kb, k|lti7f, zlQm cflb OToflbsf sf/0f 3d08 ug]{ ub{5g\ h'g s'/f g/fd|f] xf]. To;}n]
xfdLn] cfTdfnf]rgf u/]/ xf/nfO{ hLt, o'4nfO{ zflGt, lx+;fnfO{ clx+;fdf kl/0ft ug{ ;Sg'k5{.
ctM hf] dflg;n] cfˆgf] ulNt, sdLsdhf]/Ldf cfTdfnf]rgf ub{5 pm sdhf]/ x'g'sf] ;Qf eljiodf ;an, ;Ifd, c;n/ .
;kmn x'G5g\.
PsfO # M Kff7 #M l;h{gfTds lrGtg
!= clt 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ l;h{gfTds lrGtg eg]sf] xf] <
pQ/M s'g} klg kl/l:ylt jf kl/b[Zodf gofF ljsNkx¿ ;f]Rg' / To;nfO{ jf:tljstfdf abNg' g} l;h{gfTds lrGtg xf] .
-v_ l;h{gfTds lrGtg ug]{ JolQm;Fu x'g] s'g} b'O{ ljz]iftfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M l;h{gfTds lrGtg ug]{ JolQm;Fu x'g] ljz]iftfx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM –s'g} gof pTkfbg, ;dfwfg, snf ;flxTo
l;h{gf cflbdf gofFkg Nofpg ;Sg], –s'g} klg kl/l:ylt jf kl/b[Zodf gofF ljsNkx¿ ;f]Rg' / To;nfO{ jf:tljstfdf
abNg ;Sg',
-u_ l;h{gfTds lrGtgsf] tof/L r/0fdf s] ul/G5 <
pQ/M l;h{gfTds lrGtgsf] tof/L r/0fdf cfjZos ;fdu|L Joj:yf ul/G5 . To:t} cg';Gwfg, dl:tis dGyg cflb u/]/
cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf ;a} ljsNkx¿ ljrf/ ul/G5 . cGtdf cfˆgf] 1fg / cg'ejsf cfwf/df Pp6f of]hgf tof/ ul/G5 .
-3_ l;h{gfTds lrGtgsf] cEof; ubf{ x'g] Ps kmfObf n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M l;h{gfTds lrGtgsf] cEof; ubf{ sfo{:yndf cfpg] ljleGg r'gf}tLx¿;+u n8\g] tyf tL r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ca;/df
kl/0ft ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; x'G5 .
@= tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ l;h{gfTds lrGtgsf s'g} kfFr ljz]iftfx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\. .
pQ/M l;h{gfTds lrGtg eg]s} s'g} gofF j:t', ljrf/, cjwf/0ff jf sfd ug]{ k|lqmofdf gofFkg Nofpg] sfo{ xf] . s'g} gof
pTkfbg, ;dfwfg, snf ;flxTo l;h{gf cflbdf gofFkg Nofpg ul/g] ljrf/nfO{ jf:tljstf abNg l;h{gfTds lrGtg
cfjZos k5{ .
l;h{gfTds lrGtgsf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf 5GM –lh1f;' / v'nfkgnfO{ a9fjf lbG5, –JolQmnfO{ l;sfO / l;h{gfk|lt
cle?lr hufO{ v';L / cfglGbt t'Nofp5, –;f]rfO / lrGtgdf ljljwtf NofpF5, –JolQmsf] hf]lvd jxg ug]{ Ifdtf j[l4
u5{, –sfddf gjk|jt{g Nofpg dbt u5{ .
-v_ l;h{gfTds lrGtg k|lqmofsf kfFr r/0fsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;a} l;h{gfTds lrGtg ePsf dflg;sf cfcfˆg} ;f]Rg] tl/sf / k|lqmofx¿ x'G5g\ . oBlk tL ;a}n] d'VotM tnsf
kfFr r/0fdf sfo{ u5{g\ . oL r/0fdf Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ gjLg ljrf/, j:t' jf cjwf/0ff l;h{gf x'g k'Ub5GfM
-c_ tof/L r/0f –s'g} l;h{gfTds ofqfsf] ;'?cft o;sf nflu tof/L u/]/ ul/G5 . o; r/0fdf cfjZos ;fdu|L Joj:yf
ul/G5 . To:t} cg';Gwfg, dl:tis dGyg cflb u/]/ cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf ;a} ljsNkx¿ ljrf/ ul/G5 . cGtdf cfˆgf] 1fg /
cg'ejsf cfwf/df Pp6f of]hgf tof/ ul/G5 .
-cf_ ljsf; r/0f –s'g} l;h{gfTds ofqfsf] tof/L ;s]kl5 s]xL ;do Tof] of]hgfnfO{ kl/kSj x'g ;do lbOG5 . o;
;dodf l;h{gfsf/ csf]{ sfd ub}{ ;do latfpF5 . o;} lardf Tof] of]hgf l;h{gfsf/sf] lbdfudf ljsf; eO/x]sf] x'G5 .
-O_ k|bLlKt r/0f –o; r/0fnfO{ cGtb{[li6 r/0f klg elgG5 . l;h{gfsf/sf] lbdfudf cfZro{hgs ¿kdf PsfPs gjLg
ljrf/ cfpF5 . tof/ u/]sf] of]hgf / ;d:of ;dfwfgljrsf] ;DaGw :ki6 x'G5 .
-O{_ d"NofÍg r/0f –o; r/0fdf pknAw 1fg / cg'ejsf cfwf/df of]hgfcg';f/sf] gjLg ljrf/n] sfd u5{ jf ub}{g eg]/
d"NofÍg jf cg';Gwfg ul/G5 . s'g} s'g} cj:yfdf t If]qdf uP/ cg';Gwfg g} ug{'kg]{ klg x'G5.
-p_ k|df0fLs/0f r/0f –o; r/0fdf lgs} s8f kl/>d u/L gjLg ljrf/nfO{ clGtd ¿k lbOG5 . l;h{gfsf/sf] lbdfudf
ePsf] l;h{gfn] jf:tljs ¿kdf k|s6 xg] df}sf kfpF5 . l;lh{t cjwf/0ffnfO{ cGo JolQmx¿ ;dIf k]; ul/G5 .
-u_ l;h{gfTds lrGtg ljsf; ug{sf nflu ckgfpg ;lsg] pkfo pNn]v ub}{ cfˆgf efO jf alxgLnfO{ Pp6f kq n]Vg'xf];\
.
uf]s0f]{Zj/–%, sf7d08f}+
ldtLM@)&(÷!÷#)
lk|o efO ;ld/, dL7f] ;Demgf Û
d oxfF cfhsf] ldlt;Dd ;s'zn 5' / ToxfF ltd|f] klg s'zntfsf] sfdgf ub{5' . d}n] ltdLn] k7fPsf] kq ev{/ kfPF / of]
kq n]Vb} 5' . lgs} kl5 kq k7fof} t}klg bfO{sf] dfof df/]sf /x]g5f}+, v';L nfUof]. l;h{gfTds lrGtg ljsf; ug{sf nflu
ckgfpg ;lsg] pkfoaf/] hfgsf/L dfu]sf /x]5f}.To;}n] ca d}n] hfg] a'em] hltsf] / cWoogsf cfwf/df s]xL hfgsf/L
ltdLnfO{ lbb} 5'..
;j{k|yd s'g} klg kl/l:ylt jf kl/b[Zodf gofF ljsNkx¿ ;f]Rg' / To;nfO{ jf:tljstfdf abNg' g} l;h{gfTds lrGtg xf] .
s'g} gof pTkfbg, ;dfwfg, snf ;flxTo l;h{gf cflbdf gofFkg Nofpg ul/g] ljrf/nfO{ jf:tljstf abNg l;h{gfTds
lrGtg cfjZos k5{ . l;h{gfTds lrGtg ljsf;sf] cEof; lg/Gt/ ug{ cfjZos 5 . l;h{gfTds lrGtg ljsf; ug{sf
nflu ckgfpg ;lsg] pkfox? lgDglnlvt /x]sf 5GM –cfkm"nfO{ l;h{gfTdstfk|lt ;dlk{t u/fpg'k5{, –h'g If]qdf l;h{gf
ug{ rfx]sf] Tof] If]qsf] kof{Kt 1fg / l;k k|fKt u/L To;df ljz]if1tf xfl;n ug{'k5{, –cfˆgf] pT;'stfnfO{ dg{ glbO{
To;nfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg'k5{, –hlxn] klg vt/f df]Ng tof/ x'g'k5{ / ljkmntfaf6 xtf]T;fxL x'g'x'Fb}g, –gsf/fTds k|j[lQnfO{
k/f:t u/L cfˆgf] cfTdljZjf; alnof] agfpg'k5{, –l;h{gfsf nflu lgoldt ;do lgsfNg] / cEof; ug]{ ug{'k5{, –s'g}
;d:of jf cj:yfdf s;/L kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 eg]/ dl:tis dGjg ug{'k5{, –36gf / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf
ax'ljsNkx¿sf] vf]hL ug{'k5{, –Pp6} 36gf, ljrf/ jf ;d:ofnfO{ ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f ug{'k5{, –cfkm}nfO{ r'gf}tL
lbP/ cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf ug{'k5{ .
kq nfdf] x'g yfNof] To;}n] otL eGb} snd aGb u5{. d ltd|f] kqsf] k|ltIffdf 5'.
pxL ltd|f] cfTdLo bfO{ slj/ zdf{
PsfO # M Kff7 $M ;dfg'e"lt
-s_ ;dfg'e"ltsf] cy{ s] xf] <
pQ/M ;dfg'e"lt eGgfn] c?n] ef]lu/x]sf ;+j]ufTds cg'ejnfO{ klxrfg ug]{, a'‰g] / ;f] dx;'; u/L cfkm"n] klg To:t}
;+j]ufTds cg'ej jf cg'e'lt ug]{ Ifdtf a'lemG5.
-v_ ;dfg'e"lt l;ksf] s'g} b'O{ kmfObf n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;dfg'e"lt l;kn] JolQmsf] hLjgsf x/]s If]qdf kmfObf k'GofpF5 . o; l;ksf] lgDgcg';f/sf kmfObf 5GM –;dfg'e"lt
l;k ePsf dflg; afNosfn tyf jo:s bj} cj:yfdf ;dfhdf ldng;f/ x'g] ePs ;fyLx¿lardf tyf ;dfhdf ;a}sf]
lk|o x'G5g\ . –;dfg'e"lt l;kn] sfo{:yndf klg ;sf/fTds k|efj kf5{ . o;n] >lds tyf Joj:yfks b'a}sf] sfo{
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .
-u_ ;+1fgfTds ;dfg'e"ltsf s'g} b'O{ pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;+1fgfTds ;dfg'e"ltsf pbfx/0f o;k|sf/sf 5GM –c¿sf] ;+j]ufTds cg'ejnfO{ klxrfg u/L a'‰g] Ifdtf, –s;}sf]
cg'xf/ x]/]/ pm b'MvL 5 ls v';L 5 egL yfxf kfpg',
-3_ ;dfg'e"ltsf s'g} b'O{ tQ\j pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;dfg'e"ltsf tQ\j o;k|sf/sf 5g\ M –c?nfO{ a'‰g' –;]jfefj /fVg'
-ª_ ;dfg'e"ltsf tQ\jsf] ;"rL agfO{ s'g} b'O{sf] kl/ro lbg'xf];.\
pQ/M ;dfg'e"lt eGgfn] c?n] ef]lu/x]sf ;+j]ufTds cg'ejnfO{ klxrfg ug]{, a'‰g] / ;f] dx;'; u/L cfkm"n] klg To:t}
;+j]ufTds cg'ej jf cg'e'lt ug]{ Ifdtf a'lemG5. cd]l/sL n]vs Daniel Goleman sf cg';f/ ;dfg'e"ltsf d'Vo kfFr
tTjx? lgDgfg';f/sf 5GfM
–c?nfO{ a'‰g'
–c?nfO{ ljsl;t ug{',
–;]jfefj /fVg'
–ljljwtfsf] pkof]u ug{'
–/fhgLlts ;r]tgf
c?nfO{ ljsl;t ug{'M –c¿nfO{ ljsf; ug]{ eGgfn] c¿sf] cfjZostf / rf;f]cg';f/ sfo{ ug]{ / pgLx¿sf ;DefJotfnfO{
k"0f{ ljsf; ug]{ a'lemG5 . o:tf l;k ePsf dflg;n] c¿sf sfo{sf] cg'udg u/L ;xof]u ug]{, pknlAw tyf ;Ifdtfdf
k|z+;f ug]{, ;'wf/sf nflu /rgfTds ;'emfj lbg] tyf pgLx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu pko'Qm sfd - Assignments_ ug{ lbg]
u5{g\ .
/fhgLlts ;r]tgfM –/fhgLlts ;r]tgf l;k eg]sf] Pp6f ;d"xsf] ;+j]ufTds efjgf / zlQm ;DaGwnfO{ a'‰g' /
To;cg';f/sf] Jojxf/ b]vfpg' xf] . o:tf] l;k ePsf dflg;n] ;Ë7gfTds ;DaGw hfGg tyf o;clw c¿n] kfPsf]
ljkmntfsf cg'ejaf6 kf7 l;s]/ cfkm"nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ l;s]sf x'G5g\ .
-r_ ;j{ufTds ;dfg'e"lt / bofn' ;dfg'e"ltsf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;+j]ufTds ;dfg'e"lt / bofn' ;dfg'e"lt b'j} ;dfg'e"ltsf lsl;d x'g\ . ;+j]ufTds ;dfg'e"ltM –c¿sf] ;+j]ufTds
cg'ej b]v]/ cfkm"n] klg To:t} cg'e"lt ug{' g} ;+j]ufTds ;dfg'e"lt xf] . o;df c¿sf] ;+j]u h:tf] 5, cfkm"n] klg To:t}
;+j]u cg'ej ul/G5 . l;g]dfdf s'g} kfqn] b'Mv kfPsf] b]v]/ ?g' jf lx/f]n] len]gnfO{ lk6\ bf tfnL ahfpg' ;+j]ufTds
;xfg'el" t xf].
–bofn' ;dfg'e"lt –c¿sf] ;+j]ufTds cg'e"lt cfkm"n] klg cg'ej u/]/ To; cg'ejdf cfjZostfcg';f/ ;xof]u jf
;xefuL x'g' bofn' ;dfg'e"lt xf] . Pp6f :yfgdf af9L jf klx/f] hfFbf c¿ :yfgsf dflg;n] b'Mv cg'ej u/L To; :yfgsf
dflg;x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{' bofn' ;xfg'e"lt xf] .
-5_ ;dfg'e"lt l;k ljsf; ug{ cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] s'g} kfFr pkfo pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;dfg'e"lt l;k eGgfn] c?n] ef]lu/x]sf ;+j]ufTds cg'ejnfO{ klxrfg ug]{, a'‰g] / ;f] dx;'; u/L cfkm"n] klg To:t}
;+j]ufTds cg'ej jf cg'e'lt ug]{ Ifdtf a'lemG5. ;dfg'e"lt l;k ljsf; ug{sf nflu ljleGg pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5.
;dfg'e"lt l;k ljsf; ug{ cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] pkfox¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GfM –cGo JolQmx¿sf af/]df pT;'s /xg] .
pgLx¿sf ljrf/, rf;f], ;+:s[lt cflb af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg], –gofF gofF dflg;x¿;Fu cGt/lqmof ug]{, gofF gofF 7fpF e|d0f
ug]{, –cfˆgf afgLJojxf/af/] kl/jf/, ;fyL tyf ;xsdL{x¿af6 k[i7kf]if0f lnO/xg] . To;/L k|fKt k[i7kf]if0fcg';f/ cfkm"nfO{
kl/jt{g ug]{, –cfˆgf kIfw/tfn] ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf k|efj kfg{ glbg] k|of; ug]{, –cfkm"nfO{ cGo JolQmx¿sf] :yfgdf /fv]/
cg'e"lt ug]{ . -d p;sf] :yfgdf ePsf] eP s:tf] cg'e"lt uy]{ xf]nf <_ cflb.
PsfO # M Kff7 %M cfTdaf]w
-s_ cfTdaf]w eg]sf] s]xf] <
pQ/M cfTdaf]w eGgfn] cfkm}+df Wofg lbO{ cfˆgf lcoomed toFfo{x¿ cfˆgf cfGtl/s d"No / dfGotfx¿;Fu ldNbf 5g\ ls
5}gg\ d"NofÍg ug{' eGg] a'lemG5 .
-v_ cfTdaf]wsf] dxQ\j b'O{ aFbfdf n]Vg'xf];\ . pQ/M cfTdaf]wsf] dxQ\j o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM –c¿x¿n] x]g]{ b[li6sf]0faf6
cfkm"nfO{ x]//] cfˆgf ljrf/, efjgf / sfo{x¿sf] plrt d"NofÍg ug{ s]lG›t ub{5, –cfˆgf ;+j]ux¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ /
ltgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf d"NodfGotf;Fu ldNg] u/L ;dfof]hg u/fpFb5,
-u_ cfTdd"NofÍg eGgfn] s] a'lemG5, n]Vg'xf];\ . pQ/M cfˆgf JolQmut sfo{ / ltgsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kn]
cjnf]sg / ljZn]if0f u/]/ ltgnfO{ d"No lbg] k|lqmof g} cfTdd"NofÍg xf] . of] k|foM cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ul/g] ePsfn] lnlvt
¿kdf g} ug]{ rng 5 . o;nfO{ JolQmut tyf ;+:yfut ¿kn] ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df JolQmnfO{ ;+:yfsf] :yflkt nIo k|flKtdf
p;sf] ;kmntf, sfo{bIftf / sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ug{ nufOG5 . cfTdd"NofÍg JolQmsf nflu cfˆgf sdLsdhf]/L
yfxf kfpg] tyf ltgnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ dxQ\jk"0f{ cj;/ xf] . o;sf nflu JolQmdf cfTdd"NofÍg ug]{ l;k jf bIftf x'g'k5{ .
-3_ cfTdaf]wsf tl/sfx¿af/] 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ . pQ/M cfTdaf]w eGgfn] cfkm}+df Wofg lbO{ cfˆgf ljrf/, efjgf tyf
sfo{x¿ cfˆgf cfGtl/s d"No / dfGotfx¿;Fu ldNbf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ d"NofÍg ug{' eGg] a'lemG5 . JolQmn] cfkm"df cfTdaf]w
l;k ljsf; tyf cEof; ugf{sf nflu d'Vo ¿kdf lgDglnlvt pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;S5g\ M –Wofg ug]{, –n]Vg], –dgf]dfkg
k/LIf0f ug]{, –ljZjfl;nf] ;fyLx?nfO{ ;f]Wg] –sfo{:yndf k'i7kf]if0f lng] cflb.
-ª_ cfTdd"NofÍgsf] dxQ\j s'g} kfFr a'bfdf n]Vg'xf];\ . pQ/M cfˆgf JolQmut sfo{ / ltgsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kn]
cjnf]sg / ljZn]if0f u/]/ ltgnfO{ d"No lbg] k|lqmof g} cfTdd"NofÍg xf] .
cfTdd"NofÍgsf dxQ\j lgDglnlvt cg';f/ /x]sf 5GM –JolQmnfO{ cfkm"nfO{ d"NofÍg ug]{ JolQm cfkm} ePsf] cg'e"lt u/fpg,
–cfˆgf] cg'udg cfkm} ug]{ ePsfn] pRr dgf]ansf ;fy sfo{ u/fpg, –JolQmsf] sfo{bIftfdf ;'wf/ ug{, –;+:yfsf
sd{rf/Llar Pscfk;af6 l;Sg] afgLsf] ljsf; ug{, –l;k k|of]u ug{ a9L nrstf k|bfg u/L gofF k|of]u ug]{
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ cflb.
-r_ cfTdd"NofÍgn] JolQmTj ljsf;df s;/L ;xof]u k'ofpF5 < pQ/M cfˆgf JolQmut sfo{ / ltgsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ Jojl:yt
¿kn] cjnf]sg / ljZn]if0f u/]/ ltgnfO{ d"No lbg] k|lqmof g} cfTdd"NofÍg xf] . of] k|foM cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ul/g] ePsfn]
lnlvt ¿kdf g} ug]{ rng 5 . o;nfO{ JolQmut tyf ;+:yfut ¿kn] ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df JolQmnfO{ ;+:yfsf] :yflkt nIo
k|flKtdf p;sf] ;kmntf, sfo{bIftf / sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ug{ nufOG5 . cfTdd"NofÍg JolQmsf nflu cfˆgf
sdLsdhf]/L yfxf kfpg] tyf ltgnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ dxQ\jk"0f{ cj;/ xf] . o;sf nflu JolQmdf cfTdd"NofÍg ug]{ l;k jf
bIftf x'g'k5{ .
cfTdd"NofÍgåf/f JolQmTj ljsf;df lgDgnlvt lsl;dn] ;xof]u k'of{pF5M –s'g} klg sfo{ ubf{ cfˆgf] k];fut ljsf;af/]
lrGtg u/fO /fVb5, –cfˆgf ;xsdL{, lzIfs tyf jl/i7 JolQmx¿;Fu cfˆgfaf/] s'/fsfgL ul//xg] . pgLx¿sf l6Kk0fLx¿
zfGtk"j{s ;'Gg] t/ k|ltjfb gug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ub{5, –cfˆgf sdLsdhf]/Lx¿k|lt s7f]/ eP/ ;To kQf nufpgsf] nflu
k|oTg u/fpFb5, –cfˆgf s'g} ljkmntf eP To;nfO{ l;sfOsf ¿kdf lng] t/ To;d} lrGtf u/]/ ga:g] afgLsf] ljsf; ub{5,
–cfˆgf sdLsdhf]/L c¿n] atfpg'eGbf klxn] cfkm}n] kQf nufO{ ;'wf/ ug{ ;xof]u ub{5,
cGttMcfTdd"NofÍg ugf{n] JolQm tyf ;+:yf b'j}nfO{ kmfObf x'G5 . o;n] JolQmsf sdLsdhf]/L kQf nufO{ ltgnfO{ ;'wf/
ug]{ ePsfn] JolQmsf] sfo{;Dkfbg j[l4 x'G5 . o;n] ;+:yfsf] nIo k|flKtdf klg an k'U5 .
PsfO # M Kff7 ^M ;+j]u Joj:yfkg
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ ;+j]u eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 .
pQ/M s'g} j:t' jf kl/l:yltk|ltsf] r]tgfo'Qm dfgl;s k|ltlqmof g} ;+j]u xf] .
-v_ ;+j]u Joj:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/M ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds b'j} k|sf/sf ;+j]uk|lt ;r]t /xg] tyf ltgnfO{ /rgfTds tl/sfn] kl/rfng ug]{
IfdtfnfO{ ;+j]u Joj:yfkg elgG5 . ;+j]u Joj:yfkg l;k Pp6f dxQ\jk"0f{ hLjgf]kof]uL l;k xf].
-u_ lszf]/fj:yfdf lsg ;xkf7L ;d"x dxQ\jk"0f{ x'G5 <
pQ/M lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ cfkm"nfO{ :jtGq agfpg cleefjsx¿;Fu ;‹if{ ul//xg] ePsfn] cleefjs;FueGbf cfˆgf ;fyL
;xkf7L;Fu a9L ;do latfpF5g\ . To;}n] lszf]/fj:yfdf ;xkf7L ;d"x dxQ\jk"0f{ x'G5 lsgeg] ;sf/fTds k|sf/sf] ;xkf7L
;DaGwn] dfq lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿sf] ;+j]ufTds :jf:Yo ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpF5
-3_ of]ufEof;df s] s] k5{g\ <
pQ/M of]ufEof;df k|f0ffofd, cf;g / cf/fd kb{5.
-ª_ ;+j]u Joj:yfkg ug]{ s'g} kfFrcf]6f pkfo n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M s'g} j:t' jf kl/l:yltk|ltsf] r]tgfo'Qm dfgl;s k|ltlqmof g} ;+j]u xf] . ;+j]u Joj:yfkgsf nflu d'VotM ;sf/fTds
tyf gsf/fTds b'j} k|sf/sf ;+j]ux¿ lgoGq0f ug]{ / bf];|f] gsf/fTds ;+j]u Nofpg ;Sg] kl/l:ylt jf jftfj/0fnfO{
lgoGq0f ug]{ ug{'k5{ . o;sf nflu lgDglnlvt pkfo ckgfpg ;lsG5M –c?k|lt dfof bofefj /fVg], –c¿n] cfkm"k|lt u/]sf]
s'g} klg /fd|f] sfo{sf nflu s[t1tf JoQm ug]{, –c¿sf] clt cfnf]rgf ug{af6 aRg], –cfkm"df gsf/fTds ;f]rfO cfPdf
To;nfO{ r'gf}tL lbg] jf k|df0f vf]Hg], –cfkm"nfO{ dg kg]{ jf cfkm"n] ug{ ;Sg] sfddf ;+nUg x'g] cflb.
-r_ Úlszf]/fj:yfdf ;+j]u lgoGq0fsf nflu of]ufEof;Ú zLif{sdf Ps ;DkfbsLo n]Vg'xf];\ .
;DkfbsLo lszf]/fj:yfdf ;+j]u lgoGq0fsf nflu of]ufEof;
r}q @!,@)&* sNof0f kf}8]n
dfgj hLjgsf] afNofj:yf / jo:sfj:yflarsf] Pp6f ;Í|d0fsfnLg cj:yfnfO{ lszf]/fj:yf elgG5 . ljZj :jf:Yo
;Ë7gsf cg';f/ !) jif{b]lv !( jif{;Ddsf] pd]/nfO{ lszf]/fj:yf dflgG5 . of] cj:yf ;Í|d0fsfnLg ePsfn] o;
cj:yfdf afNoj:yf / jo:sfj:yf b'j}sf ljz]iftf kfOG5g\ . zf/Ll/s ¿kn] jo:s h:t} b]lvg] / afgL Joxf/df afnfkg
/lx/xg] ePsfn] o; cj:yfsf ;+j]ux¿ klg ldl>t vfndf x'G5g\ .
cleefjssf t'ngfdf lszf]/lszf]/Ldf ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds b'j} ;+j]ux¿ pRrtd txdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . lszf]/
cfj:ysf] klxnf] r/0fdf a9L gsf/fTds ;+j]u b]vfkg]{ ePklg pd]/ a9\b} hfFbf o:tf ;+j]u sd eP/ hfG5g\ .
lszf]/fj:yfsf] ;+j]u Joj:yfkg c? s;}n] ul/lbP/ x'Fb}g . o;sf nflu lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ cfkm} ;r]t eO{ ljleGg pkfo
ckgfpg ;S5g\.
of]u tyf Wofg lszf]/fj:yfsf] ;+j]u lgoGq0fdf ;xof]u k'of{pg] Pp6f pkfo xf] . of]ufEof;df k|f0ffofd, cf;g / cf/fd
ug]{ tl/sf l;sfOG5 eg] Wofgdf s'g} Ps s'/fdf Wofg s]lG›t ul/G5. lszf]/fj:yfdf ;+j]u lgoGq0fsf nflu of]ufEof;n]
o;k|sf/sf kmfObfx? ub{5M
–Wofg tyf of]ufEof;n] s'g} j:t' jf ljrf/df Wofg s]lG›t ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpF5,
–zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ;r]tgf a9fpF5,
–lrGtf, l/; h:tf gsf/fTds ;+j]unfO{ sd u/fpF5,
–lbdfunfO{ zfGt agfO{ :d/0fzlQm a9fp5,
–cg'zfl;t / gd| agfpF5,
–cfTdaf]w ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpF5,
–Zjf;k|Zjf; k|lqmofnfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f u/L Psgf; agfpF5,
–clS;hgsf] clwstd pkof]u u/fpF5,
–z/L/nfO{ a9L nrsbf/ agfpF5,
–df+;k];Lsf] tgfj sd u/fpF5,
–z/L/sf] sfo{Ifdtf a9fpF5.
cGTodf z/Ll/s cj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ b}lgs lgodk"j{s of]uf u/]df :jf:Yo / tGb'?:tL k|fKt x'g] s'/fnfO{
k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} l;4 dflgG5 . ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf] k"0f{ ¿kdf :j:y x'g zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs tyf cfWoflTds
¿kdf ;d]t :j:y x'g'kg]{ JofVofrL of]ufsf] dxTj cem a9fpF5.
PsfO{ $M ;dfhsf] ljsf; / bz{gM Kff7 !M jt{dfg ljZjsf ;fdflhs ljljwtf / ljz]iftf
-s_ ;fdflhs ljljwtf eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < pbfx/0f;lxt rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;dfhdf cg]s hfthflt, efiff, wd{, Pjd\ ;+:s[lt ePsf y/L y/Lsf dflg;x¿ ;+u;+u} a;]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ;fdflhs
ljljwtfsf] cj:yf elgG5 . ;dfhdf /x]sf] ljljwtfnfO{ hgfpg g} ;fdflhs ljljwtfÚ zAbfjnL k|of]u ul/G5 . ;fdflhs
ljljwtfsf] cjwf/0ffn] ;dfhdf /x]sf ljljw hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt cflbnfO{ Pp6} ;+/rgfsf ljz]if cËsf ¿kdf
lrgfpF5 . To:tf] klxrfgn] ;dfhsf] ljljwtfk"0f{ :j¿knfO{ phfu/ u/L ;a} kIfsf] ;dfj]zLs/0fdf dbt u5{ .
pbxf/0fsf] nflu g]kfnL ;dfh klg Ps ljljwtfk"0f{ ;dfh xf] . g]kfnnfO{ ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax';f+:s[lts Pjd\
ax'wfld{s b]z dflgPsf] 5 . o;/L ;fdflhs ljljwtf g]kfnsf] / ljZjs} klg ljz]iftf xf] . ljZjdf wd{, ;+:s[lt, efiff /
snfsf ;fy;fy} cGo w]/} cfofddf ljljwtf /x]sf] 5 .
cGttM ;fdflhs ljljwtfaf/] /fd|f] hfgsf/L eof] eg] ;fdflhs Pstfsf nflu gLlt agfpg dbt ldN5 . ;fdflhs
ljljwtfsf] 1fgn] ;dfhsf] Pp6f ;d'bfon] csf]{ ;d'bfo;Fu ug]{ Jojxf/ yk ;+j]bgzLn Pjd\ cfk;L ;Ddfgn] k"0f{ x'g]
ljZjf; ul/G5 .
-v_ jt{dfg ljZj ljljwtfk"0f{ 5 eGg] tYo pbfx/0f;lxt :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;fdflhs ljljwtf ljZjsf] :jfefljs ljz]iftf xf] . jt{dfg ljZj kl/j]z ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts, ax'eflifs Pjd\
ax'hftLo 5 . pbxf/0fsf nflu ;+;f/df sl/a ^ ;o %) hftLo ;d'bfox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . To:t} $ xhf/ # ;o wfld{s
cf:yfhGo ;Dk|bfox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;+;f/df sl/a & xhf/ ! ;o efiffx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;+;f/}el/ cfGtl/s tyf cGt//fli6«o
a;fO;/fO eO/x]sf] 5 . /f]huf/L, Jofkf/, lzIff tyf ko{6g k|of]hgsf nflu Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf cNksfnLg
a;f]af;sf nflu hfg] dflg;x¿sf] ;Î\of emg\ w]/} 5 . rfx] :yfoL a;f]af;sf nflu xf];\ jf c:yfoL a;f]af;sf nflu xf];\,
ha dflg;x¿ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf hfG5g\ ta ;fydf cfˆgf wfld{s cf:yf, efiff, ;+:s[lt, snf, j]ze"iff cflb klg
lnP/ hfG5g\ . o;n] ljZjdf ljljwtfsf] cj:yfnfO{ a9fpF5 . cfhsf] o'udf ljljwtf jf:tljs ljZj / er{'cn hut\
b'O6}df ljBdfg /x]sf] oyfy{ xf] .
-u_ ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ ;dGjo ug{' lsg cfjZos 5 <
pQ/M ljljwtfsf] cj:yf hlt a9\5 plt g} ljljwtfsf] ;dGjosf] cfjZostf klg a9\5 . ljljwtfnfO{ ;dGjo ug{ Pjd\
;fd~h:o :yflkt ug{ g;lsPdf åGå a9\5 . km'6an k|ltof]lutf x'bf km/s km/s Snasf k|z+;sx¿sf] åG› eof] eg] t
;d:of k5{ eg] wd{, ;+:s[lt, hflt, efiff, snf, /fli6«otf h:tf s'/fx¿ åGåsf axfgf ag] eg] w]/} hl6n ;d:of cfOk5{ .
åGå Joj:yfkg / zflGtsf] k|jw{gsf nflu ljljwtfnfO{ s;/L ;Daf]wg ug]{ eGg] ;d'lrt gLlt geO{ x'Fb}g . To;}n]
ljljwtfsf] ;dGjo jt{dfg ljZjsf] cfjZostf xf] .
#=;fdflhs cGtlg{e{/tf eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < pbfx/0f;lxt rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;dfhdf cjl:yt dflg;x?aLr Ps csf{sf] kf/:k/Ls ;xof]usf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;fdflhs cGtlg{e{/tf eGg] a'lemG5.
dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL ePsf] x'gfn] ;[li6sf] pkfsfnb]lv ;fdflhs cGt/lge{/tf dfgj hLjgsf] :jfefljs kf6f] xf] eGg
;lsG5.
cGt/lqmof / cGtlg{e{/tf dfgj ;dfhsf cleGg lqmofsnfk x'g\ . s'g} JolQmsf] hLjgsf nflu cfjZos ;a} ;fdu|L cfkm"
PSn}n] pTkfbg ug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g. uf;, af; / skf;sf nflu cGo JolQmx¿n] pTkfbg u/]sf j:t' lng'kg]{ x'G5 eg] cfˆgf]
pTkfbg jf ;]jf cGo JolQmx¿nfO{ lbOPsf] x'G5 . :jf:Yo ;]jf, lzIff, oftfoft, ko{6gdf klg cg]sf}+ JolQmx¿ ;fd]n /x]/
sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] x'G5 . dflg;sf] hGdb]lv d[To';Ddsf lqmofsnfkx¿ s'g} g s'g} tl/sfn] c¿;Fu hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ .
;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s, /fhgLlts jf cGo s'g} lqmofsnfk ubf{ klg w]/} hgfsf] ;xeflutf Pjd\ of]ubfg /x]sf] x'G5.
To;}n] cfk;L cGtlg{e{/tfn] g} ;dfh rn]sf] 5 . o;/L cGtlg{e{/tf dflg;sf nflu ;b}j cfjZos kg]{ :jfefljs s'5 xf].
h;nfO{ xfdLn] ;fdflhs cGtlg{e{/tf eGg] ub{5f}+.
PsfO{ $M Kff7 @M ;fdflhs ;DjGwx?sf] ljsf; / ;fdflhs cGt/lge{/tf
!=ufx{kTo, cfxjgLo / ljby eGgfn] s] s] a'lemG5 <
pQ/M j}lbs sfndf cyj{j]bdf ufx{kTo eg]sf] kl/jf/ ;+:yf eGg] a'lemG5 .
cfxjgLo zAbsf] clek|fo cfxjfg ul/Psf] cj:yfdf hDdf x'g] ;+:yf jf ;Ë7g xf] . ;DejtM cfxjgLo eg]sf] u|fd ;Ë7g
-ufpF ;ef_ h:tf] ;+:yf lyof] .
ljby eg]sf] dlxnf / k'?if b'j} ;xefuL x'g] ;+:yf lyof] . kl/jf/ jf s'nsf] ;b:o ;Î\of w]/} ePsf] cj:yfdf ;a}
kl/jf/hg Ps :yfgdf e]nf eO{ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg ;xeflutfdf kfl/jfl/s ljifoj:t'df ljrf/ ljdz{ ug]{, pkef]Uo
j:t'sf] ljt/0f ug]{, qmL8f ug]{, wfld{s lqmofsnfk ug]{ Pjd\ o'4sf] tof/L ug]{ ;+:yf ljby lyof] eGg] cWo]tfx¿ atfpF5g\ .
of] cyj{j]bsf] ufx{kTo / cfxjgLo ;+:yfx¿;Fu t'ngLo b]lvG5.
@=j}olQmstfjfbL b[li6sf]0f / ;d'bfojfbL b[li6sf]0fdf s] leGgtf /x]sf] 5 < g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdf ltgLx¿sf] ;dGjo s;/L
ul/Psf] 5 <
pQ/M JolQmnfO{ s]G›df /fVg] j}olQmstfjfbL b[li6sf]0f xf] eg] ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ;+/rgfnfO{ a9L dxQ\j lbg]
;d'bfojfbL b[li6sf]0f xf].
g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdf ;dGjo Pj+ ;fd~h:onfO{ hf]8 lbOg] x'gfn] o'/f]k]nL ;Gbe{sf] h:tf] JolQmjfbL jf ;d'bfojfbL eGg] b'O{
kmSn]6] ljefhg -Binary division_ 5}g . dfly rrf{ ul/Pem} ;fdflhs Jojxf/df ;dfhnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] /
cfWoflTds Jojxf/df JolQmnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] k4lt oxfF /lxcfPsf] 5.
#=;fdflhs cGtlg{e{/tf eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < pbfx/0f;lxt rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;dfhdf cjl:yt dflg;x?aLr Ps csf{sf] kf/:k/Ls ;xof]usf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;fdflhs cGtlg{e{/tf eGg] a'lemG5.
dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL ePsf] x'gfn] ;[li6sf] pkfsfnb]lv ;fdflhs cGt/lge{/tf dfgj hLjgsf] :jfefljs kf6f] xf] eGg
;lsG5.
cGt/lqmof / cGtlg{e{/tf dfgj ;dfhsf cleGg lqmofsnfk x'g\ . s'g} JolQmsf] hLjgsf nflu cfjZos ;a} ;fdu|L cfkm"
PSn}n] pTkfbg ug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g. uf;, af; / skf;sf nflu cGo JolQmx¿n] pTkfbg u/]sf j:t' lng'kg]{ x'G5 eg] cfˆgf]
pTkfbg jf ;]jf cGo JolQmx¿nfO{ lbOPsf] x'G5 . :jf:Yo ;]jf, lzIff, oftfoft, ko{6gdf klg cg]sf}+ JolQmx¿ ;fd]n /x]/
sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] x'G5 . dflg;sf] hGdb]lv d[To';Ddsf lqmofsnfkx¿ s'g} g s'g} tl/sfn] c¿;Fu hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ .
;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s, /fhgLlts jf cGo s'g} lqmofsnfk ubf{ klg w]/} hgfsf] ;xeflutf Pjd\ of]ubfg /x]sf]
x'G5.
To;}n] cfk;L cGtlg{e{/tfn] g} ;dfh rn]sf] 5 . o;/L cGtlg{e{/tf dflg;sf nflu ;b}j cfjZos kg]{ :jfefljs s'/f xf].
h;nfO{ xfdLn] ;fdflhs cGtlg{e{/tf eGg] ub{5f}+.
PsfO{ $M Kff7 #M hLjg bz{g, ;fdflhs d'NodfGotfx? / ;fdflhs Jojxf/
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf]:f
-s_ bz{g eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
pQ/M bz{g eg]sf] k|s[lt, O{Zj/, 1fg, lj1fg, j:t', hLjg / r]tgf af/]sf] ljj]rgf / ljZn]if0f xf] . ljBf, tT;DaGwL
ljifodf Jofks ¿kn] oyfy{ kl/ro lbg] zf:q, cfWoflTds tyf ef}lts j:t'sf] lrGtg jf ljZn]if0f klg xf]. bz{g d"ntM
;+:s[t zAb xf] . ;+:s[t efiffdf Úb[zÚ wft'df ÚcgÚ k|Too nfu]/ Úbz{gÚ zAb aG5 . ;fdfGotof bz{g eg]sf] x]g]{ jf b] Vg]
sfo{ xf] . ;+:s[tdf h;sf dfWodaf6 tQ\jsf] ;fIffTsf/ x'G5 cyjf cfkm"n] vf]hs ] f] s'/f kfpg dbt ldN5, ToxL bz{g xf]
elgPsf] kfOG5 . ljz]if cy{df bz{g eGgfn] ljz]if k|sf/sf] ljBf jf 1fgsf] Ps ljwfnfO{ hgfOG5 .
bz{g eGgfn] 1fg Pjd\ ;Tosf] vf]hL ug]{ ljBfnfO{ hgfOG5 . bz{gn] hLjg / huTsf] oyfy{ cGj]if0f, ljZn]if0f Pjd\
lrGtg ug{ l;sfp5 bz{gdf ts{k"0f{, ljlwk"j{s Pjd\ qmda4 ljrf/sf] k4lt x'G5 . bz{gn] hLjg / huTaf/] dfgj cg'ej
/ cg'e"ltnfO{ JofVof tyf ljZn]if0f ug{ tYo, ts / ljrf/sf] k|of]usf ljlwx¿ l;sfpF5 . ljleGg bz{gsf cfwf/df ljleGg
ljZjb[li6sf]0f tyf hLjg bz{g lgwf{l/t x'G5g\ .
-v_ ljZj b[li6sf]0f eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
pQ/M ljZjb[li6sf]0f eGgfn] ljZj jf huTsf] cjnf]sg / ljZn]if0f u/L cfˆgf] cg'e"lt;d]tsf cfwf/df ljZjaf/] agfOPsf]
wf/0ff eGg] a'lemG5 . ljZjk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f g} ljZjb[li6sf]0f xf] eGg ;lsG5 . cfkm" afFlr/x]sf] ljZjjf/] dflg;df /x]sf]
;f]r, dfGotf, b[li6sf]0f tyf ck]Iffsf] ;dli6 wf/0ff xf] . ljZjb[li6sf]0fn] dflg;sf] ljrf/wf/fdf k|efj kf5{ .
ljZjb[li6sf]0fn] b}lgs hLjgsf lqmofsnfkdfly klg k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 .
ljZj b[li6sf]0f dflg;sf] cfrf/ljrf/dfkm{t cleJoQm eO/x]sf] x'G5 . s'g} ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿sf] ljZj b[li6sf]0fsf]
k|s6Ls/0f ;f+:s[lts ultljlw, wfld{s cf:yfhGo lqmofsnfk, g}lts dfGotf, lj1fgsf] k|of]u cflb dfkm{t x'G5 . wd{,
;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, bz{g, kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld, ;fdflhsLs/0f cflbdf x'g] ljljwtfsf sf/0fn] km/s km/s k[i7e"ldsf
JolQmx¿df km/s km/s ljZj b[li6sf]0f ag]sf] x'G5 . JolQmx¿df wd{, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, ;fdflhsLs/0f, lzIff cflbdf hlt
w]/} ;dfg k[i7e"ld x'G5, plt g} ljZj b[li6sf]0f ldNbf]h'Nbf] x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5.
ctMljZj b[li6sf]0f km/s km/s x'Fbf ltgLx¿nfO{ ;dGjo ug{ g;lsPdf cGt/åGå x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . ax'hftLo,
ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts, ax'eflifs / j}lZjs kl/j]zaf/] /fd|/L hfgsf/L kfPsf JolQmx¿n] cfˆgf] ljZj b[li6sf]0f / c¿sf]
ljZj b[li6sf]0fdf /x]sf ;dfgtf / ljleGgtf a'em]/ cfk;df cGt/åGå gx'g] u/L ;dGjo Pjd\ Jojxf/ ug{ ;S5g\ eGg]
ck]Iff ul/G5. bz{gsf] cWoog cWofkgn] ljZj b[li6sf]0fsf] cfk;L a'emfOdf ;xhLs/0f x'g ;S5 .
-u_ låwf ljefhg b[li6sf]0f / ;dGjofTds b[li6sf]0fsf] km/s pbfx/0f;lxt :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
pQ/M s'g} klg ljifoj:t' tyf ;jfnnfO{ låwf ljefhg u/L 4GåfTds b[li6n] x]g]{ / ;dGjofTds b[li6n] x]g]{ ljZj
b[li6sf]0fx¿lardf dtfGt/ x'G5 . r]tgf / kbfy{sf] k|fyldstfdf ax; ug]{ ePsfn] klZrdf k4ltdf bz{gx¿nfO{
r]tgfjfbL jf kbfy{jfbL eg]/ b'O{ cnu cnu lsQfsf ;d"xdf afl8Psf] jf låwf ljefhg -Binary division_ u/]sf]
kfOG5. j}leGGojfbLn] w]/} y/L hflt, efiff, ;+:s[lt x'g'nfO{ ljleGgtf 7fgL ;d:of dfG5g\ . ;dGjofTds ljZj b[li6sf]0faf6
x]bf{ w]/} y/L hflt, efiff, ;+:s[lt cflb x'g' ;dfhsf] ;DkGgtfsf] Bf]ts xf] . o;/L ;dfh, ljljwtf / ;fdflhs ;DaGwaf/]
ltgLx¿sf dfGotfdf km/s k5{.
o'/f]kdf /fi6«sf] kl/efiff ubf{ ;s];Dd ;fgf] PsfOdf uO{ hflt cfwfl/t /fli6«otfnfO{ dfg]sf] / ef/tjif{df k|frLg sfnb]lv
g} /fHo g} /fi6« xf] egL Pp6f ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg b]zleqsf cg]s hflt, k|hflt, efiffefifLx¿ ;a}sf] ;femf /fli6«otf
dfg]sf] kfOG5 . ;Åbotf bz{gn] ;dfhdf ljljwtf x'g' :jfefljs xf] eGg] wf/0ff agfpF5 . o:tf] wf/0ffn] ljljwtfx¿sf
lardf ;dfg jf ;femf s'/fx¿ vf]Hg] k|j[lQ hufpF5.
PsfO{ $M Kff7 $M b}lgs hLjgdf bz{gsf] pkof]lutf
-s_ bz{g af}l4s ;fy;fy} k|fof]lus ljwf klg xf] lsg elgG5 <
pQ/M bz{g eGgfn] k|s[lt, O{Zj/, 1fg, lj1fg, j:t', hLjg / r]tgf af/]sf] ljj]rg / ljZn]if0f xf] . ljBf, tT;DaGwL
ljifodf Jofks ¿kn] oyfy{ kl/ro lbg] zf:q, cfWoflTds tyf ef}lts j:t'sf] lrGtg jf ljZn]if0f klg xf].
bz{g af}l4s ;fy;fy} k|fof]lus ljwf klg xf] . bz{g eg]sf] k7gkf7g dfq ug]{ / b}lgs hLjgdf dtna gePsf] s'/f xf]Og
. bz{gdf lrGtg k4ltsf ;fy;fy} hLjg k4ltsf nflu klg dfu{lgb]{zg kfOG5 . To;}n] bz{gsf] pkof]lutf af}l4s ljrf/
ljdz{ Pjd\ k|fl1s lrGtgsf ;fy;fy} Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf klg /x]sf] 5. bz{gdf dfgj hLjgsf Jofjxfl/s kIf;Fu
hf]l8Psf lh1f;f, cg'ej / cg'e"lt klg ;/f]sf/sf ljifoj:t' x'g\ . bz{gsf] pb\ej / ljsf; dfgjsf hLjg ef]ufOaf6 g}
ePsf] xf] . bz{gcGtu{t ljZn]if0f ul/g] ljifoj:t'n] dfgj hLjgsf ljljw kf6fx¿nfO{ yk phfu/ u5{g\ . bz{gsf]
cWoogn] dfgj hLjgsf] dxQ\j, st{Jo / nIoaf/] :ki6tf cfpF5 .
ctMbz{gn] hLjg / huTjf/] dfgj cg'ej / cg'e"ltnfO{ JofVof tyf ljZn]if0f ug{ l;sfpg] x'gfn] k|fdfl0fs 1fg xfl;n
ug{ bz{gsf] 1fg k4ltsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] tYo, ts{ / ljrf/sf] k|of]usf ljlwx¿ l;sfpg] x'gfn] ;d:ofsf]
sf/0f / c;/x¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf a9\5 . s'g} klg ljifo jf ;Gbe{df /x]sf c;Ëlt, q'l6 e'n cflbnfO{ 5'6\ofpg]
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; bz{gn] u/fpF5 . o;af6 ;Tosf] vf]hL tyf lgSof}ndf dbt ldN5 .
-v_ b}lgs hLjgsf lqmofsnfk;Fu bz{g s;/L ;DalGwt x'G5 <
pQ/M b}lgs hLjgdf bz{gsf] ;fGble{stfnfO{ ljleGg cfofdaf6 x]g{ ;lsG5 . ;fdfGo b}lgs Jojxf/sf nflu klg cfjZos
1fgsf] ;|f]t s'g} bz{g g} x'g ;S5. c? dflg;x¿ cGo k|f0fLx¿ tyf k|s[ltk|ltsf] Jojxf/sf] cfwf/ klg hLjg bz{g xf]
h:tf] hLjg bz{g x'G5 p:t} ljrf/ / Jojxf/ x'G5 elgG5 . b}lgs hLjgdf ljleGg ;jfndf l7s / a]l7s, ;xL / untsf]
lg0f{o ug{sf nflu b[li6sf]0fsf] lgdf{0f cfˆgf] dfu{lgb]{zs bz{gcg';f/ g} x'G5 .
bz{gsf] cWoogn] b}lgs hLjgdf ul/g] lqmofsnfkx¿;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . yfxf kfP/ jf gkfP/ k|To]s JolQmn] s'g} g s'g}
bz{gsf] dfGotfcg';f/ b[li6sf]0f, dfGotf Pjd\ wf/0ff agfO/x]sf] x'G5 . bz{gsf] Jojl:yt cWoog gx'Fbf;Dd cfˆgf] hLjg
bz{gaf/] :ki6tf gx'g] x'gfn] JolQm sltko cj:yfdf cGof]ndf ?dlNng ;S5 . bz{gsf] Jojl:yt cWoogn] tYosf]
klxrfg, ts{sf] k|of]u / ;dfnf]rgfTds ljrf/ ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; x'G5 .
cGttMbz{gsf] cg'zLngn] ljleGg dfgj lqmofsnfk, cfrf/ljrf/ tyf c¿;Fu ul/g] Jojxf/nfO{ g}ltstfsf] s;Ldf
hf+rk/v ug]{ Ifdtf klg ljsf; x'G5 . o;/L cfˆgf] hLjg bz{g s'g xf] eGg] /fd|/L 1fg eof] eg] b}lgs hLjgdf ul/g]
lqmofsnfkx¿ tyf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ul/g] lg0f{ox¿ ;';Ët, Jojl:yt Pjd\ g}lts x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .
u_ b}lgs hLjgdf bz{gsf] pkof]lutfsf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ lbg'xf];\ .
pQ/M yfxf kfP/ jf gkfP/ k|To]s JolQmn] s'g} g s'g} bz{gsf] dfGotfcg';f/ b[li6sf]0f, dfGotf Pjd\ wf/0ff agfO/x]sf]
x'G5.b}lgs hLjgdf bz{gsf] pkof]lutf d'Votof ;fdfGo ;d:of ;dfwfgdf o;af6 k|fKt x'g] 1fg tyf l;k;+u hf]l8Psf]
5.
bz{gsf] cWoogn] ljleGg ljsNkx¿dWo] a9L pko'Qm ljsNk 5gf]6 ug]{ tyf ;';"lrt eO{ lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; klg
x'G5 . ;~rf/ bIftf clek|]/0ffTds Ifdtf / n]vg bIftf klg bz{gsf sf/0fn] clej[l4 x'g] Jofjxfl/s ÷ k|fof]lus If]qx¿
x'g\ . s'g} ljwfdf dfq s]lG›t eP/ k9]sf ljBfyL{sf] t'ngfdf bz{gzf:q;lxt k9\g] ljBfyL{x¿n] pRrlzIffsf tyf
/f]huf/Lsf nflu lnOg] k/LIffx¿df Hofbf ;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf] ljleGg cg';Gwfgx¿af6 b]lvPsf] 5 . bz{gsf] cWoogaf6
l;lsPsf ljlw tyf k4ltnfO{ Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . bz{gsf] cWoogn] pRr lzIff tyf /f]huf/Ldf yk
cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 .
cGTodf, ;dfh -hgtf_nfO{ af6f] b]vfpg' hgtfnfO{ qmflGt kl/jt{g / d'lQmsf] af6f] b]vfpg' bz{gsf] sfd xf] . bz{gsf] =
clGtd sfd hg;d'bfPsf] ;]jf ug{' ePsf]n] o;sf] dxTj b}lgs hLjgdf w]/} 5 .
PsfO{ $M Kff7 %M ;d'bfodf cfPsf kl/jt{g / ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f
-s_ ;"rgf ;dfh eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
pQ/M ;"rgf ;dfhdf eGgfn] ;"rgfcfwfl/t sfdsf] k|wfgtf x'g] ;dfh eGg] a'lemG5 . o;df ;"rgfsf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg,
e08f/0f tyf ljt/0f;DaGwL sfo{ g} ljsf;sf] nflu d'Vo tQ\jsf ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5. ;"rgfsf] pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f g}
;dfh ljsf;sf nflu lg0ff{os zlQm ag]sf cfwf/df jt{dfgsflns cj:yfnfO{ o:tf] gfds/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;"rgf ;dfhdf ljleGg 1fgjw{s, k9\g ;lsg], ;'Gg ;lsg] / b]Vg ;lsg] u/L ;"rgf ;fdu|L pTkfbg tyf ljt/0fnfO{
k|fyldstf lbOG5 . ;"rgf ;dfhdf 1fg g} cy{tGqdf d"n tQ\j x'G5g\ . ;"rgf ;dfhdf ;';"lrt gful/s /xG5g\ /
ltgLx¿ gofF k|ljlwdfkm{t\ cfTdcleJo~hg ug{ / /fhgLlts Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts ;xeflutfsf nflu Ifdtfjfg\ x'G5g\ eGg]
dflgG5 . csf]{lt/, ;"rgf ;dfhsf] kl/k|]Iodf l8lh6n lje]b tyf ljB'tLo pklgj]zjfbsf ;jfn klg v8Þf ePsf 5g\ .
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf a9L kx'+r ePsf b]zsf wgL gful/ssf] ;d[l4 / zlQm emg\ emg\ a9\g] / To;df sd kx'Fr
ePsf b]zsf gful/s lk5l8g uO{ lje]b a9\g] ;Defjgfk|lt lrGtf ul/Psf] xf].
-v_ a;fO;/fOn] ;fdflhs ljljwtfdf kfg] k|efjx¿ ljZn]if0f ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M dflg; cfk" a;]sf] ufpF, 7fpF jf b]z 5f]8]/ csf]{ ufpF, 7fpF jf b]zdf ;g]{ sfo{nfO{ a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . a;fOF;/fO
Ps k|sf/sf] :yfgfGt/0f xf] . dflg; ;fdfGoto nflu a;fOF ;b{5g\ . a;fOF;/fO Ps lg/Gt/ k|lqmof ePsfn] o;nfO{ /f]Sg
;lsFb}g t/ Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ pb\ud / uGtJo b'a} :yfgdf ljsf;sf ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug{'kb{5 . dflg;x¿ a;fOF;/fO ljleGg sf/0fn] u5{g\ . h'g;'s} sf/0fn] a;fOF;/fO u/] tfklg To;n] pb\ud :yfg /
uGtJo :yfg b'j}lt/ k|ToIf k|efj kf5{. w]/} hg;d'bfo Ps} 7fpFdf y'lk|P/ gofF :j¿ksf] ;dfh aGg] k|lqmofdf Psflt/
åGåsf] ;Defjgf x'G5 eg] csf]{lt/ ax'hftLo, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts Pjd\ ax'eflifs cGt/lqmofsf nflu cj;/ k}bf x'G5 .
;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ b}lgs hLjgsf] ckl/xfo{ cfofdsf ¿kdf ;fIffTsf/ ug]{ cj:yf jt{dfg ljZjdf /x]sf] 5.
-u_ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] a9\bf] k|of]un] kf/]sf ;sf/fTds k|efj / gsf/fTds c;/ ljZn]if0f ug{'xf];.\
pQ/M k|ljlw Jofjxfl/s tyf cf}Bf]lus snfx¿ / k|o'Qm lj1fgl;t ;DalGwt cWoog cyjf lj1fgsf] ;d"x xf] eg]
;fdflhs ;~hfn cGt/lqmofTds STER sDKo'6/–dWo:ytf k|ljlw xf] h;n] cfef;L ;d'bfo / ;~hfnx¿ dfkm{t hfgsf/L,
ljrf/, ¿lr / cleJolQmx¿ l;h{gf jf ;fem]bf/L ug]{ ;'ljwf lbG5. of] JolQmx¿ / ;d'bfonfO{ ;femf ;xefuL agfpg] Pp6f
dfWod klg xf].
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] a9\bf] k|of]un] kf/]sf ;sf/fTds k|efj o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM –;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg
l56f5l/tf] ug{ ;lsg], – 3/d} a;]/ :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf k|ToIf ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsg], – dxTjk"0f{ sfuhft, kmf]6f] Pj+ lel8of]
t'?Gt} cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;lsg], –cfˆgf ljrf/ efjgf /fVg ;lhnf] x'g], – ;f/f ljZjnfO{ Pp6} ufpFdf Nofpg ;xof]u k'Ug] , –
cWoog cg';Gwfg Pj+ n]vg sfo{df ;3fp k'Ug], – JolQm, kl/jf/, ;d'bfo, sfof{no, Jofkf/ Joj;fo ;a}n] x/]s sfddf
k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] .
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] a9\bf] k|of]un] kf/]sf gsf/fTds k|efj o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM – ;fdflhs ;~hfndf
a9L ;do vr{ ug]{, – afnaflnsf zf/Ll/s Jofofd x'g] v]n gv]nL Ps} 7fpFdf a;]/ u]d v]Ng] ugf{n] zf/Ll/s c;/ klg
plQs} kg]{, – afnaflnsfn] k|ljlwsf ;fdu|LnfO{ cfˆgf] hLjgdf ;b'kof]u x'g] kIfaf6 eGbf v]nf}gfsf] ?kdf dfq lngfn]
unt afgLsf] ljsf; x'g], – ;dflhs ;~hfnnfO{ cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] ;fwg eGbf dgf]/Ghgsf] ;fwgsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{
;Sg], – sf]xL cfˆgf] df]afOn rnfP/ ;do v]/ kmfln/x]sf 5g\ eg] sf]xL ckmjfx km}nfP/ dflg;nfO{ ;tfO/x]sf 5g\ .
PsfO %M e"uf]n / ;fdflhs hLjgM kf7 !M g]kfnsf k|zf;lgs k|b]z
tnsf k|Zgsf] clt ;+lIfKt pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
1. clk lxdfn s'g k|b]zdf k5{ <
pQ/M clk lxdfn ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zdf k5{.
2. u08sL k|b]zsf] ;a}eGbf xf]rf] e"ld s'g xf] <
pQ/M u08sL k|b]zsf] ;a}eGbf xf]rf] e"ld lqj]0fL xf].
3. hg;Î\ ofsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf w]/} hg;Î\of ePsf] lhNnf s'g xf] <
pQ/M hg;Î\ofsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf w]/} hg;Î\of ePsf] lhNnf sf7df8f}+ xf] .
4. hg;+Vof w]/} b]lv yf]/}sf] cfwf/df qmdzM k|b]zx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M hg;+Vof w]/} b]lv yf]/}sf] cfwf/df qmdzM k|b]zx¿sf] gfdM –afudtL k|b]z -@)=(Ü_,k|b]z g+= @-@)$$_,
k|b]z g+= ! -!&=!Ü_, n'lDagL k|b]z -!^(!_, ;'b"/klZrd k|b]z -(=^$_, u08sL k|b]z -(=#Ü_ / s0f{fnL k|b]z -
%=*Ü_ .
=====================================================================================================================================
======= .
tnsf k|Zgsf] clt ;+lIfKt pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
1. k|b]z g+ ! sf] s'g} tLgcf]6f ;f+:s[lts ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M k|b]z g+ ! sf] ;f+:s[lts ljz]iftfx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –oxfFsf d'Vo hfthfltdf yf¿, d';ndfg,
d]r], sf]r], lwdfn ofbj, /fhj+zL, tfhk'l/of blnt cflb x'g\, –ls/ft, af}4, O:nfd, O;fO{ / k|s[lt
wdf{nDaLx¿ /x]sf 5g\, –Nxf];f/, pwf}nL, pFef}nL, b;}+ ltxf/, l;?jf cflb rf8kj{ dgfOG5,.
2. afudtL k|b]zsf] s'g} tLgcf]6f ;fdflhs ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M afudtL k|b]zsf] ;fdflhs ljz]iftfx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –ldl>t hfltsf] a;f]af; /x]sf], –
tfdfª, g]jf/L, yf?, r]kfª cflb efiffx¿ af]lng], –ljljw ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts klxrfgnfO{ hLjGt
/fv]sf] 5 .
3. afudtL k|b]zsf d'Vo d'Vo hfltx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
pQ/M afudtL k|b]zdf ldl>t hfltsf] a;f]af; 5 . oxfF tfdfª, g]jf/, a|fXd0f / If]qL hfltsf] afx'No
/x]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zsf] lxdfnL If]qsf d'Vo hflt z]kf{ /tfdfª x'g\ . kxf8ÞL If]qsf afx'g,If]qL, du/,
blnt, / sf7df8f}+ pkTosf, w'lnv]n, ag]kfdf g]jf/ hfltx¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zsf]
leqLdw];sf] d'Vo hflt yf? xf]. oxfF ;LdfGtLs[t ;d"xsf r]kfª, af]6], yfdL cflb klg a;f]af; u5{g\.
4. afudtL k|b]z Jofkf/ / cf}Bf]lus s]G› x'g'sf kffrcf]6f sf/0f pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M afudtL k|b]z Jofkf/ / cf}Bf]lus s]G› x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ lgDgfg';f/sf 5G.\ –
afudtL k|b]zdf sf7df8f}+, gf/fo0fu9, ag]kf, x]6f}+8f h:tf k|d'v Jofkfl/s s]G›x¿ /x]sf 5g\,
–oxfF lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynaf6 cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ x'G5,
–afudtLk|b]z ;8s / xjfO{dfu{sf] k"jf{wf/df ;DkGg 5,
–of] k|b]z;Fu b]zsf ;a} k|b]z / cGt/f{li6«o b]zx¿;Fu xjfO{ ;]jf hf]l8Psf 5g\,
–oxfF b]zsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}+ ePsfn] k|z:t hg;Î\ofsf sf/0f >dzlQm,lgdf{tf / pkef]Qmf k|z:t ?kdf
/x]sf 5g\ .
5. ;'b'/klZrd k|b]zsf d'Vo d'Vo ;fdflhs klxrfg pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;'b'/klZrd k|b]zsf d'Vo d'Vo ;fdflhs klxrfg o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –d'Vou/L If]qL, a|fXd0f,
7s'/L, yf?, blnt hfltx¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf], –af}4, O;fO{, O:nfd, k|s[lt / cGo wdf{nDaLx¿sf] klg
a;f]af; /x]sf], –g]kfnLefiff;Fu} bh{gf}+cGo efiffx¿ klg af]lnG5, –k|b]zut lx;fan] t];|f] sd dfgj
ljsf; ;"rsfOs /x]sf] k|b]z, –k|d'v wfld{s :ynx¿df pu|tf/f, lqk'/f;'Gb/L, z}n]Zj/L, a8Ldflnsf,
a}hgfy cflb x'g\, –o; k|b]zdf b]p8f gfrsf] 7'nf] ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts dxTj /x]sf] 5 .
6. s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] ;Eotf gbLsf] ;Eotf;fFu hf]l8Psf] 5, k'li6 ug{ 'xf];\ .
pQ/M s0ff{nL k|b]z g]kfnsf] dWoklZrdL efudf k5{ . s0ff{nL af]Ngf;fy xfd|f] hglhj|f]df em'l08Psf] /
s0ff{nLjf;Ln] dg k/fPsf] æsgf{nLæ nfO{ ;DemG5f}F, dgg u5f}F / Ps k6s k'u]/ cg'ej u5f}F eGg] hf]
;'s}sf] dgdf nfUg ;S5 . s0ff{nL Pp6f ;Eotf xf] . 7"nf 7"nf zx/x/sf] dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf; gbL;+u
hf]8LPsf] x'G5 . Py]G; jf d];f]kf]6f]ldof lsg gxf];\ jf /f]dg ;Eotf g} lsg gxf];\ xfdL gbL ;+u hf]8LG5f}
. o:t} g]kfnsf] k'/fgf] ;Eotf s0ff{nL xf] / of] s0ff{nL gbL ;+u hf]8LPsf] 5 . s0ff{nLsf] ;Eotf dfgj
;Eotf / ;+:s[lt ;+u hf]8LPsf] 5 . s0f{fnL k|b]zdf x'Dnf sgf{nL, d'u' sgf{nL, 7'nL e]/L ;fgL e]/L, ltnf
cflbgbL axG5g\.
7. s'g s'g ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ultljlwx¿n] tkfO{+sf] k|b]zsf] klxrfgnfO{ prf] agfpg d2t u/]sf
5g\ . pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M d]/f] 3/ afudtL k|b]zcGt/ut kb{5 . afudtL k|b]zsf] klxrfgnfO{ prf] agfpg d2t u/]sf
;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ljz]iftfx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –ldl>t hfltsf] a;f]af; 5,tfdfª, g]jf/, a|fXd0f
/ If]qL hfltsf] afx'Notf, –af}4 ls/fFt, O:nfd / O;fO{ wdf{nDaLx¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf], –tfdfª, g]jf/L,
yf?, r]kfª cflb efiffx¿ af]lng], –;a}eGbfa9L dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍ /x]sf] k|b]z, –Nxf];f/, b;}+, ltxf/,
lth, s[i0f hGdfi7dL, lzj/fqL, ufO{hfqf, OG›hfqf cflb rf8kj{ dgfOg], –ljljw ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts
klxrfg hLjGt /x]sf].

tnsf k|Zgsf] j0fgfTds pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

1. k|b]z ! / dw]z k|b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ef}uf]lns ljz]iftfx?sf] t'ngf ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M t'ngfTds ¿kdf k|b]z ! / dw]z k|b]zsf] cfly{s ljz]iftfx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –
k|b]z g+= ! sf *!=( k|ltzt dflg;x¿ s[lif k];fdf ;+nUg /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] dw]z k|b]z sf nueu ^^
k|ltzt dflg;x¿ s[lif k];fdf nfu]sf 5g\, –k|b]z ! df vfBfGg afnL, bnxg, t]nxg, gub] afnL pTkfbg
ul/G5 eg] dw]z k|b]z df vfBfGg, bnxg, t]nxg, gub] afnL nufOG5, –k|b]z g+= ! df h'6, lrgL, ;nfO{,
;fa'g, l;d]G6, 58, lrof k|zf]wgsf pBf]ux¿ /x]sf 5g\ eg] dw]z k|b]zdf r'/f]6, ;fa'g, l;d]G6,58 cflb
pBf]ux¿ /x]sf 5g\, –k|b]z g+= ! df ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf -**$*=*^ ld6/_ nufot c? y'k|}
*))) ld6/eGbf cUnf lxdz[Înf, sf];L6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If, ;u/dfyf, dsfn' a?0f /fli6«o lgs'~h, ljleGg
wfld{s :ynsf ;fy} u'kmf, egf{ / tfnx¿ 5g\, oL ;Dkbfn] ko{6g pBf]usf] ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 eg]
dw]z k|b]z df hgsk'/wfd, ul9dfO{, l5Ggd;tf, sÍfngL dlGb/ / ljleGg 7fpFdf dl:hbx¿ /x]sf 5g\ , oL
k|fs[lts tyf ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/x¿n] o; k|b]zdfko{6g pBf]u ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . –k|b]z g+= ! df
;8s, xjfO{dfu{, ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf] ;'ljwf lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] 5 eg] dw]z k|b]zdf ;8s, xjfO{dfu{ / /]ndfu{sf]
ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
k|b]z ! / dw]z k|b]z larsf] ef}uf]lns ljz]iftfx? larsf] ;dfgtf / leGgtfx?
k|b]z ! / dw]z k|b]z larsf] ef}uf]lns ljz]iftfx? larsf] ;dfgtf o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –b'j} k|b]zsf] l;dfgf
ef/t;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5, –b'j} k|b]zdf pAhfpzLn df6f] /x]sf] 5, –b'j} k|b]zdf ljljGg tfntn}o,kf]v/Lx¿ /x]sf
5g\, –b'j} k|b]zdf ko{6sLo lx;fan] dxtjk"0f{ wfld{s:ynx? /x]sf 5g\ .
k|b]z) ! / dw]z k|b]z larsf]
)
ef}uf]lns )ljz]iftfx? larsf] leGgtf o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –k|b]z) ! @^)#Ú b])lv
@* @Ú pQ/L cIff+z) / *^ !Ú b])lv ** #Ú k"jL{ b]zfGt/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 eg] dw]z k|b]z @^ #Ú b]lv @& &Ú
pQ/L cIff+z / *$ !Ú b]lv *& !Ú k"jL{ b]zfGt/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5, –k|b]z g+ ! df !$ lhNnf /x]sf 5g\ eg]
k|b]z g+ @ df * lhNnf /x]sf 5g\, –k|b]z ! n] g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmnsf] !&=^ k|ltzt e"efu cf]u6] sf] 5 eg]
dw]z k|b]z n] ^=% k|ltzt e"efu cf]u6], –k|b]z ! lxdfn, kxf8, leqLdw]; / t/fO{sf e"efu ldnL ag]sf] 5
eg] dw]z k|b]z t/fO{, efj/ / r'/]kj{t >]0fLaf6 ag]sf] 5 .
2. u08sL k|b]zsf] cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ko{6g pBf]usf] e"ldsfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M u08sL k|b]z k|fs[lts, ;f+:s[lts tyf ;xfl;s ko{6gsf lx;fan] cToGt dxTjk"0f{ k|b]z xf] . df}lns
snf,;+:slt, k|fs[lts Pjd\ P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbf / ef}uf]lns tyf h}ljs ljljwtfn] o; k|b]zsf cd"No lglw x'g\
. ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] cToGt ;'Gb/ oxfFsf cd"No snf, ;+:s[lt / k|fs[lts, P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbf / k|r"/tfsf
lx;fan] u08sL k|b]z cu|:yfgdf 5 .
h}ljs, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, ;fxl;s, P]ltxfl;s / wfld{s ljljwtfn] o; k|b]zsf] ko{6gdf cxd\ e'ldsf
v]n]sf 5g\ . g]kfnnfO{ ;g\ !($( kZrft\ afXo ko{6gsf nflu v'Nnf ul/Psf] xf] . k|m]Gr gful/s df}l/;
xh{un] !(%) sf] h'g # df klxnf] k6s cGgk"0f{ lxdfn cf/f]x0f u/L ;'?jft u/]sf] u08sLsf] ko{6g If]q
at{dfg cj:yfdf u08sL k|b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] k|d'v cfwf/lznf aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
u08sL k|b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df ko{6g If]qn] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 . k|b]zdf tf/] / demf}nf u/L ^%^
ko{6s :t/Lo xf]6]n 5g\ . oL xf]6]nx¿df b}lgs ^, (!$ sf]7f / !$,(%) z}of cyf{t aflif{s %$,%^,&%)
z}of pknAw 5g\ . k|b]zdf ^,**% ;fgf xf]6]n / /]i6'/]06x¿ 5g\ . k|b]zdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf @&$ eGbf a9L
;fd'bflos / gLlh xf]d:6]x¿n] u|fld0f ko{6gdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ . k|b]zdf afXo # nfv / cfGtl/s
^ nfv u/L jflif{s ( nfv ko{6sn] e|d0f ub{5g\ . ko{6g If]q ck|ToIf ?kdf k|b]zsf] ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf !)
k|ltzt / /f]huf/Ldf !% k|ltzt of]ubfg ub{5 . o; k|b]zdf ko{6ssf nflu cfjZos kg]{ nueu !%# j6f
6«]lsË Ph]G;L, @$$ j6f 6«fen Ph]G;Lx? 5g\ . ;fy} kf]v/fdf @ j6f, cGgk"0f{ / dgf:n' kbdfu{df @) j6f
eGbf j9L ko{6s ;"rgf s]G›sf] Joj:yf 5 . k|b]zsf] k|d'v ;Djfxssf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;a}eGbf a9L ;]jfd"ns,
;dfj]zL / /f]huf/d"ns If]q ko{6gnfO{ dWogh/ u/L k|b]z ;/sf/n] ;g\ @)!( nfO{ “cfGtl/s ko{6g aif{æ,
@)@) nfO{ “l5d]sL b]zsf ko{6s cfsif{0f aif{æ / ;g\ @)@@ nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] “k|b]z ko{6g aif{”
dgfpFb} @)@@ ;Dd o; k|b]zdf @) nfv ko{6s leofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 .
cGTodfM u08sL k|b]zsf ko{6sLo uGtJox?sf] ljljlws/0f ub}{ gofF ko{6sLo :yn / pkhx?sf] klxrfg,
ljsf; tyf ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; u/L ko{6g k|j4{gsf] dfWodaf6 /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ j[l4 u/L ul/aL
Go"lgs/0f ub}{ hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ug{' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
3. g]kfnsf] k|b]zut hg;Î\of ljt/0fsf] cj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfnsf] afudtL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf w]/} hg;Î\of -@)=(Ü_ /x]sf] 5 . o;kl5 dw]z k|b]z -@)=$$ Ü _
k|b]z g+= ! -!&=!Ü_, n'lDagL k|b]z -!^=(! Ü _, ;'b"/klZrd k|b]z -(=^$ Ü _, u08sL k|b]z -(=#Ü_ / s0f{fnL
k|b]z -%=*Ü_ /x]sf5g\ . o; tYofÍn] k|b]zx¿lar hg;Î\ofsf] ljt/0f ;dfg ¿kn] ePsf] b]vfpFb}g . afudtL
k|b]zdf ;a}eGbfa9L / s0f{fnL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf sd hg3gTj /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L k|b]z g+= !, afudtL, u08sL
/ n'lDagL k|b]zsf @& lhNnfdf C0ffTds hg;Î\of a'l4b/ /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] k|b]zut hg;Î\of ljt/0fsf] cj:yf o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5Gf\ M
–k|b]z g+ ! df (,(@,$$$ 3/kl/jf/ /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|b]zdfcf};t kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ $=%& / n}lËs cg'kft
()=#@ 5 . o; k|b]zsf] ;x/L hg;Î\of @^#(($^ -%*=@$_ /x]sf] 5 .
–dw]z k|b]z df (#@)*& 3/kl/jf/ /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|b]zdf cf};t kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ %=*# / n}lËs cg'kft
!)!=@ 5 . o; k|b]zsf] ;x/L hg;Î\of &!(Ü /x]sf] 5 .
–afudtL k|b]z hg;Î\ofsf] lx;fan] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] k|b]z xf] . o; k|b]zdf !@,&),&(& kl/jf/ ;Î\of 5 . o;
k|b]zn] g]kfnsf] nueu @)=( k|ltzt hg;Î\ofnfO{ cf]u6]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zsf] ;x/L hg;Î\of&@=^! /x]sf] 5
.
–u08sL k|b]zdf %&*@!( 3/kl/jf/ ;Î\of 5 o;n] g]kfnsf] nueu (=! k|ltzt hg;Î\ofnfO{ cf]u6]sf] 5 .
o; k|b]zsf] ;x/L hg;Î\of ^)=%Ü /x]sf] 5 .
–n'lDagL k|b]zdf *,*%, @)# kl/jf/ ;Î\of 5 . o;n] g]kfnsf] s'n hg;Î\ofsf] !^=( k|ltzt efu cf]u65 .
n'lDagL k|b]zdf %!=& k|ltzt ;x/L hg;Î\of /x]sf] 5 .
s0f{fnL k|b]zdf g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf sd hg;Î\of /x]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zdf g]kfn nueu %=( k|ltzt hg;Î\of
a;f]af; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oxfF hDdf @(*,#%( 3/kl/jf/ /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|b]zdf ;x/L hg;Î\of $(=#Ü /x]sf]
5.
–;'b"/klZrd k|b]zdf $,^(,(&! 3/kl/jf/ /x]sf5g\ . o; k|b]zn] g]kfnsf] nueu (=^ k|ltzt hg;Î\ofnfO{
cf]u6]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zsf] ;x/L hg;Î\of %*=(^ /x]sf] 5 .
4. ;fdflhs ljljwtf g]kfnsf] klxrfg zLif{sdf Ps n]v tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
;fdflhs ljljwtf g]kfnsf] klxrfg
/fHo w]/} ;dfhx?sf] ;femf :j?k xf] . ;dfh ljljw ljljwtfsf] ;lDd>0f xf] . ;dfhsf] of] ljljwtf cfkm}df
ljz]iftfo'Qm x'G5 . o;}n] /fHo w]/} ljz]iftfo'Qm ;dfhx?sf] ;lDd>0f xf] . /fHosf oL ljz]iftfx? k|To]s b]zsf]
df}lns klxrfg / uj{sf] ljifo x'g] ub{5 . ax'hflto, ax'eflifs Pj+ nfdf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld ePsf] ;dfhdf
;+:s[ltsf] klg ljljwtf /xG5 . hflto k/Dk/fx¿ cnu–cnu x'g ;S5g\, pgLx?sf] /Lltl/jfh, njfO{ vjfO{,
d"No dfGotf wd{ / ;f+:s[lts lqmofsnfkdf ljljwtf /xG5 . o:t} ;fdflhs ljljwtf /fHosf] /fd|f] pbxf/0f
g]kfn klg xf].
g]kfn ljljwtfn] el/k"0f{ ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s / ax'n ;+:s[lt ePsf] b]z xf] . oxfF If]qL, a|fXd0f,
du/, yf¿, tfdfª, g]jf/, d';ndfg, sfdL, ofbj, /fO{, u'?ª cflb !@% hfthfltsf dflg;x¿ a;f]af; u5{g\
.
oxfF ljleGg wfld{s cf:yfsf dflg;x¿ a:5g\ lxGb' wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ lzj, b'uf{ cflbsf] k"hf u5{g\ . a'4
wd{sf cg'ofoLn] a'4nfO{ k"hf u5{g\ . O:nfd wd{ dfGg]x¿n] cNnfxnfO{ dfG5g\ . O;fO{x¿ rr{df qmfO:6sf]
k|fy{gf u5{g\ . ls/ft wdf{nDaLn] kf?xfª / ;'lDgdfnfO{ dfG5g\ .
g]kfn ;+:s[ltdf wgL /fi6« xf] . oxfF ljljw j]ze"iff, /xg;x/ / ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[lt 5g\ . ;dfhleq ljleGg wd{,
k];f, hfthflt, ;+:s[lt, efiffefifL, j]ze"iff, vfgkfg, /xg;xg, rf8kj{, pT;j, ;flxTo, snf, dgf]/~hg cflb
kfOG5 . g]kfndf !@# cf]6f efiff af]lnG5 . o;n] g]kfnsf] eflifs ljljwtfnfO{ :ki6 kf5{. ljljw ;f+:s[lts
kj{, rf8 / hfqfx¿n] g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts klxrfgnfO{ prf] agfPsf 5g\ . k"j{sf] pwf}nL pef}nL xf];\ jf dw]z
k|b]z df dgfOg] lhltof kj{ jf 5ss xf];\ oL ;a}df g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] cg'dk gd'gf e]6\g ;lsG5 . u08sL
k|b]zsf] /f]bL jf n'lDagL k|b]zdf dgfOg] df3L jf ;'b"/ klZrd k|b]zdf dflgg] uf}/f jf v]lng] b]p8f gfr lo
;a}n] g]kfnL ;+:s[ltnfO{ hLjGt agfPsf 5g\ .
xfd|f ax' hflt, efiff, ;+:s[lto'Qm ;dfhn] o:t} l:ylt af]wsf] cfjZostf lautdf u/]sf] xf] / Tof] c;n /
cfwf/e"t k/Dk/fnfO{ cfh klg b[9tfsf;fy klqmg' / cem kl/dfh{gsf;fy cl3 a9\g'sf] s'g} lasNk 5}g . of]
al~5t oyfy{nfO{ /fd|/L cfTd;ft u/f}+ Û
5. u08sL k|bz ] sf d'Vo d'Vo wfld{s :ynx¿sfsf] gfd n]lv 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof ;d]t ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M dgsfdgf, d'lQmgfy, ljGWojfl;gL, afUn'ª sflnsf, un]Zj/ dxfb]j u08sL k|b]zsf k|d'v wfld{s
:ynx¿ x'g\.
dgsfdgf –dgsfdgf÷ dgf]sfdgf eujlt uf]/vfsf] dgsfdgf dlGb/ Ps dxQ\jk"0f{ b]jL:yfg
zlQmkL7 dflgG5 . dgn] lrtfPsf] OR5f k"/f ug]{ eujtL eGg] cy{df dgsfdgf gfd /xg uPsf] xf].
uf]vf{sf /fhf /fd zfxsL /fgL :jo+ dgsfdgf eujtLsf] cjtf/ lyOg\ eGg] hgljZjf; 5 .
dgsfdgfsf] bz{gn] dgf]sf+Iff k"/f x'g] wfld{s ljZjf; 5 .
d'lQmgfy –d'lQmgfy lxGb" tyf af}4dfuL{x¿sf] nflu Ps dxQ\jk"0f{ lty{:yn xf] . of] lty{:yn ;d'›
;txb]lv #,&!) dL6/sf] prfO{df g]kfnsf] lxdfnkf/Lsf] lhNnf d':tfª lhNnfdf cjl:yt 5 . lxGb'
wfld{s dfGotfsf] cfwf/df of] o:tf] If]q xf], hxfF dflg;x¿nfO{ d'lQm cyjf df]If k|fKt x'G5 .
ljGWojfl;gL –ljGWojfl;gL dlGb/ kf]v/f zx/df cjl:yt k|l;4 dlGb/ xf]. of] dlGb/nfO{ kf]v/fsf
k|Voft ko{6lso :yndWo] Ps k|d'v :ynsf] ¿kdf dflgG5 . o; dlGb/ wfld{s / ko{6sLo b[li6n]
klg dxQ\jk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . oxfF bz{gsf nflu g]kfnaf6 dfq geO{ ef/t tyf c? ljleGg b]zaf6
eQmhg cfpg] ub{5g\.
afUn'ª sflnsf –afun'ª sflnsf dlGb/ afun'ª lhNnfsf] afun'ª gu/kflnsf–@ df dlGb/ cjl:yt
5 . afun'ª sflnsf eujtL dlGb/ g]kfnsf] Ps k|lz4 zlQmkL7 xf] . wfld{s ;f+:s[lts / P]ltxfl;s
d"No dfGotf af]s]sf] o; dlGb/df bz{g / k"hfkf7 u/] ;Gtfg k|fKt x'g], dgf]sfdgf k'/f x'g] / zlQm
k|fKt x'g] ljZjf; /lxcfPsf] 5 .
un]Zj/ dxfb]j –DofUbL lhNnfsf] wgfg ufpFdf k|l;4 un]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] dlGb/ 5 . sfnLu08sL /
/x'u+uf vf]nfsf] ;+udglhs} kg]{ o; tLy{sf] gfd h8]Zj/ / h8e/]Zj/ klg xf] . :j:yfgLdf jl0f{t
syf k|;+u cg';f/, o;} :yfgdf ;tL b]jLsf] unf] ktg ePsf] lyof] . afnfrt'b{zL, lzj/flq / ;fpg
dlxgfdf un]Zj/ dxfb]j:yfgdf 7"nf] d]nf nfUb5 . un]Zj/ dxfb]jsf bz{g u/]/ dfq d'lQmgfysf]
bz{g ug{'k5{ eGg] dfGotf klg /x]sf] kfOG5 .
6. b]zsf] ljsf;df ;8s k"jf{wf/sf] dxQ\j pbfx/0f;lxt atfpg'xf];\ .
pQ/M cfw'lgs ;dfh lgdf{0fsf nflu ;8s tyf oftfoftsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . rf}8f / lbuf] ;8s
;Hhfn, j}1flgs oftfoft Joj:yfkg, /]n / t]ndflysf] kx'Fr clg pmhf{ / j}slNks pmhf{dflysf] ;xh
Joj:yfkg g} ljsf;sf nflu cfwf/e"t ;t{ dflgG5 . ;8s tyf oftfoftsf] plrt Joj:yfkg hgtfsf]
rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf] k|d'v cfwf/ xf]. lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, cf}Bf]lus If]q tyf cGo y'k|} cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfdfly
;xh / ;jn kx'Frsf nflu oftfoftsf] ljsf; ck/Lxfo{ 5 . ef}uf]lns hl6ntf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ Ps}
7fpFdf ePsf] b]zdf t emg\ ;8s tyf oftfoft xfd|f nflu d'6' g} x'g\.
oftfoft tyf ;8s lgdf{0flagf c¿ k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ;Dej gx'g] ePsfn] g} ;8snfO{ k"jf{wf/sf] klg
k"jf{wf/ eGg] ul/G5 . h:t} Pp6f hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf nflu lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 7fpF;Dd cf}hf/ / pks/0f
k'of{pg ;8ssf] cfjZostf k5{. o;n] kx'Frdf ;xhtf, cfly{s ljsf; ug{ d2t k'of{pg'sf ;fy} hgtfsf]
hLjg:t/df klg pNn]vgLo kl/jt{g NofpF5 . ;8ssf] kx'Fr gePsf sf/0f b'u{ddf :ofp ?vd} s'lxP/ v]/
uPsf] ;dfrf/, s[lif pks/0fx¿, aLp, dn cflb plrt :yfgdf k'Ug g;Sbf ls;fgn] v]Kg'k/]sf] cfly{s ;+s6
clg ;–;fgf afnaflnsf :s'n;Dd k'Ug g;Sbfsf] kL8fn] s;sf] dt lvGg gxf]nf / <
To;}n] s'g} klg k|b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;j{k|yd ;8s k"jf{wf/df hf]8 lbb} ;8s lgdf{0f ubf{ hlxn] klg
a:tL, ;dfh clg cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf; x'g]df s]lG›t x'g'k5{. aNn k|b]zsf] cfly{s ;d[l4sf] af6f] cufl8
a9\g ;S5 .
cGt/k|b]z ;DjGw
-!_ cGt/k|b]zsf] cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
pQ/M Ps k|b]zaf6 csf]{ k|b]zdf JolQmsf] cfjfudg, oftfoft ;~rfng / j:t' tyf ;"rgf ;~rf/sf nflu
s'g} jfwf cj/f]wsf] cj:yf g/xg' g} cGt/k|fb]lzsf] cjwf/0ff xf] . g]kfndf k|b]zx¿ k|fs[lts ;|f]t, jftfj/0f,
;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s / oftfoft / ;~rf/sf cfwf/df cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ .
cGt/k|fb]lzs ;DaGwn] k|b]zdf pknAw ;fwg ;|f]tsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f, lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;, jftfj/0fLo
lbuf]kg / ;fdflhs lbuf]kgnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 . of] cGt/;DaGwn] tNnf] / dflyNnf] k|jfx If]qljr ;fwg ;|f]t
afF8kmfF8, ul/aL, c;dfgtf / a]/f]huf/L ;d:ofnfO{ ;d]6g] k|oTg ub{5 .
-@_ g]kfndf cGt/k|fb]lzs ;DaGwdf ePsf] sfg'g Joj:yfsf] cf}lrTonfO{ k'li6 ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfndf cGt/k|fb]lzs ;DaGwdf ePsf] sfg'g Joj:yfsf] cf}lrTo lgDglnlvtsf 5g\ M
–Ps k|b]zn] csf]{ k|b]zsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf jf Goflos Pjd\ k|zf;sLo lg0f{o jf cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u
k'Ug], –Ps k|b]zn] csf]{ k|b]z;Fu ;femf rf;f], ;/f]sf/ / lxtsf] ljifodf ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug{, k/fdz{ ug{,
cfˆgf] sfo{ / ljwfogsf af/]df cfk;df ;dGjo ug{ / cfk;L ;xof]u lj:tf/ ug{ ;Sg]5, –Ps k|b]zn] csf]{
k|b]zsf] afl;GbfnfO{ cfˆgf] k|b]zsf] sfg'gadf]lhd ;dfg ;'/Iff, Jojxf/ / ;'ljwf pknAw ug]{ 5g\ .
-#_ k|fs[lts ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / pkof]u gLltsf d'Vo a'bf pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M k|fs[lts ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / pkof]u gLltsf d'Vo a'bf o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –;a} k|sf/sf
k|b"if0f /f]syfd, lgoGq0f / Go"gLs/0fsf nflu k|efjsf/L k|0ffnL :yfkgf ul/g]5, –gLlt, sfo{qmd cfof]hgf
nufotn] kfg]{ ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] cfFsng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5, –:jR5 tyf :j:y jftfj/0f
sfod ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfOg]5, –:jR5 / :j:y jftfj/0f sfod ug{ k|To]s gful/snfO{ pQ/bfoL
agfOg]5, –ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f ubf{ jftfj/0f d}qL ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ul/g]5, –jftfj/0f;DaGwL lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgsf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5, –;+3, k|b]z
/ :yfgLo txaf6 jftfj/0f If]q ;DaGwL gLlt tyf sfg"g th{'df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ubf{
;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{g]5 .

ljkb tyf ljkb Joj:yfkg

-s_ ljkbsf] kl/efiff n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M k|sf]ksf 36gfaf6 hgwgsf] Iflt ePsf] cj:yf h:t} dflg; dg]{, x/fpg], 3fOt] x'g], 3/kfn'jf kz'
dg]{, v]taf/L gi6 eP/ dflg; lj:tflkt x'g'kg]{ l:ylt ljkt\ x'g\ . ljkt\ eg]sf] Pp6f cfktsfnLg cj:yf xf]
. o;n] hgwgsf] Iflt jf ;d'bfosf] b}lgs lbgrof{nfO{ vNaNofpF5 . ljkTsf] cj:yfdf dflg;x¿ lg;fxo
x'G5g\ . pgLx¿sf] vfglkg, n'ufkmf6f, 3/ af;, cf}ifwf]krf/ ;'/Iff cflb cfjZosLo k|0ffnL cj?4 x'G5g\ .
kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo;+u tTsfn oL ;'ljwfx¿ kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf x'Fb}g . To;af6 dfgjLo, ef}lts, cfly{s
/ jftfj/0fLo Iflt x'G5 / ;fdfGo ;fdflhs cj:yf cj?4 x'G5 .
ljkt\ k|fs[lts / dfgj l;lh{t u/L b'O{k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . b'j} k|sf/sf ljktx¿n] cfktsfnLg cj:yf l;h{gf
u5{g\ . c:jfefljs jiff{n] af9L / klx/f] NofpF5, To;af6 pTkGg hf]lvd gbL lsgf/df a:g] dflg;x¿nfO{
kg{;S5 . ;fdfGotofM ljkt\ k"j{sf] tof/L, ljkTsf ;dodf vf]h tyf p4f/ / ljkTkl5 /fxt tyf k"g{:yfkgf
sfo{ u/L ljkTsf tLg r/0f x'G5g\.
-v_ ljkt\ / k|sf]kljr km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
pQ/M ljkt\ / k|sf]ksf] km/s o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5G.\ M
ljkt\ –k|sf]ksf 36gfaf6 hgwgsf] Iflt ePsf] cj:yf h:t} dflg; dg]{, x/fpg], 3fOt] x'g], 3/kfn'jf kz'
dg]{, v]taf/L gi6 eP/ dflg; lj:tflkt x'g'kg]{ l:ylt ljkt\ x'g\, –ljkt\ eg]sf] Pp6f cfktsfnLg cj:yf,
k|sf]kn] lgDTofpg] ;Í6sfnLg cj:yf xf], –o;n] hgwgsf] Iflt jf ;d'bfosf] b}lgs lbgrof{nfO{ vNaNofpF5,
–;fdfGotofM ljkt\ k"j{sf] tof/L, ljkTsf ;dodf vf]h tyf p4f/ / ljkTkl5 /fxt tyf k"g{:yfkgf sfo{ u/L
ljkTsf tLg r/0f x'G5g\, –vfglkg, n'ufkmf6f, 3/ af;, cf}ifwf]krf/ ;'/Iff cflb cfjZosLo k|0ffnL cj?4
x'G5g\.
k|sf]k –k|sf]k lj?4 h'Wg jf k|sf]k ;fdgf ug{ cGo JolQm, ;d'bfo jf ;‹;+:yf jf b]zsf] ;xof]u rflxg]
cj:yf ;[hgf x'g' ljkt\ xf], –ljkt\ Nofpg ;Sg] s'g} klg 36gf h:t} af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL, x'/Latf;, r6\ofª
cflb, –o;df Iflt / xtfxt u/fpg], ;DklQ Pjd\ jftfj/0f gi6u/fpg] ;Defjgf x'G5, –k|fs[lts k|sf]k
cfpg'eGbf k"j{sf] r/0f, k"j{r]tfjgL lbg] r/0f, cfsl:ds p4f/ ug]{ r/0f, k'g:yfkgf / k'glg{df{0f u/fpg]
r/0f u/L k|sf]ksf] rf/ r/0f x'G5g\, –k|fs[lts k|sf]kn] hLpwgsf] gi6 ug]{, dfgj, kz'kG5L 3fOt] x'g], dfgj
:jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ k'¥ofO{ jftfj/0f k|b"lift x'g] u5{ / yk ;+qmfds /f]ux¿n] u|l;t x'g] yk r'gf}tL
ylklbG5 .
-u_ “ljkt\ afhf ahfP/ cfpfb}g . ljkbn] s'g} hflt, wd{, wgLul/a eGb}g.æ o; egfOsf] cfzo :ki6
kfg{'xf];\ . pQ/M ljkt\ eg]sf] Pp6f cfktsfnLg cj:yf xf] . o;n] hgwgsf] Iflt jf ;d'bfosf] b}lgs
lbgrof{nfO{ vNaNofpF5 . ljkbsf] cj:yfdf dflg;x¿ lg;fxo x'G5g\ . pgLx¿sf] vfglkg, n'ufkmf6f, 3/
af;, cf}ifwf]krf/ ;'/Iff cflb cfjZosLo k|0ffnL cj?4 x'G5g\ . kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo;+u tTsfn oL ;'ljwfx¿
kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf x'Fb}g . To;af6 dfgjLo, ef}lts, cfly{s / jftfj/0fLo Iflt x'G5 / ;fdfGo ;fdflhs
cj:yf cj?4 x'G5 .
ljkt\ afhf ahfP/ cfpfb}g. ljkbn] s'g} hflt, wd{, wgLul/a eGb}g. ljkbsf] s'g} ;do / ;Ldf x'Fb}g tfklg
ljZjdf ;do–;dodf cfpg] e'OFrfnf], t'kmfg, Hjfnfd'vL, af9Lklx/f], cfFwLa]x]/L, cltj[li6, cgfj[li6 / ;+qmfds
/f]ux¿h:tf ljkTx¿af6 a;]{lg y'k|}sf] ;+Vofdf hgwgsf] Iflt ePsf / nfvf}+sf] ;+Vofdf 3/af/aLlxg / 3fOt]
ePsf 36gfx¿ 3l6 g} /x]sf 5g\.ljkTn] dfgj hLjgnfO{ g} tx;gx; ug]{ u5{, h'g ljkTx¿ cfsl:ds /
eo+s/ x'g] u5{g\ . ljkTn] /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ Iflt k'of{pg] dfq geO{ ;fdflhs Pj+ JolQmx¿nfO{ cgfjZos
tgfj a9fpg] / ;fdflhs tyf ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ ;d]t vnaNofpg], gi6 ug]{ sfo{ ul//x]sf] x'G5 . ljkt\
cfkm}+df ;d:of / ;dfwfg x'g ;Sb}g . logsf] k|s[lt / :j¿kcg';f/ k"j{tof/L ul/g'k5{ / 36gf 3l6xfNof]
eg] lgoGq0f, p4f/ / /fxtsf nflu ;s];Dd xn ugf{sf nflu kxn ul/g'k5{ . ljkt\ Joj:yfkg ;dod} ug{
;lsPsf] v08df s]xL xb;Dd eP klg kLl8t gful/sx¿n] /fxt kfpg], hgwgsf] Ifltaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 .
ljkt\ Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|fs[lts Joj:yfkg rqmsf ¿kdf cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . h;cGtu{t tof/L, ljkt\ k|efj,
k|ltlqmof, pkrf/, ljsf;, /f]syfd / /fxt lgoGq0f /x]sf 5g\ .
ctMljkt\ h'g;'s} :yfg / ;dodf 36\g ;Sg] / Ifltsf] cfsng klxNo} ug{ ;ls+b}g . To:tf ljkTx¿af6
aRgsf nflu k"j{tof/L, hgr]tgf clej[l4 u/fpg] sfo{df ljkt\ Joj:yfkg ug]{ lgsfo ;w}+ k"j{tof/L cj:yfdf
x'g'k5{ .
-3_ k|fs[lts ljkbsf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfndf ljkTsf 36gfaf/Daf/ x'g] u5{g\ . oxfF s'g}klg ;dodf ljkt\ cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x] sf] 5
. g]kfndf af9L, klx/f], e"sDk, cfuhgL, x/Latf;, cl;gf, clgoldt jiff{, ;'Svf v8]/L, lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g
cflbn] ljkTsf 36gf lg/Gt/ 3l6/x]sf 5g\.
k|fs[lts ljkTsf sf/0fx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –e"kl/l:ylt –ef/L jiff{ –hnjfo' kl/jt{g –lxdtfn km'6\g] –
;r]tgfsf] cefj –hg;xeflutfsf] cefj cflb.
-ª_ ljkTn] dfgjLo hLjgdf kfg]{ k|efjx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
pQ/M k|sf]ksf 36gfaf6 hgwgsf] Iflt ePsf] cj:yf h:t} dflg; dg]{, x/fpg], 3fOt] x'g], 3/kfn'jf kz'
dg]{, v]taf/L gi6 eP/ dflg; lj:tflkt x'g'kg]{ l:ylt ljkt\ x'g\ . ljkt\ eg]sf] Pp6f cfktsfnLg cj:yf xf]
.
ljkTn] dfgjLo hLjgdf kfg]{ k|efjx¿ lgDgfg';f/sf 5g\ –y'k|}sf] ;+Vofdf hgwgsf] Iflt x'g] / nfvf}+sf]
;+Vofdf 3/af/aLlxg / 3fOt] x'g], –;fdflhs Pj+ JolQmx¿nfO{ cgfjZos tgfj a9fpg] / ;fdflhs tyf
ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ ;d]t vnaNofpg], gi6 ug]{ sfo{ ul//x]sf] x'G5, –hLpwgsf] gi6 ug]{, dfgj, kz'kG5L
3fOt] x'g], dfgj :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ k'of{O{ jftfj/0f k|b"lift x'g] u5{ / yk ;+qmfds /f]ux¿n] u|l;t x'g]
yk r'gf}tL ylklbG5, –l;+uf] d'n's g} tx;gx; agfpg], ljZj:t/df jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f, dxfdf/L, /f]ux¿
km}ng ;Sg]nufotsf r'gf}tLx¿ ylkg ;S5g\, –dfgjLo Iflt jf pTkfbg ;fwgdf u/fPsf] Ifltn] ul/aLsf]
cj:yf l;h{gf u5{.
-r_ sf]le8 !( n] tkfO{sf] k7gkf7gdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] cg'ejnfO{ !) a'F bfdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M ljZjsf sltko ljsl;t d'n'sdf rLgaf6 pTklQ ePsf] sf]le8–!( sf] ;+qmd0f clgolGqt eO{ tLj|
¿kdf km}lnPsf] / l5d]sL d'n's ef/t;Fu} g]kfndf klg k|j]z ug{ ;Sg] eGb} )&^ r}t !! ut] a]n'sf g]kfn
;/sf/n] ns8fpgsf] 3f]if0ff uof]{ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] dxfdf/Lsf] pRr hf]lvdnfO{ Wofg lbFb} z'¿df @)&^ sf]
^ r}tb]lv r}t d;fGt;Ddsf nflu ljBfnob]lv ljZjljBfno tx;Ddsf ;a} lzIf0f ;+:yf aGb uof]{.
o;}qmddf k7gkf7gdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] cg'ej o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M –cgnfOg lzIffdfkm{t gofF l;sfO k|ljlw;Fu
3'nldn x'g] / To;;Fu ;DaGwLt cfjZos l;k l;Sg] cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5, –cgnfOg sIffdfkm{t u[xsfo{,
sIffsfo{, cGt/lqmof tyf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL x'Fbf cfˆgf] ljBfno hLjg k'gM kms]{sf] dx;';
eof] cfkm"nfO{ lg/Gt/ l;sfOdf hf]8\g ;s]+, –slxn] sfFxL O{G6/g]6 cj?4 x'Fbf l;sfO k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'rf? ug{,
lgoldt¿kdf l;Sg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{, k|efjsf/L / Jojl:yt l;sfO ug]{ dfWod 6]lnlehg lzIff klg
aGg k'u]sf]
–ef}lts b'/L sfod ub}{ l;Sg] cj;/ k|bfg eof], –sIf ;s]kl5 cgnfOgdfkm{t cfˆgf] ?lr / k|fyldstf
cg';f/sf sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g kfOof], –cleefjsdfkm{t ;jf{ËL0f ljsf; / l;sfOsf nflu cfjZos
jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{, lh1f;f k"/f ug]{ / xf};nf k|bfg ug]{ h:tf df}sfx? k|fKt ePsf] 5, –kf7\ok':ts, ;fGble{s
k7g ;fdu|L, ljBfyL{ sfo{k'l:tsf, vf]hd"ns sfo{x¿, 3/d} ug{ ;lsg] kl/of]hgf sfo{ h:tf :j–cWoog
;fdu|Lsf] k|of]usf] k|of]un] cfkm}n] jf lzIfs, cleefjs jf cGo JolQmx¿sf] yf]/} ;xof]un] l;Sg ;Sg] :j–
cWoog afgLsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5, –6]lnkmf]g jf df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u u/L j}slNks l;sfOsf] cjwf/0ff /
k|of]unfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] df}sf k|fKt ePsf] 5, –cGt/JolQm ;~rf/ l;k/ 6]lnkmf]g k|ljlwsf] plrt
k|of]u;DaGwL l;k xfl;n ePsf] 5, –cgnfO{gaf6 d"Nof+sg, cfGtl/s d"Nof+sg, cgnfOg k/LIff h:tf gofF
j}slNks dfWodnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL kl/Iff ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
ctM sf]le8 !( n] r'gf}tLsf ;fy;fy} gofF cj;/ klg k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;af6 xfdLn] eljiodf cfpg] ;Sg]
o:tf ljleGg dxfdf/Lsf ;dodf oL cg'ejx?nfO{ k'g ;b'kof]u ug{ ;S5f}+ .
-5_ g]kfndf ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg lgsfox¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfndf ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg lgsfox¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ –hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefu –
hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f ljefu –vfgL tyf e"–ue{ ljefu –:jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu –:yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
tyf s[lif ;8s ljefu –e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ljefu –zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f ljefu –lhNnf b}jL
k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldlt –lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf Pj+ ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx¿ –/fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿ –;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfo tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7gx¿
-h_ :yfgLo 1fg eg]sf] s] xf] < ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo 1fgn] k'of{pg] of]ubfg dfly rrf{ ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M
:yfgLo 1fg eGgfn] b}lgs 3/fo;L lqmofsnfknfO{ cem ;/n, l56f] / k|efjsf/L tj/n] k"/f ug{ cjnDag
ul/g] 1fg eGg] a'lemG5 . :yfgLo 1fg eGgfn] ;d'bfodf ljsl;t 1fg / cEof;nfO{ hgfpF5 . of] 1fg :yfgLo
jftfj/0f;+usf] cGt/lqmofaf6 cfh{g x'G5 . ;d'bfo g} of] 1fgsf ;h{s x'G5, k|of]ustf{ x'G5g\ / cflh{t
1fgnfO{ k':tfGt/0f ub}{ hfG5g\ . s'6fgL lk;fgL sfo{df kfgL 3§sf] k|of]u, v]taf/L vghf]t ug{ xnf]sf] k|of]u
cflb :yfgLo 1fgsf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ .
ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo 1fgn] k'of{pg] of]ubfgx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –:yfgLo 1fg j}1flgs 1fg /
k|ljlw ljsf;sf] cfwf/ xf] . –o;sf sf/0fn] :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u x'G5, –:yfgLo 1fg /
k|ljlwsf] k|of]un] k|of]ustf{nfO{ hLljsf]kfh{g ug{ ;xh x'G5, –o;sf sf/0f :yfgLo :t/df cfly{s ultljlw
a9\g uO{ /fi6«sf] cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ub5, –:yfgLo 1fg / k|ljlw ;dfh / /fi6«sf] ef}uf]lns tyf ;f+:s[lts
klxrfg xf], –:yfgLo 1fg / k|ljlwsf] k|of]un] OGwgsf] art xg' uO{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf 6]jf kUb5', –:yfgLo
1fg / k|ljlw ;'ne / ;/n ePsf sf/0f ;a} dflg;x¿n] o;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . NoteMoL :yfgLo 1fgsf
dxTjx? x'g\ / o;}nfO{ ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo 1fgn] k'of{pg] of]ubfgsf ?kdf klg lng ;S5f}F .
-em_ ljBfno txsf] kf7\oqmddf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ug{'kg]{ kfrcf]6f sf/0f pNn]v
ug{'xf]; .
pQ/M 7"nf] hg;+Vof k|fs[lts ljkb\sf] ;+3f/df /x]sf] a]nf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ;Lk tyf l;sfO
afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno:t/af6 g} l;sfO cEof; u/fO cEo:t kfg{' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . ljBfno cfkm}df
klg ljkb\ ;+j]bgzLn If]q ePsfn] ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf] ljBfno s'g k|fs[lts ljkb\sf] ;Dd'vdf 5 / cfkm" ;' /lIft
/x]g s] s:tf pkfo tyf ;Lk ckgfpg] eGg]af/] hfgsf/L kfpg'kg]{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostf xf] .
ljBfno txsf] kf7\oqmddf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ug{'kg]{ sf/0fx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\
–;dfhdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg, kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ljkbsf] 1fg tyf ;Lk
clej[l4 ug{ tyf hgr]tgf km}nfpg afnaflnsfn] cxd e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg], –hnjfo' kl/jt{g / ;f]af6 x'g]
k|fs[lts ljkb\ / ljkb\n] Nofpg] dfgjLo ;+s6sf af/]df ljBfyL{nfO{ ljBfno:t/d} cEo:t kfg{' cfhsf]
cfjZostf xf], –hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] kfg]{ xfgL tyf Ifltsf af/]df ljBfyL{n] kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfonfO{ ;';"lrt
kfb}{ ;d'bfon] rfNg' kg]{ sbd tyf cg's"ngsf lqmofsnfkaf/] 1fg tyf ;LknfO{ a[xt\ ¿kdf ;d'bfo;Dd
k'of{pg ;Sg]5g\ / o;nfO{ 7"nf] pknAwLsf ¿kdf u|x0f ug{ ;lsG5, –ljkb\sf ;"rgf s;/L k|fKt ug]{ / k|fKt
;"rgfnfO{ cfˆgf] ;d'bfo;Dd s;/L ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ eGg] s'/f ljBfyL{nfO{ lzlIft u/fpg ;lsof] eg] ;Defljt
IfltnfO{ Go"g ug{ d2t k'U5, –ljkb\sf] k"j{ ;r]tgf k|0ffnL, ljkb\ k"j{tof/L, ljkb\sf] ;dodf JolQm tyf
;d'bfon] ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fjwfgL / ;r]tgf / ljkb\ kZrftsf] ;dodf lj:yflkt eO k'/fgf] cj:yfdf kms{bf
ug{'kg]{ ;'/Iff ;'lglZrttf af/]df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIf0f u/]df ;d'bfon] To;sf] nfe lng ;Sg]5 .
cGTodf, ljBfno kf7\oqmddf ljkb\ lzIffnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg' dfq 7"nf] pknAwL xf]Og o;sf] lzIf0f k4ltnfO{
kl/:s[t ub}{ Jojxf/;Fu hf]l8g' kb{5 . ljkb\ lzIffnfO{ ;}4flGts cWofkgn] dfq kmnbfoL agfpg ;Sb}g .
o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf k|of]ufTds k4ltnfO{ cËfn]/ l;sfO u/]df dfq x'G5 . ;'uf /6fO lzIffn] Ps kfgf nAwfÍ
kq t lbg ;Snf t/ cfkm",cfˆgf] kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfosf] kx/]bf/sf] ¿kdf axg ug{'kg]{ gful/s bfloTjaf6
r'sfpF5, of] ;a}n] cfh}af6 dgg u/f}+.
-~f_ tkfO{+ :yfgLo txsf] k|d'v x'g'eof] eg] ljkb\sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{'x'G5 . ;f]sf af/]df cfˆgf] ljrf/
k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M d :yfgLo txsf] k|d'v ePF eg] ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu o;k|sf/sf sfo{x¿ cufl8 a9fpy]+M .. –
ljkb\sf] k|s[lt / :j¿kcg';f/ k"j{tof/L ug]{ / 36gf 3l6xfNof] eg] lgoGq0f, p4f/ / /fxtsf nflu ;s];Dd
xn ugf{sf nflu kxn sbdL lng], –k|fs[lts k|sf]k Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|fs[lts Joj:yfkg rqmsf ¿kdf cWoog
ug]{ h;cGtu{t tof/L, ljkb\ k|efj, k|ltlqmof, pkrf/, ljsf;, /f]syfd / /fxt lgoGq0f /x]sf 5g\, –
ljkb\x¿af6 aRgsf nflu k"j{tof/L, hgr]tgf clej[l4 u/fpg] sfo{df k|fs[lts Joj:yfkg ug]{ lgsfo ;w}+
k"j{tof/L cj:yfdf /fVg], –ljkb\ cfpg'eGbf k"j{sf] r/0f, k"j{r]tfjgL lbg] r/0f, cfsl:ds p4f/ ug]{ r/0f,
k'g:yfkgf / k'glg{df{0f u/fpg] r/0fsf] klxrfg u/L r/0fa4 ¿kdf sfof{Gjog u/L ljkb\sf] k|efj sd ug]{,
–ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu :yfgLo :t/df hgr]tgf km}nfpg], ;"rgf ;~rf/ pknAw u/fpg]nufotsf
sfo{x¿ ug{'sf ;fy} 7f]; lglt lgdf{0f u/L k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f sd u/fpg] k|of; ug]{ . –ljkb\ af6 l;lh{t
36gfx¿af6 ePsf Ifltx¿– hgwg, s[lif, kz', ef}lts Pj+ ;fdflhs ;+/rgfx¿ / cGo If]qx¿df s] –slt
Iflt, k|efj k/]sf] xf] ;f]sf] ;d]t cWoog–cg';Gwfg u/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdfkm{t clen]vLs/0f u/fpg], –
ljkßf k/]sf kLl8tx¿nfO{ k'g:yfkgf ug{ / ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿sf] Ifltsf] d"Nof+sg u/L dd{t Pj+ k'glg{df{0f
sfo{ l56f]eGbf l56f] ug]{ / k|fs[lts kLl8tx¿sf] p4f/ ug{sf nflu ljleGg If]qx¿sf] ljsf; ub}{ hfg].
PsfO ^M g]kfnsf] Oltxf;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-s_ g]kfnsf] k|frLg Oltx;sf dxQ\jk"0f{ kIfx¿ a'bfut¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfn uf}/jzfnL Oltxf; af]s]sf] b]z xf] . g]kfnsf] Oltxf; lgs} k|frLg dflgG5 . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;nfO{
d'Vo u/L k|frLg sfn dWo sfn / cfw'lgs sfn u/L tLg v08df ljefhg u/]/ cWoog ul/G5 . sfn eGgfn]
;do cjlw a'lemG5 .
g]kfnsf] k|frLg Oltx;sf dxQ\jk0f{ kIfx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –g]kfnsf k|yd /fhfx¿ uf]kfnj+zL lyP,
uf]kfn eGgfn] ufO{kfns ;d'bfoeGg] a'lemG5, –sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] kfgL aflx/ lgl:sPkl5 of] 7fpF k|z:t
dlnnf],jg:kltn] el/k"0f{ / a;f]af; of]Uo x'gk'Uof], –uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ uf]kfnj+zsf
hLg u'KtnfO{ o'4df k/flht u/L dlxifkfnx¿n] g]kfnsf]zf;gdf lgoGq0f sfod u/]sf lyP, ufO{ kfNg]nfO{
uf]kfn eg] s] e};L kfNg]nfO{dlxifkfn jf cfeL/ elgGYof], –cfeL/j+zsf clGtd /fhf e'jgl;+xnfO{ o'4df
k/flht u/L ls/ftj+zL /fhfon'ª jf onDa/n] zf;gdf lgoGq0f sfod u/]sf lyP, –ls/ft zf;gsf] cGTolt/
nlntk'/sf] Rof;n eGg] 7fpFdf cf7;o ls/tLsf] xTof ul/Psf] lyof], –k|frLg g]kfnsf /fhj+zMcf7 hgf
uf]kfn /fhfx?sf] zf;g – %)% jif{, tLg hgf dxlifkfn /fhfx?sf] zf;gsfn –!^! jif{, afO; hgf ls/ft
/fhfx?sf] zf;gsfn – !&)!, hDdf jif{ M @,#^& .
-v_ g]kfn pkTosfsf] pTklQ / gfds/0fsf ;DaGwdf efiffut cfwf/ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfn pkTosfsf] pTklQ / gfds/0fsf ;DaGwdf efiffut cfwf/x? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –Úg]kfnÚ
kf}/fl0fs ls/ftL zAb Úg]kfÚ sf] ;f+:s[lts ¿k xf]. ls/ftL / g]jf/L efiffdf Úg]Ú sf] cy{ ÚdWoÚ / ÚkfÚ sf] cy{
Úb]zÚ cyf{t\ ÚdWob]zÚ x'G5 . dWokxf8L v08df /x]sf] Úg]kfÚ df ÚnÚ k|Too nfu]/ g]kfn gfd /x]sf] b]lvG5 . –
ltAatL efiffdf Úg] sf] ca 3/ / ÚkfnÚ sf] cy{ pg x'G5 . To;a]nf o; If]qdf e]8fkfng a9L ePsfn]
g]kfnaf6 pg / pgL sk8f ljb]zdf lgof{t x'GYof] . To;}n] pgsf] 3/ cyf{Tpg x'g] 7fpFsf] ¿kdf of] If]qsf]
gfds/0f g]kfn /xg uPsf] b]lvG5 . –lnDa' efiffdf g]kfnsf] cy{ ;dtn e"ld eGg] x'G5 . kxf8L v08df 7'nf]
d}bfgL pkTosf ePsfn] o;sf] gfd g]kfn /xg uPsf] b]lvG5 . –k'/fgf] n]Krf efiffdf Úg]Ú sf] cy{ kljq /
ÚkfnÚ sf] cy{ u'kmf x'G5 . o;/L g]kfnÚ n] k'0oe"ld jf wfld{s :yn a'emfp5 . ctM n]Krf cg';f/ o; 7fpFsf]
gfd g]kfn /xg uPsf] b]lvG5 . –g]kfnsf tfdfªx¿n] klg tLy{nfO{ Úg]Ú eG5g\ . nfdf wd{u|Gydf Úg]Ú sf] cy{
kljq :yfg xf] . g] kfndf k|z:t wfld{s :yn ePsfn]tfdfª efiffcg';f/ k'0o e"ldsf¿kdf g]kfn gfd /xg
uPsf] x'g ;S5 . –;+:s[t efiffdf gLkM eg]sf] kxf8sf] km]bL x'G5 ;f] zAbdf pk;u{ cfn -:yfg_ hf]8]/ g]kfn
ePsf] cg'dfg5 . cfnsf] cy{ w/x'G5 kxf8ÞL sfvdf /x]sf] pkTosf ePsf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ g]kfn eGg yflnof]
.
-u_ uf]kfn, dlxifkfn / ls/ftsfnsf] cfly{s ;dflhs cj:yfsf] lrq0f ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M k|frLg sfnsf] uf]kfn, dlxifkfn / ls/ftL zf;g Joj:yfsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cj:yf Tolt k|:6
5}g . t}klg To;a]nfsf] tYox¿sf cfwf/df lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . uf]kfnj+zL zf;gsfnsf] d'Vo
cfly{s lqmofsnfk kz'kfng lyof] . sf7df8f}+ pkTosf pAhfpzLn tn}of df6fn] ag]sf] x'gfn] oxfF k|z:t
3fF; lyof] . To;}n] oxfFsf afl;Gbf ufO{ kfNg] uy]{ . dlnnf] df6fn] ag]sf] e"efu ePsf sf/0f oxfF s[lif Joj;fo
klg ul/GYof] . dlxifkfn j+zsf] kfnfdf eg] e}+;L kfNg yflnof] . cGo s'/f uf]kfn j+zs} h:tf] lyof] . ls/ft
sfndf dflg;x¿ s[lif / kz'kfngsf ;fydf l;sf/ ug]{ sfo{ klg ug]{ tLgcf]6} sfn v08df 3/]n' pBf]uaf6
cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos j:t' tof/L ul/GYof] .
;dfh lxGb' wfld{s k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t lyof] . kz'kltgfysf] pTklQ / dlGb/ lgdf{0fsf] s'/fn] To; a]nf z}j
wd{sf] ljsf; ePsf] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . kz'kltdf ls/ft]Zj/ dxfb]j / xg'n] ls/ft sfndf klg z}jwd{
rn]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] ;dodf lxGb' k/Dk/fcg';f/sf ljleGg rf8kj{x¿ dgfOGYof] .
-s_ lnR5ljsfnnfO{ lsg :j0f{ o'u dflgG5<
pQ/M hglxtnfO{ a9L :yfg lbg] zf;gJoj:yf, ;Ël7t hghLjg, pGgt cfly{s cj:yf, lzIffsf] :t/, cfs{ifs
snf cflb s'/fn] ubf{ lnR5lj sfnnfO{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df :j0f{o'u dflgG5 .
-v_ lnR5ljsfnLg cfly{s cj:yfsf] rrf{ ub}{ xfnsf k':tfn] To;af6 s] s] s'/f l;Sg' kb{5 < pNn]v ug{'xf];\
.
pQ/M lnR5lj sfnLg cfly{s cj:yf s[lifdf cfwfl/t lyof], kz'kfng Joj;fo klg s[lif;+u} ul/GYof] . o;;Fu}
pBf]u / Jofkf/df lgs} pGglt ePsf] lyof] . g]kfndf sfi7 pBf]u, df6f / wft'sf pBf]u, 9'Ëf;DaGwL pBf]u
/ª;DaGwL pBf]u, pgL sk8f pBf]u, xftxltof/sf pBf]u / t]n pBf]ux¿ km:6fPsf lyP . ef/tdf g]kfnL
tfdfsf] cTolws dfu lyof] . g]kfnn] kmnfd, s:t"/L, tfdf / rd/ lgof{t ug]{ u/]sf] s'/f clen]vdf pNn]v
u/]sf] kfOG5 . ltAattkm{ vfBfGg, pgL sk8f, v';f{gL, wft'sf snfTds j:t' lgof{t x'GYof] . lnR5lj sfndf
s/ Joj:yf klg lgs} ;'b[9 lyof] .
xfnsf k':tfn] lnR5ljsfnLg cfly{s Joj:yfaf6 lgDg cg';f/sf s'/f l;Sg' kb{5M –s[lif g]kfnL cy{tGqsf]
k|d'v If]q xf] . To;}n] s[lif If]qnfO{ Jojl:yt ub}{ gfkmfd"ns Joj;fosf ?kdf :yflkt ug{'kb{5, –pBf]u cfly{s
ljsf;sf] d]?b08 xf] . To;}n] pBf]udf lgof{tof]Uo, t'ngfTds nfesf j:t'sf] pTkfbg / ljljlws/0fdf hf]8
lbg], –Jofkf/ ubf{ ljZj ahf/df d"No clej[l4o'Qm j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lgsf;L a9fpg], –:yfgLo sRrf kbfy{,
;|f]t, ;fwg / ;Lk al9 nfUg] j:t'sf] pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg], –g]kfnsf] cg'kd ef}uf]lns / k|fs[lts ljljwtf,
;f+:s[lts / O{ltxf;sf sf/0f g]kfndf ko{6gsf] k|r'/ ;DefJotf /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] ko{6gsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/
/ k|jb{\wgdfkm{t ko{6g If]qsf] lj:tf/ ub}{ cfly{s nfe lng] .
-u_ lnR5ljsfnLg Oltxf;af6 xfnsf k':tfn] s] s] s'/f l;Sg ;S5g\ < ;"rL tof/ ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df lnR5lj j+zsf] zf;gsfnnfO{ lgs} dxQ\jk"0f{ dflgG5 . hglxtnfO{ a9L :yfg lbg]
zf;gJoj:yf, ;Ël7t hghLjg, pGgt cfly{s cj:yf, lzIffsf] :t/, cfs{ifs snf cflb s'/fn] ubf{ lnR5lj
sfnnfO{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df :j0f{o'u klg dflgG5 .
lnR5ljsfnLg Oltxf;af6 xfnsf k':tfn] o; lsl;dsf s'/fx? l;Sg ;S5g\ –nIo lgwf{/0f u/L sfo{ ;DkGg
ug]{, –;fd"lxs efjgf cg';f/ sfo{x? ug]{ u/fpg], –;+u7gsf] sfo{k|lt pTk|]/0ff hufpg] sfo{ ug]{, –zlQm /
clwsf/sf] s'zn k|of]u ug]{, b'?kof]u gug]{, –;dosf] Joj:yfkg ug]{, ;xL ;dodf ;xL lg0f{o ug]{, –d'n'ssf]
cfly{s j[l4 / ljsf;sf] nflu s[lif, pBf]u / Jofkf/ h:tf cfly{s sfo{sf] pRrtd ljsf; ug]{ .
-3_ lnR5ljsfnLg /fhfx¿ / ltgsf sfo{x¿ emNsg] tflnsf tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|bz{g ug{'xf];\
pQ/M lnR5ljsfnLg /fhfx¿ / ltgsf sfo{x¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
/fhfsf] gfdM j;Gtb]j
dxTjk"0f{ sfo{M hgtfsf] enf] rfxg] /fhfsf¿kdf kl/lrt /fhf pgn] b"ts, ;j{b08gfos | / dxfk|ltxf/
h:tf k|zf;sLo kbsf] l;h{gf u/]sf lyP. logn] g} l6:6'ªsf] | lznfn]vdf ;aeGbf klxn] g]kfn zAbsf] k|of]u
u/]sf lyP . logs} kfnfdf b]j / u'Ktsf] å}w zf;gsf] ;'?jft eof] .
–/fhfsf] gfdM lzjb]j k|yd dxQ\jk"0f{ sfo{M u|fd kf~rfnLx¿nfO{ ljs]G›Ls/0fsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ clwsf/
;DkGg agfPsf] .
–/fhfsf] gfdM c+z'jdf{
dxQ\jk"0f{ sfo{M lzIffk|]dL, ;'wf/s, Jofs/0fsf /rlotf /fhf . ls;fgnfO{ dsf{ kg{af6 arfpg s't;DaGwL
Joj:yf / l;+rfOsf] Joj:yf kz'kfngnfO{ k|f]T;fxg j}b]lzs Jofkf/df j[l4 3/]n' pBf]unfO{ k|f]T;xg, d'›fsf]
k|rng h:tf ;'wf/ sf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng .
–/fhfsf] gfdM g/]G› b]j dxQ\jk"0f{ sfo{M rLg / ltAat;Fusf] ;DaGw lj:tf/, gfktf}ndf Ps¿ktf sfod,
e›flwjf; gfds b/af/ lgdf{0f, å}wzf;gsf] cGTo, ue{jtL >LdtLsf] d[To' ePdf >LdfgnfO{ b08 lbg] Joj:yf.
–/fhfsf] gfdM hob]j låtLo
dxQ\jk"0f{ sfo{M ;hfodf cfly{s hl/jfgfsf] Joj:yf, Gofo Joj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 kf/]sf], slj, ljåfg,
lnR5ljsfnsf clGtd zlQmzfnL zf;s, kf~rfnLnfO{ Goflos clwsf/ k|bfg .
-s_ of] jif{ g]kfn ;+jt\ slt xf] <
pQ/M of] jif{ g]kfn ;+jt\ !!$! xf] .
-v_ dWosfnLg Oltxf;af6 xfdLn] s] s] l;Sg ;S5f} <
pQ/M dWosfnLg Oltxf;af6 xfdLn] o; lsl;dsf s'/fx? l;Sg ;S5f}FM –Jojl:yt zf;g k|0ffnL, –Goflos
;'wf/, –wd{, ;+:s[lt,efiff / ;flxTosf] ljsf;, –zlQm / clwsf/sf] s'zn k|of]u ug]{, b'?kof]u gug]{, –;dosf]
Joj:yfkg ug]{, ;xL ;dodf ;xL lg0f{o ug]{, –d'n'ssf] cfly{s j[l4 / ljsf;sf] nflu s[lif, pBf]u / Jofkf/
h:tf cfly{s sfo{sf] pRrtd ljsf; ug]{ .
-u_ dWosfnLg /fhfx¿sf] gfd / sfdsf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
pQ/M dWosfnLg /fhfx¿sf] gfd / sfdsf] ;"rL o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –/fhfsf] gfdM hol:ylt dNn
dxQ\jk"0f{ sfdM k];fut xslxtsf] ;+/If0f, hUufnfO{ cAan, bLod, l;d / rfxf/ u/L rf/ efudf ljefhg,
3/, hldg a]rlavg ug{ / aGws /fVg klg kfOg] Joj:yf, dfgf, kfyL, 9s t/fh'df ;'wf/, rf/j0f{ rf};ÝL
hftsf] ;fdflhs Joj:yf, hftLo k];f / klx/gsf] Joj:yf, uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLsf] /rgf,
–/fhfsf] gfdM oIf dNn dxQ\jk"0f{ sfdM eQmk'/ tf}d8L 6f]nsf] dlGb/, bQfqo dlGb/, oIfZj/ dlGb/,
nlntk'/sf] eLdgfy dlGb/ :yfkgf,
–/fhfsf] gfdM /Tg dNn dxQ\jk"0f{ sfdM tfdfsf] d'›f k|rng, tn]h' dlGb/ lgdf{0f, kz'kltdf blIf0fsfnL,
;Ktif{ / ci6dft[sfsf d"lt{ :yfkgf,
–/fhfsf] gfdM dxLG› dNn
dxQ\jk"0f{ sfdM pkTosfdf rf+bLsf] df]xf]/ -dx]G› dNnL_ rnfPsf, tn]h'glhs dx]G›Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/ lgdf{0f,
;a}hgtfn] vfPkl5 dfq vfg] /fhf, hgtfsf] d[To'df klg 5fs 5f]8\g] /fhf,
–/fhfsf] gfdM huHof]lt dNn dxQ\jk"0f{ sfdM eQmk'/df lj:s]6 hfqf ;'? u/]sf,
-3_ k"j{ dWosfnLg sfndf pkTosfsf] /fhgLlts cj:yf s:tf] lyof] <
pQ/M k"j{ dWosfnLg sfndf pkTosfsf] /fhgLlts cj:yf o;k|sf/sf] lyof]M –/fhtGqfTds zf;g k4ltdf
rn]sf] zf;g, –dWosfnnfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof]M k"j{ dWosfn / pQ/ dWosfn, –g]kfn pkTosf
leq / aflx/ /fhtGqfTds Joj:yf cGtu{t w]/} k|l;4 /fhfx¿n] zf;g u/]sf lyP, –!! cf}+ ;tAbLsf]
cGTo;Dddf g]kfn # /fHodf 6'lqmPsf] lyof], –kmn:j¿k klZrd / sf7df8f}F pkTosf dNn /fhfåf/f sfod
/Xof] eg] blIf0fsf] l;d|f}gu9df lt/x't /fHosf] zf;gJoj:yf /Xof].
-ª_ hol:ylt dNn / /fhf dx]G› dNnaf6 jt{dfgsf /fHo ;~rfnsx¿ s] s] /fd|f s'/f l;Sg ;S5g\ <
pQ/M hol:ylt dNn / /fhf dx]G› dNnaf6 jt{dfgsf /fHo ;~rfnsx¿s] lgDglnlvt s'/fx? l;Sg ;S5g\
–b]zelQmsf] efjgf, –wd{, ;+:s[lt,efiff / ;flxTosf] ljsf;, –nIo lgwf{/0f u/L sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{, –;fd"lxs
efjgf cg';f/ sfo{x? ug]{ u/fpg], –;+u7gsf] sfo{k|lt pTk|]/0ff hufpg] sfo{ ug]{, –zlQm / clwsf/sf] s'zn
k|of]u ug]{, b'?kof]u gug]{, –;dosf] Joj:yfkg ug]{, ;xL ;dodf ;xL lg0f{o ug]{, –d'n'ssf] cfly{s j[l4 /
ljsf;sf] nflu s[lif, pBf]u / Jofkf/ h:tf cfly{s sfo{sf] pRrtd ljsf; ug]{ .
-s_ kf7df plNnlvt dx]G›dNnsf] egfOaf6 cfhsf pBf]uL Joj;foLn] s] l;Sg ;S5g\ <
pQ/M kf7df plNnlvt dx]G›dNnsf] egfOaf6 cfhsf pBf]uL Joj;foLn] oL s'/fx¿ l;Sg ;Sb5g\ –pknAw
j:t', oGq / pks/0fnfO{ cfjZos If]qdf e/k'/ pkof]u ug{'k5{, –s'g}klg pTkfbgx? ubf{ :j pTkfbgsf nflu
rflxg] ;a} k|sf/sf ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|of]u u/L u'0f:t/ agfpg'kb{5, –pTkfbgsf cg'ejx? a6'Nb} hfFbf To;af6
gofF / cem} u'0f:t/ pTkfbgsf] clj:sf/ x'g]5, –xfdLn] w]/}eGbf w]/} j:t'x? pTkfbg u/] dfq} lgof{tsf] b/
a9\g uO{ Jofkf/df kmfObf x'g]5 / b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; x'g]5 .
-v_ g]kfnsf] dWosfnLg cfly{s cj:yf lgs} ;'b[4 b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] xfnsf] cfly{s cj:yf;fu t'ngf ub}{
o;nfO{ cem ;'b[9 agfpgs] ug{'knf{ < n]Vg'xf];\ . pQ/M k|frLg ;dob]lv g} g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ ltAat, rLg /
ef/t;Fu /xL cfPsf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ dWosflng zf;sx?n] klg ljz]if Wofg lbPsf lyP . To;sf/0f pBf]u
jfl0fHo / Joj;fosf] ljsf;n] dWosfnsf] cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf lta|tf . cfPsf] lyof] . t/ t'ngfTds lx;fan]
jt{dfg b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;n] eg] /fd|f] ult lng ;s]sf] 5}g. cfly{s ljsf;n] lg/Gt/ /fd|f] ult lng ;s]sf]
5}g. o;sf ljleGg sf/0fx? /x]sf 5g\.
To;}n] g]kfnsf] xfnsf] cfly{s cj:yf;f ;'b[9 agfpg oL sfo{x? ug{ cfjZos 5M –tLj|, lbuf] / /f]huf/d"ns
cfly{s j[l4 ug]{, –;'ne tyf u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf / lzIffsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{, –cfGtl/s tyf cGt/b]zLo
cGt/cfa4tf Pjd\ lbuf] zx/a:tL ljsf; ug]{, –pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug]{, –k"0f{, lbuf] / pTkfbgzLn
;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0f ug]{, –ul/aL lgjf/0f / cfly{s ;fdflhs ;dfgtf ;lxtsf] Gofok"0f{ ;dfh lgdf{0f
ug]{, –k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / kl/rfng tyf pTyfgzLntf ljsf; ug]{ / –;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f,
k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ng / /fli6«o Pstf ;Dab{\wwg ug]{.
cEof; != tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf]:f\ .
-s_ dWosfndf /fHo 6'lqmg] sf/0fx¿ s] s] /x]5g\ <
pQ/M /f3jb]jn] lj=;= (#^ df zf;g ;'? u/]b]lv lj=;= !*@% df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] sf7df08f} pkTosf
ljho gu?Gh]n ;Ddsf] *** jif{nfO{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] dWosfn dflgG5 . klZrd g]kfnsf] v; dNn /fHo
ljzfn Pjd\ zlQmzfnL lyof] . To;a]nf o;sf] l;dfgf k"j{df lqz'nL gbL klZrddf s'dfp u9jfn / pQ/df
dfg;/f]j/ tyf blIf0fdf af]wuof nufotsf t/fO{;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof] t/ O{=;= !$%) ;Dd cfOk'Ubf of] /fHo
lj36g ePsf] kfOG5 . v; /fHo lj36g eO;s]kl5 qmdz afO;] / rf}la;] /fHox?sf] pbo eof] . o;kl5
s0ff{nL If]qdf afO{; /fHonfO{ ;+o'Qm ?kdf afO;] /fHo elgof] . To;}u/L u08sL If]qsf @$ /fHonfO{ rf}la;]
/fHo elgof] . To; ;do zf;sx? cfˆgf] /fHo lj:tf/ ug]{ xf]8afhLdf nfu]sf sf/0f slxn] oL /fHox?sf]
;+Vof a9\Yof] eg] slxn] 36\bYof] . o;/L dWosflng g]kfndf ;–;fgf /fHox?sf] pbo / ktgsf] k|lqmof
rln/xGYof] .
dWosfndf /fHo 6'lqmg] sf/0fx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –ef}uf]lns ljs6tf / b'/Lsf sf/0fn] ubf{ k|zf;lgs
b[li6n] 6f9fsf If]qx¿ s]G›sf] lgoGq0fdf /xg g;Sg', –dWosfndf s]G›af6 lgo'Qm ;fdGtx¿ zlQmzfnL x'Fb}
hfg' / :jtGq /fHo 3f]lift ug{', –/fh kl/jf/, ef/bf/x¿ / /fhflarsf] åGån] ubf{ b/jf/df cljZjf; /
if8\oGq xg yfNof] h;n] ubf{ s]G›Lo k|zf;g sdhf]/ x'Fb} uof], –;fgf /fHox¿sf] 7"nf] / zlQmzfnL aGg]
dxQ\jfsfÍ\iffsf sf/0f cfk;L le8Gtn] klg /fHo sdhf]/ ePsf lyP, –;fgf /fHosf cj;fgsf sf/0f cflb.
-v_ Oltxf;sf ljleGg sfnv08df krf;f} 6'qmfdf ljeflht g]kfnnfO{ PsLs/0f ug{ / To;nfO{ l;Ëf]¿kdf
l6sfO/fVg xd|f k'vf{n] slt ldlxg]t ug{'kGof] xf]nf < cg'dfg u/]/ Ps sljtf jf ;+jfb jf kq tof/ kfg{'xf];\
.
sljtf o;k|sf/ 5 M
jL/ k'vf{ s'g kxf8n] s'g vf]nfn] ltd|f] ult 5]s]Yof] /
jL/ k'vf{ Û s'g cfFwLn] ltd|f] ofqf /f]s]Yof] /
u?8sf] e} j]u ltd|f] s'g cfsfzn] afFWg ;Sof]
kf}/vn] /Rof} g]kfn Û kxf8 t/fO{ h'6\g ;Sof] .
k"j{ l6:6f ltdLnfO{ ;DemL cem} ?G5 xf]nf
klZrd /faL ltd|f] cem} /Qmwf/f w'G5 xf]nf
sfFu8f / snËfsf] 9'Ëf df6f] af]N5 xf]nf
jL/ k'vf{ ltd|f] uLt uËfel/ u'H5 xf]nf
l8urf{df 8f]a ltd|f] lr;f] lxpleq xf]nf
j]qfjtL lsgf/el/ kf}/vsf] lrgf] xf]nf
jL/ k'vf{ Û ltdLnfO{ ldt]/Ln] dfq} afFWof]
;fu/ t/L ;+;f/el/ jL/ uf]vf{ /ut aUof] .
gfsf y'gL g]kfnLnfO{ s;n] 5]Sg ;s]Yof] /
lxdfnsf] lxdgbL s;n] /f]Sg ;s]Yof] /
jL/ k'vf{ Û ltg} /ut g]kfnLsf g;fel/
pxL uLt pxL uf}/j rG›;"o{ Wjhfel/ .
cEof; != tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ kf7df plNnlvt dx]G›dNnsf] egfOaf6 cfhsf pBf]uL Joj;foLn] s] l;Sg ;S5g\ <
pQ/M kf7df plNnlvt dx]G›dNnsf] egfOaf6 cfhsf pBf]uL Joj;foLn] oL s'/fx¿ l;Sg ;Sb5g\ –pknAw
j:t', oGq / pks/0fnfO{ cfjZos If]qdf e/k'/ pkof]u ug{'k5{, –s'g}klg pTkfbgx? ubf{ :j pTkfbgsf nflu
rflxg] ;a} k|sf/sf ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|of]u u/L u'0f:t/ agfpg'kb{5, –pTkfbgsf cg'ejx? a6'Nb} hfFbf To;af6
gofF / cem} u'0f:t/ pTkfbgsf] clj:sf/ x'g]5, –xfdLn] w]/}eGbf w]/} j:t'x? pTkfbg u/] dfq} lgof{tsf] b/
a9\g uO{ Jofkf/df kmfObf x'g]5 / b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; x'g]5 .
-v_ g]kfnsf] dWosfnLg cfly{s cj:yf lgs} ;'b[4 b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] xfnsf] cfly{s cj:yf;fu t'ngf ub}{
o;nfO{ cem ;'b[9 agfpgs] ug{'knf{ < n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M k|frLg ;dob]lv g} g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ ltAat, rLg / ef/t;Fu /xL cfPsf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ dWosflng
zf;sx?n] klg ljz]if Wofg lbPsf lyP . To;sf/0f pBf]u jfl0fHo / Joj;fosf] ljsf;n] dWosfnsf] cfly{s
lqmofsnfkdf lta|tf . cfPsf] lyof] . t/ t'ngfTds lx;fan] jt{dfg b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;n] eg] /fd|f] ult
lng ;s]sf] 5}g. cfly{s ljsf;n] lg/Gt/ /fd|f] ult lng ;s]sf] 5}g. o;sf ljleGg sf/0fx? /x]sf 5g\ .
To;}n] g]kfnsf] xfnsf] cfly{s cj:yf;f ;'b[9 agfpg oL sfo{x? ug{ cfjZos 5M –tLj|, lbuf] / /f]huf/d"ns
cfly{s j[l4 ug]{, –;'ne tyf u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf / lzIffsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{, –cfGtl/s tyf cGt/b]zLo
cGt/cfa4tf Pjd\ lbuf] zx/a:tL ljsf; ug]{, –pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug]{, –k"0f{, lbuf] / pTkfbgzLn
;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0f ug]{, –ul/aL lgjf/0f / cfly{s ;fdflhs ;dfgtf ;lxtsf] Gofok"0f{ ;dfh lgdf{0f
ug]{, –k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / kl/rfng tyf pTyfgzLntf ljsf; ug]{ / –;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f,
k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ng / /fli6«o Pstf ;Dab{\wwg ug]{ .
-u_ dWosfnLg g]kfnL jf:t'snf pTs[i6 lyof]eGg] k|df0f k|:t't ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M dWosfnLg jf:t'snfcGtu{t
dlGb/, laxf/, r}To, :t'k, b]jn, /fhb/jf/, cfjf;Lo ejgx¿ kf6L, kf}jf, 9'Ë]wf/fcflb k5{g\ . logLx¿df
g]kfnL df}lns snfsf] pTs[i6 gd'gf b]Vg kfOG5 . g]kfnL jf:t'snf k/Dk/fsf] s'/f s]jn ;f}Gbo{sf] xf]Og .
of] ;/n hghLjg, xfd|f] ;dfh / o;sf] cf}sft;Fu ;DalGwt s'/f klg xf] .
dWosfnLg g]kfnL jf:t'snf pTs[i6 lyof]eGg] k|df0fx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –jf:t'snf Ps ;fdflhs snf
cyjf Ps snfTds lj1fg xf] h;n] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0fnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ejg, ejgx?sf larsf v'Nnf
If]qx? / c? s[lqd lgdf{0fx¿sf] d'VotM ;f}Gbo{tf / pkof]lutfnfO{ Vofndf /fv]/ l8hfOg u5{, –jf:t'snf
eg]sf] Ps ejgdf dfq l;ldt 5}gÙ o;n] ;xl/of of]hgf, ;xl/of l8hfOg tyf kl/b[Zo b]lv lnP/ ;fgf;fgf
lgdf{0fsf Joxf]/fx?, kmlg{lz+u / slxn]sfxL+ kmlg{r/ x?sf] klg of]hgf / l8hfOg u5{, –jf:t'snf 3/ agfpg'
dfq geP/ dfgj ;Eotfsf] e"t, jt{dfg / eljiosf] Pp6f hLljt syf xf], –jf:t'snfn] xfd|f] ;fdflhs
dfGotf, rngrNtL, Oltxf;, jftfj/0f, ;+:s[lt, snfTds ;+j]bgzLntf tyf j}1flgs kåltx?sf] af/]df klg
atfpF5, –lj1fg, k|ljlw, ;'ljwf, ljsf; / dflg;sf] cfsflzb} rfxgfx? a9\b} uPkl5 ejg lgdf{0fdf jf:t'snf
dxTjk'0f{ x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
-3_ dWosfnLg snf tyf ;+:s[ltx¿ cfh klg k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\ . tL s]s] x'g, pNn]v ug{'xf];\
pQ/M snf / ;+:s[lt dfgj hLjgsf] kl/rfos xf]. dflg;sf] hghLjg, d'No, dfGotf, cf:yf / lzNksf]
k|ltlglwTj klg snf / ;+:s[ltn] g} ub{5 . dWosfnLg g]kfn snf / ;+:s[ltsf b[li6n] lgs} g} dxQ\jk"0f{ ;do
elgG5 . o; ;dodf ljljGg lsl;dsf snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] .
cfh klg k|rngdf /x]sf dWosfnLg snf tyf ;+:s[ltx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5g\
–o; ;dodf w]/} dlGb/ / b]jLb]jtfsf d"lt{ :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ h'g xfdLn] cfh klg b]Vg ;S5f}+, –dWosfndf
;ËLtsnf, d"lt{snf, lrqsnf / jf:t'snfsf] /fd|f] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] h;nfO{ dflg;x¿n] ljsl;t ?kdf
k5\ofpb} cfPsf5g\,
–dlGb/ / b]jtf;Da4 w]/} rf8kj{x?sf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] h;nfO{ xfdLn] chkgL dfGg] / dgfpg] ub{5f}+,
–y/sf] pTklt,ljwjf k|yf tyf k'gM ljjxf / gf/LnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s Jojxf/ h:tf dxTjk"0f{ ;fdflhs u'0fsf]
xfdLn] cfhklg k7fpF5f}+,
–dWosfnLg ;dodf u|Gy lrq, leQ]lrq / kf}ef lrq agfpg] rng lyof] h;sf] dxTj cfh emg} a9\b} uPsf]
5 / dflg;x¿ o;k|lt cfslif{t 5g\ .
-ª_ dNnsfnLg cfly{s cj:yf / xfnsf] cfly{s cj:yfsf] t'ngf ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M t'ngfTds lx;fan] dNnsfnLg cfly{s cj:yf / xfnsf] cfly{s cj:yf o:tf] /x]sf] 5M –pBf]u jfl0fHo
/ Joj;fosf] ljsf;n] dWosfnsf] cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf lta|tf cfPsf] lyof] eg] jt{dfg cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf
s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/, ko{6g, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ h:tf If]qx? /x]sf 5g\ t/ lta|tf eg] lng;ls/x]sf] 5}g, –
dWosfndf afUdtL, lji0f'dtL, xg'dtL, dgf]x/f, 6's'rf cfbL gbL gfnfx¿af6 l;FrfOsf] Joj:yfdf ljz]if Wofg
lbOPsf]n] vfBfGg / gub]jfnLsf] v]tL k|z:t dfqfdf ul/GYof] eg] jt{dfg ;dodf s[lif pTkfbgsf nflu
ljleGg /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ul/G5, –dWosfndf 3/]n' pBf]utkm{ u/uxgf agfpg], sk8f /Ëofpg], sk8f
a'Gg], df6fsf efF8f, O{+6, l;Fu6L kf]Ng], t]n k]Ng], o'4sf] nflu aGb's / xft xltof/x¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ ;–;fgf
pBf]uwGbfx¿ lgs} g} ljsl;t cj:yfdf lyP eg] jt{dfg ;dodf oL ;a} ;;fgf pBf]ux? 7"nf] pBf]usf
?kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf 5g\, –dWosfnLg ;dodf g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ ltAat, rLg / ef/t;Fu /xL cfPsf] kfOG5
eg] jt{dfg ;dodf g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ ljZjsf ljleGg b]zx?;Fu 5 .
-s_ g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofg k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxaf6 ePklg o;nfO{ 6'Ëf]df k'of{pg w]/} JolQmx¿sf] of]ubfg
/x]sf] 5 . PsLs/0f cleofgdf of]ubfg k'of{pg] JolQmx¿sf] vf]hL u/L ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf];\
pQ/M k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxsf] d[To'kl5 klg g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofg /f]lsPg. g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofg k[YjL
gf/fo0f zfxaf6 ePklg o;nfO{ 6'Ëf]df k'of{pg w]/} JolQmx¿sf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . PsLs/0f cleofgdf
of]ubfg k'ofpg] JolQmx¿sf] ;"rL o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M –j]lQmsf] gfdM k|tfkl;+x zfxn of]ubfgM sljnf;k'/ /
;f]d]Zj/ u8L /fHo g]kfndf ldnfP . pgsf] kfnfdf ljhok'/ lkmtf{ ug{ a'l4s0f{ /fO{n] u/]sf] k|of;nfO{ c;kmn
kfl/of] . lrtjgsf] sljnf;k'/ /;f]d]Zj/ u9Ldf cfqmd0f u/L g]kfn /fHodf ldnfOof] .
JolQmsf] gfdM axfb'/ zfx
of]ubfgM g]kfnsf] klZrdtkm{sf] 7'nf] e"efu g]kfndf ldnfPsf lyP. g]kfnsf] cwLgtf :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf /fHo
/ g]kfndf ldnfOPsf /fHo tyf ToxfFsf hgtfsf] ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfP. cfˆgf] gf}jif{sf] gfojL sfndf
g]kfnsf] l;dfgf s'dfpmF u9jfn;Dd k'of{P .u'NdL -ljgf o'4_, c3{vf+rL -ljgfo'4_, w'/sf]6, O:df kj{t, d'l;sf]6,
unsf]6,Ko'7fg, bfª, h:tf /fHox¿ g]kfn /fHodf ldnfOof].
–JolQmsf] gfdM /0faxfb'/ zfx
of]ubfgM /0faxfb'/ zfxsf] kfnfdf u9afnnfO{ g]kfndf ldnfP/ g]kfnsf] l;dfgf klZrddf ;tnh gbL;Dd
k'Uof]. u9jfn, b]x/fb'g, To; If]qsf !@ /fHo / !* 7s'/fO sAhf u/L g]kfn /fHodf ldnfOof].
–JolQmsf] gfdM h8\uaxfb'/ /f0ff
of]ubfgM afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/, -O:6 OlG8of pDkgLaf6 pkx/:j¿k k|fKt e"ld_ g]kfndf lkmtf{ u/fP.
–JolQmsf] gfdM /fh]G›nIdL
of]ubfgM nDh'ª / tgx'F /fHo g]kfndf ldnfOg. rf}aL;] /fHosf] ;+o'Qm cfqmd0fnfO{ ljkmn t'NofpFb} g]kfnsf]
l;dfgf sfnLu08sL ;Dd k'of{PsL lyO{g\.
-u_ g]kfn PsLs/0fdf axfb'/ zfx / /fh]G›nIdLsf] of]ubfgsf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\.
pQ/M axfb'/ zfxM –axfb'/ zfx -hGdM !*!$ lj=;+= – d[To'M !*$@ lj=;+=k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf dflxnf 5f]/f /
/fhgLlt1 lyP. pgn] cfˆgf lktfn] ;'? u/]sf] g]kfn Plss/0fsf] cleofgnfO{ tLj| ultn] cl3 a9fP . lktfsf]
;kgf ;fsf/ kfg{ klZrdsf /fhf–/hf}6fx¿sf] ;dflKt logsf] rfxgf lyof]. efph" /fh]G›nIdL / elthf
/0faxfb'/ zfxsf] cg]sf} if8\oGq / bfpk]rsf] lzsf/ aGg'k/] tfklg /fh]G›nIdLsf] d[To' -lj=;+= !*$@_ kZrft\
lgjf{;gaf6 kms]{/ g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofgdf of]ubfg lbP . pgn] :juL{o lktfsf] PsLs/0f cleofgdf g]kfnL
e"efu sl/a t]Aa/ agfpg ;kmn ePsf lyP . ljzfn g]kfnsf cu|b"t axfb'/ zfx g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ch/
/ cd/ 5g\ .
/fh]G›nIdLM –dxf/fgL /fh]G› /fHo nIdL -;g\ !&*%_ zfxj+z ls /fgL lyOg\ h;n] * jif{ sf gfoaL sfndf
g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] bf];|f] r/0fnfO cufl8 a9fPsL lyOg\ . /fhdftf /fh]G› /fHo nIdLn] rf}aL;] /fHosf] ;+o'Qm
cfqmd0fnfO{ ljkmn t'NofpFb} g]kfnsf] l;dfgf sfnLu08sL ;Dd k'of{PsL lyO{g\ . pgLnfO{ k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxsf]
PsLs/0f cleofg cl3 a9fpg] s'zn k|zf;ssf ¿kdf x]l/G5 . pgL 3f]8f r9]/ o'4sf] d}bfgdf klg hfg]
uly{g . s]xL O{ltxf;ljbn] ;}lgs cleofgåf/f ljho cleofg cl3 a9fpg' g} pgsf] hLjgsf] p2]Zo /x]sf]
atfpF5g\. k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] PsLs/0f cleognfO{ ;kmn kfg{ pgsf] klg cys of]ubfg 5 . logn] rf}aL;]
/fHox¿nfO{ uf]/vfnL zlQmsf] k"/f kl/ro lbPsL lyOg\. sf:sL, ndh'ª / tgx'F logs} kfnfdf g]kfndf
uflePsf lyP .
-s_ g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs sfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltx;sf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds cj:yfnfO{ tflnsfdf b]vfpg'xf];\
.
pQ/M g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs sfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltx;sf ;sf/fTds cj:yfM –g]kfn cfh h'g cj:yfdf PsLs[t,
:jtGq / ;fj{ef}d 5, o;sf] >]o g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs sfnsf] /fhgLltnfO{ lbg'kg]{ x'G5, –g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs
sfndf PsLs/0f ug{'sf] p2]Zo g]kfnsf] cfl:yTjnfO{ hf]ufO{ /fVg' xf], –o; sndf ljljGg ;‹if{ dfkm{t cfh
g]kfn Pp6f :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL, nf]stGqfTds, ;dfhjfb pGd'v,
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo ag]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs sfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltx;sf gsf/fTds
cj:yfM
–cfw'lgs sfndf g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] sfd ;dfKt ePkl5 g]kfnsf] b/af/ if8\oGqsf] e"d/Ldf km:g uof],
–;Ldf ;'/Iff / ljsf;df s]lG›t x'g'kg]{ b/af/ cfGtl/s snx / ;Qf xTofpg] bfpk]rdf km;]kl5 g] kfnsf]
;]gf tyf /fHo ;Qf sdhf]/ x'g yfNof],
–cfˆgf] zlQm hf]ufpgsf nflu cË|]hsf] ;xof]u sf] ck]Iff ug]{ ef/bf/x¿sf sf/0f c¿ cË|]hn] klg g]kfnsf]
/fhgLltdf rf;f] /fVg yfn].
-v_ g]kfndf k|hftGqsf nflu w]/} k6s cfGbf]ngx¿ eP . k|To]s cfGbf]ngsf pknlAwx¿nfO{ hf]ufpg g;Sbf
csf]{ cfGbf]ng ug{'kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] ljutsf] Oltxf;n] b]vfpf5 . casf lbgdf csf]{ cfGbf]ng ug{'gkg]{
cj:yf l;h{gf ug{ s] ug{'knf{ <
pQ/M g]kfndf k|hftGqsf nflu w]/} k6s cfGbf]ngx¿ eP . k|To]s cfGbf]ngsf pknlAwx¿nfO{ hf]ufpg
g;Sbf csf]{ cfGbf]ng ug{'kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] ljutsf] Oltxf;n] b]vfpf5 . casf lbgdf csf]{ cfGbf]ng
ug{'gkg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ug{ oL s'/fx¿df larf/ k'of{pg'k5{M
–;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ng / /fli6«o Pstf ;Dab{\wwg ug]{,
–lbuf] zflGtsf] af6f] v'nfpg], –hflto ;b\efj / wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf a9fpg],
–ul/aL lgjf/0f / cfly{s ;fdflhs ;dfgtf ;lxtsf] Gofok"0f{ ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{,
–;+ljwfgn] ;LdfGts[t, cNk;+Vos, dlxnf, blnt, ckf+u / dw]zL ;a}df pNn]v ul//fv]sf] ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yfsf] cIf/zM kl/rfng ub}{ hfg],
–;sf/fTds lje]b / cf/If0f gLltåf/f pk]lIft / alxis/0fdf k/]sf ln+u, If]q / hftLo k|ltlglwTjnfO{
;'lglZrt ug]{,
–;j}k|sf/sf lje]bsf/L lgod sfg"g / P]g eP tLgnfO{ ;+zf]wg ;d]tsf] k|s[ofaf6 cBfjlws / x6fpg] tkm{
tbf?stfk"j{s sfo{ ug]{ .
-u_ æ if8\oGqaf6 k|fKt zlQm if8\oGqaf6 g} ;dfKt x'G5 .” o; egfOnfO{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] cfwf/df k|:6
kfg{'xf];\ .
pQ/M æ if8\oGqaf6 k|fKt zlQm if8\oGqaf6 g} ;dfKt x'G5 .” o; egfOsf] pbxf/0fsf nflu g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf]
!)$ jif]{ /f0ff zf;gsfnnfO{ lng ;S5f}F. h'g zf;g ljljGg if8\oGqaf6 k|fKt eof] / if8\oGqaf6 g} ;dfKt
eof].
/fhf /fh]G› ljqmdn] zf;gsf] kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfˆgf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ /fgL /fHonIdLnfO{ ;'Dk] sf lyP .
sfG5L /fgL h]7L /fgLsf 5f]/f ;'/]G›nfO{ o'j/fh gagfO{ cfˆg} 5f]/f /0f]G›nfO{ o'j/fh agfpg rfxlGyg .
o;}lar b/afl/of if8\oGqsf] kmfObf p7fpFb} sf]tkj{ / e08f/vfn kj{åf/f hËaxfb'/ /f0ff k|wfgdGqL tyf
sdfG8/ OlGrkm h:tf] zlQmzfnL kbdf k'Ug ;kmn ePkl5 cnf}kj{dfkm{t ;'/]G›nfO{ /fhf agfO{ cem zlQmzfnL
eP . o;/L lj=;+= !()# b]lv g]kfndf / f0ff zf;gsf] ;'?jft eof] . pgn] /fhfnfO{ gfddfqsf] /fhf agfO{
;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ cfˆg} xftdf lnPsf lyP . pgn] cfkm"nfO{ >L # dxf/fh 3f]lift u/fPsf lyP.
/f0ff zf;gdf g]kfnsf] /fHo Joj:yf :j]R5frf/L, lg/Í'z / x's'dL lyof] . /f0ffx¿ cfkm" cToGt ljnf;L hLjg
latfpFy] eg] hgtfnfO{ ul/a, zf]lift, kLl8t aGg afWo agfPsf lyP . pgn] k|wfgdGqL kb efOx¿tkm{ ;b}{
hfg] k/Dk/f a;fn]sf lyP . zf;g ;Qfdf /f0ff kl/jf/ / pgsf gft]bf/ afx]s c¿ a:g kfpFb}gy] . /f0ffsf]
x's'd g} sfg'g x'GYof] . /f0ff k|wfgdGqLx¿ cfˆgf] lj/f]w ug]{ / /f0ff zf;gsf lj/f]wLnfO{ h]n xfNg], lgd{d
xTof ug]{ / b]z lgsfnf ug]{ h:tf sfo{ uy]{ . hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] k9] eg] af7f x'G5g\ / pgLx¿n] /f0ff
zf;gsf] lj/f]w u5{g\ eGg] dfGotfn] ubf{ ljBfno vf]Ng lbFb}gy] . /f0ff kl/jf/leq klg ;Qfsf nfluif8\oGqx¿
eO/xGy] . rG›;d;]/n] /f0ffx¿nfO{ P, aL / ;L u/L tLg ju{df ljefhg u/] / P ju{n] dfq k|wfgdGqL x'g
kfpg] lgod agfOlbP . o;n] ubf{ aL / ;L ju{sf /f0ffx¿ /f0ff zf;gsf] lj/f] wdf nfu] . hgtfsf] tkm{af6
/f0ffzf;gsf] lj/f]w;'? eof] . lj=;+= !(($ df k|hf kl/ifb\ gfds bn vf]lnof] . o;sf] kf]n v'n]kl5 lj=;+=
!((& df k|hfkl/ifb\sf g]tfx¿ uËfnfn, bz/y rGb, wd{eQm / z'qm/fh zf:qLnfO{ kmfF;Lsf] ;hfo eof] eg]
sltkonfO{ g]n 7f]lsof]. t}klg hgtfsf] lj/f]w blaPg . lj=;+= @))^ ;fndf ef/tdf lgjf{l;t hLjg
latfO/x]sf g]kfnL o'jfx¿n] g] kfnL sfË|]; bn vf]nL ;f]sf] g]t[Tjdf ;z:q ;‹if{ ug{ d'lQm ;]gf v8f u/L
;z:q qmflGtsf] ;'?jft u/] . o; qmflGtdf /fhf lqe'jgsf] klg ;fy /x]sf] lyof] . ;f] qmflGtsf sf/0f /f0ffx¿
l6Sg ;s]gg\ . kl/0ffd:j¿k lj=;+= @))& ;fndf lbNnL ;Demf}tf eof] / /f0ffzf;g ;bfsf nflu cGTo eof]
.
-3_ g]kfnsf] @$) jif{ Oltxf; af]s]sf] /fh;+:yfsf] clGtd /fhf >L % 1fg]G› jL/ljqmd zfxn] /fhu2L Tofu
ug{'kgf{sf sf/0fx¿ klxrfg ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfnsf /fhf lj=;+ !*@% b]lv @)^% ;fn ;Dd g]kfnsf] zfxj+zsf zf;gx¿ lyP. cyf{t\ zfxj+zLo
/fhf g]kfn clw/fHosf] /fi6«k|d'v lyP. g]kfnsf /fhf zfx j+zsf k|d'v ;d]t lyP eg] g]kfnsf] klxnf]
;+ljwfg;efn] @)^% h]7 !% ut]sf lbg @$) jif]{ nfdf] zfxj+zLo /fhtGqsf] cGTo u/]sf] lyof]. g]kfnsf]
@$) jif{ Oltxf; af]s]sf] /fh;+:yfsf] clGtd /fhf >L % 1fg]G› jL/ljqmd zfxn] /fhu2L Tofu ug{'k/]sf]
lyof].
g]kfnsf] @$) jif{ Oltxf; af]s]sf] /fh;+:yfsf] clGtd /fhf >L % 1fg]G› jL/ljqmd zfxn] /fhu2L Tofu
ug{'kgf{sf sf/0fx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –lj=;+= @)%* h]7 !( ut] gf/fo0flx6L b/af/df xTof sf08, /fhf
jL/]G› / pgsf] ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/sf] xTofeof] h;n] ubf{ efO{ 1fg]G› dfly hgtfsf] z+sf k}bf x'g k'Uof] / ljZjf;
36\g yfn]sf] lyof], –cfkm" ;Qfdf cfPkl5 cfˆgf afa'n] h:t} u/L k|ToIf zf;g rnfpg] p2]Zon] ;+;b\ lj36g
u/L hg lgjf{lrt ;/sf/nfO{ ckb:t ug{', –cfˆg} cWoIftfdf cfˆgf afa'sf ;xof]uL 8f t'n;L lu/L /
sLlt{lglw lji6 tyf k~rfot Joj:yfsf g]tfx¿nfO{ ;fy lnP/ lg/Í'z zf;g ;~rfng ug{ vf]Hg', –o;sf]
lj?4df ;ft /fhgLlts bn / g]skf dfcf]jfbLlardf @)^@ dl;/ & ut] lbNnLdf !@ aFb] ;Demf}tf, –;f]
;Demf}tfcg';f/ ;+o'Qm?kdf hg cfGbf]ng ;~rfng ug]{, dfcf]jfbL zflGtk| lqmofdf cfpg] / b]zdf ;‹Lo
nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g k4lt nfu' ug]{ ;xdlt, –hgcfGbf]ngsf sf/0f lj=;= @)^# j}zfv !!
ut]k|ltlglw ;ef k'g;{\yfkgfsf] 3f]if0ff, –k'g:yflkt k|ltlglw ;efsf] h]7 $ ut] a;]sf] a}7sn] /fhfsf ;Dk"0f{
clwsf/x¿ s6f}tL u/L k|wfgdGqLnfO{ lg0ff{os agfof], –;+ljwfg ;efsf] ldlt @)^% h]7 !% ut] a;]sf]
klxnf] a}7sn] g]kfndf /fhtGqsf] cGTo / u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff uof]{.
cGttMTo;kl5 /fhf 1fg]G›n] /fhu2L Tofu]/ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ¿kdf hLjgofkg ug]{ 3f]if0f u/L gf/fo0flx6L
b/af/ 5f8]sf lyP.
!=tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf]:M -s_g]kfndf /f0ffsfncl3, /f0ffsfn / /f0ffsfn kl5sf] sfg'gL cj:yfsf] ;dLIff
ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M g]kfndf /f0ffsfncl3, /f0ffsfn / /f0ffsfn kl5sf] sfg'gL cj:yf o:tf] /x]sf] 5M /f0ffsfncl3
sfg'gL cj:yfM –P]ltxfl;s ?kdf g]kfnsf] sfg"g k|0ffnL lxGb' bz{gdf cfwfl/t /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . PsLs/0fsf]
cleofgn] g]kfnsf] Goflos k|zf;gnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ d2t uof] . x/]s lhNnfdf srx/L -cbfnt_ :yfkgf
ul/Psf] x'GYof] / To;nfO{ l8Ýf, ljrf/L / kl08tn] Joj:yfkg Pjd\ ;~rfng ub{y] . pgLx?n] lhNnfsf]
k|zf;s æcdnL” ;Fu ldn]/ 36gfsf] l5gf]kmfgf] ub{y] . hl6n k|sf/sf d'2f dflysf] lg0f{o ;a}eGbf pRr
Goflos JolQmTj wdf{lwsf/L ub{y] . /fhfsf] ;dIf d'2f k'Ug'eGbf klxn] wdf{lwsf/Ln] lg0f{o lbg] rng lyof] .
cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f kl5 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ljutsf c•f cbfnt ;a} vf/]h u/L pgn] clwsf+z
lhNnfdf cbfntsf] :yfkgf ;fy} /fhwfgLdf klg gofF cbfntx? :yfkgf u/] . sf]6lnÍ / O6frKnL h:tf
cbfntx? sfod u/]sf lyP . pgn] :yfkgf u/]sf sfg"g / ;+:yfx? qmlds ?kdf ;+zf]wg x'Fb} hË axfb'/
/f0ffn] zQfdf cfpg'eGbf cl3;Dd k|rngdf lyP.
/f0ffsfndf sfg'gL cj:yfM –/f0ff zf;sx?sf] af]nL g} sfg"g lyof] . /f0ffx?sf] JolQmut rfxgf / OR5fcg';f/
hf] sf]xLnfO{ d[To'b08 h:tf] s7f]/ Pjd\ cdfgjLo ;hfo klg lbOGYof] . lj=;= !(!) df hËaxfb'/ /f0ffn]
d'n'sL P]g agfPsf lyP . o; d'n'sL P]gn] ck/flws Gofosf] k|zf;g k|lt ;Ddfg JoQm u/]sf] kfOG5 . /f0ff
k|wfgdGqL rG› zdz]/n] lj=;= !(&& df ;ltk|yf / lj=;= !(*! df bf;k|yfsf] sfg"gL ?kdf cGTo u/]sf
lyP . k|wfgdGqL eLd zdz]/n] d[To'b08nfO{ s}bdf kl/0ft u/] . k|wfgdGqL h'4 zdz]/n] ;g\ !($) df
GofokflnsfnfO{ ;/sf/sf] sfo{kflnsfaf6 cnu u/]sf lyP . k|wfg GofononfO{ d'n'ssf] ;a}eGbf pRr
cbfnt dflgof] t/ o;nfO{ clGtd dflgPg lsgeg] s'g}klg d'2fsf] lg0f{odfly k|wfgdGqLn] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{
;Sg] clwsf/ lyof] . k|wfgdGqLn] u/]sf lg0f{onfO{ clGtd lg0f{o dflgGYof] . lj=;= @))$ df k|wfgdGqL k4d
zdz]/n] “g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg"g @))$” dfkm{t\ ;+j}wflgs sfg"gsf] Joj:yf u/] .
/f0ffsfn kl5sf] sfg'gL cj:yfM
–g]kfndf k|hftGq k|flKtkl5 lj=;+= @))& ;fndf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg hf/L eof] . ;f]cGtu{t
/fHonfO{ cfjZos ljleGg k|sf/sf sfg'gx¿ lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] :yfkgf
eof] . k~rfot sfndf lhNnf tyf c~rn cbfntx¿sf]:yfkgf eof] . o;/L b]zdf sfg'gL zf;g k4ltsf]
;'?jft eof] t/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lbPsf] Gofok|lt klg lrQ ga'em] >L %df laGtLkq xfNg kfpg] / ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g;Sg] Joj:yf lyof] . o;n] ubf{ k"0f{ sfg'gL zf;g eg] cfPsf] lyPg . larsf ;+ljwfg
klg ;dfj]z ug]{ kl5Nnf] ;dosf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] pknlAw g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg xf] h;n] g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf]
/fhgLlts, sfg'gL, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs dfu{bz{g u5{ .
lj=;+= @)$^ kl5 ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfnt /xg] Joj:yf eof] . laGtLkq xfNg]
k|rngsf] cGTo eof] . hgtfsf] df}lnsxs xgg ePdf sfg'gL pkrf/ kfpg] ;+j}wflgs xssf] Joj:yf ul/of]
. xfn ;‹Lo zf;g k|0ffnLcGtu{t Goflos lg¿k0fsf nflu :yfgLo txdf Goflos ;ldlt, lhNnfdf lhNnf
cbfnt, k|b]zdf pRr cbfnt / ;‹df ;jf]{Rr cbfnt /xg] Joj:yf 5 .
-v_ g]kfnsf] ;+:s[ltdf cfPsf] abnfj / o;sf ;'wf/sf nflu ePsf k|of;x¿ pNnv ug'xf];\ . pQ/M /f0ff
zf;gsf] cGTo;Fu} :yflkt ePsf] k|hftflGqs zf;g k4ltn] g]kfndf gljgtd Pjd\ cfw'lgs ljsf;sf
9f]sfx? vf]lnlbof]. d'n's aflx/ hfg] k|lqmofsf] ;'?jft;Fu} ;+:s[lt, snf / sf}znsf] If]qdf klZrdLs/0fsf]
k|efj b]vf kof] . g]kfnL lrqsnfsf] If]qdf jf:tljstfjfb -realism_ b]lv cd"t{jfb - abstractionism_ lt/,
;fj{hlgs -public_ b]lv JolQmut -private_, j:t'k/s -objectivity_ b]lv cfTdk/s -subjectivity_ tkm{
;/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL snfsf/x?n] afXo j:t' / 36gfnfO{ eGbf ctcfTdfsf] vf]h ug{ a9L pT;flxt ePsf]
s'/f pgLx?sf] snfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL snf If]qsf, rfx] Tof] lrqsnf, d'lt{snf jf j:t'snf
lsg gxf];\ ;a}n] ljutaf6 l;sf] ul/ jt{dfg kl/j]zdf df}lns k|:t'tL kl:sg] sfo{ ul//x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdf cfPsf] abnfjsf] ;'wf/sf nflu ePsf k|of;x¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM –;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;
;DjGwL gLlt tyf sfg'g th{'df, sfof{Gjog / lgodg ;DjGwL sfo{, k|b]z:t/sf k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf :yn,
P]ltxfl;s / wfld{s ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf, k|flrg :df/s, ;+u|xfno, ;f:s[lts w/f]x/ ;DjGwL gLlt, sfg'g,
dfkb08 tyf of]hgf th{'df, sfof{Gjog / lgodg Pjd\ ;+/If0f, ;Def/, cWoog, cg';Gwfg, pTvgg tyf
k'glg{df{0f, –k|b]z:t/df k':tsfno, ;+u|xfno, clen]vfno ;DjGwL gLlt, sfg'g tyf dfkb08 th{'df,
sfof{Gjog / lgodg, –ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf :df/s / k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf :yn ;DaGwL efiff, lnlk
;+:s[lt, nlntsnf / wd{sf] ;+/If0f / k|of]u ;DjGwL k|fb]lzs gLlt, sfg'g, dfkb08 tyf of]hgf th{'df,
sfof{Gjog / lgodg, –P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts Pj+ snf / jf:t' snfTds b[li6sf]0fn] dxTj af]s]sf
k|fb]lzs:t/sf b/jf/x?sf] ;+/If0f, ;Def/, cWoog, cg';Gwfg tyf Joj:yfkg, –k|fb]lzs:t/df ;+u|xfnosf]
:yfkgf, ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg, –k|b]z:t/sf k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf :yn, P]ltxfl;s / wfld{s ;f+:s[lts
;Dkbf, k|flrg :df/s, ;+u|xfno, ;f:s[lts w/f]x/ ;DjGwL gLlt, sfg'g, dfkb08 tyf of]hgf th{'df,
sfof{Gjog / lgodg Pjd\ ;+/If0f, ;Def/, cWoog, cg';Gwfg, pTvgg tyf k'glg{df{0f, –wd{, k/Dk/f / u'7L
cGtu{t rlncfPsf ljleGg hfqf, kj{x?sf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg, –efiff ;+:slt / k/ftTj ;DjlGw cGo
sfo{x? cflb.
-u_ g]kfnL snfdf kl/jt{g zLif{sdf Ps n]v tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
g]kfnL snfdf kl/jt{g g]kfnL snfn] cfˆgf] ljsf;qmddf ljleGg r/0fx? kf/ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . sfnqmddf
snfn] wfld{saf6 nf}lss, j:t'utaf6 ljifout, cGoaf6 cfkm"lt/, ;Gbe{utaf6 cd"t{ cflb ljljw :j?k
u|x0f ub}{ uO/x]sf] xfdL kfpF5f}+ . dflg;sf] ljleGg :t/sf] Joxf/ pgLx¿sf] sfNklgs tyf Jj;flos l;kaf6
>[hgf ul/Psf ;Gbe{ tyf a:t'x¿nfO{ æsnfæ elgG5 . cfkm'n] hfg]sf] l;knfO{ snf elgG5 .
cfhsf g]kfnL snfsf/x? cfˆgf] k/Dk/fsf] ;fy;fy} ljZjdf hlGd/x]sf] snfsf gjLg k|rngx?sf] ljifodf
hfgsf/ 5g\ . ltgn] ljutaf6 l;s]sf 5g\ / jt{dfgnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf 5g\ / cfˆg} leqL cfjfhnfO{ ;'Gb},
cfˆg} ;"qx?sf] ljsf; ub}{ / cjr]tgdf cfˆgf] 5fk 5f]8\b} 3f]sGt] lgodx?nfO{ la;{g] k|of; u/]/ cfkm"n]
l;s]sf s'/fx?nfO{ ;"qa4 ug]{lt/ nflu/x]sf 5g\ . cfˆg} cfjfhnfO{ ;'Gg' / cfˆg} b[Zok/s efiodf cfkm"nfO{
cleJoQm ug{' g} snf ;[hgfsf] pTs[i6 ljlw xf] .
PsfO{ & M ;fdflhs klxrfg / ljljwtf
cEof; tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];M
-s_ lnË eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/M lnË eg]sf] dlxnf / k'?ifsf] lardf k|s[ltn] u/]sf] e]b xf]. lnËn] h}ljs leGgtfnfO{ hgfpF 5 .
-v_ k|fs[lts lnË / ;fdflhs lnËlarsf] leGgtf pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M k|fs[lts lnË / ;fdflhs lnËlarsf] leGgtf o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ . k|fs[lts lnË –zf/Ll/s agfj6sf]
cfwf/df dflg;nfO{ 5'6\ofpg] dfWod k|fs[lts lnË xf] . –x/]s ;d'bfodf Ps} k|sf/sf] cjwf/0ff x'G5 / :yfoL
k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . –of] k|fs[lts leGgtf xf]. –o;/L dflg;nfO{ h}ljs agfj6sf cfwf/df dlxnf / k'?if u/L
5'6o\ fpg' g} k|fs[lts lnË xf] . –;fdflhs lnË kl/jt{g x'g ;Sb}g.
;fdflhs lnË –dlxnf / k'?if aLrdf /x]sf] ;fdflhs cj:yf / leGgtfx¿df ;dfhn] tf]lslbPsf] dlxnf /
k'?ifsf] km/skm/s e"ldsf g} ;fdflhs lnË xf] . –of] ;do ;fk]If / ;dfhlkR5] km/s x'G5 . –of] ;dfhdf
k|blz{t x'g] Jojxf/hGo ljz]iftf jf cfrf/0fsf cfwf/df ;dfhn] k|bfg u/]sf] leGgtf xf] . –o;/L ;dfhåf/f
tof/ kfl/Psf] n}+lus lje]b g} ;fdflhs lnË xf] . –;dfh ;+:s[ltcg';f/ km/s x'g] of] cjwf/0ff kl/jt{gzLn
x'G5 .
-u_ j]Olhª 3f]if0ffkqdf pNn]lvt dlxnf ;/f]sf/sf If]q pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M j]Olhª 3f]if0ffkqdf pNn]lvt dlxnf ;/f]sf/sf If]q lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ –dlxnf / ul/aL –dlxnfsf]
lzIffbLIff –dlxnf / :jf:Yo –dlxnfdflysf] lx+;f –dlxnf / ;z:q ;‹if{ –dlxnf / cy{tGq –zlQm / lg0f{o
sfo{df dlxnf –dlxnfsf] pGgltsf nflu ;+:yfut ;+oGq –dlxnfsf dfgjLo clwsf/ –dlxnf / ;~rf/sf
dfWod –dlxnf / jftfj/0f –aflnsf
-3_ of}lgs tyf n}lËs cNk;Î\ossf] klxrfgsf ;jfnx? sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M k'?if jf dlxnfsf] klxrfgeGbf km/s klxrfg rfxg] JolQmx¿nfO{ of}lgs jf n}+lus cNkÎ\os elgG5
. Sofkf]6f]{tLsf cg';f/ s'g} klg /fi6«sf] dflg;x¿sf] ;d'x hf] afFsL hg;Î\ofeGbf ;Î\ ofTds lx;fan]
sd,sdhf]/ ;fdflhs x}l;ot ePsf km/s hflto, wfld{s jf eflifs ljz]iftf af]s]sf / Pstfsf] efjgf
af]s]sf / cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt, wd{ jf efiff ;+/If0f ug{ nflu k/]sfnfO{ cNk;Î\os eGg] alemG5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg,
@)&@ n] cNk;ªVos ;dx leq s] s] s/f ;dfj]z xG5 eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . LGBTIQ -Lesbian, Gay,
Bisexuality, Transgender, Intersex and Questioning_ ;d'x -dlxnf ;dlnlË, k'?if
;dlnlË, peolnlË, 6«fG; h]G8/, _ n}lËs tyf of}lgs cNk;Î\osdf kb{5g\ .
of}lgs tyf n}lus cNk;Î\ossf ljljw ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ . pgLx¿sf nflu klxrfg / gful/stfsf] ;d:of
lyof] . o;nfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] lj=;= @)^$ sf] k'; ^ ut]sf] km};nfn] ;dfwfg u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/
gful/sn] cfˆgf] lnËsf] lgwf{/0f cfˆgf] cg'e"ltcg';f/ cfkm} ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ . o;sf] pkof]u ub}{ w]/} of}lgs
tyf n}lËs cNk;Î\osx¿n] g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq kfO;s]sf 5g\. pgLx¿sf nflu csf]{ ;d:of
;fj{hlgs ;f}rfnodf ljz]if ;'ljwf gx'g' xf] . To;}n] ;fj{hlgs ;f}rfnodf of}lgs cNk;Î\ ossf nflu 5'§}
sf]7fsf] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ljBfno jf sn]hdf c¿ ;fyLx¿;Fu 3'nldn x'g g;Sbf c¿n] x]Kg] jf
luHofpg] ubf{, kl/jf/ / ;dfhaf6 ckx]lnt x'g'kbf{ tgfjdf kg]{ x'G5g\ . sltkon]k9fO g} 5f8\g ;Sg] cj:yf
klg cfOkg{ ;S5 . To;}n] o;k|lt ;hu x'Fb} ;‹Lo ;/sf/, k|b]z ;/sf/, :yfgLo ;/sf/ Pjd\ gful/s txaf6
;d]t ljz]if sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{'kb{5 . h;n] pgLx¿sf] clwsf/, klxrfg / ;fdflhs Gofo :yfkgfdf
dbt k'Ug] x'G5 .
-ª_ g]kfndf dlxnfx¿ k5fl8 kg{'sf] sf/0f n}+lus lje]b xf] . o; egfOk|lt cfˆgf ts{x¿ k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;dfhn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] e"ldsf / dlxnf / k'?if aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] klxrfgnfO{ n}lËstf -Gender_
elgG5 . dflg;sf] n}lËs klxrfg p;sf] zf/Ll/s leGgtf geO{ p;sf] e"ldsf, ;fFrfO Pjd\ ultljlw xf] .
n}lËs klxrfg Pjd\ kl/efiff ;dfh / ;+:s[lt cg';f/ km/s–km/
/s x'G5 . g]kfndf dlxnfx¿ k5fl8 kg{'sf] sf/0f n}+lus lje]b xf] .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df n}lËs lje]b ;fdflhs, ;f+:slts / /fhgLlts If]qdf ljBdfg 5 . cem}klg 5f]/f5f]/Lsf]
aLrdf e]befj sfod /x]sf] 5 . wfld{s jf ;f+:s[lts cfF8df ul/Psf dlxnf k|ltsf] e]befjhGo Jojxf/
clxn] klg clwsf+z 7fpFdf sfod} 5 . To;}u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTjdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf
clt g} sd 5 . dlxnf c;Ifd / k'?if dfq ;Ifd eGg] h:tf ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] k|lqmofn] n}lËs lje]b l;h{gf
u/]sf] xf] . lkt[;tfTds ;dfh -Patriarchal society_, k/Dk/fjfbL ;fFr, lzIffsf] cj;/af6 dlxnfnfO{
alGrt ul/g', dlxnfx? lga{n x'G5g\ eGg] dfGotf AofKt x'g', k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] pknAwtf kof{Kt gx'g',
dlxnf z;lQms/0f Jofks / k|efjsf/L gx'g' dlxnf kl5 kg{'sf k|d'v sf/0fx? x'g\ .
ctM dlxnfx¿sf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ lxtsf nflu /fhgLlts kxn gx'g', Pjd\ ;/sf/L :t/df s'g} lgsfo gaGg'
cflb h:tf sf/0fx? t];|f] lnlËx?n] cGo dflg; / ;Ddfgk"j{s hLjgofkg ug{ gkfPsf] cj:yf 5 . g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgn] lnËsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf u/]sf] ePtfklg t];|f] lnËx?nfO{ o; clwsf/sf] k|of]u
ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg s'g} 7f]; sbd rfn]sf] kfOFb}g . t;y{ n}lËs clwsf/ / o;sf] ;+/If0f ug{' ;/sf/sf]
bfloTj dfq geP/ xfd|f] bfloTj klg xf] .
-r_ h}ljs / ;fdflhs lnËsf e"ldsfx¿ tflnsfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
pQ/M h}ljs / ;fdflhs lnËsf e"ldsfx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ h}ljs lnËsf e"ldsfx¿M –;Gtfg hGdfpg
z'qmsL6 k'?ifn] dfq pTkfbg u5{, –To;}u/L l8Da pTkfbg, ue{wf/0f / aRrfnfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg] sfd
dlxnfn] dfq} ug{ ;lS5g\ .
;fdflhs lnËsf e"ldsfx¿M –dlxnfn] 3/sf] sfd ug{' k5{ / k'?ifn] aflx/sf] sfd ug{' k5{, –k'?ifn] sdfP/
dlxnfnfO{ kfNg' k5{, –dlxnfn] aRrfx¿nfO{ x'sf{pg], :ofxf/ ug]{ ug{'kb{5, –ljjfxkl5 dlxnfn] cfˆgf] 3/
5f]8L k'?ifsf] 3/ hfg'k5{ .
-5_ n}lËs ;jfnsf ljifodWo] s'g} Ps ljifodf cWoog u/L Ps n]v tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
pQ/M dlxnf clwsf/ dfgj ePsf gftfn] k|fKt ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/x¿sf] ;fy} k|s[ltn] lbPsf] ljz]if lhDd]jf/L
p7fpgsf nflu dlxnfnfO{ geO{ gxg] s'/fx¿ dlxnf clwsf/leq kb{5 . o;df ue{ wf/0f ug{ kfpg], ;'/lIft
dft[Tj, k|;"lt ;]jf, tna ;lxt ;'Ts]/L labf, :tgkfg u/fpg] / k'g?Tkfbg ug]{ clwsf/ ;lxtsf] ;Ddflgt
/ dof{lbt hLjg kb{5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df dlxnflj?4sf] lje]b ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / /fhgLlts If]qdf ljBdfg 5 . cem}klg
5f]/f5f]/Lsf] aLrdf e]befj sfod /x]sf] 5 . wfld{s jf ;f+:s[lts cfF8df ul/Psf dlxnf k|ltsf] e]befjhGo
Jojxf/ clxn] klg clwsf+z 7fpFdf sfod} 5 . To;}u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTjdf dlxnfsf]
;xeflutf clt g} sd 5 . dlxnf c;Ifd / k'?if dfq ;Ifd eGg] h:tf ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] k|lqmofn] n}lËs
lje]b l;h{gf u/]sf] xf] . lkt[;tfTds ;dfh -Patriarchal society_, k/Dk/fjfbL ;fFr, lzIffsf]
cj;/af6 dlxnfnfO{ alGrt ul/g', dlxnfx? lga{n x'G5g\ eGg] dfGotf AofKt x'g', k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf]
pknAwtf kof{Kt gx'g', dlxnf z;lQms/0f Jofks / k|efjsf/L gx'g' dlxnf kl5 kg{"sf k|d'v sf/0fx? x'g\
eg] log} ;d:ofx¿ n}lËs ;jfn klg x'g\ .
zf/Ll/s ¿kdf dlxnf / k'?if km/s xf] . clwsf/ k|of]usf b[li6n] ;dfg agfpg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . /fli6«o
sfg'gsf] xsdf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg efu tLgdf df}lns xsdf k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] n}lËs e]befj
gu/L ;dfg j+zLo xs x'g] Joj:yf 5 . ;fy} ;'/lIft dft[Tj / k|hgg :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs, wfld{s, ;fdflhs
;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f jf cGo s'g} cfwf/df zf]if0f gul/g] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . zf/Ll/s dfgl;s, of}ghGo,
dgf]j}1flgs jf cGo lx+;fhGo sfo{ gul/g] u/L egL dlxnfsf] nflu df}lns xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy}
/fHosf] ;a} lgsfodf ;dfg kx'Frsf nflu ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]lztfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo,
;DklQ, /f]huf/L / /fhgLlts g]t[Tjdf dlxnfsf] pkl:yltnfO{ klg hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
ctM dlxnfdfly x'g] lje]b / zf]if0fsf] cGTo ug{, ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{, ;dfhdf /x]sf s'/Llt /
h8sf] cGTo ug{, r]tgzLn ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{, ;fdflhs c;dfgtfsf] cGTo u/L ;do ;fk]If ;fdflhs
¿kfGt/0f ug{ cfjZos 5 .
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf]:f\ .
!=n}lËs ;dfgtf sfod ug{sf nflu lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] nIo g= % df plNnlvt -tn k|:t't ul/Psf_
nIox¿ k|fKt ug{ :yfgLo ;/sf/n] s:tf s:tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{'knf{ < a'+bfut ¿kdf pNn]v ug{'xf]:f\
.
pQ/M n}lËs ;dfgtf sfod ug{sf nflu lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] nIo g= % df plNnlvt nIox¿ k|fKt ug{
:yfgLo ;/sf/n] lgDglsl;dsf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos k5{M –:yfgLo hgtf ljz]if u/L dlxnf,
afnaflnsf, ul/a tyf jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;d"xsf dflg;x?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L oL ju{x?sf] :yfgLo
txsf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;lqmo ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/L ;dfj]zL ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{, –:yfgLo
zf;g k|lqmofdf ;a} ;fdflhs ;d"xsf gful/sx?sf] clwsflws ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+:yfut ;+oGq,
k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL / sfo{If]qut zt{ lgwf{/0f ug]{, –:yfgLo ;/sf/x?sf] Gofof]lrt Pjd\ pko'Qm ?kdf ljQLo
;|f]tx?df kx'Fr j[l4 ug]{, –:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;]jf k|jfx ;+oGq tyf k|lqmof n}+lus tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL
d}qL x'g] u/L ;'wf/ ug]{, –;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ jflif{s?cfjlws of]hgf sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 th{'df, sfof{Gjog /
cg'udg ubf{ n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljifodf ;+j]bgzLn, pQ/bfoL, hkmfjb]xL x'g clek|]l/t
ug]{ .
@=n}lËs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu ePsf yk k|of;x¿ vf]hL u/L pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M n}lËs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu ePsf s]xL yk k|of;x¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –lj=;= @)^# df ;+zf]lwt
gful/s ;]jf P]gn] lk5l8Psf ;fdflhs ;d'xnfO{ $% k|ltzt cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . h;df dlxnfnfO{
## k|ltzt cf/If0f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5, –lj=;= @)!@ sf] klxnf] k~rjifL{o of]hgf b]lv g} g]kfn ;/sf/n] n}lËs
e]befjnfO{ cGTo ug]{ k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf] lyof] . rf}wf}F tLg jif]{ of]hgfn] klg n}lËs ;dfgtf, n}lËs
;zlQms/0f / ;dfj]zLtfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] . To;}u/L xfnsf] kG„f}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgfn] klg dlxnfsf]
ljsf;dfly hf]8 lbPsf] 5, –dlxnfsf] ;zlQms/0fsf nflu dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf h]i7 gful/s dGqfnosf]
:yfkgf ePsf] 5, –:jf:Yo tyf hg;Î\of dGqfnon] dlxnf ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f PsfO{ u7g
u/]sf] 5 eg] . cy{dGqfnon] cGt/dGqfno n}lËs pQ/bfoL ah]6 ;ldlt :yfkgf u/]sf] 5, –g]kfnn] n}lËs
;dfgtf, ;fdflhs Gofo ;dfg Jojxf/sf nflu cGt/fli6«o ;Demf}tfx?df k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf] 5 . ;g\
!((! sf] dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befjx?sf] pGd'ng -Convention on the Elimination of
All forms of Discrimination Against Women_ dxf;GwL g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] lyof] .
#=g]kfndf n}lËs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf k|of;x¿sf sf/0f cfPsf kl/jt{gx¿sf] rrf{ ub}{ casf lbgdf s] s]
ug{'knf{ ;'emfj lbg'xf];\ . pQ/M g]kfn Ps ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s Pjd\ ax';f+:s[lts b]z xf] . k|To]s
;d'bfo, hfthfltx?sf] ;dfg'kflts, ;Gt'lnt / Gofo;Fut k|ult x'g ;s] dfq} d'n'sdf lbuf] zflGt / pGglt
k|Tofe"t x'G5 . ;dfhdf ljBdfg n}lËs, hftLo c;dfgtf, lje]bo'Qm Jojxf/ / dfGotf, dlxnf lx+;f, dlxnf
zf]if0f tyf pTkL8g, ul/jL, cflb h:tf lj;+ultx?nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o:t/df n}lËs ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] kIfdf cleJoQm ljleGg k|ltj4tfx?nfO{
sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|of;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb} ;/sf/, u}/ ;/sf/L If]q, lghL If]q tyf gful/s ;dfh / bft[ lgsfo
;d]tsf] ;xof]u kl/rfng u/L pNn]Vo sfo{x? ePsf 5g\ .
g]kfndf ljut b'O{ bzsb]lv qmlds¿kdf gLltut kl/jt{g / pNn]Vo ;'wf/x¿ ePsf 5g\ . clxn] dlxnfsf
cfjfh p7\g yfn]sf 5g\ s]xL ;fjfnx? ;Daf]wg klg ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnn] o'u qmflGtsf/L, uf}/jzfnL /
;+;f/nfO{ pbfx/0fLo x'g] -/fi6«klt, ;efd'v, k|wfgGofofwLz agfP/_ pbfx/0fLo b[i6fGt b]vfO{ ;s]sf] 5 .
dlxnfx?nfO{ ;DklQ dflysf] clwsf/ :yflkt ul/b} 5, clxn]sf] cj:yfdf klg #) k|ltzt dlxnfsf] gfddf
:jfldTj sfod eO;s]sf] 5 . u|fld0f e]udf klg dlxnfsf] ;r]tgf a9\b} uPsf] / ;fd'bflos jg, cfdf ;d"x,
dlxnf lzlIfsf, ;xsf/L, /fi6«;]js, hgk|ltlglw / /fhgLlts bndf ;d]t k|ltlglwTj eO{ ;xeflutfsf] c+z
a9]sf] 5 . jsfnt ug]{ Pglhcf], cfOPglhcf] w]/} x'gsf] ;fy} k|zf;g n}+lus ;+j]bglzn x'b} uPsf] 5 . cfdfsf]
gfdaf6 klg gful/stf kfpg] Joj:yf ul/b} 5 . ;'/lIft dft[Tj / k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs / n}+lus lje]b
lagf ;dfg j+zLo xsnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] g} :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;xeflutf /xg] gLltut Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] lzIff :jf:Yo /f]huf/L / ;fdflhs
;'/Iffdf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf cfwf/df ljz]if cj;/sf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . ;Dklt tyf kfl/jfl/s dfldnfdf
;dfg xssf] lx:;]bf/ agfOPsf] 5 . /fHo ;~rfngdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg ;+3Lo ;f+;b / k| b]z
;efdf lgjf{lrt x'g] ;b:osf] sDtLdf Ps ltxfO dlxnf ;b:o x'g], ;efd'v, pk;efd'v dWo] Ps dlxnf
x'g], /fli6«o ;efsf] cWoIf / pkfWoIf dWo] Ps dlxnf x'g] tyf k|b]z ;efdf klg ;efd'v / pk;efd'v dWo]
Ps dlxnf k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}u/L ufpFkflnsfdf $ hgf, gu/kflnsfdf % hgf, lhNnf
;dGjodf sDtLdf # hgf, ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] k|To]s j8faf6 sDtLdf @ hgf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj
x'g] u/L ufpF ;ef / gu/ ;ef u7g x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u ;+j}wflgs cfof]usf] ?kdf
/xg], cWoIf / ;b:o dlxnf dfq /xg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of}ghGo b'Jojxf/ af]S;L ;DaGwL
s;'/df 5'§} sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L dlxnfd}qL sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f hf/L /x]sf] ljBdfg cj:yf 5 . ;'wf/ cfkm}af6
;'? ul/g'k5{ . dlxnf lx+;f /f]Sg tyf dlxnfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;'wf/sf] cleofg 3/, ;dfh, ufpF, lhNnf, k|b]z
/ s]G› ;a} txaf6} ;'? ul/g' k5{ . To;kl5 /fHo txaf6 st{Jo, lhDd]jf/L tyf ;fwg ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf u/L
d"n k|jfxLs/0f ul/g'k5{ . lzIff / r]tgf ;zQm kfg{sf nflu cfd?kdf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] sfo{qmdx?sf]
;~rfng ul/g' k5{ . nlËs lje]b cGTosf nflu e]befj k"0f{ Jojxf/sf] cGTo tyf ;dtfd"ns sfg"g, lylt
lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ug{'k5{ . dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL Plss[t sfo{qmd Nofpg], sfo{of]hgf ;lxt sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ / ;dGjodf k|efjsfl/tf NofO{ dlxnfsf] ;jfndf ;fFemf pQ/bfloTj axg ul/g'kb{5 . kx'Fr
tyf k|ltkmn a9fpgsf nflu ;x'lnot b/sf] C0f tyf cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 . dlxnfx?n] s] kfP t
< s] eof] t < eGg] ljifodf cg'udg d"NofÍg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{g' kb{5 .
$=n}lËs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff lsg cfjZos k/]sf] xf] < sf/0f lbg'xf];\ . pQ/M n}lËs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
cjwf/0ff lgDg sf/0f cfjZos 5M –dlxnf la?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf lae]b / lx+;fsf] cGTo u/L dlxnfsf] xs
tyf clwsf/sf] ;'/Iff / k|jb{gsf] nflu, –gLltut, sfg'gL / ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf ;fy} ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfngu/L
lae]bsf/L sfg'gx¿ x6fO{ x/]s If]qdf dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg ;xefuL u/fO{ cGt/lgxLt IfdtfnfO{ a[l4
ug{, –dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg lzIffdf kx'Fr, :jf:y ;'lawf, ;'rgfdf kx'Fr, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?, ;DktLdf
:jfldTj, lx+;f lgoGq0f, :jtGqtf cflb h:tf lalaw s'/fx? ;d]6\g, –k'?if / gf/Lsf] cj;/, lhDd]jf/L,clwsf/,
;]jf, nfe,;|f]t–;fwg cflbdf ;dg cj;/, kx'Fr / lgoGq0f sfod /fVg, –dflxnf / k'?ifnfO{ cfˆgf] JolQmut
ljsf; / 5gf]6 ug{ ;dfg / :jtGq agfpg.
%=n}lËs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf r/0fx¿ pNn]v ub}{ dlxnf ;;lQms/0fsf pkfox¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M n}lËs
;dfj]zLs/0fsf r/0fx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\
s= sNof0fsf/L cjwf/0ff v= ljsf;df dlxnf u= dlxnf / ljsf; 3= n}lËstf / ljsf; dlxnfla?4sf ;a}
k|sf/sf lae]b / lx+;fsf] cGTou/L dlxnfx¿sf] xs tyf clwsf/sf] ;'/Iff / k|jb{gsf] nflu /fHon] clwsf/df
cfwl/t ljsf; cjwf/0ffsf] cjnDag u/L gLltut, sfg'gL / ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf ;fy} ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿
;+rfngu/L lae]bsf/L sfg'gx¿ x6fO{ x/]s 5]qdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;xeflutf u/fO{ dlxnfx¿df ePsf]
cGtlg{lxt\ IfdtfnfO{ a[lw ug{' g} dlxnf ;zlQms/0f xf] . dlxnf ;;lQms/0fsf pkfox¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\
–dlxnfsf] k'gM:yfkgf / k'g?Tyfgsf nflu ;DalGwt If]qn] k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;x'lnotk"0f{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug]{, –dlxnfnfO{ /fhg}lts ¿kdf dfq geO{ cfw'lgs ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] 1fg lbP/ cfocfh{gsf] sfo{df a9L
eGbf a9L dfqfdf ;+nUg u/fO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg], –dlxnfx¿sf] nflu pRr ;fIf/tf :t/, lzIffdf ;dfg
;xefuLtf, u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf, pTkfbs ;|f]tx¿df ;dfg :jfldTj, clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L, –dlxnfnfO{
lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf / cfly{s ultljlwdf k|ToIf ¿kdf ;xefuL u/fpg], –dlxnfsf] ;dfhdf a9]sf] klxrfg,
l;h{gl;ntf / pknlAwx?sf] ulx/f] efjgf;Fu cg'zf;g, d]xgt / hfu¿stfsf] efjgf k}bf u/fO{ gofF 9+un]
OR5fzlQmsf] phfu/ ug]{.
^=g]kfndf n}lËs ;dfj]zLs/0fdf ePsf k|of;x¿sf] ;ldIff ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfndf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k ljBdfg n}lus lje]bx¿sf] cGTo u/L n}lËs ;dfgtf sfod
ug{ ljleGg k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g . ;/sf/LER kIfaf6 ;+j}wflgs sfg'gL tyf gLltut k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ eg]
u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 klg ;r]tLs/0f Ifdtf ljsf;nufotsf ljljw k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ . 3/kl/jf/ / ;d'bfon]
klg dlxnf ;dfgtf, ;xeflutf / ;zQmLs/0fsf kIfx¿df rf;f] a9fpg yfn]sf] 5 . tL k|of;x¿sf sf/0f
n}+lus ;dfj]zLs/0fdf s]xL ;'wf/ klg ePsf 5g\ t/ oL kof{Kt 5}gg\ . cem} klg h/f uf8]/ a;]sf ;f+:s[lts
kIf / lkt[;QfTds ;+:sf/x¿sf sf/0f oL k|of;x¿n] ;fy{stf kfpg sl7g eO/x]sf] 5 . casf lbgdf cem}
;zQm k|of; ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 . n}lËstfdf cfwfl/t /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;f:s[lts c;dfgtf sd u/L n}lus
;dfgtf sfod ug{sf nflu /fHo:t/af6 ljleGg k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M
–5}6f}F of]hgfdf klxnf]kN6 ljsf; sfo{df dlxnf ;xeflutf k|jw{g ug]{ 5'§} gLlt tof/ ul/of], –lghfdtL ;]jf,
lzIfs ;]jf ;'/Iff lgsfonufotsf ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL k|lt:kwf{sf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf sf]6fdWo] ## k|ltzt sf]6f
dlxnfsf nflu cf/If0f ul/Psf] 5, –k}lqs ;DklQdf kl/jf/df ePsf 5f]/f / 5f]/Lsf] ;dfg xssf] Joj:yf
ePsf] 5, –/fi6«klt / pk/fi6«klt km/s ;d'bfo jf lnËsf] x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5, –;efd'v / pk
;efd'vdWo] Ps hgf dlxnf x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
cGTodf, dlxnf ljsf;sf] ljifo dlxnfsf] dfq geO{ l;+uf] /fi6«s} ;jfn xf] . x/]s dlxnfsf] ;kmntf k5f8L
k'?ifsf] ;fy, ;xof]u / ;dy{g /x]sf] x'G5 . kl5Nnf] ;do lj:tf/} dlxnfx? 3/sf] efG;fb]lv v'nf cfsfzsf]
ofqf ub}{ 5g\ . o;}n] dlxnf ljsf;sf] ;+be{df gjk':tfsf] ;sf/fTds e"ldsf / k'/fgf k':tfsf] pbf/tfsf]
vfFrf] b]lvPsf] 5 . xfd|f ;fdflhs e"ldsfdf kl/jt{g ug{ cTofjZos 5 . dlxnfsf af/]df efujt uLtfdf
pb[t ul/Psf] Úoq gf/fo:t' khoGt] tq /dGt] b]jtfÚ -hxfF gf/L k'lhG5g\, ToxfF b]jtf /Db5G_ eGg] jfSof+znfO{
cfTd;ft ug{ ;lsof] eg] /fi6«s} pTyfgdf ;xof]u k'Ug] b]lvG5 . ctM ljljwtfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;a}n] ;Ddfg
u/L cufl8 a9\b} ;dfgtfnfO{ ;xsfo{df ?kfGt/0f ug{ h?/L 5 .
!=ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;xof]u / pTyfgsf nflu ug{'kg]{ sfo{ ;d]6]/ uLt jf sljtf jf
;+jfb tof/ kfg{'xf];\ . sljtfM ;l/tf cof{n -n]vs Nofaf]/]6/L p=df=lj= sIff !) df cWog/t b[li6laxLg
5fqf x'g\ ._
ckfËtf geP lg ;an ;a} z/L/sf cË, ;fË em} cfl3 a9\g ;S5g\ ckfË .
xfdL klg b]zsf lglDt kSs} s]xL u5f}F, b]zsf] ljsf; lgdf{0fdf klg nflu kf}+.
 cfFvf sfg sDhf]/ t/ af}l4s ljsf; /fd|f], x]n]g s]n/ ag]sL l5g\ pbfx/0f xfd|f] .
algg\ pgL gj–lbgsL laxfg ldld{/], To:t} csL{ tf/f xfd|L emds l3ld/] .
cem} klg ;dfg kl/jt{g ePsf] 5}g, ckfËn] :jtGq eO{ afFRg kfsf] 5}g .
hxfF hfpmF l5 l5 b'b{'/ 3[0ffdfq} kfpg], slxn] xf]nf ;a dflg;sf] 3}6f]df 3fd nfUg] <
cj;/ kfP kSs} To;nfO{ xfdL u|x0f u5f{, ;xL¿kdf lg cj;/sf] ;b'kof]u u5f}F .
cGwsf/ of] ;+;f/af6 xfdL km'Sg' k5{ ..
slt 7fpFdf v'n]sf 5g\ ;+:yf klg, afr"g\ egL ckfËn] cfTdlge{/ egL .
To:tf ;+:yfk|lt cfef/L 5f}F xfdL, ;Lk l;sL eljiodf aGg ;S5f}F gfdL .
@= ckfËtf ePsf JolQm / pgLx¿sf] ;'ljwfsf nflu cfkm"n] ug{'kg]{ st{Josf af/]df cfˆgf] wf/0ff k|:t't
ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M z/L/sf cËx¿ / zf/Ll/s k|0ffnLdf ePsf] ;d:ofsf] sf/0f ef}lts, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fsf
;fy} ;~rf/ ;d]taf6 l;h{gf ePsf] cj/f]w ;d]tn] b}lgs lqmofsnfk ;fdfGo ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ Pjd\
;fdflhs hLjgdf ;xefuL x'g sl7gfO{ x'g] cj:yfnfO{ ckfËtf elgG5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf ljleGg k|sf/sf
ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] ljleGg k|sf/sf JolQmut / ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ ef]lu/x]sf
x'G5g\ .
o;/L cfh ;fË ePsf] JolQm ef]ln ckfËtf ePsf] x'g klg ;S5 . To;}n] xfdLn] ;b}j ckfËtf ePsf JolQmnfO{
;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos, kfl/jfl/s / JolQmuttkm{af6 ;xof]u ug{'k5{ . ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf]
clwsf/sf] /Iffsf nflu ;b}j ;r]t /xg'k5{ . ckfËtf ePsf JolQmdf klg ljleGg k|ltef / Ifdtfx¿ x'g
;S5g\ . tL k|ltefnfO{ k|ikm'6g u/fpg ;xof]u ug{'k5{ . ljZjsf dxfg j}1flgs :6]km]g xlsªsf] lbdfu /
Pp6f cf}+nf dfq rNYof] . pgsf cfljisf/ cfh ljZje/ k|rf/ ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnsL ;flxTosf/ emds s'df/L
v'§fn] n]lV5g\ . pgsf] of]ubfgn] ;flxTodfkm{t ;dfhdf s]xL ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;Gb]z lbPsf] / s]xL ug{ xf};nf
a9fPsf] 5 . vu]G›axfb'/ a:g]tn] vu]G› gjhLjg s]G› gfdsf] ckfËtf k'g;{\yfkgf s]G› d} :yfkgf u/]sf
5g\ .
ctMckfËx?sf] xs lxtsf nflu ;/sf/ dfq geP/ cfd gful/ssf] klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ xft x'G5 . pgLx?sf]
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;xof]u cGo gful/sn] ug{ ;s] ckfË JolQmx? dfly x'g] u/]sf c;fdfGo Jojxf/ Pjd\
b[li6sf]0fsf] cGTo ug{ ;lsG5 .
#= g]kfndf ckfËtfnfO{ s;/L juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 <
pQ/M g]kfndf czQmtfsf] uDeL/tfsf cfwf/df ckfËtfnfO{ rf/ ju{df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf
ckfËtfsf] juL{s/0f o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ -s_ k"0f{ czQm ckfËtf –cfˆgf] b}lgs lqmofsnfk ;Dkfbg ug{
lg/Gt/ ¿kdf c¿sf] ;xof]u ln+bf klg sl7gfO x'g] cj:yf k"0f{ czQm ckfËtf xf] . o:tf] ckfËtfnfO{ æsæ
ju{df juL{s/0f u/L /ftf] /ªsf] kl/rokqsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-v_ clt czQm ckfËtf –j}olQms lqmofsnfk ;Dkfbg ug{ tyf ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g lg/Gt/
¿kdf c¿sf] ;xof]u lng'kg]{ cj:yf clt czQm ckfËtf xf] . o:tf] ckfËtfnfO{ ævæ ju{df juL{s/0f u/L
lgnf] /ªdf kl/rokqsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 ..
-u_ dWod ckfËtf –c¿sf] ;xof]u lnO{ jf glnO{ lgoldt ¿kdf cfˆgf] lbgrof{ / ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkdf
;xefuL x'g ;Sg] cj:yf dWod ckfËtf xf] . o; cj:yfsf ckfËtfnfO æuæ ju{df juL{s/0f u/L kx]+nf]
/ªdf kl/rokqsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-3_ ;fdfGo ckfËtf –lgoldt ¿kdf cfˆgf] lbgrof{ / ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g ;Sg] ca:yfnfO{
;fdfGo ckfËtf elgG5 . o; cj:yfsf ckfËtfnfO{ æ3æ ju{df juL{s/0f u/L ;]tf] /ªdf kl/rokqsf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 .
$= ckfËtf ePsf JolQmnfO{ bof xf]Og ;xof]u / ;Ddfgsf] vfFrf] 5 . o; egfOdf cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ ;d]6]/
Ps ;DkfbsLo tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
cflZjg !*, @)&* | ;DkfbsLo
z/L/sf cËx¿ / zf/Ll/s k|0ffnLdf ePsf] ;d:ofsf] sf/0f ef}lts, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fsf ;fy}
;~rf/ ;d]taf6 l;h{gf ePsf] cj/f]w ;d]tn] b}lgs lqmofsnfk ;fdfGo ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ Pjd\ ;fdflhs
hLjgdf ;xefuL x'g sl7gfO{ x'g] cj:yfnfO{ ckfËtf elgG5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf ljleGg k|sf/sf ckfËtf ePsf
JolQmx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] ljleGg k|sf/sf JolQmut / ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ ef]lu/x]sf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿sf]
km/s Ifdtf / czQmtfnfO{ sdhf]/L 7fg]/ x]Kg], b'j{\ojxf/ ug]{, cGofo cTofrf/ ug]{ / zf]if0f ug]{ h:tf
cdfgjLo Jojxf/x¿ x'g ;S5g\. ckfËtf ePsf JolQmnfO{ bof xf]Og ;xof]u / ;Ddfgsf] vfFrf] 5 .
ckfËtf ePsf JolQmnfO{ c¿n] Úlar/fÚ, ÚtF s;/L afFR5:Ú, Úafcfdfkl5 tFnfO{ s;n] kfN5 <Ú h:tf zAbn]
ckfË JolQmsf] dgf]an sdhf]/ x'g k'U5 / afFRg] cfzf db{5 . :jo+ ckfËtf ePsf JolQmnfO{ c¿n] bof
u/]sf] dg kb}{g. a? k|z+zf,;xof]u / ;Ddfg ubf{ pgLx¿ pT;flxt x'G5g\ / cfTdljZjf; klg a9\5 . ckfËtf
ePsf JolQmdf klg ljleGg k|ltef / Ifdtfx¿ x'g ;S5g\ . tL k|ltefnfO{ k|ikm'6g u/fpg ;xof]u ug{'k5{ .
JolQmdf lglxt k|ltefsf] k|:km'6gsf nflu cj;/ / ;xof]u lbPdf pgLx¿n] hxfh p8fpg, v]nf8L aGg,
;flxTosf/ aGg, cg';Gwfg u/L j}1flgs ag]sf pbfx/0f k|:t't u/L cfkm"n] klg cj;/ / ;xof]u rfx]sf]
ljrf/ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{ ug{ sltko 7fpFdf sl7g x'g] ePsfn] cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ x'g
;S5 t/ sfd} ug{ ;Sb}gg\ eGg] ljrf/k|lt ;xdt 5}gg\ .
ctMdflg;nfO{ bof / dfof klg rflxG5 t/ bof / dfof ;w}+ clg ;a}af6 gkfpg ;lsG5 . sfd ug]{ cj;/
kfPdf lhGbuLe/ cfTdlge{/ eO{ afFRg ;lsG5 . hxfF r'gf}tL x'G5g\ ToxfF cj;/ klg x'G5g\ . lzIff, tflnd /
k'g{:yfkgf ug]{ sfo{ u/]df ckfË ePsf JolQmnfO{ hLjgk|lt ;sf/fTds ljrf/ pbo x'G5, c¿dfly e/ kg{'kg]{
l:yltsf] cGTo x'G5 / /fi6«sf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf; x'G5 .
%= ckfËtf ePsf JolQmn] k|of]u ug]{ ljleGg k|sf/sf pks/0fx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
pQ/M ckfËtf ePsf JolQmn] k|of]u ug]{ ljleGg k|sf/sf pks/0fx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –lXjn r]o/, –
s[lqd v'§f, –a|]n lnkLsf] kf6L, –;f+s]lts efiffsf] lstfa cflb.
PsfO{ *M ;+ljwfg / gful/s r]tgf
-s_ k|b]z ;/sf/ u7g k|lqmof pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M xfd|f] b]zdf ;‹Lo zf;g k|0ffnLcg';f/ ;ftcf]6f k|b]zx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . k|To]s k|b]zdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k|ltlglwsf] ¿kdf k|b]z k|d'v /xG5g\ . /fi6«kltn] k|To]s k|b]zsf nflu Ps k|b]z k|d'v lgo'lQm u5{g\ .
k|b]z ;/sf/ u7g ug{sf] nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] k|lqmof /x]sf] 5M != ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !^* pkwf/f ! adf]lhd
k|b]z ;efdf ax'dt k|fKt ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{ k|b]z k|d'vn] d'VodGqL lgo'Qm u5{g\ / lghsf] cWoIftfdf
k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g x'g] 5 . @= wf/f !^* pkwf/f -@_ cg';f/ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k|b]z ;efdf s'g}
klg bnsf] :ki6 ax'dt g/x]sf] cj:yfdf k|b]z ;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L bnx¿sf] ;dy{gdf
ax'dt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] k|b]z ;efsf] ;b:onfO{ k|b]z k|d'vn] d'VodGqL lgo'Qm ug{;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . #= wf/f
!^* pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd k|b]z ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff ePsf] ldltn] #) lbgleq pkwf/f
@ adf]lhd d'VodGqL lgo'lQm x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gePdf jf To;/L lgo'Qm d'VodGqLn] pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd
ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df k|b]z k|d'vn] k|b]z ;efdf ;a}eGbf a9L ;b:o ePsf] ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{
d'VodGqL lgo'Qm ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . $= wf/f !^* pkwf/f % sf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhdlgo'Qm
d'VodGqLn] pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhdsf] s'g} ;b:on] k|b]z
;efdf ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf ePdf k|b]z k|d'vn] To:tf] ;b:onfO{ d'VodGqL lgo'Qm ug{;Sg]
Joj:yf 5 . o;/L pkwf/f @, #@% cg';f/ lgo'Qm d'VodGqLn] lgo'lQm ePsf] #) lbgleq k|b]z ;fefdf
ljZjf;sf] dt lng'kg]{ 5 . %= ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !^* pkwf/f -&_ cg';f/ pkwf/f -%_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm
d'VodGqLn] ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df jf d'VodGqL lgo'Qm x'g g;s]df d'VodGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df k|b]z
k|d'vn] k|b]z ;efnfO{ lj36g ug]{ 5g\ . gofF ;/sf/ u7gsf nflu hgfb]z lng 5 dlxgfleq csf]{ k|b]z
;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g] u/L lgjf{rg ldlt tf]Sg;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .
-v_ ;‹Lo ;/sf/ / k|b]z ;/sf/sf] u7g k|lqmofdf s] s] ;dfgtf / leGgtf /x]sf 5g\ < pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;‹Lo ;/sf/ / k|b]z ;/sf/sf] u7g k|lqmofdf o; lsl;dsf ;dfgtfx? /x]sf 5g\ –b'j} ;/sf/sf]
k|d'vdf ax'dt k|fKt ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{ lgo'Qm ul/G5 / lghsf] cWoIftfdf dlGqkl/ifb\ sf] u7g x'G5 . –
k|b]z÷k|ltlglw ;efdf s'g} klg bnsf] :ki6 ax'dt g/x]sf] cj:yfdf k|b]z÷k|ltlglw ;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{
b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L bnx¿sf] ;dy{gdf ax'dt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] k|b]z÷k|ltlglw ;efsf] ;b:onfO{
d'VodGqL÷k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ug{;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . –k|b]z÷k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff
ePsf] ldltn] #) lbgleq d'VodGqL÷k|wfgdGqL lgo'lQm xg ;Sg] cj:yf gePdf jf To;/L lgo'Qm
d'VodGqLn]÷k|wfgdGqLn] ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df k|b]z÷k|ltlglw ;efdf ;a}eGbf a9L ;b:o ePsf]
;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{ d'VodGqL÷k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . –km]l/ klg lgo'Qm
d'VodGqLn]÷k|wfgdGqLn] ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df s'g} ;b:on] k|b]z÷k|ltlglw ;efdf ljZjf;sf] dt
k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf ePdf To:tf] ;b:onfO{ d'VodGqL÷k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ug{;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . –;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f adf]lhd lgo'Qm d'VodGqLn]÷k|wfgdGqLn] ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df jf d'VodGqL÷k|wfgdGqL
lgo'Qm x'g g;s]df d'VodGqLsf]÷k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df k|b]zk|d'vn]÷/fi6«kltn] k|b]z÷k|ltlglw ;efnfO{
lj36g ug]{ 5g\ . gofF ;/sf/ u7gsf nflu hgfb]z lng 5 dlxgfleq csf]{ k|b]z÷k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rg
;DkGg x'g] u/L lgjf{rg ldlt tf]Sg;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .
;‹Lo ;/sf/ / k|b]z ;/sf/sf] u7g k|lqmofdf o; lsl;dsf leGgtfx? /x]sf 5g\ –;‹Lo ;/sf/df b]zsf]
/fi6«fWoIfsf ¿kdf /fi6«klt /xg] Joj:yf 5 eg] k|To]s k|b]zsf] k|b]z k|d'vdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwsf]
¿kdf k|b]z k|d'v /xG5g\. –;‹Lo ;/sf/df ;/sf/ k|d'vsf] ?kdf k|wfgdGqL /xG5g\ eg] k|b]z ;/sf/df
;/sf/ k|d'vsf] ?kdf d'VodGqL /xG5g\. –;‹Lo ;/sf/df ;/sf/ k|d'v /fi6«kltn] g'oQm' u5{ eg] k|b]z
;/sf/df ;/sf/ k|d'v k|b]z k|d'vn] g'oQm u5{. –;‹Lo ;/sf/sf] u7g ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &^ sf] ljleGg
pkwf/f adf]lhd x'G5 eg] k|b]z ;/sf/sf] u7g ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !^* sf] ljleGg pkwf/f adf]lhd x'G5 .
-u_ :yfgLo ;/sf/ u7g k|lqmof pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ¿kdf ufpFkflnsfdf ufpF sfo{kflnsf / gu/kflnsfdf gu/ sfo{kflnsf /xG5 .
o;sf] u7g :yfgLo lgjf{rgaf6 x'G5 . s]xL ;b:o eg] ufpF;ef / gu/ ;efaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf]
5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] kbfjlw kfFr jif{ x'G5 . :yfgLo ;/ sf/sf] ¿kdf ufpFsfo{kflnsf /
gu/ sfo{kflnsf /xg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf 5 h;sf] u7g k|lqmof lgDgfg';f/ 5M ufpF sfo{kflnsfsf] u7g !=
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf ¿kdf ufpF sfo{kflnsf cWoIfsf] cWoIftfdf ufpF sfo{kflnsf u7g x'G5, @= ;DalGwt
ufpFkflnsf If]qleqsf dtbftfn] Ps JolQm Ps dtsf] cfwf/df uf]Ko dtbfgåf/f klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g]
lgjf{rg k|0ffnLadf]lhd cWoIf / pkfWoIf lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\, #= k|To]s j8faf6 lgjf{lrt j8f cWoIfx¿ ufpF
sfo{kflnsf ;b:o x'G5g\, $= ufpF ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] !% lbgleq ufpF
;efsf ;b:ox¿n] cfkm"dWo]af6 lgjf{lrt u/]sf rf/ hgf dlxnf ;b:o;d]t sfo{kflnsfsf ;b:o /xg]
Joj:yf 5, %= ufpF ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] !% lbgleq ufpF ;efsf ;b:ox¿n]
cfkm"dWo]af6 lgjf{lrt u/]sf b'O{ hgf blnt jf cNk;Î\os ;d'bfosf ;b:o ufpF sfo{kflnsfsf] ;b:o /xg]
Joj:yf 5, ^= ufpF sfo{kflnsfdf hDdf ;b:o M cWoIf,pkfWoIf, j8f cWoIfx¿ / ufpF ;efaf6 lgjf{lrt yk
5 hgf ;b:o x'G5g\ .
gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] u7g != :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ¿kdf gu/ sfo{kflnsf k|d'vsf] cWoIftfdf gu/ sfo{kflnsf
u7g x'G5, @= ;DalGwt gu/kflnsf If]qleqsf dtbftfn] Ps JolQm Ps dtsf cfwf/df uf]Ko dtbfgåf/f
klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLadf]lhd k|d'v / pkk|d'vsf] lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\, #= k|To]s j8faf6
lgjf{lrt j8f cWoIfx¿ gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o x'G5g\, $= gu/ ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd k|fKt
ePsf] ldltn] !% lbgleq gu/ ;efsf ;b:ox¿n] cfkm"dWo]af6 lgjf{lrt u/]sf kfFr hgf dlxnf ;b:o;d]t
gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5, %= gu/ ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] !%
lbgleq gu/ ;efsf ;b:ox¿n] cfkm"dWo]af6 lgjf{lrt u/]sf tLg hgf blnt jf cNk;Î\os ;d'bfosf
;b:o gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5, ^= gu/ sfo{kflnsfdf hDdf ;b:o M k|d'v, pkk|d'v, j8f
cWoIfx¿ / gu/ ;efaf6 lgjf{lrt yk cf7 hgf ;b:o x'G5g\ .
cEof; tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf]:f\ M
s= k|To]s txsf ;/sf/sf d'Vo !), !) cf]6f clwsf/sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kndf ;‹Lo, k|b]z / :yfgLo u/L tLg txsf] ;/sf/ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %& sf]
pkwf/f -!_ / wf/f !)( adf]lhd ;‹sf] clwsf/ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M != /Iff / ;]gf;DaGwLM -s_ /fli6«o
Pstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] ;+/If0f -v_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff;DaGwL, @= o'4 / k|lt/Iff, #= xftxltof/, v/vhfgf,
sf/vfgf tyf pTkfbg;DaGwL, $= s]G›Lo k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, /fli6«o u'Ktr/ tyf cg';Gwfg, zflGt
;'/Iff, %= s]G›Lo of]hgf, s]G›Lo a}+s, ljQLo gLlt, d'›f / a}lsª, df}l›s gLlt, ljb]zL cg'bfg, ;xof]u / C0f,
^= k//fi6« tyf s"6gLlts dfldnf, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹;DaGwL, &= cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw jf
;Demf}tf, ;'k'b{uL, kf/:kl/s sfg'gL ;xfotf cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf, cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf gbL, *= b"/;~rf/, /]l8of]
lk|mSj]G;Lsf] af…8kmf8Þ, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg / x'nfs, (= eG;f/, cGtMz'Ns, d"No clej[l4 s/, ;+:yfut cfos/,
JolQmut cfos/, kfl/>lds s/, /fxbfgL z'Ns, le;f z'Ns, ko{6g b:t'/, ;]jf z'Ns b:t'/, b08 hl/afgf,
!)= ;‹Lo lghfdtL ;]jf, Gofo ;]jf / cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL ^ df k|b]zsf lgDg clwsf/x? Joj:yf u/]sf] 5M != k|b]z k|x/L k|zf;g / zflGt
;'/Iff, @= g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] gLltcg'¿k ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~rfng, ;xsf/L ;+:yf s]G›sf] ;xdltdf j}b]lzs
cg'bfg / ;xof]u, #= /]l8of], Pkm= Pd, 6]lnlehg ;~rfng, $= 3/ hUuf /lh:6«];g z'Ns, ;jf/L ;fwg s/,
dgf]/~hg s/, lj1fkg s/, ko{6g, s[lif cfodf s/, ;]jf z'Ns b:t'/, b08 hl/jfgf, %= k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf
/ cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf, ^= k|b]z tYofÍ, &= k|b]z :t/sf] ljB't, l;rfO / vfg]kfgL ;]jf, kl/jxg, *= k|b]z
ljZjljBfno, pRr lzIff, k':tsfno, ;Ë|xfno, (= :jf:Yo ;]jf, !) k|b]z ;ef, k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\ ;DaGwL .
;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL * df Joj:yf ePsf] :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/M != gu/ k|x/L, @= ;xsf/L ;+:yf, #= Pkm=
Pd= ;~rfng, $= :yfgLo s/ -;DklQ s/, 3/ axfn s/, 3/ hUuf /lh:6«];g z'Ns, ;jf/L ;fwg s/, ;]jf
z'Ns b:t'/, ko{6g z'Ns, lj1fkg s/, Joj;fo s/, e"lds/ -dfnkf]t_, b08 hl/jfgf, dgf]/~hg s/, dfnkf]t
;Íng, %= :yfgLo ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkg, ^= :yfgLo tYofÍ / clen]v ;Íng, &= :yfgLo :t/sf ljsf;
cfof]hgf tyf kl/of]hgfx¿, *= cfwf/e"t / dfWolds lzIff, (= cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO, !)= :yfgLo
ahf/ Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / h}ljs ljljwtf .
@= ;‹Lo ;/sf/sf sfd st{Jox¿nfO{ ljsf;sf sfd, ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfd, j}blzs ;DaGw;DaGwL sfd /
k|zf;lgs sfddf juL{s/0f ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;‹Lo ;/sf/sf] ljsf; ;DaGwL sfd st{Jox¿M –s]G›Lo of]hgf, s]G›Lo a}+s, ljQLo gLlt, d'›f / a}lsª,
df}l›s gLlt, ljb]zL cg'bfg, ;xof]u / C0f, b"/;~rf/, /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;Lsf] af…8kmf8Þ, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg /
x'nfs, –eG;f/, cGtMz'Ns, d"No clej[l4 s/, ;+:yfut cfos/, JolQmut cfos/, kfl/>lds s/, /fxbfgL
z'Ns, le;f z'Ns, ko{6g b:t'/, ;]jf z'Ns b:t'/, b08 hl/afgf, –cGt/b]zLo tyf cGt/k|b]z ljB't\ k|;f/0f
nfOg, –s]G›Lo :t/sf 7'nf ljB't, l;+rfO / cGo cfof]hgf tyf kl/of]hgf, –cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/, ljlgdo
aGb/ufx, Sjf/]G6fOg, –xjfO{ p•og, cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn –cf0fljs pmhf{, jfo'd08n / cGtl/If;DaGwL, –
vfgL pTvgg, –;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ul/aL lgjf/0f .
;‹Lo ;/sf/sf] ;'/Iff ;DaGwL sfd st{Jox¿M –/Iff / ;]gf;DaGwLM -s_ /fli6«o Pstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf]
;+/If0f -v_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff;DaGwL, –o'4 / k|lt/Iff, –xftxltof/, v/vhfgf, sf/vfgf tyf pTkfbg;DaGwL, –
s]G›Lo k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, /fli6«o u'Ktr/ tyf cg';Gwfg, zflGt ;'/Iff, –;'/lIft 5fkfvfgf.
;‹Lo ;/sf/sf] j}b]lzs ;DaGw ;DaGwL sfd st{Jox¿M –k//fi6« tyf s"6gLlts dfldnf, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw
/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹;DaGwL, –cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf, ;'k'b{uL, kf/:kl/s sfg'gL ;xfotf cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf,
cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf gbL .
;‹Lo ;/sf/sf] k|zf;lgs ;DaGwL sfd st{Jox¿M –;‹Lo lghfdtL ;]jf, Gofo ;]jf / cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf, –
hn;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / ax'cfoflds pkof]u;DaGwL gLlt / dfkb08, –s]G›Lo tYofÍ -/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o dfgs
/ u'0f:t/_ –s]G›Lo ljZjljBfno, s]G›Lo:t/sf k|1f k|lti7fg, ljZjljBfno dfkb08 / lgodg,s]G›Lo
k':tsfno, –:jf:Yo gLlt, :jf:Yo ;]jf, :jf:Yo dfkb08, u'0f:t/ / cg'udg, –/fli6«o jf ljlzi6 ;]jf k|bfos
c:ktfn, k/Dk/fut pkrf/ ;]jf, ;?jf /f]u lgoGq0f, –;‹Lo ;+;b, ;‹Lo sfo{kflnsf, :yfgLo tx;DaGwL
dfldnf ljz]if ;+/rgf, –/fli6«o oftfoft gLlt, /]n tyf /fli6«o nf]sdfu{sf] Joj:yfkg, –;jf]{Rr cbfnt, pRr
cbfnt, lhNnf cbfnt tyf Gofo k|zf;g;DaGwL sfg'g, –gful/stf, /fxbfgL le;f, cWofudg, –af}l4s
;DklQ -k]6]G6, l8hfOg, 6]8dfs{ / k|ltlnlk clwsf/;d]t_, –gfktf}n, –/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o jftfj/0f
Joj:yfkg, /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If tyf l;d;f/ If]q, /fli6«o jg gLlt, sfa{g ;]jf, –ladf gLlt,
lwtf]kq, ;xsf/L lgodg, –e"pkof]u gLlt, a:tL ljsf; gLlt, ko{6g gLlt, jftfj/0f cg's"ng, –kmf}hbf/L,
b]jfgL sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f, –;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿, /fli6«o dxQ\jsf cfof]ux¿, –k'/ftflTjs dxQ\jsf :yfg /
k|frLg :df/s ;‹, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;"rLdf jf ;femf ;"rLdf pNn]v gePsf] s'g} ljifo tyf
of] ;+ljwfg / ;‹Lo sfg'gdf gtf]lsPsf] ljifo.
#= ;a} txsf ;/sf/sf lardf lsg clwsf/sf ;femf ;"rL tof/ ul/Psf] xf]nf < cfˆgf] ljrf/ k|:t't ug{'xf];\
. pQ/M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ adf]lhd g]kfnsf] d"n ;+/rgf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txsf] /x]sf]
5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;‹Lo, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] 5 . ;+3Lo
;/sf/sf] sfo{ If]q k'/} b]z x'G5 . k|b]z ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] k|b]zleq / :yfgLo ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] ufpkflnsf /
gu/kflnsf If]qleq sfd u5{g\ . o;sf nflu ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL kfFrb]lv gf};Dd k|To]s ;/sf/sf] Psn,
;femf / ;+o'Qm clwsf/ ;"rL to ul/Psf 5g\ . ;a} txsf ;/sf/sf lardf clwsf/sf ;femf ;"rL tof/
kfg{'sf] d"n sf/0f ;‹Lo, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/lardf /x]sf] 3lgi7 cGt/;DaGw xf].
g]kfndf ;‹, k|b]z / :yfgLo tLgcf]6} txsf ;/sf/lardf cGt/;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . tL ;/sf/ Pscsf{df
:jfoQ /x] klg ltgLx¿lardf ;xsfo{, ;dGjo / ;xcl:tTjsf] ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . tLgcf]6} ;/sf/ u7g
tyf ;~rfngsf] d"n cfwf/ ;+ljwfg xf] . ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL & df ;‹ tyf k|b]zlarsf] clwsf/sf] ;femf
;"rLsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] cg';"rL ( df ;‹, k|b]z / :yfgLolarsf] clwsf/sf] ;femf ;"rL /flvPsf] 5
. o;af6 tL tLgcf]6} ;/sf/sf lardf cGt/;DaGw 5 eGg] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L ;‹n] agfPsf] sfg'g k|b]z /
:yfgLo txdf ;d]t lqmofzLn x'G5 eg] k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] sfg'g agfpFbf ;‹Lo sfg'g;Fu gaflemg] u/L
agfpg'k5{. ;‹Lo nf]s;]jf cfof]u gag];Dd k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;3n] g} sd{rf/Lx¿ pknAw u/fpg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] j}b]lzs ;xfotf lng'kbf{ ;‹Lo ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ Joj:yf
5 . ;‹n] ;Íng u/]sf] /fh:j ;‹n] k|b]z / :yfgLo txnfO{ ;d]t Gofof]lrt ¿kdf ljt/0f ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] ;8sng u/]sf /fh:j, /f]oN6Lsf] s]xL lx:;f s]G›, k|b]z / :yfgLo
txdfsfg'gdf tf]lsPcg';f/ /xg] Joj:yf 5 . k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg klg ;‹Lo sfg'gadf]lhd x'G5
. lgjf{rg cfof]un] tLgcf]6} txsf] lgjf{rg u/fpF5 . /fHo ;~rfngsf qmddf ;‹n] k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txnfO{
lgb]{zg lbg ;S5 . k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] To;sf] kfngf ug{'k5{. To;} u/L k|b]z / :yfgLo txnfO{. cfjZos
kbf{ ;‹n] ;xof]u ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .
ctM;a} txsf ;/sf/sf lardf clwsf/sf ;femf ;"rL tof/ kfg{'sf] p2]Zo tLgcf]6} ;/sf/sf] ;xsfo{ /
;dGjoaf6 b]zsf] ;a} efudf ;dfg'kflts ljsf; hgtfnfO{ ;'ljwfx¿ pknAw u/fpg' xf] . s'g} Ps txn]
;dGjo gubf{ hgtfnfO{ dsf{ kg{ ;S5 . oL tLgcf]6} txx¿ Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s x'g\.
-s_ clwsf/ / st{Josf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ . pQ/M ;fdfGo cy{df s'g} klg JolQmn] kfPsf] ;fdflhs tyf
sfg"gL xsnfO{ clwsf/ elgG5 eg] st{Jo eGgfn] JolQmn] k'/f ug{'kg]{ lhDd]jf/L eGg] a'lemG5 .
clwsf/ / st{Jo Ps l;Ssfsf b'O k6f x'g. gful/s /fHo lgdf{0fsf] clgjfo{ tTj xf]. gful/s ljgsf] /fHosf]
kl/sNkgf ug{ ;lsb}g\ . gful/sn] /fHoaf6 ck]Iff u/]sf xs / clwsf/nfO{ gful/s clwsf/ elgG5 h'g
/fHon] hgtfsf] lxtsf] nflu hgtfsf] rfxgf adf]lhd ;+ljwfg / sfg'gbf/f k|Tofe"t u/]sf] x'G5 . /fHosf]
gful/s ePsf] gftfn] gful/sn] klg /fHo k|lt lglZrt bfloTjx? k'/f ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . h;nfO{ st{Jo elgG5 .
st{Jo c?n] u/ eg]/ dfq ul/g] geO{ gful/s cfkm}+n] a'em]/ kfng ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
-v_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf plNnlvt gful/ssf st{Jox?sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M st{Jo eGgfn] cfkmn]
ug{kg]{ sfo{ tyf bfloTj cfkm}n] hfg]/ jf aem]/ ug{ / ug{ gxg] sfo{ gug{' xf] . c?sf] clwsf/df gsf/fTds
c;/ kg]{ u/L s'g}klg lqmofsnfk gug{' jf ug{ k|f]T;fxg gug{' klg st{Jo xf] .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $* n] g]kfnL gful/ssf] st{Jo pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . tL st{Jox? b]xfoadf]lhd 5g\
-s_ /fi6«k|lt lgi7fjfg x'Fb} g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tfsf] /Iff ug{', -v_ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf]
kfngf ug{', -u_ /fHon] rfx]sf avt clgjfo{ ;]jf ug{', -3_ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f ug{' .
-u_ gful/s clwsf/sf cfjZostfnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k|i6 kfg{'xf];\ .
pQ/M dflg;sf] JolQmTj ljsf;sf] lgldQ ckl/xfo{ k|fs[lts, g};lu{s / cx/0fLo clwsf/ gful/s clwsf/
xf] . gful/s clwsf/sf] k|flKt / ;Ddfg g} dfgj ;Eotfsf] p2]Zo xf] . gful/s clwsf/ lagf dfgjLo dof{bf,
dfgjLo d"No, dfGotf / ;Dk"0f{ dfgj ;Eotfsf] ;+/If0f x'g g;Sg] oyfy{tfnfO{ dx;'; u/L /fli6«o /
cGt/f{li6«o:t/df gful/s clwsf/sf] sfg"gL ;+/If0f / To;sf] jf:tljs pkef]u tyf sfof{Gjogsf If]qdf
Jofks dfqfdf ljleGg / sbdx¿ rflnPsf 5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o:t/df gful/s clwsf/sf ljljw kIfx¿;Fu
;DalGwt ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] eg] /fli6«o:t/df dfgj clwsf/nfO{ ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL ;+/If0f
lbO{ ;/sf/L gLlt, sfo{of]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿åf/f o;sf] sfof{GjognfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
gful/s clwsf/sf cfjZostfx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –k|To]s gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g] / sfg"gåf/f
;dfg ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ x'g], –s;}nfO{ klg ;dfg sfdsf nflu n}lËs cfwf/df kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs
;'/Iffdf e]befj gx'g], –;fdfGo sfg"gsf] k|of]udf pTklQ, wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, lnË, zf/Ll/s cj:yf, ckfËtf
:jf:Yo l:ylt, j}jflxs l:ylt, uef{j:yf, cfly{s cj:yf, efiff jf If]q, j}rfl/s cf:yf jf o:t} cGo s'g}
cfwf/df e]befj gx'g], –s'g} gful/s ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs kbdf lgo'lQm x'Fbf sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] of]Uotfsf
cfwf/df dfq x'g], –cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] wd{ efiff, lnlk jf ;+:s[ltsf] cEof; ;+/If0f / ;Djb{\wg x'g], wfld{s
:yn / wfld{s u'7Lsf] ;~rfng x'g], cfˆgM . hLp, cfjf;, ;DklQ, lnvt, kqfrf/ jf ;"rgfsf] /Iff x'g] jf
uf]Ko /fVg] clwsf/ x'g] .
-s_ lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;"rL agfO{ tL clwsf/x¿ k|fKt gePdf s] s] c;/ kg{ ;S5, pNn]v
ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7gn] kl/eflift u/]cg';f/ dfgj hLjgsf] !) jif{ b]lv !( jiff{larsf] pd]/
;d"xnfO{ lszf]/fj:yf elgG5 . of] pd]/ ;d"xsf JolQmx¿ lszf]/lszf]/L x'g\ .
;dfGotof lszf]/lszf]/Lsf clwsf/nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M –cleefjsaf6 ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/, –
;xeflutfsf] clwsf/, –zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s Pjd\ ;+j]ufTds ljsf;sf] clwsf/, –afnljjfxaf6 d'Qm x'g]
clwsf/, –kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fd'bflos sfo{df ;xefuL x'g kfpg], –of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:Yosf] clwsf/.
oL clwsf/x¿ k|fKt geP o;lsl;dsf c;/x¿ b]vfkg{ ;S55g\ –lszf]/lszf]/Lx?n] ;dfhdf cfˆgf] klxrfg
v'nfpg g;Sg', –cfˆgf] kl/jf/ tyf /fHoaf6 lzIff, :jf:Yo, kfngkf]if0f, v]ns'b, dgf]/~hg tyf ;jf{lË0f
JolQmTjsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg', –u}/sfg"gL cf];f/kf];f/ / ckx/0f, aGws h:tf lqmosnfk a9\g', –;f+:s[lts
jf wfld{s k|rngsf gfddf b'/Jojxf/, pk]Iff jf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, of}ghGo jf cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] zf]if0f
x'g], –c;xfo ckfËtf ePsf Pjd\ hf]lvddf /x]sf lszf]/lszf]/Ln] /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;+/If0f / p4f/ gkfpg], –
cfly{s ?kn] ljkGg, czQm, c;xfo lszf]/lszf]/Lsf nflu sfg"g adf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iff gx'g], –
lszf]/lszf]/Ln] cfˆgf] of]Uotf / ;Lk cg';f/ /f]huf/ gkfpg], –lszf]/Lx?dfly n}lËs e]befj x'g] cflb .
-v_ lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿n] st{Jo kfngf ubf{ x'g] kmfObfsf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ . pQ/M lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ /fi6«sf
eljiosf lhDd]jf/ gful/s x'g.\ pgLx¿ st{Jo k/fo0f eP eg] eljiodf ;d'Ggt /fi6« aGg dbt k'U5 .
lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿n] st{Jo kfngf ubf{ x'g] kmfObfx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –k9fO{df, cfˆgf] :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfOdf
Wofg x'g], –v/fa ;fyL;+ultaf6 / v/fa afgL Jojxf/af6 5'6sf/f kfpg], –kl/jf/sf 7'nfa8f tyf dfGohg
/ cfdf a'afk|lt ;Ddfgsf] efj hfUg], –kl/jf/df zflGt / ;b\efj sfod x'g], –cleefjsnfO{ /fd|f] sfd u/]/
uj{ dxz'; u/fpg], –kl/jf/df ljBodfg k/Dk/fut s'l/tLsf] cGTo x'g], –:jR5 afgL Jojxf/ cËfNg] /
;dfhdf c?nfO{ klg l;sfpg] agL a:g], –;fdflhs d"No / dfGotnfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{, –;dfhdf ljBdfg
s'/Lltx? pGd"ng x'g], –;dfhdf zflGt / ;b\efj sfod x'g] cflb.
-u_ lszf]/lszf]/Lsf nflu of}g tyf k|hggsf] ljifo clwsf/ / st{Jo b'j} xf] .Ú o; dgfOnfO{ k'li6 ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo clwsf/ / st{Jo eg]sf cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/ / st{Jo x'g\ . dfgj
hGdgf;fy oL ;a} :jtM k|fKt / x'G5g\ . oL clwsf/ / st{Jo ;a} JolQmsf nflu plQs} ;dfg x'g\ . of}g tyf
k|hgg\ clwsf/ / st{Jo cGtu{t ljjfx ug]{ ÷ gug]{ cyjf kl/jf/ a;fpg]÷ga;fpg] ;DaGwL :jtGq¿kn]
lg0f{o ug{ kfpg], aRrf kfpg], gkfpg] cyjf slxn] kfpg] eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o ug]{, cfˆgf] :jf:Yosf] x]/ljrf/
tyf ;'/Iff;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifodf OHhtk"j{s ;/ntfsf ;fy ;]jf k|fKt ug]{, of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo
;DaGwdf ePsf / pknAw x'g ;Sg] ;a} ;'/lIft / k|of]u ug{ ;'ljwfhgs j}1flgs k|ljlw / ;fwgx¿ pkof]u
ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ tyf of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo;DaGwL ljifox¿df kL8f / b'j{\ojxf/af6 d'Qm x'g kfpg]
clwsf/ cflb kb{5g\ .
lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:Yosf b[li6n] ;Í|d0fsfnLg cj:yfdf x'G5g\. o; pd]/df pgLx¿
ljleGg k|s[ltsf ;d:ofdf kg]{ tyf uDeL/ :jf:Yo ;d:of jf uDeL/ ck/fwsf] l;sf/ x'g ;Sg] cj:yf
cfOkg{ ;S5 . To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ plrt of}g tyf k|hgg lzIff kfpg] clwsf/ /xG5 . To;}u/L cfˆgf
of}gfËx¿df cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ :jfefljs 7fg]/ cfkm"nfO{ k9fOn]vfO, l;sfO Pjd\ v]ns'b, ;ËLt, g[To,
;flxTo /rgfnufotsf l;h{gfTds sfd tyf ;dfh ;]jfdf Jo:t /fVg'k5{ . cZnLn ;flxTo / rnlrqsf]
ntdf nfUg' x'Fb}g. of}g ;Dks{af6 ;g]{ /f]u tyf ue{ lg/f]ws pkfox¿sf] af/]df /fd|f] hfgsf/L /fv]/ To;sf]
kfngf ug{'k5{ . oL st{Aox¿ kfng gu/] hLjge/ k5'tfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . ctM of}g tyf k|hgg ljifosf] clwsf/
/ st{Jo ;a}nfO{ ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . o;n] lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] enfO{ dfq geO{ ;dfh / /fi6«nfO{ ;d]t
?kfGt/0f ug{df d2t ug]{5 / g]kfndf bLuf] / ;dfj]zL ljsf;nfO{ ult lbg cfwf/ tof/ ug]{5 . ;a}
lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] df}lns clwsf/, lxt / ;Ddfgsf] /Iff ub}{ of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;j{Joflk kx'Fr
;'lglZrt u/fpgsf nflu sfd ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf clxn] /x]sf] 5 .
-s_ ;"rgfsf] xs eg]sf] s] xf] < pQ/M ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] s'g}
lnlvt ;fdu|L jf ;f] lgsfosf] sfd sf cWoog jf cjnf]sg jf hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ ;"rgfsf] xs
xf]. ;fy} s'g} ;fdu|Lsf] k|dfl0ft gd'gf lng] jf j' lsl;dsf] oGqdf /flvPsf] ;"rgf ;DaGwL;"rgf dfUg] /
kfpg] clwsf/ klg ;"rgfsf] xs xf]. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] . df df}lns xscGtu{t ;"rgfsf] xsdf elgPsf] 5
“k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] jf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} klg lj ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xs x'g] 5 t/
sfg'gadf]lhd uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{ ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L lbg s;}nfO{ afWo kfl/g] 5}g .”
;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ nf]stGqsf] :kGbg / hLjg /Qm -kN; PG8 nfOkm An8 ckm 8]df]qm];L_ dflgG5 . of]
nf]stGqsf] cfwf . k"jf{wf/ -a]l;s kmfp08];g_ xf], ;'zf;gsf] k|d'v s8L -df:6/ ls_ xf] . of] xsnfO{ e|i6frf/,
u}/ sfg'gL sfo{, :j]tlu|jL ck/fw -XjfO6 sn/ qmfOd_ h:tf v/faL;Fu n8\g] h'Wg] k|d'v cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf
lnOG5 . cfw'lgs ljZjdf ;"rgfsf] xsnf df}lns xssf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbg'kb{5 eGg] ;f]rsf] ljsf; ePsf]
5.
-v_ ;"rgfsf] xssf] dxQ\j pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M ;"rgfsf] xs Ps k|hftflGqs ;+:sf/, ;/sf/dfly hgtfsf]
ljZjf; / j}wtf sfod ug]{ ljlw / sfo{sf/Ln] cfˆgf] sfo{sf] k'i6\ofO{ ug]{ dfWod xf] . ;"rgfsf] xssf]
dxTjnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M – cGo xssf] k"jf{wf/ -kmfp08];g_ xf] . – ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf
v'nfkg / kf/blz{tf sfod x'g] tyf kbflwsf/Lx¿ ;]jfu|fxLk|lt lhDd]jf/, hjfkmb]xL tyf pQ/bfoL /xg'kg]{
ePsf]n] sfo{ of]hgf tyf sfo{ tflnsf cg';f/ sfo{ x'g] . – clgoldttf, l9nf;:tL xg gkfpg] . – lgdf{0f
sfo{df hg;xeflutf / ckgTj k|fKt ug{ ;3fpg] . – nufgLsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf xg] . – sfnf]ahf/L, d"No
j[l4, l;lG8s]6 k|0ffnL / clgoldt cfk"lt{h:tf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;xh x'g] . – ;/sf/sf] v:sFbf] hgljZjf;
a9fpg ;Sg].. – c;n gful/s -u'8 l;l6hg_ lgdf{0fdf ;3fpg] . – hgtfnfO{ zf;g k|0ffnLsf ljleGg kIfdf
;xefuL x'g ;xof]u ug]{ . – ljj]szLn lg0f{o lgdf{0fdf ;3fpg] . . – x'g] / gx'g] -XofE; PG8 XofE; g6_
larsf] vf8n sd ug]{ . – gful/snfO{ ;Ddflgt ePsf] dx;'; u/fpg] . – cGt/fli6«o :t/df uf}/j / k|lti7f
a9\g], ;xof]u / ;dy{g kfpg] . -OG6/g]zgn O:o"_ – ;'zf;gsf] k|d'v s8L xf] . ;'zf;gsf dfgs l;4fGtx¿
sfod u/fpg ;Ifd x'g] .
-u_ ;"rgfsf] xs k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf ;+:yfn] s] s] ug{'k5{ < pQ/Mg]kfnL hgtfsf] nfdf]
;dob]lvsf] ;‹if{, Tofu, / alnbfgaf6 k|fKt pknlAw ;+:yfut ub}{ g]kfn gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f;Fu} ;‹Lo
nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf] 5 . gofF k|0ffnL k|j]z ;Fu;Fu} g]kfnL hgtfdf zf;g k|0ffnLk|lt
pRr ck]Iff a9\b} uPsf 5g\ . ;"rgfsf] xs nf]stGqsf] k|f0fjfo' -clS;hg_ / ;'zf;gsf] k|d'v s8L-df:6/
ls_ ePsf]n] nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ug{ / ;'zf;g sfod ug{ :yfgLo txb]lv g} o;nfO{ k|efjsf/L
?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ h?/L 5 .
;"rgfsf] xs k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf ;+:yfn] lgDglnlvt sfo{x¿ ug{'k5{M –;"rgf juL{s/0f /
cBfjlws u/L ;do ;dodf ;fj{hlgs, k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ug]{ u/fpg], –;"rgfdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr ;/n
/ ;xh agfpg], –cfˆgf] sfd sf/jfxL v'nf / kf/bzL{ ¿kdf ug]{, –cfˆgf sd{rf/Lsf nflu pko'Qm tflnd /
k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{, –;fj{hlgs lgsfon] ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs, k|sfzg jf k|;f/0f ubf{ ljleGg /fli6«o efiff
tyf cfd;~rf/sf dfWodaf6 ug]{ .
-3_ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] s] s:tf] ;"rgf dfu ug{ kfOFb}g < pQ/M ;"rgfsf] xssf] d"No, dfGotfnfO{ b[li6ut
ug]{ xf] eg] ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf ;a} ;"rgfx¿ cfd gful/snfO{ vf]Hg] / dfUg] / clwsf/ 5 . t/
;"rgfsf] ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] o;/L dfu ul/Psf ;a} ;"rgf tTsfn pknAw
u/fpg cfjZos 5}g . ;"rgfsf] ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ ljrf/ ub}{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] o:tf ;"rgf lglZrt cjlwsf
nflu ;+/If0f u/]/ /fVg ;S5g\ . To;/L ;+/If0f u/]/ /fVg'kg]{ ;"rgfsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL
P]gn] klg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . of] P]g cg';f/ kfFr k|sf/sf ;"rgfnfO{ ;+/If0f u/]/ /fVg ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . ;+/If0f u/]/ /flvg] o:tf ;"rgfnfO{ ;"rgfsf] xssf] ;Ldf jf ckjfb eg]/ a'lemG5 .
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf # sf] pkbkmf # cg';f/ tn pNn]v ul/Psf kfFr k|sf/sf ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfsf] ;"rgf tTsfn dfu ug{ kfOFb}gM –g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf, /fli6«o ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs zflGt
;'Joj:yf jf cGt/fli6«o ;DaGwdf uDeL/ vnn kfg]{, –ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg, txlssft tyf cleof]hgdf
k|ToIf c;/ kfg]{, –cfly{s, Jofkfl/s tyf df}l›s lxt jf af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f jf a}lsª jf Jofkfl/s
uf]kgLotfdf uDeL/ cf3ft kfg]{, –ljleGg hfthflt jf ;Dk|bfolarsf] ;';DaGwdf k|ToIf ¿kdf vnn kfg]{,
–JolQmut uf]kgLotf / JolQmsf] hLp, Hofg, ;DklQ, :jf:Yo jf ;'/Iffdf vt/f k'/Þ\ofpg] . t/ To;/L ;"rgf
k|jfx gug{' kg]{ plrt / kof{Kt sf/0f ePsf]df afx]s To:tf] ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ bfloTjaf6 ;fj{hlgs lgsfo
klG5g kfpg] 5}g .
-s_ ;bfrf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < ;bfrf/ x'Fbf x'g] kmfObfx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ . pQ/M ;bfrf/-OlyS;_ eGgfn]
To:tf g}lts l;4fGtx¿sf] ;dli6 xf] h;n] JolQmsf] Jojxf/ , lqmofsnfk jf rfnrngsf] ;~rfng tyf
lgb]{zg ub{5 . c;n cfr/0fnfO{ ;bfrf/ elgG5 . ;bfrf/sf] cy{ /fd|f] cfr/0f jf ;å\ojxf/ xf] . ;bfrf/n]
kl/jf/, ;dfh, /fi6« / ljZj kl/j]zdf zflGt, ;xsfo{, ljsf; / ;'zf;gsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u5{ .
;bfrf/L JolQmn] lgDg kmfObfx? k|fKt ub{5g\ –3/ kl/jf/df c;n Jojxf/sf] hu a:b5, –Joj;flos
hLjgdf cfsif{0fsf] s]G› aGb5g\, –Jofkf/ Joj;fodf u|fxsx?k|lt bof efj /fVgfn] Jofkf/ a9\b5, –ldqhg;Fu
gd| eO{ k|:t't x'gfn] pgLx?sf] ;xof]u / ;Ddfg k|fKt ub{5g\, –;bfrf/n] JolQmdf cfTdljZjf; a9fpFb5, –
;xL lg0f{o lng ;Sb5g\, –;bfrf/ JolQmn] cfˆgf sdhf]/Lx¿sf] cfTdd"Nofª\g u/L k|efjsf/L JolQmTjsf]
ljsf; ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
-v_ ;bfrf/n] ;dfhdf kfg]{ k|efj pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M ;bfrf/n] ;dfhdf kfg]{ k|efj o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\
–;fdflhs dof{bf / k|rlnt sfg'gsf] cg's"n rl/q lgdf{0f x'g], –clx+;f, c:t]o, Jolerf/ gug{', em'7f] gaf]Ng'
/ nfu" kbfy{af6 6f9f /xg' h:tf a'4sf k+rzLnsf] kfngf x'g], –;dfhsf cu'jfx¿sf] rl/qnfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f
dflg;x¿n] cfbz{ dfgL To;}sf] cg's/0f ug]{ x'Gbf To:tf JolQmx¿ emg\ rl/qjfg / ;bfrf/L x'g' cfjZos
kg]{, – ;dfhdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿df cfTd lgoGq0f / :j pTk|]/0ff j[l4 x'G5, –;dfhsf ;]jf ;'ljwf /
ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
-u_ ;fj{hlgs kbdf a;]sf] JolQm ;bfrf/L ePg eg] s] s] ;d:of cfOkg{ ;S5g\ < a'+bfut¿kdf pNn]v
ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M ;fj{hlgs kbdf a;]sf] JolQm ;bfrf/L ePg eg] o;lsl;dsf ;d:ofx¿ b]vf k5{GM –
;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutf ljgf g} cfrf/ ;+lxtf lgdf{0f ul/g] / To;sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ;~rf/ klg
gul/g] . h:tf] /fi6« ;]js sd{rf/Lsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf, @)^* . –cfrf/ ;+lxtf sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg, d"NofÍg
ug]{ lgsfosf] Joj:yf gul/g], –a9\bf] b08xLgtf / c/fhstfsf] lgoGq0f ug{ g;lsg], –sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an
tyf pTk|]/0ffsf] :t/ Go"g /xg], –cfrf/ ;+lxtf ;DaGwL cJojxfl/s s'/fx¿ /flvg], h:tf]M sd{rf/Ln] s'g}
lsl;dsf] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf /flvPsf] eP tfklg To;sf] sfof{Gjog
ug{ sl7g x'g] .
-3_ ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xLsf] cjwf/0ff s;/L ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 < pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M s'g}klg nf]stflGqs
zf;g Joj:yfdf ;/sf/nfO{ hgtfsf] xs / clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbg / pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg
u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿k|lt gful/s ;dfh h:tf ;+:yfx¿n] pQ/bfoL agfpg ul/g] ljleGg ultljlwnfO{ ;fdflhs
hjfkmb]lxtf elgG5 .
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]lxtf dfkgsf nflu ;jf]{Rr n]vf k/LIf0f lgsfo, cDj'8\:Dofg, ;+;bLo
;ldltx¿, ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / :jod\ Joj:yfkg lqmofzLn eP k'Ug] ub{Yof] . cfw'lgs nf]stGqdf k|ToIf
hjfkmb]lxtfsf] dfu / k|lqmofdf ;xeflutfsf] kIf a9L
cf]lhnf] eP/ cfPsf] 5 . To;}n] ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfsf] kIf dxQ\jk"0f{ b]lvPsf] 5 . kl/0ffdtM ;]jfu|fxL
;j{;fwf/0fx¿ g} cfˆgf ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf k|Zg p7fpg / cfZj:t x'g rfxG5g\ . To;}n] ;fdflhs ljj]rgf,
;fdflhs k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, l;les kmf]/f, l;l6hg h'/L, cf]kg 8], l8lh6n cGt/lqmof h:tf
hjfkmb]lxtfsf ;fdflhs ;+oGqx¿sf] pkof]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 . of] nf]stGqk|ltsf] dfu / ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;lqmotfsf]
pkh klg xf] . x/]s lqmofsnfkdf ;xsfo{, ;+jfb / ;xeflutfaf6 g} ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ljZjf; lhTg ;lsG5
eGg] dfGotf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf k/]sf] bafasf ¿kdf x]l/g' x'Fb}g . k|0ffnLsf]
j}wtf lj:tf/sf nflu :jrflnt k|lqmofsf ¿kdf lng' kg]{ x'G5 .
hjfkmb]lxtfsf gofF gofF ;+oGq klg ljsf; / k|of]u x'g' kb{5 . h:tf] ls /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k4ltsf] cleGg
efusf ¿kdf k|To]s ;+:yfdf ;bfrf/ k4ltsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . /fHo k'g;{+/rgf, /fHosf] k'gMcflj:sf/,
/fHo lgdf{0f, :jfoQtf h]h:tf k|0ffnL cjnDag u/] klg To;sf] ;f/ eg]sf] hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;anLs/0f dfkm{t
/fHo k|0ffnLsf] j}wtf lj:tf/ xf] . To;}n] hjfkmb]xLtf lgjf{xsf k/Dk/fut ljlwx¿ ckof{Kt / cf+lzs 5g\ ,
gjLg ;+oGqsf] :jrflnt pkof]u x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf PsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] zf;sLo Joj:yfsf] dfu xf] .
ª ;bfrf/sf] dxTj pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
– JolQmdf cfTdlgoGq0f / :jpTk|]/0ff j[l4 u5{ .
– ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ /fhgLltaf6 t6:y, lgikIf / kf/bzL{ agfpF5 .
– ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf x'g] l9nf;':tL, nfk/afxL, e|i6frf/ / clwsf/sf] b'?kof]unfO{
lg?T;flxt u5{.
– ;/sf/ tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|lt ;]jfu|fxLsf] ljZjf; clej[l4 u5{ .
– ;/sf/L sfd, sf/afxLnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] u/fpg ;3fpF5 .
– dxQ\jk"0f{ ;/sf/L clen]vsf] uf]kgLotf sfod tyf ;+/If0f u/fpF5 .
– ;/sf/L ;]jf ;'ljwf / ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpF5 .
;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;3fpF5 .
r /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Ln] kfngf ug{'kg]{ ;bfrf/x? pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
– /fhgLlts jf cjfl~5t k|efj gkg]{
– /fhgLltdf efu glng]
– /fhgLlts kbsf nflu x'g] lgjf{rgdf efu lng jf s;}sf] lgldQ dt dfUg jf s k|sf/sf] k|efj gkfg]{ .
t/ dtbftfsf ¿kdf dtbfgdf efu eg] lng]
– g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[ltlagf bfg, pkxf/, rGbf, ;fk6L glng]
– g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"j{ :jLs[lt glnO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] sDkgLsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ty Jofkf/ Joj;fo gug]{
== tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf lgwf{l/t ;dodf ;DklQ ljj/0f k]; ug]{
– sfof{nodf tf]lsPadf]lhd kl/rokq tyf kf];fs nufpg]
– v6fOPsf] sfof{no jf :yfgdf uO{ sfd ug]{
– ;?jf jf cjsfz x'Fbf sfg'gadf]lhd a/a'emf/y ug]{ – tf]lsPsf] ;dodf lgoldt ¿kn] sfof{nodf xflh/
x'g]
– ;s];Dd labf :jLs[t u/fP/ sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt gx'g]
– ;]jfu|fxLk|lt dof{lbt Jojxf/ b]vfpg]
– cfkm"dflysf sd{rf/Lk|lt cfb/ / cfkm"d'lgsf sd{rf/Lk|lt plrt Jojxf/ b]vfpg'kg]{
PsfO (M zxl/s/0f / a;fOF;/fOM zxl/s/0fsf] cjwf/0ff / ljZjJofkL k|a[lt
-s_ ;x/sf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ . pQ/M ;x/ cË|]hL zAb city sf] g]kfnL ¿kfGt/0f xf] . of] zAb Nofl6g efiffsf]
civitas zAbaf6 Jo'TklQ ePsf] xf] . o;sf] zflAbs cy{ gful/sx¿sf] ;d'bfo x'G5 . ;x/df a;f]af; ug]{
dflg;x¿ d'Vo ¿kdf u}/s[lif sfo{x¿df ;+nUg x'G5g\ . ;fdfGotof ;x/nfO{ Jofkfl/s tyf ahf/ s]G› klg
elgG5 . ;x/sf] pb\ej hg;Î\ofsf] cfsf/, Jofj;flos ljljwtf / k[i7k|b]z -Hinterland_ sf] sfo{ /
;+/rgfsf] ;DaGw;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . ;x/n] k[i7k|b]zsf ;d'bfonfO{ cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿ k|bfg u5{ . ;x/ Ps
cfly{s k|zf;lgs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / ;]jf If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ultljlwsf] s]G› xf] .
-v_ ;x/Ls/0fsf ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M s'g} lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qdf dflg;x¿sf] s]G›Ls/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;x/Ls/0f elgG5 | hg;Î\ofsf]
k|fs[lts ¿kdf a[l4 / u|fld0fb]lv zx/L If]qlt/sf] a;fOF;/fO ;x/Ls/0fsf b'O{ d'Vo kIfx? x'g\ . ;x/Ls/0fsf
ljz]iftfx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –pRr hg;Î\of / hg3gTj, –s]G›Lo ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] pknAwtf, –Joj;flos
ljljwtf, –j;fOF;/fOsf] cfsif{0fsf] s]G›, –pBf]u snsf/vfgfsf] pknAwtf, –u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf ;'ljwfsf]
kof{Kttf, –pRr cfly{s lqmofsnfk cflb.
-u_ ljZjJofkL ;x/Ls/0fsf] k|j[lQnfO{ JofVof ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M ;x/Ls/0f Ps ljZjJofkL k|lqmof xf] .
;x/Ls/0fn] ljZjsf] hg;ªVofdf ePsf] j[l4nfO{ k|ltljlDjt ub{5 . cWoogsf cg';f/ ljsf;f]Gd"v /
cljsl;t d'n'sx?df ljsl;t d'n'sdf eGbf ›'tb/df hg;Î\of j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . hg;Î\ofsdf cfPsf]
kl/j{tgn] hldgsf] k|of]u, cfly{s ultljlw / ;+:s[ltdf kl/j{tg ub{5 . P]ltxfl;s ?kdf ;x/Ls/0f dxTjk"0f{
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
dfldnf ljefu, @)!$ sf cg';f/ ;x/L hLjg pRr ;fIf/tf :t/, c;n :jf:Yo, sd k|hgg\ b/, pRr cf};t
cfo', ;fdflhs ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] kx'Fr, ;f:s[lts cj;/ / /fhg}lts ;xeflutf ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .
;x/Ls/0fsf] k|lqmofn] ;a} cfsf/sf a:tLx?nfO{ c;/ ub{5 . To;}n], ufpF la:tf/} ;fgf] gu/, clg ;fgf] gu/
la:tf/} 7'nf] gu/ / 7'nf] gu/ kl5 ;x/ aGb5 . oxL k|j[lQn] dxfgu/x?sf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . hg;Î\ofsf]
j[l4 / k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf;n] ;x/sf] ;Ldf lj:tf/ x'b} hfFbf l5d]sL ;x/x?nfO{ klg ;d]6\b} ljzfn ;x/,
h;nfO{ d]ufl;6L -dxfgu/_ elgG5, To;sf] lgdf{0f x'g hfG5 . ;g\ !(&) df ljZjel/df hDdf tLgcf]6f
d]ufl;6Lx? lyP. t/ ;g\ @))) df cfO{k'Ubf d]ufl;6Lsf] ;Î\of !& k'Uof] eg] ;g\ @)#) df @$ cf]6f k'Ug]5g\
eGg] s'/f ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs dfldnf ljefu -;g\ @)!$_ n] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf]
5.
;x/Ls/0fsf] ljZjJofkL k|j[lQ ;+;f/sf] ;a} efudf Psgfzsf] 5}g . Pl;of / clk|msf dxfb]zdf ;x/Ls/0fsf]
b/ ;a}eGbf pRr 5 . d'n'ssf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs dfldnf ljefu -;g\ @)!$_ sf cg';f/ ;g\ !(^) df
ljZjsf] s'n hg;Î\ofsf] #$)) hg;Î\of ;x/df a;f]jf; ub{5g\ . t/ ;g\ @)!$ ;Dd cfOk'Ubf of] ;Î\of
%$)) k'Uof] . To;}u/L ;g\ @)%) ;Dddf ljZjdf ;x/L hg;Î\of ^^)) k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
-3_ sd ljsl;t b]zx¿df ;x/Ls/0f tLj| ¿kn] x'g] sf/0fx¿ s] s] x'g\ < k|:t't ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M sd ljsl;t
b]zx¿df ;x/Ls/0f tLj| ¿kn] x'g] sf/0fx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –cJojl:yt ?kdf hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/df
j[l4 / a;fOF;/fO x'g', –c;Gt'lnt ljsf;, –;x/s]lG›t cfly{s, k|zf;lgs / z}lIfs ljsf;sf ;fy} :jf:Yo,
/f]huf/ cflbsf If]qsf] ljsf; klg ;x/s]lG›t x'g', –s}+of} k"jf{wf/lagf g} ;x/L ljsf; x'g', –;x/Ls/0fsf]
ljsf; ›'t / cJojl:yt x'g' cflb.
zx/Ls;0fsf cj;/ / r'gf}tL
-s_ g]kfndf ;x/Ls/0fn] NofPsf cj;/x¿nfO{ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M g]kfndf ;x/Ls/0fn] NofPsf cj;/x¿
o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –;x/Ls/0fn] dfgj ;+;fwg -human resource_ nfO{ PsLs[t x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ub{ 5
. kmn:j?k ljsf;sf gjLgtd ;f]+r, k|ljlw Pjd\ ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ug{ ;lsG5, –;x/sf] Pst[t hg;Î\ofnfO{
cToGt ;x'lnot, ;:tf] tyf r':t ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf - :jR5 vfg]kfgL, ljB't\ cflb_ k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5, –;x/df
hg;Î\ofsf] rfk ;Fu;Fu} ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x?sf] klg lgdf{0f x'G5 . :jf:Yo, lzIff, oftfoft, ;~rf/, ;fdflhs
;]jf tyf ;f+:s[lts ultljlwx?sf] ljsf; x'g] ePsf]n] ;x/sf afl;Gbfx?n] ;xh hLjgofkg ug{ ;Sb5g\ , –
;+/rgfut ?kfGt/0f, Jofkf/ lj:tf/ Pjd\ sfo{sf] ljlzi6Ls/0f -Specialization of work_ / Ifdtfsf]
sb/ -Respect for capability_ x'g] cj;/ ;x/Ls/0fn] k|bfg ub{5, –o;n] pGgt cfly{s k|0ffnL,
;fj{hlgs ;]jf / u}/gfkmfd"ns ;]jfx¿ -pRr lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff cflb_ sf] lj:tf/df ;xsfo{sf]
jftfj/0f l;h{gf u5{ .
-v_ g]kfndf ;x/Ls/0fsf k|d'v r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M ;x/Ls/0fn] dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{
;xh dfq geO{ cK7\of/f] l:yltsf] klg l;h{gf ub{5 . ;x/Ls/0fn] g]kfndf pAhfpg] s]xL d'Vo r'gf}tL Pjd\
;d:ofx? o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M –;x/Ls/0f / cfly{s ljsf;;uF;u} cufl8 a9\g sl7g x'G5, –;x/df
;'/Iff k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf r'gf}tLk"0f{ dfGg ;lsG5, –le8ef8 / ;fdflhs ck/fw Go"gLs/0f klg csf]{ r'gf}tL
xf], –a]/f]huf/L ;x/sf] k|d'v ;d:of dWo Ps xf], –u|fdL0f If]q b]lv ;x/ tkm{sf] a;fOF;/fO lgoGq0f / o;;Fu
;DalGwt cfjf;, kfgL, ;/;kmfO{sf] cefj / :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;d:of, –jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0f / o;sf] /f]syfd
klg 7'n} r'gf}tL dfGg ;lsG5 .
-u_ ;Gt'lnt ;x/L jftfj/0f lgdf{0fdf xl/ofnLkfs{sf] dxQ\j pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M ;Gt'lnt ;x/L jftfj/0f
lgdf{0fdf xl/ofnLkfs{sf] dxQ\j o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –;j{k|yd xl/ofnLkfs{n] jftfj/0f k|b'if0f lgoGq0f ug{
;xof]u k'of{pF5, –;Dk"0f{ hLj / jg:kltsf] cl:tTj hf]ufpg ;xof]u ub{5, –ko{6sLo ljsf;df ;3fp k'of{pF5,
–cJojl:yt zx/Ls/0fdf Go'gLs/0f k'ofpF5, –/fli6«o cfodf j[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'of{pF5, –o;n] k|s[ltnfO{
;Gt'ngdf /fVgsf ;fy;fy} a9\b} uPsf] kf]if0f dfunfO{ k"/f ub}{ hfG5 clg ;a} hLjhGt'nfO{ afFRgsf] nflu
;xhtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ u5{ .
-3_ ufp;x/ ;DaGwsf k|fqmofx¿sf pbfx/0f;fxt j0fg ug'xf;\ . pQ/M ;]l;lnof 6fsf]nLsf cg';f/ ufpF
;x/ ;DaGwsf k|lqmofx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ -c_ dflg;x¿sf] k|jfxM a;fO;/fO k|foM ufpFaf6 ;x/tkm{
x'g] u5{ . ufpFdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿ /f]huf/L / ;]jf ;'ljwfsf nflu ;x/df a;fO{;/fO{ ;5{g\ . ;x/df
sfd ug{ cfpg] sfdbf/n] ufpFdf a:g] kl/jf/nfO{ ljk|]if0f k7fpF5g h;n] hLljsf]kfh{g z}nLdf kl/jt{g
Nofpg dbt ub{5 . ;x/L ;'ljwf qmdzM ufpFtkm{ lj:tf/ x'Fb} hfG5g\ . ;8s oftfoft / ;~rf/sf] ljsf;n]
ufp ;x/ hf]8\b} hfG5 .
-cf_ ;fdfgsf] cfbfgk|bfgM –;x/ / ufpFlar ;fdfgsf] cfbfgk|bfg Ps clgjfo{ sfo{ xf]. ufpFaf6 :yfgLo
pTkfbg h:t}M vfBfGg, t/sf/L, b'w sRrfkbfy{, >d zlQm / ;x/af6 b}lgs cfjZosLo j:t'x¿ h:t}
nQfsk8f, d/d;nf, s[lif pks/0f cflbsf] cfbfg k|bfg u5{g\. ufpFsf ls;fgx¿n] pRr d"Nosf j:t'x¿
pTkfbg / lgsf;L u/]/ k|z:t cfDbfgL lng] cj;/ pknAw x'G5 . -O_ ahf/ s]G›sf] e"ldsfM –ufpsf]
hLljsf]kfh{g z}nLdf ;'wf/ Nofpg s[lif pTkfbg / pBf]u tyf ;]jfx¿lar cGt/;DaGw sfod ug{'kb{5 . of]
cGt/;DaGw sfod ug{ ahf/ s]G› / ufpF b'j}sf] plQs} e"ldsf x'G5 . ;x/L If]qn] u}/s[lif If]qsf] k|jw{g ug{
dbt u5{ h;n] s[lif pTkfbg, ahf/Ls/0f / k|zf]wgnfO{ d"No z[Înfsf ¿kdf k|of]u u5{ . d"No z'Ovnfn]
s[lif / u}/s[lif If]qlarsf] ;DaGwnfO{ kf/:kl/s agfpF5 .
-O{_ hLljsf]kfh{gdf ljljwLs/0fM –u|fdL0f If]qdf s[lifsf] pTkfbg kl/jt{gn] /f]huf/L / cfDbfgL a9fpF5 . o;n]
s[lif pkh h:t}M dn, lap, cf}ifwL / b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'x¿sf] dfu a9fpF5 . s[lif pTkfbg If]q glhs} ;fgf
ahf/ s]G›sf] ljsf; x'G5 . s[lif pTkfbgsf] ljljwLs/0f;+u} ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBf]u, u|fdL0f ko{6g cflbn]
u|fdL0f If]qsf] d"No . zÎnfdf kl/jt{g NofpF5 . o;n] u}/s[lif Joj;fo ub}{ 7'nf ;x/ / u|fdL0f If]qlar
;fdfgsf] cfbfgk|bfg u5{g\ . o;n] /f]huf/L ljljwLs/0fsf] cj;/ l;h{gf u5{ . o;n] ufpFsf] cfDbfgL a9fpF5
/ Tof] cfDbfgLnfO{ kgM nufgL u/]/ hLljsf]kfh{g z}nLdf ;wf/ Nofpg dbt ub{5 .
-ª_ ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwn] hLljsf]kfh{g z}nLdf Nofpg] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kl/jt{gdf 5f]6f] l6Kk0fL
n]Vg'xf];.\
pQ/M ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwn] hLljsf]kfh{g z}nLdf Nofpg] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –ufpF
;x/ ;DaGwn] dfgj ;+;fwg -human resource_ nfO{ PsLs[t x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 . kmn:j?k
ljsf;sf gjLgtd ;f]+r, k|ljlw Pjd\ ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ug{ ;lsG5, –ufpF ;x/sf hg;Î\ofnfO{ cToGt
;x'lnot, ;:tf] tyf r':t ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf - :jR5 vfg]kfgL, ljB't\ cflb_ k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5, –:jf:Yo, lzIff,
oftfoft, ;~rf/, ;fdflhs ;]jf tyf ;f+:s[lts ultljlwx?sf] ljsf; x'g] ePsf]n] afl;Gbfx?n] ;xh
hLjgofkg ug{ ;Sb5g\, –o;n] cfo / /f]huf/Ldf ljljwLs/0f NofpF5, cfo / /f]huf/Lsf c;dfgtfnfO{
36fpFb} ;fdflhs „'jLs/0f sd u5{, –ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwn] s[lif If]qsf] ¿kfGt/0fdf dbt u5{ .
ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwn] hLljsf]kfh{g z}nLdf Nofpg] gsf/fTds kl/jt{gx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –ufpF / ;x/
ljsf;;uF;u} cufl8 a9\g sl7g x'G5, –ufpF b]lv ;x/ tkm{sf] a;fOF;/fO lgoGq0f / o;;Fu ;DalGwt cfjf;,
kfgL, ;/;kmfO{sf] cefj / :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;d:of x'G5, –;x/L a;fFO{df nfUg] vr{ pRr x'g] ePsf]n] ufpFsf
sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf ePsfx?sf] hLjgofkg sl7g x'G5, –;x/L If]qn] ufpFaf6 sd d"Nodf vfBfGg;Fu}
k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿ / >dzlQm vl/b u5{g\ t/ oL g} ;fwgx¿af6 ag]sf] j:t'x? ;x/L If]qdf pTkfbg eO
ufpFsf dflg;x¿n] vl/b ug{'kbf{ o;sf] d"Nodf cToflws j[l4 x'g hfG5, –o;af6 ufpFsf dxTjk"0f{ snf /
;+:s[ltx? ljno x'Fb} hfg ;S5 .
-s_ ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwsf] cjwf/0ff pbfx/0f;lxt :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ . pQ/M ufpF ;x/ ;DaGw eGgfn] ufpF /
;x/lar x'g] j:t' ;]jf, JolQm, ;"rgf, ;fdflhs ;DaGw cflbsf] k|jfxnfO{ hgfpF5 . of] u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qnfO{
hf]8\g] Ps :yflgs cjwf/0ff xf] . t;y{ u|fdL0f If]q / ;x/L If]qljrsf] sfof{Tds ;DaGwnfO{ ufpF ;x/ ;DaGw
elgG5 . of] ;DaGwn] u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qsf] ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{gdf dbt u5{ . o;n] s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf
If]qx¿nfO{ Ps d"No z[Înfdf cfa4tf u/fpF5 .
;x/Ls/0fn] u|fdL0f If]qsf] pTkfbg k|lqmofdf dxQ\jk"0f{ k|efj kfb{5 . ;x/L If]qn] u|fdL0f If]qaf6 vfBfGg;Fu}
k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿ -h:t} kfgL, bfp/f, sf7, t/sf/Lnufot b'Uw kbfy{ cflb_ sf] dfu u5{ . oL j:t'x¿ u|fdL0f
If]qdf pTkfbg x'G5g\. ;x/L If]qn] ;8s oftfoft ;~rf/ / Jofkf/Lx¿sf] ;~hfn tof/ ub{5 . ljleGg
;‹;+:yf / ;Ghfnn] ufpF / ;x/sf] ;DaGwdf k/:k/ ;xof]u ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . o; k|lqmofn] u|fdL0f If]qsf]
j:t' pTkfbg / ahf/Ls/0fsf] dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fdf dxQ\jk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 .
b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt / lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ufpF ;x/ ;DaGw ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . of] ;DaGwn] ;x/ / ufpFarsf]
;fdflhs cfly{s ;DaGwnfO{ PsLs/0f ub{5 . k|foM ufpFnfO{ ;x/sf] Ps k[i7k|b]zsf ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . t/
ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwn] ufpnfO{ s]G›df /fv]/ ;x/nfO{ x]g]{ ul/G5 . ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwn] ufpFnfO{ Ps pTkfbg
s]G›sf ¿kdf x]5{ . t;y{ ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwn] u|fdL0f If]qnfO{ pTkfbg / pkef]u b'j}sf] s]G› agfpg hf]8
lbG5 .
-v_ ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwsf cfofdx¿sf] ;lIfKt rrf{ ug{'xf]; < pQ/M ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwsf cfofdx¿ o;k|sf/
pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M –ahf/ s]G›M ahf/ s]G›cGtu{t ;fgf ahf/ s]G›b]lv 7'nf ;x/x¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5
. oL s]G›x¿n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, k|zf;lgs / ljlgdo sfo{x¿ u5{g\ . h;nfO{ s]G›Lo sfo{ elgG5 . ahf/
s]G›x¿ txut ;+/rgf / lglZrt ef}uf]lns b'/Ldf /x]sf x'G5g\ . d"ntM ahf/ s]G›sf sfo{x¿n] ufpF ;x/
;DaGwnfO{ alnof] agfpF5 lsgeg] ;x/L s]G›x¿ u|fdL0f ljsf;sf s]G›:yn x'G5g\ .
–k[i7k|b]zM ;x/L s]G›sf] jl/kl/sf] If]qnfO{ k[i7k|b]z elgG5 . of] If]qn] ;x/L s]G›df cfjZos x'g] vfBGg,
sRrf kbfy{, x:tsnf, >d cflb pknAw u/fpF5 . o;sf] ;fy} k[i7k|b]zdf ;x/L s]G›n] j:t' tyf ;]jf ljt/0f
u5{ . t/ ufpF ;x/sf] k/:k/ ;DaGwnfO{ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknAwtf, pTkfbg k|lqmof / b'/Ln] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
x'G5 .
–oftfoft / ;~rf/ k|0ffnLM ufpF ;x/ ;DaGw ljsf; ug{ oftfoft / ;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] k|d'v e"ldsf x'G5 .
Jofkfl/s ;~hfn, oftfoftsf ;fwg, ;~rf/ k|0ffnL, b'/L, ;do cflbn] ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwnfO{ k|efj kfb{5g\ .
-u_ k[i7k|b]zn] ufpF ;x/ cGt/;DaGwdf s;/L e"ldsf v]N5, pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M ;x/L s]G›sf] jl/kl/sf]
If]qnfO{ k[i7k|b]z elgG5 . of] If]qn] ;x/L s]G›df cfjZos x'g] vfBGg, sRrf kbfy{, x:tsnf, >d cflb
pknAw u/fpF5 . o;sf] ;fy} k[i7k|b]zdf ;x/L s]G›n] j:t' tyf ;]jf ljt/0f u5{ . t/ ufpF ;x/sf] k/:k/
;DaGwnfO{ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknAwtf, pTkfbg k|lqmof / b'/Ln] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'G5 .
-s_ g]kfnsf] ;x/Ls/0fsf dfkb08sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ . pQ/M g]kfnsf] :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$
sf] bkmf * n] ;x/Ls/0fsf] juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg dfkb08 -Criteria_ to u/]sf] 5M
dxfgu/kflnsf aGgsf nflu cfjZos dfkb08M –s:tLdf kfFr nfv :yfoL afl;Gbf ePsf], –kl5Nnf] kfFr
jif{sf] cf}ift jflif{s cfGtl/s cfo Ps ca{ ?lkofF ePsf], –:gftsf]Q/ tx;Ddsf] cWoog ;+:yf, –
ljz]if1;lxtsf] sDtLdf %)) ;}o\ofsf] c:ktfn, –cfwf/e"t ;x/L ;'ljwfsf @! df]6f ;"rs k"/f ePsf] cflb
.
pkdxfgu/kflnsf aGgsf nflu cfjZos dfkb08M –sDtLdf b'O{ nfv :yfoL afl;Gbf ePsf], –kl5Nnf] kfFr
jif{sf] cf};t jflif{s cfGtl/s cfo @% s/f]8 ?lkofF ePsf], –sDtLdf !)) ;}ofsf] c:ktfn, –cfwf/e"t ;x/L
;'ljwfsf !% cf]6f ;"rs k"/f ePsf] cflb .
gu/kflnsf aGgsf nflu cfjZos dfkb08M –lxdfnL lhNnfsf] lxdfnL If]qdf !) xhf/ hg;Î\of ePsf], –
lxdfnL lhNnfsf] kxf8L If]q $) xhf/ hg;Î\of ePsf], –kxf8L If]qdf $) xhf/, t/fO{ If]qdf &% xhf/ /
sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf ! nfv hg;Î\of ePsf], –;8s, ;8s k]6L, ljB't, vfg]kfgL, ;~rf/ / cGo cfwf/e"t
;x/L ;'ljwf ePsf], –kl5Nnf] kfFr jif{sf] cf};t jflif{s cfGtl/s cfo t/fO{ / kxf8L If]qdf sDtLdf tLg
s/f]8 / lxdfnL If]qdf Ps s/f]8 ePsf], –Go"gtd ;x/L jftfj/0fdf x'g'kg]{ !^ cf]6f ;"rfOsfx¿ k"/f ePsf]
cflb .
-v_ g]kfndf ;x/Ls/0f k|j[lQsf] pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M g]kfndf k|frLg ;dob]lv g} ;x/sf] ljsf; ePsf]
kfOG5 . k|frLg ;x/x¿ d"ntM s[lif cy{tGq / s'6L/ pBf]u, k|zf;lgs s]G›x¿sf ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5
. oL s]G›x¿n] cf;kf;sf a:tLx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ qmdzM ;x/Ls/0f x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ !(%@–%$
df g]kfnsf] @=( k|ltzt ;x/L hg;Î\of /x]sf] lyof] eg] of] ;Î\of ;g\ !(&! df $=!, ;g\ !((! df (=@,
;g\ @)!! df !& k|ltzt ;x/L hg;Î\of /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfndf gu/kflnsfsf] ;Î\of a9];+u} ;x/L hg;Î\of
klg j[l4 eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ !(%@÷%$ df !) cf]6f gu/kflnsf /x]sf]df @)!& df @^# cf]6f k'u]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;g\ @)!$ df ;x/L hg;Î\of #*=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . /fHo k'g;{+/rgfkl5 gu/kflnsfsf] ;Î\of
a9];Fu} ;x/L hg;Î\of ^@=@ k'u]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf cf};t jflif{s ;x/L j[l4 b/ #=$# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] ;g\ !(*! pRr b/ &=%% k|ltzt b]lvG5 .
-u_ oftfoftsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;n] ;x/Ls/0fdf NofPsf] kl/jt{gsf] ;lIfKt l6Kk0fL ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfndf oftfoftsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;n] ;x/Ls/0fdf NofPsf s]xL kl/jt{gx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –
g]kfndf ;x/sf] ;'?cft sf7df8f}+ pkTosfaf6 ePsf] dflgG5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosf ltAat;+usf] Jofkfl/s
dfu{df /x]sf] lyof] . sf7df8f}F pkTosf aflx/ kxf8ÞL If]qdf y'd, u8, lsNnf, sf]6x¿ cflbn] 7'nf] ¿k ln+b}
Jofkfl/s s]G›df kl/jt{g x'Fb} uP . oL s]G›x¿ g]kfn PsLs/0fkl5 uf}8f tyf vnËf h:tf k|zf;lgs s]G›x¿
x'Fb} sfnfGt/df ;x/df kl/jt{g x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5, –ef/tLo /]ndfu{sf] lj:tf/ g]kfnsf] l;dfgf;Dd ePkl5
t/fO{ If]qdf lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/, jL/u~h, e}/xjf, g]kfnuGh, wgu9L cflb :yfgdf a:tLsf cfsf/ a9\ b}
;x/x¿sf] plåsf; ePsf] b]lvG5, –oL s]G›x¿af6 aflx/lt/ uPsf oftfoft dfu{x¿n] r'/]kj{t tyf dxfef/t
z[vnfsf] km]bLdf w/fg, x]6f}+8f, a'6jn, bfª, sf]xnk'/, cQl/of cflbdf t/fO{ / kxfOlarsf] kl/jxg ljR5]b
laGb'sf ¿kdf ;x/x¿sf] ljsf; eof], –;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{ ag]kl5 g]kfnsf]
;x/Ls/0fdf gofF cfofd ylkPsf] b]lvG5 . k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{df pQ/af6 cfpg] oftfoft dfu{sf
;Ëd:ynx¿df gofF ;x/x¿ plåsf; x'Fb} uP, –g]kfndf If]qLo ljsf; s]G›, lhNnf ;b/d'sfd, k|d'v Jofkfl/s
s]G› / pQ/ blIf0f hf]8\g] ;8s lj:tf/n] klg ;x/Ls/0fdf pNn]vgLo kl/jt{g NofPsf] b]lvG5, –clxn]
dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{, x'nfsL /fhdfu{, gbL sf]l/8/ / u|fdL0f ;8ssf] lgdf{0f / lj:tf/n] ljleGg If]qdf
oftfoftsf] kx'+r al9/x]sf] 5 . o;n] ;8s ;~hfndf hf]l8g g;s]sf If]qsf dflg;x¿ ;8sglhs} ;g]{
qmdn] ;x/Ls/0fsf] k|j[lQdf kl/jt{g NofO/x]sf] b]lvG5, –lxdfnL If]qsf xjfO{ oftfoft;Fu hf]l8Psf :yfg /
lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf ;fgf ;x/L s]G›x¿ ag]sf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} sltko :yfgx¿df lhNnf ;b/d'sfd ;/]/
;x/x¿ ag]sf 5g\.
-s_ a;fOF;/fOn] kfg]{ cfly{s k|efjx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
pQ/M a;fOF;/fOsf k|efj eGgfn] o;n] ;dfhdf kfg]{ c;/ eGg] a'lemG5 . a;fOF;/fOsf k|efjnfO{ ljleGg
kIfx?;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . a;fOF;/fOsf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts cfly{s, /fhgLlts nufotsf kIfx?sf]
ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
a;fOF;/fOn] kfg]{ cfly{s k|efjnfO{ ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds u/L ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5M ;sf/fTds k|efjM –
lak|]if0f -Remittance_, –k|ltef k|flKt -Brain Gain_, –/f]huf/ -Employment_ |
gsf/fTds k|efjM –k|bz{g k|efj -Demonstration Effect_, –dfudf j[l4 -Increased Demand_, –cfly{s
c;dfgtf -Economy Inequality_, –36\bf] s[lif pTkfbg -Decreasing Agricultural Production_, –ljk|]if0fdfly
a9\bf] lge{/tf -Higher Dependency on Remittance_ |
-v_ a;fOF;/fOn] cfly{s ;fdflhs pGgog dfq gu/L ;fdflhs ljs[lt ;d]t a9fPsf] 5 eGg] kIfdf cfˆgf
ljrf/x¿ k|:t't ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M a;fOF;/fOn] u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf k|efj kf5{ . a;fO;/fOn]
uGtJo :yfgdf czflGt, xf]xNnf, le8ef8, lj;Ëlt / ljlQm pTkGg x'G5 . ;dfhdf 5f8fkg x's{b} hfG5,
dflg;n] cfˆgf] df}lns klxrfg / ;+:s[lt u'dfpFb} hfG5 . a;fOF;/fOn] cfly{s ;fdflhs pGgog dfq gu/L
;fdflhs ljs[lt ;d]t a9fPsf] 5 .
o;n] ;+o'Qm kl/jf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpF5 . Psn kl/jf/ a;fO{ ;/]/ ;x/df :yfoL a;f]af;sf nflu
hfG5g\ . ;x/sf ljleGg hflt / If]qsf dflg;x¿;+u a;fO{ ;g]{sf] cfk;L ;DaGwn] gofF d"NodfGotf /
dgf]j[lQsf] ljsf; u/fp5 eg] k'/fgf d"NodfGotf / u|fdL0f /LltlyltnfO{ lj:tf/} kl/jt{g ub}{hfG5g\ . ufpFdf
a'9fkfsf, s]6fs]6L / dlxnfx¿ a;f]af; x'G5 . aRrfsf] lzIff :jf:Yo, j[4 cfdfa'afsf] :jf:Yo / x]/rfx cflb
sf/0fn] ljb]l;Psf JolQmsf kl/jf/ ;x/ jf ;x/pGd'v a:tLx¿df a;fO{ ;g]{ k|j[lQ a9\g uO{ ufpFsf hldg
afFemf /xg], hgzlQmsf] cefj /xg] cflb x'G5 h;n] cfly{s c;dfgtf ;d]t a9fpF5 .
-u_ a;fOF;/fOsf ;f+:s[lts k|efjx¿sf] ;dLIff ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M ;f+:s[lts k|efjnfO{ klg ;sf/fTds /
gsf/fTds u/L ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5M ;sf/fTds k|efjM –;f+:s[lts klxrfgsf] efjgfsf] ljsf; - Develop
Feeling of Cultural identity_, –cfw'lgstftkm{ pGd'v -Oriented Towards Modernization_ |
gsf/fTds k|efjM –;f+:s[lts klxrfgdf If]tL -Loss of Cultural Identity_, –klZrdLs/0f -
Westernization_, –pkef]QmfjfbL ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; -Development of Consumerism_ |
ctM t'ngfTds ?kdf a;fOF;/fOsf] ;+:s[ltdf gsf/fTds k|efj a9L k/]sf] b]lvG5 . a;fOF;/fOn] uGtJo
:yfgdf cfk|jf;LnfO{ eflifs, ;f+:s[lts / ;fdflhs ;dfof]hgdf sl7gfO x'G5 . ;x/ / ufpFlarsf] leGgtfsf]
k|efj lj:tf/} ;+:s[ltdf klg kb}{ hfG5 . ljb]zL /xg;xgsf] gSsn a9\b} hfG5 . df}lns ;+:s[ltdf ljrng
x'G5 .
-3_ ;'/lIft cfk|jf;g eg]sf] s] xf] < pQ/M ;'/lIft cfk|jf;g eGgfn] cfk|jf;L sfdbfx¿sf] k|jf;g k|lqmofsf
;a} r/0fx¿ -h:t}M pTklQ ;f]t jf d"n, kf/udg / uGtJo b]zx¿df cfOkg]{ ;Defljt hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft
/xg] IfdtfnfO{ a'emfpF5 . o;df ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gdf hf]l8Psf sfg'gL kIf, dof{lbt sfd, a:g] Joj:yf,
:jf:Yo, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ;]jfdf kx'Fr cflb k5{g\ . oL ;]jf / ;'ljwf kfpg cfk|jf;L >ldsnfO{ ;Ifd
agfpg / cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] clwsf/sf] jsfnt ug{' ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] .
-ª_ ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf nflu g]kfndf ul/Psf ljleGg k|of;x¿sf] ljj/0f tof/ kfg{'xf];\ . pQ/M ;'/lIft
cfk|jf;gsf nflu g]kfndf ul/Psf ljleGg k|of;x¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\
–>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnon] j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ ;'/lIft Jojl:yt / dof{lbt u/fpb} g]kfnL sfdbf/ tyf
pgsf kl/jf/n] o;af6 clwstd\ nfe k|fKt u/fpg cfˆgf k|of; cufl8 a9fPsf] 5, –o; qmddf ;'/lIft
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] lgldQ g]kfnn] låkIfLo >d ;+emf}tfnfO{ pRr dxTj lbb} cfPsf] 5, –j}b]lzs /f]huf/
k|jb{\wg af]8{sf] :yfkgfsf ;fy} sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] ;[hgf u/L j}wflgs tj/af6 /f]huf/df uPsf g]kfnLx?nfO{
;xof]usf] ;'lglZrttf ul/Psf], cfk|jf;g ;"rgfs]G›sf] :yfkgf u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/df ;";'lrt 5gf}6sf]
cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ h:tf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x? ePsf5g\, –o;}u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/L ;DaGwL ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/Lx?
:yfgLo ;d'bfo tx;Dd ;~rf/ cleofg s} ?kdf k|jfx ul/Psf] 5 eg] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / gful/s ;dfh
;d]t o; If]qdf lqmofzLn x'g] qmd a9\bf] 5, –ljZj cfly{s dGbLsf] ;dodf ePsf s'6g}lts k|of;af6 g]kfnL
sfdbf/x? cToGt sd cfxft eP eg] dGbLsf sf/0f /f]huf/L u'dfPsfx?nfO{ Ifltk"lt{sf] ;d]t Joj:yf ul/of],
–j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;DaGwL d'2fsf] l56f] 5l/tf] lsgf/f nufpg j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf ePsf]
5, –o;sf cltl/Qm j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ yk ;'/lIft ug{ lgodfjnLdf ;d]t cfjZos ;+zf]wg u/L ;lsPsf]
5 h;df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Ph]G6x?nfO{ sfg"gsf] bfo/df Nofpg], zfvfx?nfO{ w/f}6Lsf] k|lqmofdf Nofpg], >d
;xrf/L lgo'lQmsf] dfkb08sf] th{'df ug]{ h:tf k|of;x? ePsf 5g\ .
-r_ ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf nflu ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;‹;+:yfn] u/]sf of]ubfgsf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M cfk|jf;Lsf] xs / lxtsf nflu sfd ul//x]sf ljleGg cGt/fli6«o ;‹;+:yfx? h:t} ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹sf]
z/0ffyL{ pRr cfof]u -United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights_, cg{\t/fli6«o >d ;Ë7g -
International Labour Organization_, a;fOF;/fOsf nflu cg{\t/fli6«o ;+:yf -International Organization for
Migration_ cflbn] k|jf;Lsf] ;'/Iffsf lglDt ljZjJofkL dfgj clwsf/sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrttftkm{ sfd
ul//x]sf 5g\ . xfn} tof/ ePsf] ljZjJofkL ;GwLæ -Global compact_ n] cfk|jf;gsf ljleGg kIfx?nfO{
;Daf]wg ub{5 . o; ;GwLn] dflg;x?nfO{ cfˆgf] u[x:yn 5f]8\g'kg]{ afWofTds kl/l:ylt jf tTjsf] k|efj
Go"gLs/0f ug]{ p2]Zo /fVb5 . j}B cfk|jf;g -legal migration_ nfO{ ;xhLs/0f u/L ;'/lIft Pjd\ Jojl:yt
cfk|jf;g / clgoldt cfk|jf;gnfO{ sd ug]{ o;sf] bf];|f] nIo /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L u[x /fi6«/ uGtJo /fi6«nfO{
cfk|jf;gaf6 x'g] kmfObf a9fpg] / cfk|jf;gsf r'gf}tLx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ o; ;GwLsf] t];|f] dxTjk"0f{ nIo
/x]sf] 5 .
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹sf] dxf;efn] !(() df cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿ tyf ltgLx¿sf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf clwsf/
;+/If0f;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] . o; dxf;lGwdf (# cf]6f wf/fx¿ 5g\, h'g @))#
b]lv nfu' ePsf] 5 . of] dxf;lGwn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿, gful/s / /fhgLlts
clwsf/x¿, hftLo ;dfgtf, dlxnf clwsf/ / afn clwsf/ cflbnfO{ ljz]if ¿kn] Wofg lbPsf] 5 . of]
dxf;lGwn] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;Ë7gsf cfk|jf;g;DaGwL dxf;lGwx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]sf] 5 . o;n]
sfdbf/x¿ljr /fli6«otfsf cfwf/df e]befj gul/g], clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ub}{ cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf dfgj
clwsf/x¿nfO{ dfGotf lbO{ To:tf clwsfx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ bfloTj To; dxf;lGwsf kIf /fi6«x¿nfO{ tf]s]sf]
5.
;'/lIft Pj+ dof{lbt cfk|jf;g
-s_ cfk|jf;L sfdbf/n] ef]Ug'k/]sf d'Vo ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M cfk|jf;L sfdbf/n]
ef]Ug'k/]sf d'Vo ;d:ofx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –;dfg sfdddf sfdbf/aLr tna / ;'ljwfdf cGt/, –tna
s6f}tL / /f]Ssf, elgPsf] eGbf km/s sfd ug{' kg]{, –cf]e/6fOd sfdsf] e'QmfgL glbOg], vfgfsf] Joj:yf jf
vfgfvr{ / cfjf; Joj:yfkgh:tf ;d:of, –/f]huf/L s/f/kqdf em'Sofpg], PseGbf a9L jf gSsnL s/f/kq,
cTolws / u}/sfg'gL z'Ns c;'nL, z'Ns lt/]sf] /l;b glbg' jf k"/f /sdsf] /l;b glbg', –btf{ gePsf
Ph]G6dfkm{t sfdbf/ egf{ ug]{, cgf}krfl/s tj/n] ljb]z k7fpg], hah{:tL >d, dfgj a]rlavg / cf];f/k;f/
ug]{ sfo{ cflb.
cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf r'gf}tLx¿sf] o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –;"rgfdf kx'Frsf] cefj, ;|f]t;fwgsf] cefj, –
cgf}krfl/s cfk|jf;g, –k|:tfgk"j{ tflndsf] cefj, –:jb]z kms{g sl7gfO{ x'g], –e|fds, u}/kf/bzL{ 5gf]6
k|lqmof / cTolws z'Ns c;'nL cflb cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf r'gf}tLx¿ x'g\.
-v_ ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf nflu JolQmn] s] s] ;'/IffTds pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{'k5{, n]Vg'xf];\ . pQ/M ;'/lIft
cfk|jf;gsf nflu JolQmn] o;k|sf/sf ;'/IffTds pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{'k5{M
sfg'gL k|s[of k'/Þ\ofO{ JolQmut / ;+:yfut ul/ @ lsl;dn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefuaf6 >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{,
–;Dks{ u/]sf] ;+:yf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefuaf6 Ohfht lnPsf] d]gkfj/ sDkgL xf] sL xf]Og < pQm d]gkfj/sf]
sfd sf/jfxL /f]Ssf ePsf] 5 5}g < tyf vf/]hLdf k/]sf] 5 5}g < a'‰g], –j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hf+bf s'g sfddf
hfg], ;f]sf] nflu slt vr{ nfU5, sfd u/]jfkt tnj, vfgf / a:g] Joj:yf, sfd ug{' kg]{ 306f, cf]e/6fOd
sfd eQf, s/f/ cjlw cflb af/]df /fd|/L hfgsf/L lng], –b]z, sDkgL, sfd ug]{ kb / k]zf, tnjeQf, cGo
;'ljwf / ;]jfzt{x?af/] lrQ a'em]df dfq /flhv';L ;fy ;Demf}tfkqdf ;xL ug]{ / ;f] sf] ! k|lt cfkm";Fu
/fVg], –j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hf+bf s'g ;+:yfaf6 jf sf] dfkm{t hfg] xf] To;sf] af/]df oy]i7 hfgsf/L /fVg], –
hfg rfx]sf] b]zsf] af/]df /fd|f] hfgsf/L /fVg] . Tof] b]zsf] efiff ;+:s[lt, /xg ;xg, rfnrng, l/lt l/jfh
/ sfg"gsf] af/]df cfjZos hfgsf/L /fVg], –cfkm" sfd ug{ hfg] d'n'sdf /x]sf] g]kfnL b"tfjf;sf] ;Dks{
7]ufgf, cGo sfdbf/nfO{ ;3fpg] / ;xof]u ug]{ ;+3;+:yfx?sf] kmf]g / ˆofS; g+= 8fo/Ldf l6lk/fVg], –;"lrs[t
:jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 dfq :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fO{ tf]lsPsf] xf]nf]u|fd ePsf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f k|df0f kq lng], –
;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] aLdf sDkgLdf uO{ s/f/ cjlw cg';f/ sDtLdf ? % nfvsf] hLjg aLdf u/fpg], –ljb]z
hfg' cl3 :jLs[t cled'lvs/0f ;+:yfdf uO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf @ lbgsf] cled'lvs/0f tflnd tyf hfg] d'n'ssf]
>d sfg"g ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lng] .
-u_ ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf nflu /fHon] cjnDag u/]sf gLltx¿sf] ;dLIff ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M g]kfndf >dnfO{
dof{lbt / ;'/lIft Joj:yfkgaf6 /f]huf/L l;h{gf, /f]huf/Lsf nflu l;ko'Qm hgzlQmsf] ljsf;, >dsf] If]qdf
– ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / Joj;fohGo :jf:Yo / ;'/Iffsf] k|jw{g, afn>d lgjf/0f cflbdf rf;f] lbFb} cfPsf] 5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft, dof{lbt / Jojl:yt . agfpg' / j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 cflh{t l;k, k|ljlw / k'FhLsf]
pkof]uaf6 cfGtl/s /f]huf/L k|jw{g ug]{tkm{ klg hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g / lgodfjnLn] cGt/f{li6«o >d dfkb08 / dof{lbt >dsf] Ph]G8fnfO{ k|ltlalDat ug]{
lj:t[t, u}/e]befjk"0f{, ;dfj]zL / kf/bzL{ k|fjwfgx¿ th{'df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ k|fjwfg
/fv]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg]x¿ / ltgsf kl/jf/sf xs clwsf/sf ;jfnnfO{ k|d'v
k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ ljleGg lgsfodfkm{t sfo{;Dkfbg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 k//fi6« dGqfno, >d dGqfno, j}b]lzs
/f]huf/ Gofoflws/0f, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ af]8{nufotsf lgsfox¿n] If]qnfO{ ;'/lIft, dof{lbt / Jojl:yt agfpg
w]/} k|oTg ul//x]sf 5g\ .
cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ / ltgsf kl/jf/sf xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+jw{gsf nflu /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un]
ut jif{ @& b]zsf] ;xeflutfdf sf7df8f}Fdf cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng u/L 3f]if0ffkq hf/L u/sf] 5 . o;sf cnfjf
cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] xs clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf ljleGg cWoog cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf 5g\ . cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf]
pTklQ :yn, 6«flGh6 / uGtJo:yn b]zx¿df cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] clwsf/sf ;jfnaf/] cg'udg, cGo
b]zsf dfgjclwsf/ cfof]ux¿;Fu ;dembf/L kqdfkm{t ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] = Wofgfsif{0f ug{ klg yflnPsf] 5
. g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gLltn] klg cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;]jf, ;'ljwf, sfo{:yndf x'g] ;'/Iff / xs . clwsf/sf]
;DaGwdf ljleGg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
j;fOF;/fO{sf] jlu{s/0f, k|j[lt / k|efj
-s_ g]kfndf a;fO;/fOsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M g]kfndf a;fO;/fOsf] P]ltxfl;s
k[i7e"ldx?nfO{ o;k|sf/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5M
-c_ cGt/f{li6«o a;fOF;/fO –g]kfndf cGt/f{li6«o a;fO;/fO k/fk"j{sfnb]lv x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnaf6 snfsf/
c/lgsf] rLgsf] ltAat -ef]6_ uPsf], e[s'6Lsf] ljjfx ltAatL /fhf;Fu ePsf], Jofkf/sf nflu g]kfn / ef]6sf
Jofkf/Lx¿ cfpg] hfg] u/]sf], ltAataf6 pRr:t/Lo 6f]nL g]kfndf cfPsf] P]ltxfl;s clen]vx¿ kfOG5g\ .
o;} u/L g]kfnaf6 ef/ttkm{ klg dflg;x¿ ljjfx, Jofkf/, /f]huf/L / tLy{ofqfsf nflu hfg] / ef/taf6
;d|f6 czf]s, tLy{ofqLx? kz'kltgfysf] bz{g ug{ g]kfn cfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnaf6 dflg;x¿ hLjgsf]
pQ/fb{\wdf agf/; uP/ a:g] k|rng lyof]. oL pbfx/0fn] g]kfndf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv x'Fb} cfPsf cGt/f{li6«o
a;fO;/fOnfO{ k'li6 u5{ .
-cf_ cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fO –g]kfndf cGt/f{li6«o a;fO;/fO h:t} cfGtl/s a;fO;/fOklg k/fk"j{sfnb]lv rNb}
cfPsf] b]lvG5 . Tof] ;dodf hg;Î\ofsf] 7'nf] lx:;f /fHo lj:tf/, afXo /fHosf] cfqmd0f / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/
vf]Hb} a;fO{;/fO u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf PsLs/0fb]lv c7f/f}+ ztfAbLsf] k|f/lDes sfnnfO{ cfGtl/s a;fOsf]
klxnf] r/0f dflgG5 . /fHo lj:tf/;+u} clgjfo{ >d / hLljsfsf] vf]hLdf dflg;x¿ ljleGg lbzfdf a;fOF
;g{ yfn] . tTsfnLg ;dodf k|zf;lgs sfd, ;}Go ;]jf, aGbf]a:tLsf ;fdfg 9'jfgL, lgdf{0f sfo{ cflbn]
a;fOF;/fOdf ;xof]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 . of] k|rngn] cfGtl/s a;fO;/fO tLj| ultdf x'g yfNof].
-O_ cGt/k|b]zLo a;fOF;/fOM –g]kfndf ;g\ !(&! b]lv lg/Gt/ ¿kdf t/fO{ If]q cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] uGtJo :yn
ag]sf] b]lvG5 . t/fO{ If]qdf a;fOF ;/]/ hfg]dWo] ;g\ @)!! df kxf8L If]qaf6 ^$ k|ltzt lyP . ha ls of]
;g\ !(*! df &^ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . of] tYofÍn] kxf8L If]q ;a}eGbf w]/} a;fOF ;g]{sf] pTklQ :ynsf
¿kdf lrlgG5 .
-v_ g]kfndf cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fOsf] wf/ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M s'g} Ps lglZrt ;dofjlwdf a;f]af;sf
nflu Ps If]qaf6 csf]{ If]qdf x'g] k|jfxnfO{ a;fOF;/fOsf] wf/ elgG5 . a;fOF;/fOsf] wf/ pTklt :yfgaf6
uGtJotkm{sf] cfpg] ;femfk|jfx;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . a;fO;/fOsf] wf/n] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] Pp6f ;d"xnfO{ hgfpF5
h;sf] Pp6f ;femf d"n / uGtJo :yfg x'G5 . g]kfndf a;fO;/fOsf] k|j[lQn] Pp6f lglZrt wf/ / lbzfnfO{
k5\ofPsf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfndf cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fOsf] wf/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ -c_ ufpFaf6 ;x/, -cf_ ufpFaf6 ufpF, -O_ ;x/af6
ufpF, -O{_ ;x/af6 ;x/, -p_ cGtM lhNnf, -pm_ cGt/lhNnf, -C_ cGt/k|b]zLo.
-u_ g]kfndf cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fOsf sf/0fx¿sf] ;ldIff ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M a;fOF;/fOn] s'g} kgL 7fpF jf If]qsf] hg;+Vofdf cs:dft kl/jt{g NofOlbG5 . h;n] ;f] 7fpFsf] cfly{s,
;fdflhs, dfgj / /fhgLlts ljsf;df c;/ ug{ ;Sb5 . of] ;d:of lg/fs/0fsf] nfuL ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfox?
lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ . tL x'g M ;fj{hlgs ;]jf;'ljwf / /f]huf/Lsf] ;a} If]qdf ;dfg ?kdf k'of{pg], ;fwg ;|f]t
tyf cj;/x?sf] ;dGoflos ljt/0f ug]{, ;+3Lotfsf] dd{ cg';f/ clwsf/ lgIf]k0f ul/ ljsf;sf] ultnfO{
hgtfsf] glhs k'of{pg] .
g]kfndf a;fOF;/fO x'g] k|d'v b'O{ sf/0f cfsif{0f kIf / ljsif{0f kIf g} x'g\ . h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ j0f{g ug{
;lsG5M –lxdfn–kxf8 k|lt ljsif{0f . ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L, sd pTkfbg, lzIff, :jf:Yosf] sdL, –t/fO{k|lt cfsif{0f
. v]tLof]Uo hldg, Oi6ldq, /f]huf/L, oftfoft, lzIff, :jf:Yosf] ;'ljwf,
ctM :jR5 jftfj/0f ;'Gb/ ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt ePtf klg ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] cefjsf] sf/0f dflg;x? kxf8 /
lxdfnaf6 t/fO{ If]qdf a;fOF;/fO ug]{ b/ lbgfg'lbg a[l4 e}/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] oL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{sf
nfuL a;fOF;/fOsf d'Vo sf/0fx? klxrfg ul/ ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmd dfkm{t To:tf sf/0fx?sf] ;Daf]wg
ul/g'k5{, k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfkm" ;'/lIft 5' eGg] ljZjf; lbnfpg' k5{ . o;} ul/ ;dod} a;fOF;/fOsf]
Joj:yfkg ul/g' k5{ .
-3_ ljZjJofkL a;fOF;/fOsf] k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgf ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs dfldnf
ljefusf] cGt/fli6«o a;fOF;/fO, @)!( -United Nations Economic and Social Affairs, Department of
International Migration, 2019_ sf] k|ltj]bgsf cg';f/ ljZj:t/df cg{\t/fli6«o k|jf;Lx?sf] ;Î\of @&@ ldlnog
-@& s/f]8 @) nfv_ /x]sf] 5 . of] ;Î\ofn] ;g\ @)!) b]lv clxn];Dd %! ldlnog -% s/f]8 !) nfv_
hg;Î\of j[l4 ePsf] hgfpFb5 . xfndf cg{\t/fli6«o k|jf;Lx?sf] hg;Î\ofn] ljZjsf] s'n hg;Î\ofsf] #=%
k|ltzt lx:;f cfu]6]sf] 5, hasL ;g\ @))) df @=* k|ltzt dfq lyof] .
;g\ @)!( df If]lqo lx;fan] o"/f]k dxfb]zn] ;a}eGbf a9L cGt/fli6«o k|jf;LnfO{ cf>o lbPsf] 5 . To;}u/L
pQ/cd]l/sfn] % s/f]8 () nfv / pQ/clk|msf / klZrdL Plzofn] $ s/f]8 () nfv cg{\t/fli6«o k|jf;LnfO{
z/0f lbPsf] cj:yf 5 .
ljZjsf] cGt/fli6«o k|jf;Lsf] s'n hg;Î\ofdWo] sl/a cfwfhlt !) cf]6f /fi6«x?df dfq /x]sf 5g\ . ;+o'Qm
/fHo cd]l/sfn] cg{\t/fli6«o k|jf;Lsf] s'n hg;Î\of dWo] sl/a !( k|ltztnfO{ z/0f lbb} ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf
w]/} ;Î\ofdf cg{\t/fli6«o k|jf;L /x]sf] b]z ag]sf] 5 . To;}u/L hd{gL / ;fpbL c/a k|To]sn] ! s/f]8 #) nfv
cGt/fli6«o k|jf;LnfO{ cf>o lbb} ljZjsf] bf];|f] / t];|f] :yfgdf 5g\ . eg] ?;n] ! s/f]8 @) nfv, ;+o'Qm /fHo
a]nfotn] ! s/f]8, ;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6\;n] () nfv, k|mfG;, Sofg8f, ci6«]lnof u/L k|To]sn] *) nfv / O{olnn]
^) nfv cg{\t/fli6«o cfk|jf;LnfO{ z/0f lbPsf 5g\ .
ljZjsf] cg{\t/fli6«o k|jf;Lsf] s'n hg;Î\of dWo] Ps ltxfO hg;Î\of !) cf]6f /fi6«sf gful/s /x]sf] kfOPsf]
5, h;df ef/t, ;a}eGbf cu|:yfgdf 5 . sl/a ! s/f]8 !*) nfv ef/tLox? ljb]zdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ .
To;}u/L ! s/f]8 @) nfv cg{\t/fli6«o ! k|jf;Lsf] ;Î\of ;lxt DoflS;sf] bf];|f] :yfgdf, ! s/f]8 !) nfv
hg;Î\of ;lxt rLg, ! s/f]8 hg;Î\of ;lxt ?; / *) nfv hg;Î\of ;lxt l;l/of cflb kb{5g\ .
a;fO{;/fOsf] cjwf/0ff / ljz]iftfx?
-s_ a;fOF;/fOsf] cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ / o;sf] juL{s/0fnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ . pQ/M cfO;]G;6\of8sf cg';f/
s'g} JolQm jf ;d"x Pp6f ;dfhaf6 csf]{ ;dfhdf x'g] ef}lts ;Í|d0f g} a;fOF;/fO xf] . pgn] s'g} JolQm jf
;d"xn] Ps ;fdflhs kl/j]znfO{ TofuL csf]{ km/s ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf k|j]z ug{'nfO{ a;fOF;/fO eg]sf 5g\
. d+undn] a;fOF;/fOsf] kl/efiff lbb}{ s'g} Ps dflg;sf] hdft :yfoL ?kdf :yfgfGt/0f x'g] k|lqmof a;fOF;/fO
xf] eg]sf 5g\. ;'k|l;4 hg;flÎ\osLljb\ Everett S.Lee n] a;fOF;/fOnfO{ af;:yfgsf] :yfoL jf cw{:yfoL
kl/jt{g egL kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ . a;fOF;/fOsf] lg0f{o JolQm cfkm}n] u/]sf] x'G5 . JolQmn] b'O{ :yfgaLrsf]
t'ngfTds cWoog u/L a;fOF;/fOsf] lg0f{o lng] s'/f cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . a;fOF;/fOsf ljleGg JolQmx?n]
lbPsf kl/efiffaf6 a;fOF;/fO dflg;sf] Ps :yfgaf6 csf]{ :yfgdf ;g]{ :yfoL jf cw{:yfoL k|lqmof xf] eGg]
lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 . s'g}klg JolQm jf ;d"x a;fOF ;g{'sf ljleGg sf/0fx? x'G5g\ . /f]huf/sf] cj;/ /
pRr hLjgz}nL a;fOF;/fOsf] k|d'v sf/0fx? x'g\ .
a;fOF;/fOsf] lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5M
-c_ cfGtl/s / jfXo a;fOF;/fO,
-cf_ c:yfoL / :yfoL,
-O_ :j}lR5s / afWofTds,
-O{_ sfg'gL / cj}w
-p_ ;x/L / u|fdL0f.
-v_ cfGtl/s a;fO;/fO eg]sf] s] xf] / o;sf] k|d'v wf/sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ . pQ/M s'g} Pp6f b]zsf] dflg;,
pQm b]zsf] Ps If]q af6 csf]{ If]qdf a;fOF;/fO u/]/ hfg] cyjf s'g} Pp6f b]zsf] gful/s ;f]xL b]zsf] Ps
If]qaf6 csf]{ If]qdf a;fOF;/fO u/]/ hfg" cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fO xf] . b]zsf] ef}uflns ;Ldfleq x'g] a;fO;/fOnfO{
cfGtl/s a;fO;/fO elgG5 . JolQmn] cfˆgf] a;f]af;sf nflu b]zleq} ef}uf]lns jf k|zf;lgs l;dfgf kl/jt{g
ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ cfGtl/s a;fO;/fO elgG5 . cfGtl/s a;fO;/fOnfO{ k|jfxsf] lbzf / wf/sf cfwf/df
lgDgfg';f/ rf/ efudf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5M -c_ ufpFaf6 ;x/ -cf_ufpFaf6 ufpF -O_;x/af6 ufpF -O{_;x/af6
;x/
-u_ a;fOF;/fOsf ljz]iftf pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M a;fOF;/fO Ps dxTjk"0f{ hg;flVos tTj xf] . o;sf cfˆg}
ljz]iftf 5g\ h;nfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5M –:yfoL af;:yfgaf6 cGoq :yfgfGt/0f x'g] k|lqmof, –
a;fOF;/fOnfO{ pd]/, /f]huf/sf] cj:yf, lnË cflbn] k|efj kfb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu o'jfx? t'ngfTds ?kdf
a9L a;fOF;/fO ub{5g\ . a]/f]huf/ JolQm / k'?ifn] a;fOF;/fO t'ngfTds ?kdf a9L ug]{ cWoogn] b]vfPsf]
5, –;fdflhs ;DaGw -Social network_ a;fOF;/fOsf] k|d'v sf/s dWo] Ps dflgG5, –clwsf+z a;fOF;/fO
cefju|:t, cljsl;t :yfg jf /fi6«af6 ;DkGg Pjd\ ljsl;t :yfg jf /fi6«lt/ x'g] ub{5, –a;fOF;/fO :j]lR5s
jf afWofTds x'g ;Sb5, –a;fOF;/fO :yfoL jf cw{:yfoL x'g ;Sb5 .
-3_ :df6{ l;6Lsf] cjwf/0ff / dxQ\jsf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M ;fdfGotof Ú:df6{ l;6LÚ eg]sf] To:tf] ;x/ xf],
hxfFsf] ef}lts ;+/rgf, bL3{sfnLg lgdf{0f, ;~rf/ / ahf/ cTofw'lgs x'G5 . o;nfO{ k"0f{ Jojl:yt zx/sf]
?kdf kl/eflift ul/G5 . cfw'lgs zx/df cfjZos kg]{ s'g}klg ljifo g5'6]sf] zx/nfO{ :df6{ l;6L elgG5 .
o:tf] zx/df ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ k|fylds k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf /flvPsf] x'G5 / o;}dfkm{t oxfFsf afl;GbfnfO{ ;]jf
lbOG5 .
:df6{ l;6Lsf dxQ\jx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –;x/ 7'nf] ePkl5 ;a}eGbf 7'nf] ;d:of ;jf/L Joj:yfkgdf
x'g] ePsfn] o:tf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ :jrflnt ¿kdf ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ lgb]{zg ug]{ ;+oGq :df6{ l;6Ldf
x'G5, –;x/sf x/]s s'gfdf ;L;L Sofd]/f h8fg ul/g]5g\ / sG6«f]n ?ddf a;]/ ;x/sf] ultljlw lgu/fgL ug{
;lsg]5, –:df6{ l;6Ldf 6]nL pkrf/sf] k|of]u Jofks x'g]5 . lrlsT;snfO{ b]vfpg nfOgdf 3G6f}+ a:g'kg]{ 5}g
. 3/d} a;]/ ljz]if1 pkrf/ xfl;n ug{ ;lsg]5, –kfgL, kfs{ / xl/ofnLn] ;'Gb/ / cfsif{s dfq} xf]Og k"0f{
jftfj/0f d}qL x'g' klg Ú:df6{ l;6LÚsf] csf]{ dxQ\j xf], –hgtf, ;/sf/, cy{tGq, cfjfudg, jftfj/0f /
hLjg:t/nfO{ :df6{ agfP l;+uf] zx/ :df6{ aGg] dfGotf /fVb5 .
-8_ g]kfndf cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fOsf sf/0fx¿sf] ;ldIff ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M a;fOF;/fOn] s'g} kgL 7fpF jf If]qsf] hg;+Vofdf cs:dft kl/jt{g NofOlbG5 . h;n] ;f] 7fpFsf] cfly{s,
;fdflhs, dfgj / /fhgLlts ljsf;df c;/ ug{ ;Sb5 . of] ;d:of lg/fs/0fsf] nfuL ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfox?
lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ . tL x'g M ;fj{hlgs ;]jf;'ljwf / /f]huf/Lsf] ;a} If]qdf ;dfg ?kdf k'of{pg], ;fwg ;|f]t
tyf cj;/x?sf] ;dGoflos ljt/0f ug]{, ;+3Lotfsf] dd{ cg';f/ clwsf/ lgIf]k0f ul/ ljsf;sf] ultnfO{
hgtfsf] glhs k'of{pg] .
g]kfndf a;fOF;/fO x'g] k|d'v b'O{ sf/0f cfsif{0f kIf / ljsif{0f kIf g} x'g\ . h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ j0f{g ug{
;lsG5M –lxdfn–kxf8 k|lt ljsif{0f . ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L, sd pTkfbg, lzIff, :jf:Yosf] sdL, –t/fO{k|lt cfsif{0f
. v]tLof]Uo hldg, Oi6ldq, /f]huf/L, oftfoft, lzIff, :jf:Yosf] ;'ljwf,
ctM :jR5 jftfj/0f ;'Gb/ ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt ePtf klg ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] cefjsf] sf/0f dflg;x? kxf8 /
lxdfnaf6 t/fO{ If]qdf a;fOF;/fO ug]{ b/ lbgfg'lbg a[l4 e}/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] oL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{sf
nfuL a;fOF;/fOsf d'Vo sf/0fx? klxrfg ul/ ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmd dfkm{t To:tf sf/0fx?sf] ;Daf]wg
ul/g'k5{, k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfkm" ;'/lIft 5' eGg] ljZjf; lbnfpg' k5{ . o;} ul/ ;dod} a;fOF;/fOsf]
Joj:yfkg ul/g' k5{ .
PsfO{ !)M cy{tGq / ljsf;
-s_ cy{tGq eg]sf] s] xf] < pQ/M cy{tGq eg]sf] pTkfbg, pkef]u, ljlgdo, ljt/0f tyf /fh:jsf]
cGt/;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;dli6ut ;+/rgf xf] h;n] b'n{e ;fwgx¿sf] plrt ljt/0f / ;b'kof]uåf/f
dfgjLo cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] x'G5 . cy{tGqnfO{ cy{Joj:yf jf cfly{s k|0ffnL klg elgG5 .
-v_ ljsf; eg]sf] s] xf] < pQ/M b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, wfld{s, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts cflb If]qdf x'g]
;sf/fTds kl/jt{g g} ljsf; xf]. ljsf; x/ If]qsf] nflu cTofjZos, ultzLn ;fdlos kl/jt{gsf] k|ltlaDa
xf] . of] Pp6f o:tf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g xf] h;n] ;dfhdf k|ult pGd'v kl/jt{gsf] ck]Iff /fv] sf] x'G5 .
-u_ cfly{s ljsf;sf s'g} b'O{ ;"rsx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ . pQ/M cfly{s ljsf;sf s'g} b'O{ ;"rsx¿sf] gfd
o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –pRr k|ltJolQm cfo, –pRr /fli6«o cfo.
-3_ g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf s'g} b'O{ cj/f]wsx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ . pQ/M g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf s'g}
b'O{ cj/f]wsx¿sf] gfd o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –ul/aL / a]/f]huf/L, –c;dfgtf.
-ª_ cy{Joj:yfsf tLg k|sf/x¿sf] JofVof ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M jt{dfg ;dodf k'FhLjfbL, ;dfhjfbL / ldl>t u/L
tLg k|sf/sf cy{Joj:yfx¿ /x]sf 5G.\ -c_ k'FhLjfbL cy{Joj:yfM –k'FhLjfbL cy{Joj:yf eg]sf] cx:tIf]ksf/L
;/sf/L e"ldsf x'g], dfu / k"lt{sf] cGt/lqmofaf6 d"No lgwf{/0f x'g] tyf lghL If]qsf] k|d'v e"ldsf /xg]
:jtGq cfly{s k|0ffnL xf]. o;nfO{ slxn]–sflxF æJolQmut :jfldTjæsf] kof{ojfrLsf] ¿kdf ;d]t x]g]{ ul/G5 .
of] cy{Joj:yf cd]l/sf, a]nfot, Sofg8f tyf klZrdL o"/f]ksf b]zx¿n] c+ufn]sf 5g\ .
-cf_ ;dfhjfbL cy{Joj:yfM –;dfhjfbL cy{Joj:yf eg]sf] /fHoåf/f k"0f{ ¿kdf lgolGqt tyf lgb]{lzt, lghL
If]qsf] s'g} e"ldsf gx'g], ;/sf/n] of]hgfa4 ¿kdf ;Dk"0f{ cfly{s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ cfly{s k|0ffnL xf]
. o;nfO{ s]G›Lo jf of]hgfa4 cy{Joj:yf klg elgG5 . of] cy{Joj:yf rLg, pQ/ sf]l/of, So'jf, leotgfd
h:tf b]zx¿n] c+ufn]sf 5g\.
-O_ ldl>t cy{Joj:yfM –ldl>t cy{Joj:yf eg]sf] k'FhLjfbL tyf ;dfhjfbL b'O{cf]6f cfly{s k|0ffnLlarsf]
;dfof]hg xf] . k'FhLjfbL / ;dfhjfbL cy{Joj:yfsf /fd|f kIfnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L agfOPsf] cfly{s k|0ffnLnfO{
ldl>t cy{Joj:yf elgG5 . of] cy{Joj:yf g]kfn, ef/tnufotsf cltsd ljslzt tyf ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿n]
cjnDag u/]sf 5g\
-r_ cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ kl/eflift ub}{ o;sf ;"rsx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M cfly{s ljsf; eGgfn]
s'g} klg d'n'ssf] cfy{Jofj:yfdf cfPsf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmof xf] . cfly{s ljsf; eGgfn] ef}lts
;+/rgfx¿sf] ljsf;sf ;fy;fy} ;fdflhs sNof0f h:t} lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;Grf/, ;/;kmfO{ cfbLdf ePsf]
u'0ffTds tyf kl/df0fTds kl/jt{g eGg] a'lemG5 .
cfly{s ljsf;sf ;"rsx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –pRr k|ltJolQm cfo, –pRr /fli6«o cfo, –pRr dfgj
ljsf; ;"rs, –ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L / c;dfgtf sd, –dfgj v'zL, –pRr hLjgsf] ef}lts u'0f, –cfwf/e"t
cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{, –dfgj sNof0fdf j[l4, –;Dkbfsf] plrt k|of]u tyf ;+/If0f, –jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng .
-5_ g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ o;sf ;"rssf cfwf/df JofVof ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M g]kfnn] ldl>t cfly{s
k|0ffnLnfO{ cËLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cy{Joj:yfsf k|d'v cfwf/x¿ s[lif, pBf]u tyf ER Jofkf/, ko{6g,
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ cflb x'g\ . cy{dGqfno -@)&*_ cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& df s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg s'n
d"No clej[l4df @^=$ k|ltzt / s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf #)=& k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] eg] o:tf] tYofÍ u}/s[lif
If]qsf nflu qmdzM &$=@ k|ltzt / ^(=# k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnsf] ljut Ps bzssf] cf};t cfly{s j[l4b/ $ k|ltzt /Xof]. hals l5d]sL d'n'sx¿ ef/t / rLgdf
of] cjlwsf] cf};t cfly{s j[l4b/ qmdz * / ( k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof]. ljut bz jif{df d'›f:kmLlt b/ cf};t
sl/a ( k|ltzt /Xof] . Go"g cfly{s j[l4, pRr d"No j[l4 / cfosf] ljt/0f ;dGoflos tyf ;dfj]zL x'g
g;Sgfn] cem} @!=^ k|ltzt g]kfnL cfo ul/aL / @*=^ k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/x¿ ax'cfoflds ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg
/x]sf 5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o kl/efiff - k|ltJolQm k|ltlbg cfo !=( cd]l/sL 8n/_ cg';f/ u0fgf ug]{ xf] eg] #^
k|ltzt g]kfnLx¿ ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg 5g\. cfufdL % jif{d} r/d ul/aLnfO{ z"Godf emfg]{ c7f]6df of] cj:yf
lgs} r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
ctM d'n'ssf] cy{tGqdf nfdf] ;dob]lv ljBdfg ;+/rgfTds ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg Pp6} lgsfo, Pp6} ;+:yf
jf Pp6} txaf6 dfq ;Dej 5}g . /fHosf ;a} lhDd]jf/ tx, ;+:yf, kbflwsf/L / cfd gful/ssf] ;xsfo{af6
dfq dfly pNn]lvt ;d:of Pj+ r'gf}ltx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df ;a}sf] ;xof]usf] ck]Iff g]kfn
;/sf/n] u/]sf] 5 .
-s_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf plNnlvt ljb]z gLltx¿dWo] s'g} Ps a'bf pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf
plNnlvt ljb]z gLltx¿dWo] s'g} Ps a'bf o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M –g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf,
:jfwLgtf / /fli6«o lxtsf] /Iff ug{ lqmofzLn /xFb} ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹sf] a8fkq, c;+nUgtf, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt,
cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g / ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfsf cfwf/df /fi6«sf] ;jf]{kl/ lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL :jtGq k//fi6«
gLlt ;~rfng ug]{ .
-v_ g]kfnsf] ;/sf/n] to u/]sf ljb]z gLltx¿dWo] s'g} b'O{ a'bf pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M g]kfnsf] ;/sf/n]
to u/]sf ljb]z gLltx¿dWo] s'g} b'O{ a'bf o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M –;a}sf] ;fj{ef}ldstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf]
;Ddfg ug]{, –s'g} klg b]zsf] cfGtl/s dfldnfdf x:tIf]k gug]{ .
-u_ g]kfn–ef/t aLrsf] cfly{s ;DaGwsf] ;ldIff ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M g]kfnsf] k"lj{, blIf0fL / klZrdL ;Ldfgf
ef/t;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . g]kfn / ef/tsf lardf v'nf ;Ldfgf 5 . oL b'O{ b]zsflardf cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts tyf wfld{s ;DaGw ;lbcf}+b]lv /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} /xg;xg, efiffz}nL, hLjgz}nL, snf,
;ËLt, klx/g, ef]hg cflbdf klg oL b'O{ b]zsf ljrdf ;dfgtf kfOG5 . To;}n] g]kfn / ef/tlarsf] ;DaGw
ax'cfoflds :j¿ksf] 5 . sfd jf hflu/, k];f Joj;fo tyf cfly{s ;xof]u cfbfg k|bfgn] g]kfn ef/tsf]
cfly{s ;DaGw cToGt} glhssf] 5 . b'O{ b]zlarsf] v'nf l;dfgf / eflifs ;dfgtfsf sf/0f 7'nf] ;Î\ ofdf
g]kfnLx¿ ef/tdf / ef/tLox¿ g]kfndf a;L sfo{ u/]sf 5g\. To;}n] ef/tn] ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ b]zx¿sf]
;ftf}+ :yfgdf g]kfn /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ef/t Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg ;lGw lj=;+= @)#% ;fndf ePsf] lyof] . of]
;lGw lj=;+= @)^% ;fndf ;+zf]wg / lj=;+= @)&# ;fndf gjLs/0f ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L, lj=;+= @)%# ;fndf
Jofkf/ ;lGw ePsf] lyof] . oxL Jofkf/ ;lGwsf cfwf/df g]kfnef/tlardf Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf
5 . g]kfnsf nflu cfoft lgof{tsf] k|d'v ahf/ g} ef/t xf]. cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ df ;+;f/sf ljleGg
b]zx¿af6 g]kfnn] cfoft ug]{ s'n j:t'x¿dWo] ef/tjf6 ^$) k|ltzt cfoft u/]sf] 5 eg] ;+;f/sf ljleGg
b]zx¿df g]kfnn] lgof{t ug]{ j:t'x¿dWo] ef/tdf dfq ^#) k|ltzt lgof{t u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnn] ef/taf6
cfoft ug]{ k|d'v j:t'x¿df k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, ;jf/L ;fwg, :k]o/ kf6{\; d]l;g/L ;fdfg, cf}ifwL, ljB'tLo
pks/0f, vfBfGo cflb x'g eg] g]kfnn] ef/tdf lgof{t ug]{ k|d'v a:t'x¿df tof/L kf];fs, h'6, wfuf], h:tf
kftf, kf]ln:6/ wfuf], 6]S;6fON;, s[lifhGo j:t'x¿ cflb x'g\ .
-3_ g]kfn–ef/t aLrsf] /fhg}lts ;DaGwsf] pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfnsf] k"lj{, blIf0fL / klZrdL ;Ldfgf ef/t;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . g]kfn / ef/tsf lardf v'nf ;Ldfgf
5 . oL b'O{ b]zsflardf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf wfld{s ;DaGw ;lbcf}+b]lv /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf
;fy} /xg;xg, efiffz}nL, hLjgz}nL, snf, ;ËLt, klx/g, ef]hg cflbdf klg oL b'O{ b]zsf ljrdf ;dfgtf
kfOG5 . To;}n] g]kfn / ef/tlarsf] ;DaGw ax'cfoflds :j¿ksf] 5 .
g]kfn ef/tlarsf] ;DaGw cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv lyof] eg] cf}krfl/s ¿kdf;g\ !($& b]lv
s"6gLlts ;DaGw sfod u/L ;f}xfb{k"0f{ Jojxf/ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . /fhgLlts ¿kdf g]kfnn] ef/t;Fu ;w} :jtGq
tyf ;fj{ef}d ;DkGg b]zsf] x}l;otaf6 ;DaGw /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fi6« / g]kfnL hgtfsf]
lxtcg's"n x'g] u/L ef/t / ef/tLo hgtfsf] lgi7f / k|lta4tfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ / g]kfndf ef/tsf
;+j]bgzLn ;'/Iff ;/f]sf/x¿k|lt g]kfn ;/sf/n] lg/Gt/ tyf k|dfl0ft k|lta4tfsf] gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] 5
. g]kfn ;/sf/n] ef/t;Fusf] o:tf] gLltnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{sf nflu låkIfLo ;+/rgfx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{
k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 . ;do ;dodf ef/tsf] pRr /fhgLlts g]t[Tj g]kfn cfpg] u5{ . To;}u/L g]kfnsf]
/fhgLlts g]t[Tjaf6 klg ;do ;dodf ef/tsf] e|d0f x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;n] klg oL b'O{ . b]zsf lardf
/fhgLlts ;DaGw k|uf9 5 eGg ;lsG5 . tyflk oL b'O{ b]zsf larsf] /fhgLlts ;DaGw clwsf+z ;do
;f}xfb{k"0f{ /x] tfklg a]nfavt ptf/r9fj x'g] u/]sf] klg 5 .
-ª_ g]kfn–rLg aLrsf] /fhg}lts ;DaGwsf] JofVof ug{'xf];\ .
KINEMASTER pQ/M rLg g]kfnsf] pQ/L e"efudf cjl:yt l5d]sL b]z xf] . ef}uf]lns hl6ntfn] ;xh ¿kdf
;8sdfu{af6 cfjft hfjft ug{ s]xL sl7gfOx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oL b'O{ b]zsf lardf eflifs, ;fdflhs tyf
;f+:s[lts leGgtfx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\. To;}n] nfdf] ;do;Dd g]kfn rLgljrsf] ;DaGw cf}krfl/s tyf ;/sf/L
:t/df dfq ;Lldt lyof] . t/ kl5Nnf] ;dodf oL ;DaGwx¿nfO{ hg:t/df klg lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnn] cf}krfl/s ¿kdf rLg;Fu ;g\ !(%% b]lv s"6gLlts ;DaGw sfod u/L ;f}xfb{k"0f{ Jojxf/ ub}{ cfPsf]
5 . g]kfnn] rLg;Fu ;fj{ef}d ;dfgtf, kf/:kl/s ;Ddfg, ljZjf;, ;b\efj / ;dembf/Lsf cfwf/df ;DaGw
/fVb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf nflu lrlgofF b'tfjf;sf cg';f/oL b'O{ b]zx¿Ps csf{nfO{ slxNn} wDSofpb}gg,
rf]6 k'ofpb}gg\ / zÍf ub}{gg\ . o;sf ;fy} oL ;w} Ps csf{nfO{ ;Ddfg u5{g\, ljZjf; u5{g\ / ;xof]u u5{g\.
rLgn] cjnDag ub}{ cfPsf] Ps rLg gLltnfO{ g]kfnn] ;a} cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 5 . ;do ;dodf rLgsf] pRr
/fhgLlts g]t[Tj g]kfn cfpg] u5{g\ . To;}u/L g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts g]t[Tjaf6 klg ;do ;dodf rLgsf] e|d0f
x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;n] klg oL b'O{ b]zsf lardf /fhgLlts ;DaGw k|uf9 5 eGg ;lsG5 . /fhgLlts ¿kdf
b'j} b]zn] Ps csf{sf] cfGtl/s dfldnfdf s'g} x:tIf]k gug]{ gLlt cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ .
-r_ g]kfn–rLg aLrsf] cfly{s ;DaGwsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M g]kfn–rLg aLrsf] cfly{s
;DaGwsf] s]xL d'Vo ljz]iftf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M –k'/fgf] cfly{s ;DaGwsf ;fy} rLg g]kfnsf]
bf];f| ] 7"nf] Jofkfl/s ;fem]bf/ klg xf], –Oltxf;df g]kfnsf] pQ/L ;Ldfaf6 g]kfnLx¿ rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q
ltAatdf g'g, ;'g, pg h:tf j:t'x¿ vl/b ug{ / ltAatLx¿ g]kfnsf] pQ/L If]qdf /x]sf ahf/df vfBfGg
vl/b ug{ hfg] cfpg] rng lyof], –cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ df g]kfnsf] s'n cfoftdWo] rLgaf6 dfq @@=^(
k|ltzt / s'n lgof{tdWo] rLgdf dfq @=@& k|ltzt ePsf] lyof], –g]kfn rLglarsf] klxnf] cfly{s ;xof]u
;Demf}tf lj=;+= @)!# cflZjg !^ -cS6f]a/ ! !(%^_ df x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof], –lj=;+= @)#) -;g\ !(*)_ sf]
bzssf] dWob]lv lrlgofF ;/sf/n] cfly{s / k|fljlws ;xof]u sfo{qmdcGtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cg'bfg
;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5, –rLgn] g]kfnnfO{ cg'bfg, Jofhd'Qm C0f / ;x'lnot C0fsf ¿kdf ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf]
5.
-5_ g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf cfwf/x? pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf k|d'v
cfwf/x¿nfO lgDgfg;f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M
!_ c;+nUgtfM –s'g} zlQm /fi6«sf] ;}lgs u7aGwgdf ;+nUg g/xL cGt/f{li6«o 36gfqmdk|lt lg/k]If jf t6:y
b[li6sf]0f cjnDag ug{' g} c;+nUgtf xf] . c;+Ungtf eg]sf] s'g} u7aGwgaf6 :jtGq /xg' xf] . t/ ljZj
36gfk|lt df}gbz{s aGg' sbflk xf]Og . g]kfn k|f/Deb]lv g} c;+nUg cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo ¿kdf ;xefuL x'Fb}
cfPsf] 5 .
@_ k~rzLnk|lt cf:yfM –cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lj:tf/sf] qmddf k~rzLnsf] lgDg % aFbfx¿nfO{ k|d'v cfwf/sf
¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 h'g g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf]M s_ Psn] csf]{ d'n'ssf] :jtGqtf,
;fj{ef}ldstf / If]qLo cv08tfsf] ;Ddfg ug]{, v_ csf{sf] cfGtl/s dfldnfdf x:tIf]k gug]{, u_ ;dfgtf /
kf/:kl/s lxt sfod ug]{, 3_ cgfqmd0f -Psn] csf]{ d'n'slj?4 cfqmd0f gug]{_ ª_ zflGtk"0f{ ;xcl:tTjsf]
efjgfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ .
#_ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹k|lt cf:yfM –;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹k|lt cf:yf / ljZjf; /fVb} ljZj zflGt / /fi6«/fi6«aLr d}qL /
;xof]u clej[l4 ug{ o;sf] e"ldsf / k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbOFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljZjzflGtsf]
:yfkgf ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹cGtut n]jgfg / Oh/fonsf] ;LdfIf]q, o'uf]:nfleof / ;f]dflnof cflb d'n'sx¿df
zflGt ;]gf v6fOPsf] 5 .
$_ If]qLo ;xof]uM –clej[l4 ug{ hf]8 l5d]sL d'n'sx¿aLr ;xof]u / ;dembf/L a9fpg ;g\ !(*% df :yflkt
blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;Ë7g -;fs{_ pko'Qm x'g] x'Fbf ER o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf / ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu
g]kfnn] hf]8 lb+b} cfPsf] 5 . ;fs{ ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf g]kfndf x'g'nfO{ o;} kl/k|]Iodf x]g{ ;lsG5 .
%_ lgMz:qLs/0fM –z:qf:qsf] xf8]afhLnfO Gog" u/L To; Ifq]df eO/xsf] cyfx wg/flznfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo
cflb Ifq]df nufgL u/L ;fdflhs ;jf]sf] :t/ a9fpgk'g{ Pj+ cf0fljs xftxltof/ x6fpg g]kfnn] cfˆgf]
cfjfh an'Gb agfPsf] 5 .
^_ e"kl/j]li6t d'n'ssf] xslxtsf] ;'/IffM –g]kfn Ps ;fgf] tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n's ePsf]n] ;a} e"kl/j]li6t
d'n'sx¿n] Joxf]g{'k/]sf] ;d:ofsf] plrt ¿kdf lg/fs/0f ub}{ oL d'n'sx¿sf] xs lxt ;'/lIft ug{'kg]{ s'/fdf
hf]8 lbb} cfPsf] 5 .
&_ ;fgf tyf cljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] xslxtsf] ;'/IffM –g]kfn Ps ;fgf] tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n's ePsfn] o;n]
cfkm"h:tf d'n'sx¿sf] xslxt clej[l4 ug{ If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o d~rx¿df hf]8 lbFb} cfPsf] 5 .
*_ ;d:ofsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfgM –s'g} klg cGt/f{li6«o ljjfbx¿sf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lb+b}
an k|of]u, wDsL tyf o'4 s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] :yfoL ;dfwfg xf]Og eGg] s'/fdf g]kfn ljZj:t 5 .
(_ c;n l5d]sLkgsf] efjgfM –g]kfn b'O{ 7"nf7"nf d'n's -ef/t / rLg_ åf/f 3]l/Psf] ;fgf] d'n's ePsfn] oL
b'j} d'n's;Fu ;dfg / ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod ub}{ ljZjsf cGo d'n'sx¿;Fu klg d}qLk"0f{ ;DaGw sfod ug]{
gLlt g]kfnn] lnPsf] 5 .
!)_ bafa / e]befjsf] lj/f]wM –g]kfnn] ;fd|fHojfb, pklgj]zjfb, gjpklgj]zjfb, lj:tf/jfb, hft tyf
/Ëe]befj, k|e'Tjjfb cflbsf] v'Nnf ¿kdf lj/f]w ub}{ :jflwgtf Pj+ /Ëe]blj/f]wL cfGbf]ngsf] ;dy{g ub}{ cfPsf]
5.
!!_ :jtGq k//fi6« gLltM –g]kfnn] ljZj /Ëd~rdf s;}sf] cg'ofoL geO{ cfˆgf] Goflos dg / ljj]ssf] k|of]u
u/L :jtGq ¿kdf cfˆgf] :ki6 cjwf/0ff /fVb} cfPsf] x'Fbf g]kfn c;+Ung /fi6« eP klg ljZj36gfx¿k|lt
;+j]bgzLn x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
cEof; !=tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
-s_ BIMSTEC sf] k'/f?k pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M BIMSTEC sf] k'/f?k The Bay of Bengal Initiative for
Multi–Sectoral Technical and Economic Co–operation xf] .
-v_ ljZjdf Ps /fi6«n] csf]{ /fi6«nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ k|rngsf] ;'?jft ug{'sf] sf/0f s] lyof] < pQ/M
bf];|f] ljZj o'4eGbf klxn] l;ldt b]zx?sf] lardf dfq cfly{s ;xof]u, C0f, cg'bfg 1cflb k|rngdf lyof]
. lj=;= @))) -;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf ha ;+;f/sf clwsfz b]zx¿ pklgj]zaf6 d'Qm eP ta cfly{s
ljsf;, ;DkGgtf pTkfbg k|ljlw cflb o'/f]k, cd]l/sf, hfkfg, ¿; cflb b]zx¿df / ul/aL, cefj, k5f}6]kg,
clzIff tyf hg;Î\ofsf] 7'nf] lx:;f Pl;ofdf /xg k'Uof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfly{s ¿kdf zlQmzfnL b]zx¿n]
ljZj ahf/nfO{ cfˆgf] kx'Fr aflx/ hfg glbg cfly{s ;xof]u, cg'bfg, C0f cflbsf] k|rng ;'? u/]sf lyP .
-u_ ;fs{df sltj6f b]zx? e"kl/j]li6 5g\ ltgLx?sf] gfd pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M ;fs{df tLg /fi6«x¿ g]kfn,
e'6fg / ckmuflg:tfg e"kl/j]li7t 5g\ .
-3_ ;fs{, laD:6]s, Uof6 / WTO sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] lyof] < pQ/M ;fs{sf] :yfkgf lj=;= @)$@ dOl;/
@# -;g\ !(*% l8;]Da/ *_ df 9fsf ;Dd]ngdf ePsf] xf], laD:6]ssf] :yfkgf lj=;= @)%$ -;g\ !((&_ df
a}Ísdf ePsf] xf], Uof6sf] :yfkgf lj=;= @))$ cflZjg @@ -cS6f]a/ d !($&_ df ePsf] xf] / WTO sf]
:yfkgf lj=;+= @)%! kf}if !& -hgj/L !, !((%_ df ePsf] xf].
-ª_ laD:6]ssf] nIo s] xf] < pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M laD:6]ssf] nIo b'O{ tyf ax'/fi6«sf larsf] ;DaGwnfO{
ljleGg ;xof]usf dfWodaf6 ;'b[9 ug{' xf].
-r_ ;fs{sf p2]Zox? k|:t't ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M ;fs{sf p2]Zox? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –blIf0f Pl;ofsf
hgtfx¿sf] lxtnfO{ clej[l4 ug]{ / pgLx¿sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg', –o; If]qsf] cfly{s j[l4 ;fdflhs
pGglt tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ tLa|tf k|bfg ug]{ tyf ;a} JolQmnfO{ pgLx¿sf] k"0f{ ;fy{stf dx;';
ug{sf nflu ;Ddfgk"j{s a:g] cj;/ k|bfg ug{', –blIf0f Pl;ofsf /fi6«– d'n'sx¿aLr ;fd'lxs cfTdlge{/tfsf]
;Dab{\wg / lj:tf/ ug{', –Ps csf{sf] ;d:ofk|lt kf/:kl/s ljZjf; / ;fem]bf/L a9fpg' tyf d"Nofªsg ug{',
–cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts k|fljlws tyf j}1flgs If]qx¿df ;lqmo ;xeflutf / M, kf/:kl/s ;xof]usf]
clej[l4 ug{' .
-5_ ;fˆ6fsf l;4fGtx? pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M ;fˆ6fsf l;4fGtx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –;b:o /fi6«x¿ljr
j:t'sf] cGt/;Ldf cfjfudgdf cj/f]w x6fP/ ;/nLs/0f ug]{, –:jtGq Jofkf/ If]qdf :jR5 k|lt:kwf{nfO{
k|f]T;fxg ug]{, –;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|efjsf/L ;+oGq :yfkgf ug]{, –k/:k/ nfesf] lj:tf/ / j[l4af6
c¿ yk If]qLo ;xof]usf nflu cfjZos ;+/rgf tof/ ug]{, –;a} sRrf pTkfbx¿, lgdf{0f / j:t'x¿ sf]
sRrf, cw{–k|;+:s[t / ;+;flwt ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug]{ .
-h_ ljD:6]ssf p2]Zo tyf l;4fGtx?nfO{ a'+bfut ?kdf pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ljD:6]ssf p2]Zox? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –tLj| cfly{s ljsf; ug{ ;Ifd jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug{' –
ljsf;sf pkIf]qsf] ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ultdf tLj|tf Nofpg', –;femf rf;f]sf dfldnfdf ;lqmo ;f]bf/L /
cfk;L ;xof]udf j[l4 ug{', –k|lzIf0f / cg';Gwfg ;'ljwfdf j[l4 ug{ Ps csf{nfO{ ;xof]u k|bfg ug{', –;b:o
/fi6«x¿sf] /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfx¿sf] ;kmntfsf nflu k|efjsf/L ;xof]u ug]{, –jt{dfg cGt/f{li6«o / If]qLo
;Ë7gx¿;Fu 3lgi6 / nfebfos ;DaGw sfod /fVg', –pkIf]qsf] ljsf;df clws nfebfoL kl/of]hgfdf
;xof]u k'ofpg] .
ljD:6]ssf l;4fGtx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –laD:6]ssf ;b:o /fi6«sf lar ;fj{ef}d ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt If]qLo
cv08tf, /fhgLlts :jtGqtf, cfGtl/s dfldnfdf x:tIf]k gx'g], zflGtk"0f{ ;xcl:tTj / cfk;L kmfObfsf
cfwf/df Jojxf/ ug]{, –;b:o /fi6«x¿larsf] ;xsfo{ låkIfLo, If]qLo jf ax'kIfLo ;xof]usf ¿kdf ljsf;
ug]{ .
-em_ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf p2]Zo tyf l;4fGtx?nfO{ a'+bfut ?kdf pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf p2]Zox? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ clej[l4 ug]{, –k"0f{/f]huf/
tyf pRr Pjd\ l:y/ ultsf] jf:tljs cfDbfgLsf] kl/df0fdf j[l4 Nofpg], –k|efjsf/L dfu Pjd\ j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] pTkfbg tyf laqmL lj:tf/ ug]{, –lbuf] ljsf; ug]{ nIocg';f/ ljZjdf pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] ;jf]{Qd
k|of]u ug{ lbbf jftfj/0fsf] /Iff tyf ;/If0ftkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbg], – ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿ To;df klg vf;
u/L cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿lar ltgLx¿sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df
;xeflutf a9fpg], –pko{'Qm p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ug{ PsLs[t Jofjxfl/s tyf lg:jfy{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL
ljsf; ug]{ .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf l;4fGtx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –e]befjlagfsf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ug{ kfpg], –:jR5
k|lt:kwf{df hf]8, –;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt, –eG;f/ b/df ;Ldf lgwf{/0f / sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] cGTo .
-`_ ;fˆ6fsf p2]Zox¿ pNn]v ub}{ o;af6 g]kfnnfO{ k'Ug ;Sg] kmfObfx¿sf] ;"rL ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;fˆ6fsf p2]Zox¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –;b:o /fi6«x¿ljr j:t'sf] cGt/;Ldf cfjfudgdf cj/f]w
x6fP/ ;/nLs/0f ug]{, –:jtGq Jofkf/ If]qdf :jR5 k|lt:kwf{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, –;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjogsf
nflu k|efjsf/L ;+oGq :yfkgf ug]{, –k/:k/ nfesf] lj:tf/ / j[l4af6 c¿ yk If]qLo ;xof]usf nflu cfjZos
;+/rgf tof/ ug]{ .
o;af6 g]kfnnfO{ k'Ug ;Sg] kmfObfx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ –cGt/If]qLo Jofkf/ lj:tf/åf/f pTkfbg j[l4 u/L
t'ngfTds nfe k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\, –ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] nfe k|fKt x'g ;S5, –eG;f/ tyf u}/eG;f/;DaGwL cj/f]w
36\g uO{, cGt/If]qLo Jofkf/df j[l4 x'G5, –ljsl;t /fi6«x¿åf/f cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df NofOg] k|lts"ntfx¿
lj?4 ;fd"lxs cfjfh p7fpg ;Sg] 5g\ , –o; If]qdf pknAw ;fwg tyf ;|f]tsf] clwstd pkof]u x'G5 .
-6_ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:osf ¿kdf g]kfnsf nflu{ cj;/ tyf r'gf}tLx¿sf] JofVof ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:osf ¿kdf g]kfn ljlwjt\ k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfnn] o;af6
kmfObf lng ;S5 jf b/ ;Sb}g eGg] ljifodf 7'nf] ax; ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;u7gsf] ;b:o
k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 g]kfnsf nflu s]xL cj;/x¿ klg 5g\ / s]xL r'gf}ltx¿ klg 5g\ . g]kfnn] cfˆgf nflu
l;h{gf ePsf cj;/x¿nfO{ clwstd pkof]u ug]{ / r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ Go"g ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
g]kfnsf kIfdf b]vfk/]sf cj;/x¿ / g]kfnsf nflu b]vfk/]sf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ o; k|sf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
cj;/x¿M –ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u, –cGt/f{li6«o ahf/sf] ;"rgfdf kx'Fr, –ljb]zL nufgLstf{sf] cfsif{0f, –
Jofkf/ ljljlws/0fdf lj:tf/, –ljZjJofkL cg's"n Jofkfl/s jftfj/0f.
r'gf}tLx¿M –nfut k|efjsfl/tfsf] sd ;Defjgf, –pRr Jofj;flos k|lt:kwf{, –j}b]lzs lge{/tfsf] ;Defjgf,
–af}l4s knfog, –v'nf Jofkf/sf] cj}1flgs k|fjwfg.
-s_ j}b]lzs Jofkf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/M j}b]lzs Jofkf/ eGgfn] km/s km/s b]zsf dflg;x?aLr x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] sf/f]af/ eGg] a'lemG5 .
j}b]lzs Jofkf/ s'g} b]zn] c¿ b]zx¿;Fu ug]{ Jofkf/ xf] . j}b]lzs Jofkf/nfO{ cGt/fli6«o Jofkf/ klg elgG5
. j}b]lzs Jofkf/ x/]s d'n'ssf] cy{tGqsf] Pp6f dxQ\jk"0f{ If]q xf] .
-v_ Jofkf/ ;Gt'ngnfO{ kl/eflift ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng eg]sf] cfoft d"No / lgof{t d"Nolarsf] ;Gt'ng xf] . cyf{t\ b]zdf pTkflbt j:t' tyf
;]jf ljb]zdf lgof{t ubf{ k|fKt x'g] d"No / ljb]zdf pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jf cfoft ubf{ e'Qmfg ul/g]
d"Nolarsf] ;Gt'ng g} Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng xf] . ;Gt'ng b'O{ k|sf/sf=== x'G5g\ . klxnf] e'Qmfg ;Gt'ng xf] eg]
bfd|f] Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng xf] .
-u_ art Jofkf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/M art Jofkf/ eg]sf] lgof{t d"No cfoft d"NoeGbf a9L x'g' xf] .
-3_ Jofkf/ 3f6fnfO{ kl/eflift ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M lgof{t d"No cfoft d"NoeGbf sd x'g'nfO{ Jofkf/ 3f6f elgG5 .
-ª_ g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf P]ltxfl;s tYox¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] Oltxf; cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] eGbf k'/fgf] 5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] /fHo PsLs/0f
cleofgeGbf cl3af6 g} o;sf] Oltxf; ;'? x'G5 . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f x'g' cl3 ef/tsf pQ/L If]qx¿;+u tyf
rLgsf] ltAat;Fu Jofkf/ ultljlwx¿ lyP. g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf nflu ef/t ;'?b]lv ;a}eGbf 7'nf]
;fem]bf/ xf]eg] To;kl5sf] 7'nf] ;fem]bf/ rLg xf] . Ps ;do g]kfnsf] (( k|ltzteGbf a9L Jofkf/ ef/tdf
;Lldt lyof]. lj=;+= @))& -;g\ !(%!_ eGbf cl3 g]kfnsf] ljb]z Jofkf/ ef/t / rLgjfx]s ;+o'Qm clw/fHo
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / k|mfG;df dfq ;Lldt lyof]. g]kfnsf sfhL eLd dNnsf kfnfdf ;DkGg g]kfn ltAat
jfl0fHo ;Demf}tfkl5 g]kfnL Jofkf/Lx¿ ltAat uO{ Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/ ub{y] .
g]kfnsf] rf}yf] k~rjifL{o of]hgf -lj=;= @)@&–@)#@_ n] j}b]lzs Jofkf/df Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf] l;4fGt
cjnDag u/]kl5 dfq g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ ;d'›kf/sf b]zx¿;Fu x'g yfn]sf] xf] / To;eGbf cufl8
g]kfnn] j}b]lzs Jofkf/af6 t'ngfTds nfe k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] lyPg.
-r_ g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf j[l4sf] k'g/jnf]sg ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M kl5Nnf jif{x¿sf] Oltxf; x]bf{ Jofkf/of]Uo j:t'x¿sf] n]gb]gaf6 Jofkf/ 3f6f ;Gt'ngdf a9\bf] k|j[lQ
b]lvG5 . of] l:ylt lgof{tsf cfsf/df sld / cfoftsf] cfsf/df j[l4sf] kl/0ffd xf]. k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf]
cfoftdf clws vr{n] clwsfz jif{df ;fdfgsf] lgof{taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] cfDbfgLsf] t'ngfdf g]kfnL cy{tGqsf]
lgof{tsf] hu sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ cfoftdf a9\bf] lge{/tf 5 . g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ k|lts"n
cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$ b]vL @)&^÷&& ;Dd lgof{t j[l4 x'b} uO{/x]sf] ePtf klg of]
j[l4b/ Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{ kof{Kt 5}g. cf=j= @)&#÷&$ b]vL @)&%÷&^ ;Dd cfoft lg/Gt/ a[l4 eP/
Jofkf/ 3f6f klg a[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . cf=j= @)&%÷&^ df cfoft sd eP/ Jofkf/ 3f6f s]lx Go'g ePsf] b]lvP
tfklg of] cNksfnLg k|j[lQ dfq xf] . sf]le8 dxfdf/Lsf sf/0fn] pQm cf=j=df . cfoftdf ;+s'rg cfPsf
sf/0fn] Jofkf/ 3f6fdf s]xL ;'wf/ b]lvPsf] xf]
-5_ g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] lbzfnfO{ ;dLIff ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M j}b]lzs Aofkf/sf] lbzf eGgfn] g]kfnn] j:t' lgof{t / cfoft ug]{ b]zx¿ eGg] a'lemG5 . csf]{ zAbdf
j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] lbzf eg]sf] lgof{tsf] uGtAo / cfoftsf] ;|f]t xf] . g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ w]/} xb;Dd
ef/t s]lG›t 5 . s'n cfot tyf lgof{t b'j}df ef/t;Fusf] c+z em08} b'O{ltxfO 5 . ef/t kl5sf] g]kfnsf]
j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] bf];|f] 7'nf] ;fem]bf/ rLg xf] . kl5Nnf] ;do ef/t / rLgafx]s ljZjsf cGo b]zx¿;Fu
g]kfnsf] Aofkfl/s ;DaGw qmdzM lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] 5 .
;g\ !(^) ;Dd g]kfnsf] lgof{t / cfoft Jofkf/ ef/t;Fu s]lG›t lyof] . lj=;+= @)@! ;fndf g]kfnsf] s'n
j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] () k|ltzt sf/f]af/ ef/t;Fu dfq x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . of] sf/f]af/ lj=;+= @)#@ ;fndf *@=!
k|ltzt, lj=;+= @)%! df @&=$ k|ltzt / lj=;+= @)%$ df @^=$! k|ltztdf em/]sf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{
@)%^÷%& b]lv k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] cfoftnfO{ ef/ttkm{sf] Jofkf/df lx;fa ug{ yfn]kl5 ef/t;Fusf] sf/f]af/
a9\g yfn]sf] xf] . g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ lbzfsf] tflnsf o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5M
s'n Jofkf/ c+z -Ü_ @)&%÷&^ @)&^÷&&
cfoft lgof{t cfoft lgof{t
ef/t ^#=% ^#=% ^$=( ^@=@
rLg !#=( !@=! !@=@ !$=!
cGo d'n'sx¿ @$=^ @$=$ @@=( @#=&
-h_ g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] ;+/rgf pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M Jofkf/ ;+/rgfdf cfoft / lgof{t ul/g] j:t'sf k|sf/x¿ / sf/f]af/sf] /sd ;dfj]z ul/G5 . slt
d"Nodf s'g k|sf/sf j:t'x¿ ljb]zL ahf/df a]lrPsf] xf] / slt d"Nodf vl/b ul/Psf] xf] ;f]sf] ljj/0f g}
Jofkf/ ;+/rgf xf] . g]kfn] lgof{t ug]{ j:t'sf k|sf/x¿sf] ;Î\of ;fgf] 5 eg] cfoft ug]{ j:t'sf k|sf/x¿sf]
;Î\of 7'nf] 5 . g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ ;+/rgf o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
cEof; tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] clt5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf]:M
-s_ >d eg]sf] s] xf], cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;fdfGo efiffdf zf/Ll/s ¿kdf sfd ug]{ JolQm ->lds_ / pQm JolQmsf] ldlxg]tnfO{ >d elgG5 .
cy{zf:qdf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kdf cfly{s pkfh{gsf] p2]Zon] sfd ug]{ JolQm->lds_ / p;sf] sfo{ jf
ldlxg]tnfO{ g} >dsf ¿kdf lnOG5 .
-v_ /f]huf/L / a]/f]huf/Ldf leGgtf 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
pQ/M /f]huf/L a]/f]huf/Lsf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb xf]. /fHosf] dfkb08cg';f/ sfdug]{ pd]/ k'u]sf / j}wflgs sfo{
u/L e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQmnfO{ /f]huf/L / o:tf] sfo{af6 alGrt JolQmnfO{ a]/f]huf/L elgG5 . /f]huf/bftfaf6
tna kfpg] u/L sfd ug]{, cfˆg} jf kfl/jfl/s Jofkf/ Joj;fodf sfd ug]{ / ljljw sf/0fn] :jlabfdf a;]sf
/f]huf/ x'g\ . sfdsf] of]Uotf tyf l;k ePsf t/ Ps dlxgfb]lv sfd ePsf 7fpFdf sfd vf]Hbf gkfPsf /
clGtd of]Uotf k/LIff lbP/ a;]sf a]/f]huf/ x'g\ .
-u_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ kl/eflift ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M Ps b]zaf6 csf]{ b]zdf uO{ sfd ug{'nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ elgG5 . of]Uotf tyf l;k ePsf sfd ug{
of]Uo pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnf tyf k'?ifx¿ Ps b]zaf6 csf]{ b]zdf uP/ sfd ug{' j}b]lzs /f]huf/ xf] . o;n]
ljb]zL k'FhLnfO{ cfGtl/s k|jfxdf j[l4 ug{ ;xof]u u5{ eg] b]zsf] a]/f]huf/L ;d:ofnfO{ cNksfnsf nflu
s]xL xb;Dd sd u5{ .
-3_ g]kfnsf] kG„f} cfjlws of]hgfn] to u/]sf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf sfo{gLltx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfnsf] kG„f}+ of]hgfn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft, dof{lbt / Jojl:yt ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 . o;sf
;fy} o; of]hgfn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf r/0fnfO{ ;'/lIft, zf]if0fd'Qm, dof{lbt / clwstd k|ltkmnbfos agfpg]
/0fgLlt to u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] kG„f} cfjlws of]hgfn] to u/]sf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf sfo{gLltx¿ o;k|sf/
/x]sf 5g\ != g]kfnL >ldsx¿sf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Ifsf nflu >d s"6gLlt cjnDag ug]{,
@= ljb]zdf /x]sf ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf, u}/cfjf;Lo tyf k|jf;L g]kfnL ;‹ ;Ë7g / /f]huf/bftf sDkgL;Fu
;dGjo u/L sfo{ ug]{, #= j}b]lzs /f]huf/ kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf u/L k|efjsf/L sfo{ ug]{, $= ef/tdf /f]huf/Lsf
nflu hfg] sfdbf/nfO{ kl/rokq hf/L ug]{ / ladf÷ sNof0fsf/L sf]ifdf cfa4 u/fpg] sfg'gL Joj:yfsf]
sfof{Gjog ug]{, %= j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu hfg]x¿sf] k"j{ clen]v /fVg] / ;a}vfn] ljs[ltx¿sf] s8fOsf
;fy lgoGq0f ug]{ .
-ª_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g @)^$ bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)&% n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf ;DaGwdf u/]sf d'Vo d'Vo Joj:yf
pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfndf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g @)^$ bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)&% n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf ;DaGwdf gLltut
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g @)^$ bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)&% n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf ;DaGwdf
u/]sf gLltut Joj:yfx¿nfO{ o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M != g]kfn ;/sf/n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg kfpg]
d'n's tf]Sg'kg]{ / tL d'n's;Fu låkIfLo ;Demf}tf ug{'kg]{ 5, @= j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ Ohfhtkq
lng'kg]{ / JolQmnfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg' k"j{ >d ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ 5 . ;fy} j}b]lzs /f]huf/df
hfFbf :jb]zL ljdfg:yn k|of]u ug{'kg]{5, #= sfdbf/ 5gf]6 ubf{ !% lbgsf] ;"rgf k|sfzg ug{'kg]{ / lgj]bssf]
gfd ;"rgf kf6Ldf 6f; ug{'kg]{ 5, $= j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu lagf n}+lus lje]bcf7f/ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sfnfO{
v'nf k|lt:kwf{af6 5gf]6 ug{'kg]{ 5, %= j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, pTkLl8t,
b}jLk|sf]k kLl8t tyf b'u{d If]qsf JolQmnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljz]if ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] 5, ^= ljb]zdf
/x]sf sfdbf/n] ;DalGwt d'n's x]g]{ g]kfnL s"6gLlts lgof]uaf6 a9Ldf b'O{ k6s >d :jLs[lt lng;Sg] 5,
&= sfdbf/nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg'cl3 Ohfhtkqjfnfn] sfdbf/sf] s/f/ cjlwe/ sfod /xg] u/L
sDtLdf kfFr nfv ?lkofFsf] ladf u/fpg'kg]{ 5, *= j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg'cl3 ljefun] tf]s]cg';f/
cled'vLs/0f tyf cfjZos tflnd lng'kg]{ 5 . .
-s_ cfly{s j[l4sf] cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M Ps jif{df j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbgdf cfpg] j[l4nfO{ cfly{s j[l4 elgG5 . cfly{s j[l4 cfly{s ljsf;sf]
k"j{ zt{ xf] . of] ;d[l4tkm{sf] ofqf xf] . /fi6« ljsl;t ePsf] cj:yfsf] ;'?jft xf] . of] ljsf;sf] ;fwg xf] .
h'g j[l4 df]8ndf cfwfl/t x'G5 . o;df s'g} Ps If]qsf] dfq j[l4 ePsf] x'G5 . To;}n] o;n] cy{tGqsf]
;du|tfnfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sb}g . ToxL eP/ ;a} If]qsf] j[l4 geP klg cfly{s j[l4b/ pRr x'g ;S5 . s'g} If]qsf]
pTkfbgsf] j[l4n] cfosf] ljt/0f t x'G5 t/ cfosf] ;a}df ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f ePsf] x'Fb}g. o;df /f]huf/L
l;h{gf t x'G5, t/ ;a} If]qsf] j[l4 gx'Fbf k"0f{ /f]huf/Lsf] eg] Uof/]G6L x'Fb}g . To;sf/0f cfly{s j[l4 pRr
xFb}df ul/aL Go"gLs/0f gx'g ;S5 .
-v_ cfly{s ljsf; eg]sf] s] xf] < pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M cfly{s ljsf; eGgfn] s'g} klg d'n'ssf] cfy{Jofj:yfdf cfPsf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmof xf] .
cfly{s ljsf; eGgfn] ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿sf] ljsf;sf ;fy;fy} ;fdflhs sNof0f h:t} lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;Grf/,
;/;kmfO{ cfbLdf ePsf] u'0ffTds tyf kl/df0fTds kl/jt{g eGg] a'lemG5 . cy{tGqsf] ;du| ;a} kIfsf] ljsf;
ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ cfly{s ljsf; elgG5 . cfly{s j[l4 pRr, lbuf] / km/flsnf] xF b}hfFbf cfly{s ljsf; x'G5
. ;dfj]zL cfly{s ljsf; clxn]sf] HjnGt ljifo ag]sf] 5 . of] /fi6«sf] d"ne"t nIo xf], ljsf;sf] ;fWo xf]
h'g ljsf; df]8]ndf cfwfl/t 5 . pRr Pj+ lbuf] j[l4 / If]q lj:tf/ o;sf cfwf/ x'g\ . o;n] /fi6«sf] ;du|
;a} kIfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . of] /fi6«sf] ;a} If]qsf] ljsf; ePsf] ;d[l4sf] cj:yf xf] . cfosf] ;dfg'kflts
ljt/0f x'g] / x]/s If]qsf] pTkfbg tyf ljt/0fsf] k"0f{ ljsf; ePsf] cj:yfn] ubf{ o;df+ /f]huf/L l;h{gfsf]
Uof/]G6L eO{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f x'G5 .
-u_ s'g} tLg jif{sf] g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M s'g} tLg jif{sf] g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4b/
o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
cfly{s jif{ j[l4b/ -k|ltztdf_
 @)&#÷&$ *=^
@)&$÷&% &=$
@)&%÷&^ ^=$
-3_ lbuf] ljsf;sf kfFr :tDex? pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M lbuf] ljsf;sf kfFr :tDex? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ != k[YjL @= dfgj #= ;d[l4 $= zflGt %= ;fem]bf/L
-ª_ dfgj ljsf;nfO{ kl/eflift ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;fdfGo cy{df dfgj ljsf; eg]sf] dflg;sf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf; xf] . dflg;nfO{ hGdb]lv d[To';Dd ;kmn
hLjgofkgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ s'/fsf] k|flKt x'g' g} dfgj ljsf; xf] . dflg;nfO{ p;sf] hLjgdf
u'0f:t/Lo lzIff tyf :jf:Yo, ;Eo ;dfh, :jR5 jftfj/0f, ljleGg k|sf/sf clwsf/x¿ kf}li6s vfg]s'/f,
;'ljwfo'Qm af;:yfg, u'0f:t/Lo klx/g, wd{, ;+:s[lt, dgf]/~hg, e|d0f tyf ofqf, zflGt tyf ;'/Iff, :g]x tyf
;Ddfg, :jtGqtf cflb s'/fsf] cfjZostf k5{ . oL ;a} s'/f /fHon] JolQmdf ljt/0f ug]{ geO{ JolQm :jod\
k|fKt ug{ ;Ifd aGg' xf] . To;}n] dfgj ljsf;nfO{ dflg;sf] :jtGqtf / cj;/df j[l4 u/L pgLx¿sf] sNof0fdf
;'wf/ ug]{ k|lqmofsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .
-r_ dfgj ljsf; eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf ;"rsfÍx¿sf] JofVof ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M u'0f:tl/o hLjgsf] nflu x/]s JolQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ub}{ Ifdtfsf] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] cj;/x¿sf]
;[hgf ug]{ sfo{ g} dfgj ljsf; xf] . x/]s ljsf;sf] p2]Zo x/]s JolQmnfO{ bL3{, :j:y / /rgfTds hLjgsf]
cfgGb lng ;Ifd jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{' xf]. ;f/df 5gf}6sf cj;/x? lj:tf/ ug]{ k|s[of g} dfgj ljsf; xf].
dfgj ljsf;sf ;"rsfÍx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ != cf};t cfo'M –cf};t cfo'n] cg'dflgt ¿kdf dflg;sf]
hLljt /xg] k|Tofzf eGg] a'emfp5 . of] d'VotM lzz' d[To'b/df e/ kg]{ x'bf lzz' d[To'b/ sd x'g] b]zsf
dflg;sf] cf};t cfo' a9L x'G5 eg] lzz' d[To'b/ a9L x'g] b]zsf dflg;sf] cf};t cfo' sd x'G5 . kf]if0f /
:jf:Yo ;'ljwf w]/} x'g] 7fpdf lzz' d[To'b/ sd x'g] x'bf cf};t cfo'n] :jf:Yosf af/]df ;'rgf k|bfg u5{ .
@= ;fIf/tfM –cf};t ;fIf/tfn] lzIffsf] ;DaGwdf b]zn] sltsf] pGglt u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f JoQm u5{ . b]zdf
hlt w]/} lzlIft x'G5g\ Tolt g} b]zsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf; ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . cf};t ;fIf/tf b/df k|f}9
;fIf/tf / :s"n egf{ b/nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 t/ To;df pRr lzIff tkm{sf] pknAwLnfO{ eg] ;dfj]z
ul/b}g .
#= k|lt JolQm cfoM –k|lt JolQm cfo Pp6f dxQ\jk"0f{ cfly{s ;"rs xf] . h;n] b]zdf dflg;x¿nfO{ dof{lbt
hLjg:t/df afRgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fwgx? slQsf] k|fKt 5g\ . eGg] s'/fsf] ;"rgf k|fKt x'G5 . k|frLg
cjwf/0ffdf k|ltJolQm cfo jf /fli6«o cfonfO{ g} dfgjLo ljsf;sf] k|d'v ;"rs dflgGYof].
-5_ bLuf] ljsf; egsf] s] xf] < o;sf tLg cfofdx?sf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
pQ/M lbuf] ljsf; eGgfn] To:tf] ljsf;nfO{ a'emfpF5 h;n] efjL k':tfsf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{df cfFr gcfpg]
u/L cfhsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u5{ . jt{dfg k':tfsf gful/sn] cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k|fs[lts /
h}ljs ;|f]tsf] plrt pkof]u ug]{ / efjL k':tfsf nflu ;|f]tx¿sf] pkof]usf ;fy} ltgsf] STEL Jofjxfl/s
;+/If0f ug{'k5{ eGg] lgb]{zg;lxtsf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff g} lbuf] ljsf; xf] . dfgjLo cfjZostf k"/f ug{
pTkfbg, cfk"lt{ / pkef]unfO{ ;Gt'ndf /fv]/ k|fs[lts lgod / o;sf] jf:tljs :j¿knfO{ hLjGt /fVb} ul/g]
ljsf;nfO{ lbuf] ljsf; elgG5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf cfofdx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ != cfly{s ljsf;M –lbuf]
ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ cfofddWo] cfly{s cfofd klg Ps xf], h;df cfly{s ljsf;sf ljljw kIf h:t} s[lif,
hn;|f]t, ko{6g, pBf]u, cf}Bf]lus Joj:yfkg, cfo, ;fdYoh:tf ljifo k5{g\ . k|ltJolQm cfodf j[l4, s"n
/fli6«o pTkfbgdf j[l4, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, pBf]uwGbfx¿sf] ljsf; h:tf ljifox¿ cfly{s ljsf;df kb{5g\ .
@= ;fdflhs ljsf;M –cfd ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿ vf; u/L lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO, ;f+:s[lts ljsf;
/ ;DaWbg , ;LdfGts[t ju{sf] pTyfg, cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] pTyfg , ;';+:s[t :j:y / ;Eo / ;fdflhs
cGt/ ;DaGwsf] ljsf; h:tf ljifox¿ ;fdflhs ljsf;df kb{5g\ .;dfh zf:qLo cjwf/0ffn] cfly{s j[l4
;Fu;Fu} ;fdflhs ljsf; x'g'kg]{ ckl/xfo{ cfjZostfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
#= jftfj/0f ;+/If0fM –k|fs[lts ;fwg;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / pkof]u;DaGwL gLltsf] cfTdf;ft\ ub}{ b]zdf
pknAw k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / jftfj/0f cg's"n lbuf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug]{ / :yfgLo
;d'bfonfO{ k|fyldstf / cu|flwsf/ lbFb} k|fKt k|ltkmnx¿sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug{' g} jftfj/0f ;+/If0f xf] .
sfg'gL ;+/rgfsf ¿kdf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g tyf lgodfjnLx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5Ù h;df hnjfo'
kl/jt{g, h}ljs ljljwtf / l;d;f/;Fu ;DalGwt dxf;lGwx¿nfO{ cgdf]bg u/L jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ul/gkg]{
s/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
-h_ lbuf] ljsf;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] rfn]sf sbdx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M g]kfn
;/sf/n] rf}wf}+ of]hgfb]lv g} lbuf] ljsf;sf nIonfO{ cfGtl/sLs/0f ul//x]sf] 5 . ;f]cg';f/ cfoj[l4,
u'0f:t/Lo dfgj k'FhL lgdf{0f / cfly{s hf]lvdsf] Go"gLs/0f ub}{ lj=;+= @)&( ;Dddf clt sd ljsl;t
b]zaf6 ljsf;zLn b]zdf :t/f]Gglt ug]{ / lj=;= @)*& ;Dddf lbuf] ljsf; nIo xfl;n ub}{ pRr dWod
cfo:t/ ePsf] d'n'sdf :t/f]Gglt x'g] u/L bL3{sfnLg nIo lnOPsf] 5 . ;f] adf]lhd ;d[4 g]kfn, ;'vL
g]kfnLsf] /fli6«o cfsfIff xfl;n x'g] u/L ;‹, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] j:t'ut oyfy{tfnfO{ ;d]6\g @#@ cf]6f ;"rsdf @$& cf]6f ;"rsx¿
yk u/L $&( ;"rsx¿ lgwf{/0fu/]sf] 5 .
lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] hg:jf:Yo, kz':jf:Yo / jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yoljr ;Gt'ng sfod
ug{ :jf:Yo /0fgLlt sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f
kl/of]hgf, pGgt ljpljhg sfo{qmd, rSnfjGbL v]tL sfo{qmd, l;rfO cfof]hgfx¿, s[lif k|of]uzfnf ;]jf
sfo{qmd cflb sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . pBf]u If]qnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu ljz]if cfly{s If]q P]g hf/L
u/L ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 . ;x/L ljsf; sfo{qmdcGtu{t 3/kl/jf/af6 pTkGg x'g]
kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;/sf/n] e"–OlGhlgol/ª tyf e"–jftfj/0fLo sfo{qmd, hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd,
;'/lIft gful/s cfjf; sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 . jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{
p2]Zocg'¿k /fli6«o hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt, @)&^, hnjfo' pTyfgzLn ljsf; of]hgf, sfa{g pT;h{g
Go"gLs/0f sfo{qmd, ;f}o{ phf{ sfo{qmd, ;'wfl/Psf] r'Nxf] sfo{qmd, jfo' k|b'if0fsf af/]df ;j{;fwf/0f gful/snfO{
;"rgf k|jfx ug{ Air Quality Data Display Board sf] :yfkgf u/L sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5 .
-s_ ul/aLsf] cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M ul/aL eg]sf] cfˆgf] cfDbfgLn] cfˆgf b}lgs cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ufF;, af; tyf skf; h:tf ;d:ofx¿
;dfwfg ug{ g;Sg' xf] . csf]{ zAbdf Go"gtd Sofnf]/L pkef]usf nflu cfjZos cfo:t/eGbf sd cfo
x'g'nfO{ ul/aL elgG5 . jf:tjdf ul/aL zAbn] cefjnfO{ hgfpF5 . h'g dflg;;Fu cfly{s cefj x'G5 Tof]
dflg; ul/a xf]. To;}u/L h'g /fi6«;Fu cfly{s cefj x'G5 Tof] /fi6« ul/a xf]. h'g JolQm cfˆgf] hLjg hLljt
/fVgsf nflu lbg/ft ldlxg]t ub{5, lzIff, :jf:Yo, kf}li6s cfxf/sf] sdL 5, cf}ifwL pkrf/ ug{ ;Sb}g, laxfg
vfgf vfPsf] JolQmsf nflu a]n'sf vfg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf x'Fb}g eg] Tof] JolQm ul:t . xf] eg] p;sf] k|j[lQ
ul/aL xf] .
-v_ ;fk]If ul/aL eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/M ;fk]If ul/aL To:tf] cj:yfnfO{ hgfpF5, h;df dflg;x¿;Fu afFRgsf] nflu kof{Kt cfDbfgL t x'G5 t/
cGo ;d'bfo / b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf cfDbfgL / hLjg:t/ Go"g x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf dflg;x¿sf] cfDbfgL
lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfeGbf dfly ePtfklg ;dfh / /fi6«df cGo JolQmsf] cfDbfgL eGbf sd x'G5 . g]kfn
h:tf] ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿df ;fk]If ul/aLeGbf lg/k]If ul/aL ljs/fn ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 / lg/k]If
ul/aLnfO{ sd ug{' b]zsf] r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .
-u_ lg/k]If ul/jLnfO{ kl/eflift ug{'xf];\ <
pQ/M lg/k]If ul/aL eg]sf] To:tf] cj:yf xf], h'g cj:yfdf dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿ k"/f
ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf] cfDbfgLaf6 cfˆgf] / kl/jf/sf] ufF;, af; / skf; ;DaGwL
cfjZostf klg k"/f ug{ ;Sb}gg . lg/k]If ul/aLsf] cj:yfnfO{ dfkg ug{ ljZj a}+sn] ul/aLsf] /]vfsf]
cjwf/0ff cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . To; cg';f/, olb Ps JolQm k|lt lbg !=( cd]l/sL 8n/ sdfpg c;dy{ 5 eg]
pm lg/k]If ul/aL cGtu{t kb{5 . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] kl5Nnf] cg'dfg cg';f/, cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& df
g]kfnsf] !^=^& k|ltzt hg;Î\of lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg afFRg afWo 5 .
-3_ ul/aLsf] rqmnfO{nfO{ JofVof ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ul/aLsf] rqmn] Pp6f JolQm jf /fi6« ul/a ePsf sf/0fn] g} k'gM ul/aLdf k'U5 eGg] s'/f b]vfp5 . o;}
;Gbe{df cy{zf:qL Ragner Nurkus dGb5G– æPp6f b]z ul/a ePsfn] ul/a x'G5 . ul/aL Pp6f o:tf]
tQ\j xf] h;n] lg/Gt/ ul/aLleq g} kl/qmdf ul//xG5 . Pp6f /f]6]lkªsf] lksf{ h'g :yfgaf6 3'dfpg ;'? u/]
klg To;n] cfˆgf] rqm k"/f ubf{ k'gM ToxL 7fpFdf cfOk'Ub5 . ul/aLsf] rqm klg cefjaf6 ;'? eO{ cefjdf
g} cfP/ 6'luG5 . g]kfndf cfly{s ljsf;sf] cj/f]wsf ¿kdf o; rqmnfO{ lng] ul/G5 . o;nfO{ dfu / k"lt{
kIfaf6 JofVof ul/G5 .
-ª_ g]kfnsf nflu ul/aL rqmsf] ;Daf]wgsf pkfox¿sf] JofVof ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ul/aL g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] k|d'v ;d:of xf] . g]kfnn] gjf}+ of]hgfb]lv nuftf/ jt{dfg of]hgf;Dd klg
ul/aL lgjf/0fnfO{ k|d'v p2]Zodf /fv]sf] 5 t/ klg !*=& k|ltzt dflg; ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfndf ul/aLsf] rqm alnof] u/L a;]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ tf]8\gsf nflu lgDglnlvt pkfo cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5M
!= nufgLdf j[l4M –of] Pp6f ;zQm dfWod xf] . g]kfndf nufgLdf j[l4 ug{ cfodf / artdf sdL 5 . o:tf]
sdLnfO{ k"/f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg :j¿ksf cfGtl/s tyf afXo C0f ;xof]u,
cg'bfg cflb lng ;S5 . kmn:j¿k, nufgLdf j[l4 x'G5 / g]kfndf /x]sf] ul/aLsf] rqm tf]8\g ;lsG5 .
@= k|fs[lts ;fwgsf] pkof]uM –b]zdf k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿sf] pRr kl/rfngaf6 /f]huf/Ldf j[l4x'G5 .
cfocfh{gdf j[l4 ub}{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿sf] pkof]uåf/f pBf]u, k"jf{wf/ tyf
s[lif If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . oL If]qsf] ljsf;af6 b]zdf /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf x'G5 . /f]huf/Ldf j[l4 ubf{
gful/sx¿sf] cfodf j[l4 x'G5 . kmn:j¿k b]zdf /x]sf] pRr ul/aLnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
#= nlIft ;d"x sfo{qmdM –b]zdf ljleGg If]qx¿df 5l/P/ /x]sf jf a;f]jf; u/]sf cfd g]kfnL gful/sdWo]
jf:tljs ul/a g]kfnLx¿sf] klxrfg ul/ tL ul/a g]kfnLx¿sf] cfDbfgLdf j[l4 ug]{ vfnsf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿
;/sf/L tyf cGo ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 ;~rfng ul/g'k5{ . o;/L nlIft . ;d"xsf nflu agfOPsf
sfo{qmdx¿af6 c¿ dWod tyf pRr ju{sf dflg;x¿n] s'g} k|sf/sf] kmfObf p7fpg g;s'g egL ;ts{tf
ckgfpg' kb{5 .
$= hg;xeflutfdf j[l4M –;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] ul/jL lgjf/0f;DaGwL ljleGg
sfo{qmdx¿df :yfgLo ul/j ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿nfO{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng k|lqmofdf ;xefuL agfpg'kb{5 .
o;f]ubf{ pgLx¿n] tL sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;xh ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug]{ tyf ;xof]u ug]{ ub{5g\ . kmn:j¿k tL ul/aL
lgjf/0f jf Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{qmdx¿ / tL sfo{qmdx¿af6 k|fKt pknlAw lbuf] aGg] ub{5g\ .
%=/f]huf/Ldf a'l4M –ul/atyf a]/f]huf/ dflg;x¿n] pRr lzIff tyf l;k xf…l;n gu/]sf sf/0f Go"g cfDbfgL
x'G5 . tL JolQmx¿nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;s]sf] v08df pgLx¿sf] cfDbfgLdf j[l4 x'G5 / g]kfndf
ul/aL Go"g ug{ ;lsG5 .
^= s[lifdf cfw'lgsLs/0fM –g]kfndf w]/} dflg; s[lif k];fdf nfu]sf 5g\ . olb s[lif If]qnfO{ Jofj;flosd'vL,
cfw'lgs tyf s[lifdf pTkfbsTj pRr ug]{ xf] eg] s[lif k];fdf nfu]sf ls;fgx¿sf] cfDbfgLdf j[l4 x'G5 /
g]kfnsf] ul/aL Go"g ug{ ;lsG5 . s[lif pTkfbgdf nfu]sf dflg;x¿nfO{ tflnd lbg] cfw'lgs ljlw tyf
cf}hf/x¿sf] k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, plrt d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{, larf}lnofsf] zf]if0fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ cflb sfo{
ubf{ ls;fgx¿sf] cfDbfgLdf j[l4 x'G5 / u|fdL0f ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
&= lzIff tyf tflndsf] Joj:yfM –u|fdL0f If]qdf /x]sf ls;fgx¿nfO{ s[lif;DaGwL lzIff tyf tflnd k|bfg ug]{
tyf ;x/L / cw{;x/L If]qsf a]/f]huf/ JolQmnfO{ /f]huf/d"ns lzIff tyf tflndsf] Joj:yf u/L /f]huf/Ldf
j[l4 ug{ ;s]sf] v08df ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
-r_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ul/aL lgjf/0f gLlt @)&^ n] g]kfnsf] ul/aL s'g–s'g cfwf/df kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 <
tL cfwf/x? pNn]v ub}{ JofVof ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ul/aL lgjf/0f gLlt @)&^ n] g]kfnsf] ul/aL lgDg cfwf/df kl/eflift u/]sf] 5M !=
pkef]uM –cf=j @)^^÷^& sf] d"Nodf jflif{s ? !(,@^! eGbf sd pkef]u ug]{ cj:yf,
@= cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{M –cfwf/e"t tyf dof{lbt hLjgofkgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;]jf ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt
x'g'kg]{ cj:yf,
#= ;IfdtfM –;a} k|sf/sf ul/aL / d'vaf6 d'Qm eO{ cfTd;Ddfg tyf cfTdlgb]{lzt hLjgofkg ug]{ ;Ifdtfsf]
sdL,
$= u'0f:t/Lo hLjgM –dfgjf]lrt Go"gtd hLjgofkfgsf nflu cfjZos ;fwg cj:yf / ;'ljwfsf] sdL,
%= c;dfgtf / lje]bM –;a} k|sf/sf lje]bsf] cj:yfdf hLjg lhpg afWo x'g] l:ylt,
^= dfgj clwsf/M –cfwf/e"t xs clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] pkef]u u/L hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] g};lu{stfdf
cj/f]w .
PsfO !!M lzIff / ;fdflhs ljsf;
lzIff / dfgj ;+;fwfg ljsf;
-s_ dfgj ;+;fwg eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/M s'g} klg sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fdfGo tyf k|fljlws hgzlQm g} dfgj ;+;fwg xf] .
o;df ;fdfGo sfdbf/b]lv pRr tyf bIf k|fljlws;Ddsf hgzlQm kb{5g\ . b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts / j}1flgs pGgltsf nflu dfgj ;+;fwgsf] cfjZostf k5{ . ls;fg, Jofkf/L, 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/,
jlsn, kfOn6, lzIfs, sd{rf/L, gd{, k|zf;s, 8sdL{, l;sdL{ cflb dfgj ;+;fwgsf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ .
-v_ lzIff / dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;larsf] Ps km/s n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M lzIffn] JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs tyf ;+j]ufTds ¿kdf ;kmn hLjg afRgsf nflu
cfjZos ;fdfGo tyf ljlzi6 1fg, l;k / Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpF5 eg] dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;n] JolQmnfO{ Pp6f
lglZrt If]qsf] ljlzi6 1fg, l;k / Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpF5 .
-u_ sfo{ut tflndsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
pQ/M sfo{ut tflnd eGgfn] Pp6f bIf / cg'ejL sfdbf/ / csf]{ gofF jf l;sf? sfdbf/ljrsf] cf}krfl/s
jf cgf}krfl/s ;DaGw a'lemG5 . o:tf] ;DaGwdf l;sf?n] bIf / cg'ejL sfdbf/af6 ;+:yfut ;+:s[lt tyf
cfjZos 1fg tyf l;k sfd ubf{ub}{ l;Sg] ub{5, h:t}M k/Dk/fut k];f -h:t} d"lt{snf_ c+ufn]sf kl/jf/df
cu|hx¿af6 gofF ;b:on] pQm k];fsf l;kx¿ l;Sg', Jofkfl/sf kl/jf/sf gofF k':tfn] k'/fgf] k':tfaf6
Jofkf/sf 1fg l;Sg', ;xrfnsn] rfns;Fu l;Sb} cfkm" klg rfns aGg' cflb .
-3_ dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf tl/sfx¿ n]vL s'g} b'O{sf] JofVof ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf tl/sfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ != lzIff, @= tflnd÷k|lzIf0f, #= sf]lrª, $=
sfo{ut tflnd, %= :jfWofog .
tflnd÷k|lzIf0fM –k|lzIf0f s]G› tyf To:t} k|sf/sf lzIffnox¿n] ljz]if l;k ljsf; ug]{ tflnd k|bfg ub{5g\,
h:t}M s's tflnd, l;sdL{ tflnd, e]6]l/g/L tflnd, lzIfs tflnd cflb . o:tf tflndx¿ k"j{;]jfsfnLg /
;]jfsfnLg b'j} k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . To:t} tflndx¿ cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s b'j} k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . s'g} Ps
If]qdf ljz]if bIftf ePsf dfgj ;+;fwg tof/ ug{ tflnd k|lzIf0f k|bfg ul/G5 . tflndx¿ 5f]6f] cjlw /
nfdf] cjlwsf x'G5g\ .
:jfWofogM –sfdbf/x¿ cfkm} klg cfˆgf] k];fdf cfjZos 1fg, l;k / Ifdtf ljsf; ub{5g\ . To;sf nflu
cfkm"n] sfd ubf{ub}{ cfˆg} cg'ejaf6 l;Sg], cfˆgf] k];fsf nflu cfjZos 1fg / l;ksf nflu k':ts, cl8of],
lel8of] OG6/g]6 cflbaf6 cWoog u/]/ l;Sg] jf cfkm}n] km';{bsf] ;dodf cf}krfl/s lzIff k|fKt cflb ug{
;lsG5 .
-ª_ dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;df lzIffsf] e"ldsf zLif{sdf Ps 5f]6f] n]v tof/ ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;df lzIffsf] e"ldsf k|sflzt ldlt M sflt{s #, @)&* a'waf/ k|sfz l;+x
s'g} klg b]zsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t eg]sf] To; b]zsf hgtf g} x'g\ . t/ ltgLx? ;xh, ;lqmo / ;'ema'emk"0f{ 9+un]
sfd ug{ lzlIft ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . lzIffn] To:tf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; ub{5 h;n] 1fg / ;Lksf] dfWodaf6
cfˆgf] nufot, kl/jf/ ;dfh / /fi6«sf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sb5g\ . oltdfq geO{ 1fg / ;Lko'Qm hgzlQmn] b]zsf]
;|f]t kl/rfng ug{ of]ubfg k'ofpg ;Sb5g\ . ;|f]tsf] plrt k|of]uaf6 b]zn] cfly{s pknlAw xfl;n ug{
;Sb5 . To;}n] dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;df lzIffsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 .
/fi6«sf] cfjZostfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L ljleGg ;Lkd"ns, /f]huf/d"ns Pjd\ Jofjxfl/s lzIff k|0ffnLsf] klg
ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;}4flGts lzIffsf] ;fy} Jofjxfl/s lzIff dfly hf]8 lbg yflnPsf]
5 . Jofj;flos lzIff -business studies_ n] Jofj;flos dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; ug{ d2t k'/Þ\ofpFb5
eg] k|fljlws lzIff -technological education_ n] k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] sdLnfO{ k'/f ub{5 . o;y{
;dfh / /fi6«sf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ bIf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . o; bIf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] lgdf{0f
lzIffåf/fg} ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lzIff gLlt, @)&^ n] b]znfO{ cfd"n kl/jt{g, k|lt:kwL{, l;ko'Qm / k|fljlws dfgj ;+;fwgsf]
pTkfbg ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] 5 . o; gLltn] b]zsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug{ k|lt:kwL{, k|ljlwd}qL, /f]huf/d"ns,
pTkfbgd"ns lzIff dfly hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . “;a}sfnflu k|fljlws lzIffæ o; gLltsf] k|d'v ljz]iftf /x]sf] 5
.
-r_ lzIff / dfgj ;+;fwgljrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M lzIff / dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; b'j}n] JolQmnfO{ 1fg / l;k k|bfg u/L p;sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ub{5g\ .
o;/L ;fdfGo ¿kdf x]bf+ oL b'j} p:t} nfU5g\ . t/ lzIffn] JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs tyf
;+j]ufTds ¿kdf ;kmn hLjg afRgsf nflu cfjZos ;fdfGo tyf ljlzi6 1fg, l;k / Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpF5
eg] dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;n] JolQmnfO{ Pp6f lglZrt If]qsf] ljlzi6 1fg, l;k / Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpF5 . t;j{
lzIff / dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;nfO{ Pscsf{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ u/L ;+u;+u} cufl8 a9fpg ;s] b'j} k|0ffnLx¿nfO{
cem k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 .
s'g} klg b]z ljsf;sf nflu kof{Kt bIf hgzlQm pknAw x'g'kb{5 . To:tf hgzlQm ljsf; ug{ /fHon] dfgj
;+;fwg ljsf; of]hgf agfPsf] x'G5 . o:tf of]hgfdf >d ahf/df dfu ePsf hgzlQmsf k|sf/ / kl/df0fsf
cfwf/df s'g s'g hgzlQm slt slt kl/df0fdf pTkfbg ug]{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . ToxL of]hgfsf cfwf/df
lzIff If]qn] hgzlQm pTkfbg ub{5 . o;sf nflu ;fwf/0f lzIff / k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff b'j}n] sfo{
ub{5g\ .
g]kfndf /fHon] pko'Qm dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g. To;sf/0fn] lzIff If]qn] ;fwf/0f
lzIffnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf 5 . ;fwf/0f lzIffn] 1fg ePsf t/ ljz]if l;k gePsf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{
ePsfn] To:tf w]/} hgzlQm a]/f]huf/ x'G5g\ . oL JolQmx¿dWo] w]/} t j}b]lzs /f]huf/df cbIf hgzlQm ¿kdf
sfd ug{ hfG5g\ . o;/L Psflt/ g]kfnsf hgzlQm a]/f]huf/ 5g\ eg] csf]{lt/ ljleGg k|fljlws If]qdf g]kfndf
hgzlQm cefj eP/ cGo b]zaf6 sfdbf/ Nofpg'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ xfn g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|fljlws
tyf Jofj;flos lzIffnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 .
lzIff klg Pp6f >dahf/ l;h{gf ug]{ Pp6f dfWod xf]. o; If]qdf klg w]/} JolQmx¿ sfd ub{5g\ . logLx¿nfO{
klg k];fdf k|j]z u/]kl5 k];fut Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpg' kb{5 . To;sf nflu ljleGg tflnd, uf]i7L,
;]ldgf/nufotsf dfgj ljsf;sf cj;/x¿ k|bfg ul/G5 .
lzIffdf kx'Fr / ;dfj]lztf
-s_ lzIffdf kx'Fr eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
pQ/M lzIffdf kx'Fr eGgfn] gful/sn] lzIff k|bfos ;‹;+:yfn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;]jf lng ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{
a'emfpFb5 . lzIffdf kx'Fr eg]sf] ÚlnË, ;fdflhs ju{, hftLo k[i7e"ld, ckfËtf cflbsf cfwf/df s'g} e]befj
lagf ;a}n] lzIff lng ;Sg] Ifdtf / cj;/ k|fKt ug{' xf] . s'g}klg ;d"x jf If]qsf hgtfnfO{ cfˆgf] ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts, cfly{s tyf ef}uf]lns cj:yfn] lzIffsf] kx'Fr lgwf{/0f ub{5 .
-v_ ;dfgtf / ;dtflarsf] Pp6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M k|To]s AolQm jf dflg;x?sf] ;d"xnfO{ p:t} ;|f]t jf cj;/ k|bfg ug{'nfO{ ;dfgtf elgG5 eg] k|To]s
AolQm jf dflg;x?nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ ;|f]t jf cj;/ k|bfg ug{'nfO{ ;dtf elgG5 .
-u_ lzIffdf ;dfj]lztfsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
pQ/M lzIffdf ;dfj]lztf eg]sf] l;sfO, ;+:s[lt / ;d'bfodf ;xeflutf j[l4 u/L afnaflnsf, o'jf /
jo:sx¿sf ljljwtfo'Qm cfjZostfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ tyf lzIffdf ePsf] alxis/0fnfO{ 36fpg] / lgd{"n
kfg]{ k|lqmof xf] . ;dfj]zL lzIff ;a} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljBfno k7fpg tyf pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos l;kx¿
l;sfpg / ljsf; u/fpg ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L pkfo dflgPsf] 5 . ;dfj]zL lzIffn] lzIffdf ;xeflutf x'g /
z}lIfs pknlAw xfl;n ug{af6 al~rt u/fpg] afwfx¿nfO{ ;Lldt kfg{, ljljw Ifdtf, cfjZostf /
ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ tyf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befjx¿ lgd{"n kfg{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
-3_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] df}lns xs cGtu{t cfwf/e"t tyf dfWolds lzIffsf nflu s:tf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5
< pQ/M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] df}lns xs cGtu{t cfwf/e"t tyf dfWolds lzIffsf nflu lgDg cg';f/sf
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5M –cfwf/e"t tx;Dd lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf, –dfWolds tx;Dd lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Joj:yf,
–sIff !@ ;Dd lgMz'Ns kf7\ok':tssf] Joj:yf, –dlxnf, blnt, ;LdfGs[t, åGbkLl8t cflb ;d"xsf
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf, –a|]n kf7\ok':ts 5kfO / lgMz'Ns ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf, –ljBfno
ejgnufotsf ef}lts ;+/rgfnfO{ ckfËd}qL agfpg] Joj:yf, –ljBfnodf 5'§} zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf, –ljleGg
k|sf/sf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu ljz]if ;|f]t sIffx¿sf] Joj:yf, –ckfËd}qL d"NofÍg k4ltsf] Joj:yf
.
-ª_ lzIffdf kx'Fr x'gaf6 /f]Sg] afwfx¿dWo] s'g} kfFrcf]6fsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
pQ/M lzIffdf kx'Fr x'gaf6 /f]Sg] afwfx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ != ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts cj/f]w -Socio–
cultural Barrier_ M –cem} klg g]kfnL ;dfhdf dlxnfnfO{ e]befj ug]{ lsl;dsf ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts d"No
dfGotfx? sfod} 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu 5f]/Lr]nLsf] ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx, 5f]/f df]x -Preference to
son_ cflb n}lËs cfwf/df x'g] ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts lje]b x'g\ . To;}u/L hftk|yf csf]{ cj/f]w dflgG5 .
hftk|yf / o;;Fu ;DalGwt e]befjsf sf/0f blnt afnaflnsfx? zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s lx;fan] lzIff
lngaf6 alGrt x'G5g\ . To;}u/L efiffsf] ;d:of klg lzIffsf] kx'Fraf6 cnu ug]{ csf]{ ;f+:s[lts tTj dflgG5
. ljz]if u/L hghflt ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{x? efiffut ;d:ofs} sf/0f ljBfno hfg rfxb}gg\ .
@= cfly{s cj/f]w -Economic Barrier) M –g]kfndf lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt cj/f]w cfly{s kIf klg xf] . ul/a
kl/jf/n] cfˆgf ;GtfgnfO{ lzIff h:tf] ;'ljwfaf6 alGrt ug{'k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . cfly{s sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f 5f]/f
eGbf 5f]/L cem a9L df/df k/]sf] kfOG5 . ;fdfGotof 3/fo;L = sfdsfh u/L cleefjsnfO{ cGo cfDbfgLsf]
sfd ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ 5f]/L g} x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
#= cj/f]wsf] ?kdf sdhf]/ k"jf{wf/ (Poor Infrastructure) M –ljBfnodf ljBfyL{x?sf nflu oy]i6
k"jf{wf/sf] cefj klg lzIffsf] cj/f]w dfGg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu sltko ljBfnox?df dlxnf d}qL
zf}rfno gx'g', :jR5 vfg]kfgLsf] cefj, bIf lzIfssf] cefj, sdhf]/ ljBfno Joj:yfkg, sd c;n lzIff,
ljBfno / af;:yfgsf] b'/L clws x'g' cflbsf sf/0fn] ljBfyL{x? ljBfno pkl:ylt x'b}gg\ .
$= dfgl;s, zf/Ll/s tyf cGo :jf:Yo ;DaGwL cj/f]w -Mental, Physical and Other Health
Related Barrier_M –g]kfndf ckfËtfnfO{ k"j{ h'gLsf] kfksf] k|ltkmn dfGo ;fdflhs ljZjf; 5 . ckfË
JolQmnfO{ ;dfhn] x]nf ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ckfË JolQmx?n] ;dfhdf cfˆgf] cfTd;Ddfg hf]ufP/ afFRg sl7g
5 . sltko cj:yfdf cfw'lgs :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] kx'Frsf] sdLsf sf/0fn] klg pRr dft[ / lzz' d[To'b/ /x]sf]
kfOG5 . ljljw sf/0fx?sf] kmn:j?k ckfË Pjd\ dlxnfx? lzIff h:tf] ;]jfaf6 alGrt x'g' k/]sf] cj:yf
;j{ljlbt} 5 .
%= k|fljlws afwfx¿M –ljB't\, sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6 h:tf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf kx'Fr gx'g' .
-r_ km/s Ifdtf tyf cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 5'§} sIffdf /fVg] ljlw / pgLx¿nfO{ klg ;fdfGo
afnaflnsfx¿;+u} /fv]/ lzIf0f ug]{ tl/sf, ;dfj]lztflar km/s 5'6\ ofpg'xf];\ .
pQ/M km/s Ifdtf tyf cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 5'§} sIffdf /fVg] ljlwnfO{ 5'6\ofpg] ljlw elgG5
. o; ljlwdf ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu 5'§} ljBfno jf 5'§} sIffsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5,
h:t}M alx/f ljBfno, dlxnf ljBfno, sGof ljBfno cflb . To:t} s]xL ljBfnodf Ps k|sf/sf] ckfËtf ePsf
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Pp6f 5'§} sIffdf /fvL pgLx¿sf] ljz]if Ifdtf / cfjZostfcg';f/ lzIf0f ug]{ ljz]if ;|f]t
sIffx¿ ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . o; ljlwn] kx'Fr j[l4df s]xL ;xof]u k'ofPsf] eP tfklg ljz]if cfjZostf
ePsf ;a} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]sf] 5}g .
km/s Ifdtf tyf cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ klg ;fdfGo afnaflnsfx¿;+u} /fv]/ lzIf0f ug]{
ljlwnfO{ ;dfj]zL ljlw elgG5 . o; ljlwdf ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ klg ;fdfGo
afnjflnsfx¿;Fu} /fv]/ lzIf0f ul/G5 . t/ pgLx¿nfO{ yk tyf ljz]if ;xof]u pknAw u/fOG5, h:t}
b[li6ljxLg ljBfyL{sf nflu a|]n kf7\ok':ts, a|]nlnlkdf k/LIff lbg kfpg] Joj:yf tyf a|]nlnlk hfGg] ;xof]uL
lzIfs pknAw u/fOPsf] x'G5 eg] ;':t>j0f tyf alx/f ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu ;fdfGo sIffdf lzIf0f ug{'sf
cltl/Qm ;fÍ]lts efiff l;sfpg] / a'emfpg] lzIfssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . To:t} Go"g b[li6 ePsf
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ sIffsf] cluNnf] :yfgdf a:g] Joj:yf ul/G5 . 5fqfx¿, ckfËtf ePsf, lk5l8Psf] ;d"xsf
åGåkLl8t cflb ;d"xsf ljBfyL{sf nflu ;/sf/L tj/af6 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .
-5_ lzIffdf kx'Fr j[l4 ug{ /fHoaf6 cjnDag ul/Psf pkfox¿sf] ;dLIff ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M ;dfj]zL lzIff
g]kfndf ;g\ @))) df ;a}sf nflu lzIff -Education for All_ sfo{qmd;+u} lelqPsf] xf] . ;g\ @)!! b]lv
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf clwsf/ tyf z}lIfs cj;/sf nflu ljBfno ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{
ul//x]sf] 5 . ;dfj]zL lzIff ;DaGwdf g]kfnn] ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw / ;dembf/Ldf x:tfIf/ ug{'sf
;fy} /fli6«o :t/df klg sfg'gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #! -lzIff;DaGwL xs_ df k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 cfwf/e"t tx;Ddsf] lzIff
clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns tyf dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns kfpg] xs k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ToxL wf/fdf
b[li6ljxLg gful/snfO{ a|]nlnlk tyf :j/ jf af]nfO;DaGwL ckfËtf ePsf gful/snfO{ ;fÍ]lts efiffsf
dfWodaf6 lzIff kfpg] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] kxndf g]kfndf lzIffsf] kx'Fr tyf ;xeflutf a9fpg] p2]Zon] ljleGg
k|of;x¿ ePsf] kfOG5 . h;nfO{ o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M
!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #! n] lzIffsf] k|fjwfg u/]sf] 5 . To; k|fjwfgn] cfwf/e"t lzIff dflysf] clwsf/,
cfwf/e"t txsf] lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ lzIff, dfWolds tx ;Ddsf] lgMz'Ns lzIff, ckfË tyf cfly{s ?kn]
ljkGg JolQmnfO{ pRr lzIffsf] lgMz'Ns kx'Fr, dft[ efiffdf lzIff ljBfno tyf cGo z}lIfs ;+:yfx? vf]Ng
kfpg] h:tf clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf u/]sf] 5 .
@= g]kfn ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf lzIff ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx?sf] plrt sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n]
/fli6«o lzIff gLlt, @)&^ th{'df u/]sf] 5 .
#= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹sf] ztfAbL ljsf; nIo -Millenium development goal_ cGtu{t ljZjJofkL
k|fylds lzIffnfO{ cf7f}F nIosf] ?kdf lnPsf] lyof] .
-h_ lzIffdf ;dfj]lztfn] NofPsf ;s/fTds kl/jt{gx¿sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;dfj]zL lzIff ;a} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljBfno k7fpg tyf pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos l;kx¿ l;sfpg /
ljsf; u/fpg ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L pkfo dflgPsf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] lzIff k|0ffnLn] km/s km/s k[i7e"ld /
Ifdtfsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] of]ubfgnfO{ sb/ ub}{ ljljwtf ePsf ;d"xnfO{ ;+u;+u} x'sg dbt ub{5 . o;/L
;a} k|sf/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ Pp6} sIffdf /fv]/ lzIf0f ubf{ km/s Ifdtf / cfjZostf ePsf tyf ;fdfGo
afnaflnsf b'j} y/LnfO{ kmfObf k'U5 .
;dfj]zL lzIffn] lzIffdf ;xeflutf x'g / z}lIfs pknlAw xfl;n ug{af6 al~rt u/fpg] afwfx¿nfO{ ;Lldt
kfg{, ljljw Ifdtf, cfjZostf / ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ tyf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befjx¿ lgd{"n kfg{ ;xof]u
ub{5 . To;}n] kl5 kfl/Psf / ;LdfGts[t ;d"xnfO{ lzIffsf] d"nwf/df Nofpg / pgLx¿nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff
k|bfg ug{ ;dfj]zL gLlt / sfo{qmdx¿ ljsf; / sfof{Gjog ug{'kb{5 .
lzIffdf ;dfj]lztfn] ljBfnonfO{ ;'wf/ u/L k|To]s afnaflnsfn] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|fKt ug]{ ;'lglZrt ub{ 5
. afwfx¿ klxrfg ug]{ / x6fpg] sfo{ slxNo} cGTo gx'g] k|lqmof xf] . o;n] ljBfyL{sf, ljz]if u/]/ alxis/0fdf
k/]sf, ;LdfGts[t jf Go"g pknlAwsf] vt/f ePsf ljBfyL{sf] ljBfnodf pkl:ylt, ;xeflutf / z}lIfs
pknlAw j[l4 ug]{ p2]Zo /fV5 .
!!=# lzIffn] ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts ljsf;df Nofpg] kl/jt{g / k|efj
-s_ ;fdflhs ljsf; eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
pQ/M ;dfhsf] ;kmntf o;sf ;b:ox¿sf] ;kmntf;Fu hf]l8g] ePsfn] ;dfhsf k|To]s JolQmn] cfˆgf]
Ifdtfsf] pRrtd tx;Dd k'Ug ;Sg] u/L pgLx¿sf] ;'ljwfdf ;'wf/ ug{' g} ;fdflhs ljsf; xf]. JolQmn]
cfTdljZjf; / cfTd;Ddfgsf ;fy cfˆgf] ;kgftkm{sf] ofqf ug{af6 /f]Sg] ;a} afwfx¿ x6fpg'kb{5, h:t}M
ul/aLdf afFlr/x]sf dflg;x¿nfO{ o;af6 d'Qm u/L ;d[l4tkm{ n}hfg' ;fdflhs ljsf; xf]. ;fdflhs ljsf;n]
dflg;x¿nfO{ b'Mv kL8f, c;xhtf, afwf aGwg, ;Lldttf, cGofo, c1fgtf, c;Ifdtf cflbaf6 d'lQm lbnfO{
;xh, ;'vL / v';L hLjg ofkg u/fpg] nIo /fV5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdn] lzIff, :jf:Yo /
cfDbfgLnfO{ dfgj ljsf;sf tLg If]q dfg]sf] 5 . To;dWo] lzIff / :jf:YonfO{ rflx ;fdflhs ljsf;sf
kIfx¿ dflgPsf] 5 .
-v_ lzIffn] b]zsf] cy{tGqnfO{ s;/L ;an agfpF5 <
pQ/M JolQm JolQmsf] ljsf;sf] ;du| ?k g} /fli6«o ljsf; xf] . lzIffn] JolQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; / cfly{s
ljsf;;d]t ug]{ ePsfn] o;n] /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ ;an agfpg ;xof]u ub{ 5 .
-u_ lzIffn] ;dflhs ljsf;df k'of{pg ;Sg] s'g} kfFr of]ubfgx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ . pQ/M dfgj ljsf;
ug{sf nflu ;fdflhs ljsf; cfjZos 5 . lzIff / :jf:YonfO{ ;fdflhs ljsf;sf d'Vo tQ\ jx¿ dflgG5 .
lzIffn] dflg;x¿nfO{ 1fg, l;k / k|ljlw l;sfpg'sf ;fy} p;sf] afgL Jojxf/df klg ;'wf/ Nofpg dbt
ub{5 . To;sf/0f ;fdflhs ljsf;df lzIffsf] e"ldsf dxQ\jk"0f{ x'g] s'/f ;j{dfGo 5 . lzIffn] ;dflhs
ljsf;df k'of{pg ;Sg] of]ubfgx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\
!= k|hftflGqs d"No / dfGotfsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ k|jb{\wg -Preserve and Promote Democratic Norms
and Values_,
@= lj1fg / k|ljlw pGd'v ;dfhsf] ljsf; -Development of Science and Technology
Oriented Society_,
#= ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf ;dfof]hg -Adjusting with Social Change_,
$= kl/jt{g rfxg] ;f]rsf] ljsf; -Havinga Desire for Change_,
%= cfly{s ;DkGgtf / ;fdflhs ;dfgtf - Economic Prosperity and Social Equality_ |
-3_ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; / k|jw{gdf lzIffsf] s:tf] e"ldsf x'G5< JofVof ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M lzIffn] k'/fgf ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf dfWodaf6 lg/Gt/tf lbG5 eg] gof 1fg / cg'ejsf
cfwf/df k'/fgf ;+:s[ltnfO{ kl/dfh{g tyf gofF ;+:s[ltsf] l;h{gf klg ub{5 . ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; / k|jw{gdf
lzIffsf] e"ldsf o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M
!= ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0fM –cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffn] ;dfhdf ePsf k/Dk/f, /Lltl/jfh, d"No dfGotf,
snf, g}ltstf cflbnfO{ l;sf?sf] dl:tisdf /flvlbg] sfo{ ub{5 . o;/L lzIffn] ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs ;Dkbfsf]
;+/If0f ug{ dbt ub{5 .
@= ;+:s[ltsf] k|;f/0fM –xfdL ;+:s[lt ljgfsf] ;dfh xfdL sNkgf klg ug{ ;Sb}gf}+. Ps k':tfaf6 csf]{ k':tfdf
;+:s[ltsf] x:tfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{ lzIffaf6 dfq ;Dej x'G5 . o;/L ;+:s[ltsf] x:tfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{ lzIffn] k"/f
ub{5 .
#= ;+:s[ltsf] k|jw{gM –lzIffn] ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / k|;f/0f ug{sf ;fy} kl/jlt{t kl/l:yltcg';f/ ;+:s[ltdf
kl/jt{g / ;'wf/ klg NofpF5 . k'/fgf c;fGble{s ;f+:s[lts d"No dfGotfx¿nfO{ lj:yflkt ug]{ jf ;'wf/ ug]{
sfo{ lzIffn] g} ub{5 .
$= kl/jlt{t ;+:s[ltdf ;dfof]hgM –;dfh kl/jt{gzLn ePsfn] ;dfhsf] ;+:s[lt klg kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . t/
;fdfGotof dflg;x¿ kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ tof/ x'Fb}gg\ . lzIffn] dflg;nfO{ o:tf ;f:s[lts
kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L cfkm"nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{ l;sfpF5 .
%= ;f+:s[lts cGt/3'ngM –oftfoft tyf ;~rf/sf] ljsf;n] ubf{ clxn] ljZj Pp6f ;fgf] ufp ag]sf] 5 .
ljZjsf] Ps s'gfdf ePsf] ;+:s[lt csf]{ s'gf;Dd lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] 5 . To:t} Pp6} :yfgdf klg ljleGg
;+:s[ltx¿ k|rngdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . lzIffn] o:tf ljleGg ;+:s[ltx¿lar cGt/3'ng u/fpg ;xof]u ub{5 .
-ª_ Ú;f+:s[lts k5f}6]kg x6fpg lzIffsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5Ú o; egfOnfO{ cfˆgf] ts{;lxt k'li6 ug{'xf];\
. pQ/M ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljsf; Pjd\ kl/jt{gdf lzIffsf] 7'nf] e"ldsf x'G5 . lzIffn] JolQmnfO{
ljifoj:t'sf] ;}4flGts 1fg k|bfg ug]{ dfq geO{ ;Lksf] ljsf;, c;n ;fFr / OR5f zlQm Pjd\ dfgljo d"No
/ dfGotfsf] ;d]t ljsf; ub{5 . To;}n] lzIffn] ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljsf; Pjd\ k|ultsf nflu k|d'v
;fwgsf] ?kdf sfd ub{5 . lzIffn] dflg;sf] ljleb ;f+:s[lts kIfx? h:t} ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts d"No dfGotf,
ef}lts ;+:s[lt, ljrf/, kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw, /fhgLlts ;+:sf/, k|zf;lgs tf}/tl/sf Pjd\ Jojxf/df kl/jt{g
NofOlbG5 . To;}n] lzIffnfO{ ;f+:s[lts ljsf; / kl/jt{gsf] jfxs -Vehicle for change_ klg elgG5 .
To;}u/L JolQmsf] z}lIfsf of]Uotf cg';f/ p;sf] :jf:Yo l:ylt, cfDbfgL / ;fdflhs k|lti7f h:tf ;fdflhs
ljsf; Pjd\ kl/jt{g klg ub{5 . To;}n] lzIffnfO{ ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljsf; Pjd\ k|ultlt/ pGd'v x'g]
lsl;dsf] agfpg' kb{5 . lzIffn] ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts ljsf;df v]Ng] e"ldsf, k|efj tyf of]ubfgnfO{
o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
ctM lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] dflg;x¿sf] ef}lts ;+:s[ltsf] l56} ljsf; x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ dflg;x¿n]
cfw'lgs hLjgofkg ug{ yfN5g\ clg u}/ef}lts ;+:s[ltnfO{ pk]Iff ub{5g\ . o; cj:yfnfO{ g} ;f+:s[lts
k5f}6]kg elgPsf] xf] . o;nfO{ x6fpgsf nflu kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':tsdf ;f+:s[lts s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ul/G5
. o;/L lzIffn] ;f+:s[lts k5L6]kg x6fpg klg k|d'v e"ldsf v]N5 .
g]]kfnsf] lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf
-s_ ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
pQ/M ljsf;sf] kxn, of]hgf, lg0ff{os k|lqmof, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfng / sfof{Gjog cflbdf ;d'bfosf] k|ToIf
jf ck|ToIf ;xeflutfnfO{ g} ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf elgG5 . csf]{ cy{df ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf eGgfn] ;d'bfosf
dflg;x?nfO{ pgLx?sf] cfˆgf] ;d:of ;dfwfgdf pgLx?nfO{ g} ;xefuL u/fpg' xf].
-v_ /f0ff zf;gsfndf ljBfnox¿ ljsf; gx'gfsf] Ps sf/0f lbg'xf];\ .
pQ/M /f0ff zf;gsfndf ljBfnox¿ ljsf; gx'gfsf] s'g} Ps sf/0f o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M –ljBfno /f0ff
kl/jf/sf afnsx¿nfO{ dfq} cË|]hL lzIff lbg vf]lnPsfn] o;sf] Joj:yfkgdf k|ToIf ¿kdf hg;xeflutf
g/xg' .
. -u_ lzIffn] ;d'bfosf] ljsf;df v]Ng] s'g} Ps e"ldsf pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M lzIffn] ;d'bfosf] ljsf;df v]Ng] s'g} Ps e"ldsf o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M –lzIffn] ;d'bfodf /x]sf]
cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ Pj+ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ub}{ ;d'bfonfO{ lbg–k|ltlbg k|ultlt/ cu|;/ ub{ 5 .
-3_ tkfO{+sf] ljBfnosf ejgx¿ s; s;sf] ;xof]udf ag]sf x'g\ <
pQ/M d k9\g] ljBfno Úzf/bf dfWolds ljBfno sf] ejgx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf ag]sf] xf] .
-ª_ lzIffsf] ljsf;df ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf s] s:tf] x'G5 < JofVof ug{ 'xf];\ .
pQ/M lzIffsf] ljsf;df ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf lgDgfg';/ /x]sf 5g\ –lzIffnosf] ef}lts, z}lIfs tyf
Joj:yfksLo sfo{df cfly{s, ef}lts tyf dfgjLo ;xof]u ug]{, –lzIffnosf] l;sfOnfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] u/L
3/sf] jftfj/0f agfpg cleefjsx¿nfO{ ;r]tgf / ;xof]u lbg], –lzIffno / 3/ljr k|efjsf/L ;~rf/
;DaGw sfod u/L cleefjsx¿nfO{ ljBfnosf] sfo{qmd / ljBfyL{sf] k|ultaf/] hfgsf/L lbg] tyf lzIfsnfO{
ljBfyL{x¿sf] 3/sf] jftfj/0faf/] hfgsf/L lbg], –ljBfyL{nfO{ u[xsfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{ h:tf l;sfO;Fu
;DalGwt sfo{x¿df ;"rgf, ljrf/ cflb lbP/ ;xof]u ug]{, –cleefjsx¿nfO{ lzIffnosf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;xefuL u/fpg], –lzIffnosf] sfo{qmd, kfl/jfl/s cEof; tyf ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOnfO{ ;an
agfpg ;d'bfodf ePsf ;|f]t ;fwg tyf ;]jfnfO{ klxrfg u/L lzIffno;Fu Psfsf/ u/fpg] cflb .
-r lzIffsf] ljsf;df ;d'bfon] k'of{pg ;Sg] of]ubfgx¿af/] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M lzIff;DaGwL s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;d'bfosf] of]ubfg dxQ\jk"0f{ x'G5 . ;d'bfosf] of]ubfgn]
lzIffnosf] ef}lts ;|f]t / ;fwgdf j[l4 t u5{. o;jfx]s lzIfs, cleefjs / ;d'bfolarsf] ;xsfo{af6
ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf pRr ;kmntf ;Dej x'G5 . lzIffnosf] ;doeGbf klxnf / lzIffnosf] ;doeGbf k5fl8sf]
;do ljBfyL{n] ;d'bfo / kl/jf/df g} latfpg] ePsfn] pgLx¿sf] l;sfOdf ;d'bfon] dxQ\jk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x
ul//x]sf] x'G5 . ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtfn] ljBfyL{x¿sf] lzIffnodf egf{b/, lgoldttf / pknlAwdf j[l4 ub{ 5 .
cfkm" ;xefuL eP/ ul/Psf sfo{x¿df ckgTjsf] efjgf ljsf; x'G5 . To;}n] To:tf sfo{x¿sf] ;+/If0fdf
;d'bfo g} nflu/xg] x'G5 . lzIffsf] ljsf;df ;d'bfon] k'of{pg ;Sg] of]ubfgx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5Gf\ M !=
;fd'bflos :s'nsf] :yfkgf,
@= lzIffsf] p2]Zosf] lgdf{0f tyf lzIffdfly lgoGq0f,
#= ;fj{hlgs lzIffsf] Joj:yf,
$= kf7\oqmdsf] lgdf{0f
%= Joj;flos tyf cf}wf]lus lzIffsf] Joj:yf,
^= k|f}9 lzIffsf] Joj:yf cflb .
NEB Model Questions- 2078

NEB Model Questions- Answers 2078

;d"x s M tnsf k|Zgsf] w]/} 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ !! × ! Ö !!
!= hLjg pkof]uL l;k eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/M dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ :j:y, ;kmn / ;fy{s agfpgsf lglDt cfjZos kg]{ ;Lkx?nfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk elgG5 .
h:t} ;+rf/ l;k, ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k, lg0f{o lgdf{0f l;k, cflb .
@= s:tf] hLjgz}nLnfO{ :j:y hLjgz}nL elgG5 <
pQ/M o:tf] hLjgz}nL h;n] JolQmut hLjgsf x/]s sd{x?nfO{ Jojl:yt lsl;dn] k"/f ub{5 / sd{sf ;fy tg–dgnfO{
klg ;xL 9+un] Joj:yfkg ub{5, To;nfO{ :j:y hLjgz}nL elgG5 . h:t} lgoldt ;do tflnsf jgfP/ sfo{ ug]{, Jofofd
ug]{, ;To, cg'zf;g / Gofosf] dfu{df lx8\g] hLjgz}ln /
#= ;"rgf ;Íngsf nflu u'un ;e]{ kmd{sf] k|of]u s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < s'g} Ps tl/sf pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;"rgf ;Íngsf nflu u'un ;e]{ kmd{ cgnfO{g ;e]{If0f -Online survey_ u/]/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5.
$= ;dfg'e"lt l;kn] ;DaGw k|uf9 agfpg s;/L dbt u5{ . s'g} Ps pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;dfg'e"lt l;k ePsf dflg; afNosfn tyf jo:s b'j} cj:yfdf ;dfhdf ldng;f/ x'g] ePsfn] ;fyLx¿lardf
tyf ;dfhdf ;a};Fu ;DaGw k|uf9 agfpg dbt ub{5.
%= g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df c+z'jdf{n] u/]sf b'O{ ;'wf/ sfo{x¿ s] s] lyP <
pQ/M g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df c+z'jdf{n] u/]sf b'O{ ;'wf/ sfo{x¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM –ls;fgnfO{ dsf{ kg{af6 arfpg
s't;DaGwL Joj:yf / l;FrfOsf] Joj:yf, –kz'kfngnfO{ k|f]T;fxg,j}b]lzs Jofkf/df j[l4,3/]n' pBf]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg,d'›fsf]
k|rng h:tf ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng.
^= tkfO{+sf] sIffdf !% hgf 5fqf / !@ hgf 5fq 5g\ . rqm lrqdf k|:t't ug{sf nflu of] tYofÍnfO{ l8u|Ldf kl/jt{g
ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M rqm lrqdf k|:t't ug{sf nflu tYofÍnfO{ l8u|Ldf lgDg lsl;dn] kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5M -lbOPsf] tYof+snfO{
hDdf tYof+sn] efu ug]{ / #^)) n] u'0ff ug]{_
5fqfsf] ;+Vof l8u|Ldf Ö !%÷@& × #^)) Ö @)))
5fqsf] ;+Vof l8u|Ldf Ö !@÷@& × #^)) Ö !^))
&= gful/sn] kfngf ug{'kg]{ s'g} b'O{ st{Jo n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M gful/sn] kfngf ug{'kg]{ s'g} b'O{ st{Jox? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM -s_ /fi6«k|lt lgi7fjfg x'Fb} g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf, ;fj{ef}d
;Qf / cv08tfsf] /Iff ug{', -v_ ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] kfngf ug{' .
*= Jofkf/ 3f6f eg]sf] s] xf] < Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/df x'g] 3f6fnfO{ Jofkf/ 3f6f elgG5, hxfF vl/b u/]sf] d'NoeGbf sd d'Nodf dfnj:t'x¿ laqmL @
ul/Psf] x'G5 .
(= lzIffn] tkfO{+sf] ;d'bfosf] /f]huf/Ldf kfg]{ s'g} Ps k|efj pNn]v ug{'xf]; .
pQ/M lzIffn] >dahf/sf nflu cfjZos bIf / cw{bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg u/]/ /f] huf/Lsf nflu yk d2t u/]sf] 5.
!)= s'g} klg ;x/n] ;x/Ls/0fsf] dfkb08 nfu' gugf{n] x'g] s'g} c;/ ;DaGwdf ;f] gu/kflnsfsf k|d'vnfO{ tkfO{+ s]
;'emfj lbg'x'G5 . s'g} Ps ;'emfj n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M s'g} klg ;x/n] ;x/Ls/0fsf] dfkb08 nfu' gugf{n] x'g] s'g} c;/ ;DaGwdf ;f] gu/kflnsfsf k|d'vnfO{ d lgDg
;'emfj lbg rfxG5'M –gu/kflnsfn] cfˆgf] If]qleqsf] ;x/nfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{,lj:tf/ ug]{,hUuf PsLs/0f ug]{ / Jojl:yt a:tL
agfP/ lbg] ug{'k5{.
!!= a;fOF;/fO cj;/ xf] ls r'gf}tL < ts{;lxt cfˆgf] wf/0ff n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/M a;fO;/fO cj;/ / r'gf}tL b'a} xf] lsgeg] Jojl:yt a;fOF;/fOn] ljleGg cj;/x? ;[hgf u5{ eg] cJojl:yt
a;fOF;/fOn] ljleGg r'gf}tLx? lgDTofpF5 .
;d"x vM tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ * × % Ö$)
!@= hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ k"jL{o jf kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fcg';f/ cfˆgf] hLjgdf s;/L nfu' ug{'ePsf] 5 < pbfx/0f
k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ :j:y, ;kmn / ;fy{s agfpgsf lglDt cfjZos kg]{ ;Lkx?nfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk elgG5 .
k"jL{o lrGtg tyf kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/f dflg;sf] ;fy{s hLjg lgdf{0f ug]{ b[li6sf]0f;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw /fVb5 .
hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ k"jL{o jf kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fcg';f/ cfˆgf] hLjgdf o;/L nfu' ug]{ u/]sf] 5'M s_ ;Tsd{, elQm
Pjd\ 1fg h:tf ultljlwdf ;DnUg x'g] / cfˆgf] nIok|lt ;dlk{t x'g], v_ Wofg / ;xL hLjgofkgdfkm{t\ cfkm"leqsf]
cfkm"nfO{ vf]Hg], cfkm"leqsf] ;+;f/nfO{ lrGg] / lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{, u_ cg';Gwfg / ljZn]if0f dfkm{t\
cfkm"eGbf aflx/sf s'/f a'‰g vf]Hg], 3_ ;xL b[li6, lgot, jrg, sd{, hLjgofkg, k|of; ÷ sf]lzz, Wofg, ;r]tgf cflb
ug]{, ª_ k|s[lt k"hf, ;fbf hLjgz}nL, w}o{tf / k|]d, ;do;Fu} cl3 j9\g], ;fdf~h:otf cflbnfO{ k5\ofpg] .
cyjf n]vg sfo{df ;+nUg /xg] cfˆgf gft]bf/nfO{ c¿sf n]v /rgf k|of]u ubf{ s'g s'g g}lts kIfx¿df Wofg lbg ;Nnfx
lbg'x'G5 < s'g} kfFrcf]6f Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIfx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M n]vg sfo{ ubf{ sltko ;"rgf, tYofÍ jf l;4fGtnfO{
k|of]u ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . c? JolQmsf] n]v /rgf k|of]u ubf{ cg';Gwfgstf{n] s]xL g}lts kIfx?sf] af/]df Wofg lbg'kb{5 . g}lts
kIfx?sf] Vofn ubf{ ljZj;gLo x'g], z}lIfs OdfGbfl/tf / n]vsx?sf] aLrdf Pstf sfod x'g] h:tf ;sf/fTds kIfx?sf]
ljsf; x'G5 .
n]vg sfo{df ;+nUg /xg] cfˆgf gft]bf/nfO{ c¿sf n]v /rgf k|of]u ubf{ lgDg g}lts kIfx¿df Wofg lbg ;Nnfx lbg] 5'M
s_ pko'Qm tl/sfn] ;|f]t pNn]v ug]{M –h'g n]v, lstfa, OG6/g]6 jf n]vs, k|sfzsaf6 cfkm"n] ;"rgf jf tYofÍ lnPsf] xf]
To;sf] ;|f]t pNn]v ul/of] eg] To;nfO{ af}l4s rf]/L dflgFb}g .
v_ k'|km l/l8ª ug]{M –cfkm"n] tof/ u/]sf] k|:tfjgf, k|ltj]bg jf n]v cfˆgf u'? jf cGo hfgsf/x¿nfO{ k9\g lbP/
pgLx¿sf] ;'emfjcg';f/ ;RofP/ dfq ljBfno jf sn]hdf a'emfpg'k5{ . u_ p4/0f ug]{M –s'g} ;|f]taf6 ;"rgf lnFbf
pgLx¿sf] egfO h:tfsf] t:t} /fVg] xf] eg] To;nfO{ p4/0f lrXg æ =====æ k|of]u u/L pko'Qm tl/sfn] ;|f]t pNn]v ug{'k5{ .
3_ k'gn]{vg ug]{M –c¿sf] egfO jf ;"rgf k|of]u ubf{ ;w}+ p4/0f lrXg k|of]u ug{' /fd|f] dflgFb}g . To;}n] To:tf s'/fx¿sf]
d'Vo s'/fnfO{ cfˆg} zAbdf k'gn]{vg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ o:tf] s'/fdf klg ;|f]t eg] pNn]v ug}{k5{ .
ª_ ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ;"rL n]Vg]M –cfˆgf] n]v, k|:tfjgf jf k|ltj]bgsf] cGtdf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL pNn]v ug{'k5{ .
!#= jt{dfg ljZj ljljwtfo'Qm 5 eGg] cfwf/x¿ a'bfut ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
pQ/Mclxn]sf] ljZj kl/j]zdf ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts, ax'eflifs, ax'hftLo, ax';f+:s[lts, of}lgs ljljwtf Pjd\ ef}uf]lns
ljljwtf 5 .
jt{dfg ljZj ljljwtfo'Qm 5 eGg] cfwf/x¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM s_ xfn ljZjdf sl/a ^ ;o %) hftLo ;d'bfox¿ /x]sf
5g\, v_ To:t} $ xhf/ # ;o wfld{s cf:yfhGo ;Dk|bfox¿ /x]sf 5g\, u_ ljZjdf sl/a & xhf/ ! ;o efiffx¿ /x]sf
5g\, 3_ ljZjdf ljljw of}g em'sfj ePsf dflg;x¿ a:g] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ of}lgs ljljwtfsf] ;Ëdsf] ?kdf klg lng
;lsG5, ª_ ef}uf]lns agf]6 / e"–w/ftnsf cfwf/df ljZjdf ;a}eGbf xf]rf] b]lv ;a}eGbf cUnf], ;a}eGbf tftf], lr;f], pj{/
tyf d?e"ld If]q cflb h:tf ef}uf]lns ljljwtf kfOG5 .
!$=cGt/k|fb]lzs ;DaGwsf] ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts cfofdsf] JofVof ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfn ljljwtfn] el/k"0f{ b]z xf] . g]kfndf k|b]zx¿ k|fs[lts ;|f]t, jftfj/0f, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s / oftfoft
tyf ;~rf/sf cfwf/df cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ .
cGt/k|fb]lzs ;DaGwsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ cfofd ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw klg xf]. k|b]zsf] ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts
cGt/;DaGwnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ :j:y / ;Eo ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/L ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf cfwfl/t ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{,
P]ltxfl;s, k'/ftflQ\js tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / ljsf; ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 . wfld{s ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf]
;+/If0fdf Ps k|b]zn] csf]{ k|b]znfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 . wfld{s ;f+:s[lts ultljlwdf ljgf cj/f]w dflg;x¿sf]
;xeflutfnfO{ k|b]zx¿n] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg u/]sf x'G5g\ . /fli6«o ljkTsf 36gfdf Ps k|b]zsf ljkt\ kLl8tx¿nfO{ csf]{
k|b]zsf ;/sf/ / gful/s :t/af6 ;xof]u, /fxt / k'gh{Tyfgsf sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf ;xsfo{ /xg ;S5 . o;n] cGt/
k|fb]lzs ;DaGwsf] ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts bfo/fnfO{ cem k|uf9 / b/f] agfpg dbt k'U5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu afUdlt k|b]zdf /x]sf] lxGb'x?sf] kljq :yn kz'kltgfyn] cGo k|b]zx?sf lxGb'x?nfO{ wfld{s tyf
;f+:s[lts lx;fan] hf]8s ] f] 5 eg] n'lDagL k|b]zdf /x]sf] a'4 wdf{nDaLx?sf] kljq :yn eujfg\ uf}dd a'4 hGd]sf] :yn
n'lDagLn] cGo k|b]zdf /x]sf af}4 ;d'bfosf dflg;x?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5. s]xL jif{ cl3;Dd dfq blIf0fdf /x]sf] k"jL{ Pjd\
dWo t/fO{df dfq ;Lldt 57 kj{ lxhf]cfh kl8of ;d]t dgfPsf] kfOG5. To;}u/L xf]nL kj{ kxf8L tyf t/fO{ b'j} If]qdf
dgfOg] x'gfn] k|b]zx?aLr ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5.
!%= k~rfotsfnLg sfnv08df /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{stf{x¿ dfly ePsf dfgj clwsf/ xgg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo ;d]6\g]
u/L ;d'bfosf /fhgLlt1nfO{ ;f]Wg] s'g} kfFrcf]6f k|Zg tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
pQ/M k~rfotsfnLg sfnv08df /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{stf{x¿ dfly ePsf dfgj clwsf/ xgg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo
;d]6\g] u/L ;d'bfosf /fhgLlt1nfO{ ;f]lwg ;Sg] k|Zgx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM s_ zf;gsf gfddf, Joj:yfsf gfddf /
/fhgLltsf gfddf k|hftGq / kl5 k~rfot sfndf klg /fhgLlts ck/fwLs/0f lj:tfl/t lsg x'Fb} uPsf] lyof] < v_
k~rfotsfnLg sfnv08df /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{stf{x¿ dfly s] s:tf ck/flws lqmofsnfkx? ul/GYof] < u_
k~rfotsfnLg sfnv08df /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{stf{x¿ dfly s] sf/0f ck/flws lqmofsnfkx? ul/GYof] < 3_ dfgj
clwsf/ xgg;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfk x'Fbfklg lsg s'g} k|sf/sf] /fli6«o jf cGt/fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g adf]lhd
pgLx¿dfly d'2fx¿ nfUb}g lyof] < ª_ k~rfotsfnLg sfnv08df dfgj clwsf/ xgg ePh;/L clxn]sf] cj:yfdf x'Fb}g
eg]/ s;/L ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 <
!&= ;"rgfsf] xs eg]sf] s] xf] < nf]stflGqs k|0ffnLdf o;sf] dxQ\j pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] s'g} lnlvt ;fdu|L jf ;f] lgsfosf] sfd sf/jfxLsf]
cWoog jf cjnf]sg jf hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ ;"rgfsf] xs xf] . k|hftflGqs d'n'sdf x/]s gful/snfO{ ;fj{hlgs
dxQ\jsf] ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L dfu ug]{ xs clwsf/ x'G5.
nf]stflGqs k|0ffnLdf o;sf] dxQ\j lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5GM s_ ;"rgfsf] xs cGo xssf] k"jf{wf/ -kmfp08];g_ xf], v_
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf v'nfkg / kf/blz{tf sfod x'g] tyf kbflwsf/Lx¿ ;]jfu|fxLk|lt lhDd]jf/, hjfkmb]xL tyf pQ/bfoL
/xg'kg]{ ePsf]n] sfo{ of]hgf tyf sfo{ tflnsf cg';f/ sfo{ x'g], u_ sfnf]ahf/L, d"No j[l4, l;lG8s]6 k|0ffnL / clgoldt
cfk"lt{h:tf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;xh x'g], 3_ hgtfnfO{ zf;g k|0ffnLsf ljleGg kIfdf ;xefuL x'g ;xof]u ug]{ .
!*= g]kfnsf] lzIff If]qdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;Gbe{df b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M lzIffdf ;dfj]lztf eg]sf] l;sfO, ;+:s[lt / ;d'bfodf ;xeflutf j[l4 u/L afnaflnsf, o'jf / jo:sx¿sf
ljljwtfo'Qm cfjZostfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ tyf lzIffdf ePsf] alxis/0fnfO{ 36fpg] / lgd{n kfg]{ k|lqmof xf] .
g]kfnsf] lzIff If]qdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;Gbe{df b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M
!= ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts cj/f]w -Socio–cultural Barier_ M –cem} klg g]kfnL ;dfhdf dlxnfnfO{ e]befj ug]{
lsl;dsf ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts d"No dfGotfx? sfod} 5g\ . hftk|yf / o;;Fu ;DalGwt e]befjsf sf/0f blnt
afnaflnsfx? zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s lx;fan] lzIff lngaf6 alGrt x'G5g\ . To;}u/L efiffsf] ;d:of klg lzIffsf]
kx'Fraf6 cnu ug]{ csf]{ ;f+:s[lts tTj dflgG5 .
@= cfly{s cj/f]w -Economic Barrier_ M –g]kfndf lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt cj/f]w cfly{s kIf klg xf] . ul/a kl/jf/n]
cfˆgf ;GtfgnfO{ lzIff h:tf] ;'ljwfaf6 alGrt ug{'k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . cfly{s sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f 5f]/f eGbf 5f]/L cem a9L
df/df k/]sf] kfOG5 .
#= cj/f]wsf] ?kdf sdhf]/ k"jf{wf/ -Poor Infrastructure_ –ljBfnodf ljBfyL{x?sf nflu oy]i6 k"jf{wf/sf] cefj klg
lzIffsf] cj/f]w dfGg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu sltko ljBfnox?df dlxnf d}qL zf}rfno gx'g', :jR5 vfg]kfgLsf] cefj,
bIf lzIfssf] cefj, sdhf]/ ljBfno Joj:yfkg, sd c;n lzIff, ljBfno / af;:yfgsf] b'/L clws x'g' cflbsf sf/0fn]
ljBfyL{x? ljBfno pkl:ylt x'b}gg\ .
$= dfgl;s, zf/Ll/s tyf cGo :jf:Yo ;DaGwL cj/f]w -Mental, Physical and Other Health Related Barrier_ M –
g]kfndf ckfË JolQmnfO{ ;dfhn] x]nf ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ckfË JolQmx?n] ;dfhdf cfˆgf] cfTd;Ddfg hf]ufP/ afFRg
sl7g 5 . sltko cj:yfdf cfw'lgs :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] kx'Frsf] sdLsf sf/0fn] klg pRr dft[ / lzz' d[To'b/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .
ljljw sf/0fx?sf] kmn:j?k ckfË Pjd\ dlxnfx? lzIff h:tf] ;]jfaf6 alGrt x'g' k/]sf] cj:yf ;j{ljlbt} 5 .
%= k|fljlws afwfx¿ M –ljB't\, sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6 h:tf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf kx'Fr gx'g' .
!(= g]kfn ef/tlarsf] cfly{s ;xof]u / ;DaGwsf] ;dLIff ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfnsf] k"jL{, blIf0fL / klZrdL ;Ldfgf ef/t;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . g]kfn / ef/tsf lardf v'nf ;Ldfgf 5 . oL b'O{
b]zsf lardf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, STER ;f+:s[lts tyf wfld{s ;DaGw ;lbcf}+b]lv /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} /xg;xg,
efiffz}nL, hLjgz}nL, snf, ;ËLt, klx/g, ef]hg cflbdf klg oL b'O{ b]zsf lardf ;dfgtf kfOG5 . To;}n] g]kfn /
ef/tlarsf] ;DaGw ax'cfoflds :j¿ksf] 5.
sfd jf hflu/, k];f Joj;fo tyf cfly{s ;xof]u cfbfg k|bfgn] g]kfn ef/tsf] cfly{s ;DaGw cToGt} glhssf] 5 . b'O{
b]zlarsf] v'nf l;dfgf / eflifs ;dfgtfsf sf/0f 7'nf] ;Î\ofdf g]kfnLx¿ ef/tdf / ef/tLox¿ g]kfndf a;L sfo{ u/]sf
5g\ . To;}n] ef/tn] ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ b]zx¿sf] ;ftf}+ :yfgdf . g]kfn /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ef/t Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg ;lGw
lj=;+= @)#% ;fndf ePsf] lyof]. of] ;lGw lj=;+ @)^% ;fndf ;+zf]wg / lj=;= @)&# ;fndf gjLs/0f ePsf] lyof] .
To;}u/L lj=;+= @)%# ;fndf Jofkf/ ;lGw ePsf] lyof] . oxL Jofkf/ ;lGwsf cfwf/df g]kfn ef/tlardf Jofkfl/s
sf/f]af/x¿ x'b} cfPsf 5g\. g]kfnsf nflu cfoft lgof{tsf] k|d'v ahf/ g} ef/t xf] . cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ df ;+;f/sf
ljleGg b]zx¿jf6 g]kfnn] cfoft ug]{ s'n j:t'x¿dWo] ef/taf6 ^$=) k|ltzt cfoft u/]sf] 5 eg] ;+;f/sf ljleGg
b]zx¿df g]kfnn] lgof{t ug]{ j:t'x¿dWo] ef/tdf dfq ^#=) k|ltzt lgof{t u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnn] ef/taf6 cfoft ug] {
k|d'v j:t'x¿df k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, ;jf/L ;fwg, :k]o/ kf6{\;, d]l;g/L ;fdfg, cf}ifwL, ljB'tLo pks/0f, vfwfGo cflb x'g
eg] g]kfnn] ef/tdf lgof{t ug]{ k|d'v j:t'x¿df tof/L kf];fs, h'6f, wfuf], h:tf kftf, kf]ln:6/ wfuf], 6]S;6fON;,
s[lifhGo j:t'x¿ cflb x'g\ .
g]kfn / ef/tsf lardf cfly{s ;xof]u cfbfg k|bfg x'g] u5{ . g]kfnn] ef/tnfO{ cK7\of/f] k/]sf] ;dodf ;xof]u ub}{
cfPsf] 5 eg] ef/tn] klg g]kfnsf nflu ljsf; lgdf{0fsf ;fy} cGo If]qdf ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(%! b]lv g]kfn
ef/t cfly{s ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] ;'? ePsf] lyof] . of] sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf k|of;x¿df
;xof]u ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . ef/tn] g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ;fgf :t/sf sl/j $&$ / demf}nf tyf 7'nf :t/sf sl/j
#^ u/L %!) kl/of]hgfx¿df cfly{s ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . To;} u/L g]kfnsf nflu j}b]lzs k|ToIf nufgLdf klg ef/tsf]
e"ldsf pRr /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}Í -@)@)_ sf] tYofÍsf cg';f/ ;g\ @)!* df s'n j}b]lzs k|ToIf nufgLdWo] ef/tsf]
!(=* k|ltzt lx:;f /x]sf] lyof] . pQm jif{sf nflu b]zut ¿kdf of] tYofÍ ;a}eGbf pRr xf] .
cyjf
“cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f ljsf;sf] r'gf}tL xf] .” o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M Go"gtd tf]lsPsf] hg;Î\of, a;f]af;sf] ;3gtf / ;x/L hLjgk4ltnfO{ cFufNg'nfO{ ;x/Ls/0f elgG5 eg] cJojl:yt
tl/sfn] ;x/ lgdf{0f x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f elgG5 . cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f ljsf;sf] r'gf}tL xf] . cJojl:yt
;x/Ls/0f ljsf;sf] r'gf}tL xf] eGg] tYonfO{ k'li6 ug]{ s]xL cfwf/x¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM s_ hxfF ;x/ eO;s]sf] 5 ToxL
cem} a9L dfgj a:tL ljsf; x'g] qmd a9\bf] 5 clg u|fdL0f If]q eg] ;x/Ls/0fdf kl/jt{g x'g g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5, v_
c;Gt'lnt ljsf; cyjf ;x/s]lG›t cfly{s, k|zf;lgs / z}lIfs ljsf;sf ;fy} :jf:Yo, /f]huf/ cflbsf If]qsf] ljsf; klg
;x/s]lG›t x'Fbf ;x/L a;f]af;, hgrfk a9]sf] 5, u_ cJojl:yt ;x/L s/0fn] hn, jfo' / Wjlg k|b"if0fnfO{ cTolws
dfqfdf a9fPsf] 5, 3_ cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fsf sf/0f hg:jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] 5 eg] n'6]/f, 8s}tL, e|i6frf/L,
g}lts ktg, ;fdGtLh:tf ;d"xx¿sf] qmL8f:yn klg aGg uPsf] 5, ª_ h]–hlt pBf]u, Joj;fo tyf snsf/vfgf ljsf;
ePsf 5g\ tL ;a} ;x/L If]qd} s]lG›t x'Fbf eljiodf klg ;x/L If]qdf dfgjsf] rfk a9\ g] lglZrt g} 5. ctM k|:t't
cfwf/x?n] cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f ljsf;sf] r'gf}tL xf] eGg] tYonfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] 5. To;}n] ;x/Ls/0fsf] ult;Fu} k|fslts
;Dkbf gfz x'g glbO{ ;x/L hg;+VofnfO{ ;f]xL If]qsf ;|f]t;fwg tyf k"jf{wf/n] jxg ug{ ;s] dfq To;n] kmfObf k'of{pF5 .
;x/Ls/ . ug{'cufl8 kof{Kt k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; / ;x/ ag]kl5 cfpg] ;d:ofsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg ug{ ;s] dfq
;x/Ls/0fn] cfˆgf] d"t{ ?k lng ;Sg]5 .
;d"x uM tnsf k|Zgsf] nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ * × # Ö@$
@)= cfTdcfnf]rgf / :j?kfGt/n] JolQmsf] hLjgdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg ;xof]u u5{ . o; egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt
k'li6 ug{'xf]; .
pQ/M JolQmn] cfˆgf] sdhf]/Ldfly k|Zg p7fpg] Pjd\ ;'wf/tkm{ pGd"v x'g'kg]{ ;f]r /fVg] k|lqmofnfO{ cfTdfnf]rgf elgG5 .
cfTdcfnf]rgf l;kn] cfˆgf ;an kIf / sdhf]/ kIf klxrfg ug{ tyf eljiodf sdhf]/L ;RofO{ cfkm"nfO{ ;an / ;kmn
agfpg ;xof]u u5{ . . cfTdcfnf]rgfn] JolQmsf] hLjgdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg ;xof]u u5{ eGg] tYonfO{ k'li6 ug]{
s]xL cfwf/x¿ o;k|sf/ 5GM s_ o;n] JolQmdf cGt/j}olQms ;DaGw ljsf; ug{'sf ;fy} ;xglzntf, s'6gLlt w}o{tf /
;dk{g h:tf cfr/gsf] ljsf; ub{5, v_ cfTdfnf]rgfn] JolQmdf lgk"0f{tf -Perfectionism_ xfl;n ug]{, JolQmsf]
cfTdljZjf; a9fpg of]ubfg k'/Þ\ofpg] tyf ul/Psf] ulNtaf6 kf7 l;Sg] h:tf ;s/fTds glthf NofpFb5, u_ :j:y
cfTdfnf]rgfn] JolQmnfO{ cem a9L c;n, pTkfbgd"ns / ;kmn aGg ;xof]u k'ofpFb5, 3_ cfTdfnf]rgfn] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf
ulNt klxrfg ug{, csf{af6 l;Sg, unt kl/0ffdsf] sf/0fsf] a'‰g d2t k'ofpg] dfq geO{ JolQmnfO{ p;sf] Jojxf/df
;d]t kl/jt{g ug]{ / eljiodf cem a9L /fd|f] glthf k|fKt ug{ d2t k'of{pb5 .
JolQmn] cfˆgf] :jefj, ljrf/, 1fg / Ifdtfsf] k'g;+/rgf u/L k"0f{ ?kdf km/s JolQmsf] ?kdf kl/j{tg ug]{ klqmofnfO{
:j?kfGt/0f elgG5 . :j?kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmofdf JolQmn] cfkm"n] OR5fPsf] lrhtkm{ ;lqmo / ;r]t eO nfUg] ub{5 . s8f
k/L>d / cg';fzg h:tf Jofjxfl/s kIfx¿sf] cf8df JolQmn] cfkm"nfO{ :j?kfGt/0f ug]{ ub{5 . :j?kfGt/n] JolQmsf]
hLjgdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg ;xof]u u5{ eGg] tYonfO{ k'li6 ug]{ s]xL cfwf/x¿ o;k|sf/ 5GM s_ :j?kfGt/0fn]
JolQmnfO{ Jofj;flos sfo{sf nflu tof/L dfgl;stfsf] ljsf; ub{5 eg] JolQmut hLjgdf ;Gt'li6 k|bfg ub{5, v_
:j?kfGt/0fn] ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ kmfObf k'ofpg] dfq geO{ pm ;Fu 3'nldn x'g] cGo JolQmx¿df ;d]t ;sf/fTds pmhf{
Nofpg] ub{5, u_ :j?kfGt/0f k|lqmofdf JolQmn] ljleGg ;Lkx¿sf] cEof; ug]{ df}sf kfpg] x'Fbf Jofj;flos tyf JolQmut
hLjgdf cfpg ;fSg] r'gf}tLx¿dfly lht xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . 3_ :j?kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmofdf JolQmn] gFof s'/fx¿
l;Sg] df}sf k|fKt ug]{ dfq geO{ gofF b[li6sf]0f ljsf; ;d]t ub{5 . h;sf] kmn:j?k p;n] gFof cj;/x¿ km]nf kfg{ ;Ifd
x'G5 .
@!= g]kfnsf ;ftcf]6f k|b]zdf ljsf;sf nflu s:tf ef}uf]lns cj;/x¿ 5g\ < ltgsf] pkof]u s;l/ ug{ ;lsG5 <
cfˆgf] ljrf/ k|:t't ug'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfn Ps ;‹Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf] . o;sf] e"agfj6 lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf] ;lDd>0faf6 ag]sf] 5
. g]kfn ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf ljljwtfn] el/k"0f{ 5 . k|zf;lgs lx;fjn] g]kfnnfO{ ;ft k|b]zdf ljefhg
ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnsf ;ftcf]6} k|b]zdf ljsf;sf nflu ef}uf]lns cj;/x¿ / ltgsf] pkof]lutfM s_ k|b]z g+ ! –k|b]z g= ! df ljZjsf]
;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf -**$*=*^ ld6/_ nufot c¿ y'k|} *))) ld6/eGbf cUnf lxdz[Înf, sf];L6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If,
;u/dfyf, dsfn' j?0f /fli6«o lgs'~h, ljleGg wfld{s :ynsf ;fy} u'kmf, egf{ / tfnx¿ 5g\ . oL ;Dkbfn] ko{6g pBf]usf]
ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . k|b]z g= ! df hnljB't\ pTkfbgsf] klg k|z:t ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . oxfF c?0f, lkn'jf, sfj]nL,
x]jf, dfO{ cflb h:tf y'k|} 7'nf, ;fgf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfx¿n] ljB't\ ljsf;sf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf af]s]sf 5g\ .
v_ dw]z k|b]z M dw]zf k|b]zdf k;f{ /fli6«o lgs'~h k5{ . o; k|b]zdf hgsk'/wfd, ul9dfO{, l5Ggd;tf, sÍfngL dlGb/ /
ljleGg 7fpFdf dl:hbx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oL k|fs[lts tyf ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/x¿n] o; k|b]zdf ko{6g pBf]u ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf
b]lvG5 . o; k|b]zsf] jL/uGhdf ;'Svf aGb/ufx /x]sf] 5 . To:t} /S;f}nb]lv cdn]vuGh;Dd k]6«f]lnod kfOk nfOg
la5\ofPsf] 5 . h;n] OGwg 9'jfgLdf x'g] vr{ / >dnfO{ art u/]sf] 5 .
u_ afudtL k|b]z -k|b]z g+ #_ –afUdtL k|b]zdf k|fs[lts tyf ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/x¿n] ko{6g pBf]usf] ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf
j[l4 u/]sf 5g\ . oxfF ljZj ;Dkbfdf ;"rLs[t kz'klt dlGb/, rfFu' gf/fo0f, af}4:t"kf, b/af/ :Sjfo/x¿ / /fli6«o lgs'~h
/x]sf 5g\ . lzjk'/L /fli6«o lgs'~h / nfª6fª /fli6«o lgs'~h o;} k|b]zdf k5{g\ . o;sf] ;fy} ljleGg wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts /
P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbf, ;fxl;s v]ns'b, kj{tf/f]x0f, b]zsf] /fhwfgL;d]t ePsf sf/0f oxfF ko{6g pBf]usf] pRr ;Defjgf
/x]sf] 5 . of] k|b]z ljB't\ pTkfbgdf klg cufl8 /x]sf] 5 . oxfF ef]6]sf];L, tfdfsf];L, lrlnd], ;'gsf];L, lqz"nL, b]jL3f6,
s'n]vfgL klxnf] / bf];|f] cflb 7'nf / ;fgfhnljBt cfof]hgfx¿ ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g .
3_ u08sL k|b]z -k|b]z g+ $_ –u08sL k|b]zsf k|fs[lts tyf ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/x¿n] ko{6g pBf]usf] ljsf;df cxd\ e"ldsf
v]ln/x]sf 5g\ . oxfF cGgk"0f{ kb dfu{, d':tfª / dgfª cflb k|d'v ko{6sLo uGtJo :ynx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn lelqg]
ljb]zL ko{6sx¿ sl/a ## k|ltzt ko{6sx¿ u08sL k|b]zdf cfpF5g\ . ko{6g Joj;fonfO{ k|jw{g ug{sf nflu 3n] ufpF,
l;?jf/L / ljleGg kbdfu{x¿df kfx'gf tyf cltly ;Tsf/ 3/x¿ ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . u08sL k|b]zdf ljB't\
pTkfbgsf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . oxfF sflnu08sL, dof{ª\bL, dWo dof{ª\bL, df]bL, ck/ df]bL cflb 7'nf ;fgf hnljB't\
kl/of]hgfaf6 ljB't\ pTkfbg eO/x]sf 5g\ .
ª_ n'lDagL k|b]z -k|b]z g+ %_ –n'lDagL k|b]z g]kfnssf] k|d'v ko{6s uGtJo :yn klg xf] . o; k|b]zdf n'lDagL, :ju{åf/L,
l/8L, tfg;]g, alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~h, /fgL dxn, ;'Kkfb]p/fnL cflb ko{6sLo :ynx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oL wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts
w/f]x/x¿n] o; k|b]zsf] ko{6g ljsf;df e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf 5g\ . n'lDagL k|b]zdf lemd?s, l/8L xfO8«f]kfj/ / a'6jn kfj/
sDkgLaf6 ljB't\ pTkfbg eO/x]sf] 5. oxfF sflnu08sL / /fktL gbLsf] kfgLnfO{ ljB't\ / l;+rfOdf pkof]u ug{ ;lsg]
;Defjgfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . l;S6f l;FrfO cfof]hgfn] afFs] / alb{ofsf xhf/f}+ laufxf hldgdf l;FrfOsf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg
;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 .
r_ s0ff{nL k|b]z -k|b]z g+ ^_ –sgf{nL k|b]zdf ko{6g pBf]usf] ljsf;sf] k|z:t ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zdf sfFqm]ljxf/,
;]kmf]s;'G8f] tfn, /f/ftfn, rGbgfy, dfg;/f]j/ kbofqf cflbnfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;s] sgf{nL k|b]z ko{6s
uGtJosf] s]G› x'g ;S5 . sgf{nL k|b]zdf hnljB't\ pTkfbgsf] klg k|z:t ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . e]/L aaO{ 8fOe;{g
ax'2]ZoLo kl/of]hgf o;} k|b]zdf k5{ . 7'nL e]/L, ;fgL e]/L, sgf{nL, ltnf, x'Dnf sgf{nLnufot y'k|} gbLx¿af6 ljB't\
pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .
5_ ;'b"/klZrd k|b]z -k|b]z g+ &_ –;'b"/klZrd k|b]zsf] vKt8 / z'SnfkmfF6 dxQ\jk"0f{ ko{6sLo If]q x'g\ . cGo ko{6sLo
:ynx¿df a'9LgGbf, ;'df{;/f]a/, kftfn e'd]Zj/, bf]u8fs]bf/, 3f]8f3f]8L tfn, chod]?sf]6, ckL ;}kfn lxdfn, cd/u9L,
a8Ldflnsf, /fdf/f];g If]q cflb k5{g\ . z'SnfkmfF6f /fli6«o lgs'~h afx|l;Ë]sf nflu k|l;4 5 . ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zdf
hnljB't\ pTkfbgsf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zdf ;]tL,rf}nfgL, a'9LuËf / dxfsfnL gbLaf6 hnljB't\ pTkfbgsf]
;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
cyjf
lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf] qmflGt / To;kl5 b]zdf pTkGg cj:yfsf sf/0f s] s] lyP < To:tf] cj:yf cfpg glbg s] s] ug{
;lsGYof] < cfˆgf] ljrf/ k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M g]kfndf k|hftGqsf nflu w]/} k6s cfGbf]ngx¿ eP . k|To]s cfGbf]ngsf pknlAwx¿nfO{ hf]ufpg g;Sbf csf]{
cfGbf]ng ug{'kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] TE ljutsf] Oltxf;n] b]vfp5 . lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf] qmflGt / To;kl5 b]zdf pTkGg
cj:yfsf sf/0f lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5GM –/f0ffx¿åf/f cGofo / cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts zf]if0f, –/f0ffx¿ aLrsf]
cfGtl/s tgfj, –ul/aL / a]/f]huf/L, –/fhgLlts bn / x8tfnsf] u7g, –gful/sx¿df aLrdf /fhgLlts r]tgfsf] j[l4, –
bf];|f] ljZjo'4 / ljZjJofkL nf]stflGqs lgodx¿ km}lnPsf] cfj:yf, –/fhgLlts kf6L{x¿aLr Pscsf{dfly if8\oGq, afXo
x:tIf]k / cl:y/ ;/sf/ |
ljutdf To:tf] cj:yf cfpg glbg oL s'/fx¿df larf/ k'of{pg'ky{\of]M –ul/aL lgjf/0f / cfly{s ;fdflhs ;dfgtf
;lxtsf] Gofok"0f{ ;dfh lgdf{0f, –;+ljwfgn] ;LdfGts[t, cNk;+Vos, dlxnf, blnt, ckf+u / dw]zL ;a}df pNn]v ul//fv]sf]
;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] cIf/zM kl/rfng, –;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ng / /fli6«o Pstf ;Dab{ \wwg, –
;sf/fTds lje]b / cf/If0f gLltåf/f pk]lIft / alxis/0fdf k/]sf ln+u, If]q / hftLo k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;'lglZrt, –lbuf]
zflGtsf] af6f], –hflto ;b\efj / wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf, –;j}Kksf/sf lje]bsf/L lgod sfgg / P]g eP tLgnfO{ ;+zf]wg
;d]tsf] ksofaf6 cBfjlws / x6fpg] tkm{ tbf?stfkj{s sfo{ cflb .
@@= g]kfnsf lxdfnL lhNnf / u|fdL0f a:tLaf6 a;fOF;/fO u/]/ ;x/tkm{ hfg] dflg;sf] ;Î\of k|ltjif{ al9/x]sf] 5 . dfgf}
tkfO{ tLj| a;fOF;/fO x'g] s'g} Ps ufpFkflnsfsf] cWoIf x'g'ePsf] eP cfˆgf] ufpFkflnsfaf6 a;fO{+ ;/]/ aflxl/g] qmd
/f]Sgsf nflu s] s:tf / /0fgLlt cjnDag ug{'x'GYof], pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
pQ/M lglZrt ;do cjlwdf lglZrt ef}uf]lns jf k|zf;lgs PsfOaf6 csf]{ ef}uf]lns If]qdf a;f]jf; ug{sf] nflu
af;:yfg kl/jt{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg dflg;x¿ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf ljleGg
k|of]hgsf nflu a;fO ;/fO ub{5g\ . vf;u/L g]kfnsf] a;fO ;/fOsf] k|j[lQ lxdfnaf6 t/fO{ / ;x/, kxf8af6 t/fO{ /
;x/ jf ufpFaf6 ;x/lt/ ;g]{ /x]sf] 5 .
olb d tLj| a;fOF;/fO x'g] s'g} Ps ufpFkflnsfsf] cWoIf ePsf] ePF d cfˆgf] ufpFkflnsfaf6 a;fO{+ ;/]/ aflxl/g] qmd
/f]Sgsf nflu o; k|sf/sf] /0fgLltx? cjnDag u5'{ M
s_ ;a}sf nflu :j:y hLjgsf] ;'lglZrttf,
v_ ;a}sf nflu ;dfj]zL, ;dGoflos / :t/Lo lzIffsf] cj;/ ;'lglZrtf,
u_ ;a}sf nflu vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf] lbuf] pknAwtfsf] ;'lglZrttf,
3_ e/kbf]{, ;dfj]zL / lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 Pjd\ ;a}sf nflu pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L,
ª_ :j:Yo Pjd\ ;'/lIft ufFp tyf dfgj a;f]af;sf] ;'lglZrttf, hgtfsf] Go"gtd cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug]{,
r_ zfGt / ;dfj]zL ;dfh k|jb{\wg, Gofodf ;dfg kx'Fr / k|efjsf/L Pjd\ hjfkmb]xL ;+:yfTds ;+/If0f,
5_ >dzlQmsf] clwstd pkof]u / hg;Î\of lgoGq0ftkm{ Wofg lbg], hg;fwf/0fx¿sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ pTkfbg j[l4df
hf]8 lbg] .
h_ zf]if0f/lxt ;dfh l;h{gfsf] cfwf/ tof/ kfg]{, blnt, hghflt tyf ljkGg ju{sf] pTyfg Pjd\ /f]huf/L tyf cfwf/e"t
;'/Iffsf nflu . nlIft sfo{qmd cflb .
Best of Luck !