As its name suggests, global demography is the study of the worldwide population rather than the

population of a specific country, region, or city. Global demography is useful because it provides the
“big picture” of the entire human population without influence from local economic, cultural, or
geographic factors.

Global Transition (GT) is the process in which something changes over time from one state to
another globally

For example :

Back then in the early period mas taas ang mortality rates kaysa sa fertility rates in this country ,
philippines and then now in present mas taas napud ang fertility rates and nag decrease napud ang
moratality rates . And this transition usually occurs as a result of social and ecomomic
developments . Such as nag improve and healthcare, sanitation , education Or economic
upportunities and etc . Daghan factors naka influence that’s why nag result ni nga mga processes.

*Reasons for the Decline in Death Rates and Fertility in Europe during the Industrial Transition in the
Late 1700s:**

** Decline in Death Rates:**

 **Improved sanitation and hygiene:** Public health measures, such as clean water supplies
and sewage systems, reduced the spread of waterborne diseases.

***Advances in medicine:** Inoculation and vaccination programs prevented or reduced the

***Better nutrition:** Agricultural improvements and increased food production led to improved
diets and reduced malnutrition.

*** Rising living standards:** Urbanization and industrialization brought better housing, sanitation,
and access to healthcare.

**Declinein Fertility:**

 **Urbanization:** Living in cities often delayed marriage and childbearing due to limited
space and economic constraints.

***Industrialization:** Factory work and long hours made it difficult for women to have large
families.
***Changing social norms:** The Enlightenment emphasized individualism and rational decision-
making, leading to a decline in the traditional view of large families as a source of wealth and
security.

***Access to contraception:** Although not widely available, some forms of contraception, such as
condoms and withdrawal, became more accessible.

The term “life expectancy” refers to the number of years a person can expect to live.

The low life expectancy in India in the early 20th century can be attributed to various factors such as
high infant mortality rates, prevalence of infectious diseases, limited access to healthcare and
sanitation, poverty, malnutrition, and lack of advanced medical treatments. Many of these factors
contributed to the overall low life expectancy during that time period.

Reasons for

China’s Low Life Expectancy of 24 Years in 1929:**

 **Widespread poverty and malnutrition:** The majority of the population lived in extreme
poverty, with limited access to adequate food and nutrition.

*** Rampant infectious diseases:** Diseases such as smallpox, cholera, and tuberculosis were
common and often fatal, especially in overcrowded urban areas.

***Poor sanitation and hygiene:** Sanitation systems were inadequate, and waterborne diseases
were rampant.

***Limited healthcare:** Medical care was scarce and often inaccessible to the poor.Traditional
Chinese medicine was widely practiced, but its effectiveness against many diseases was limited.

***Natural disasters:** China was frequently hit by natural disasters such as floods, droughts, and
earthquakes, which caused widespread death and destruction.

***Civil wars and political instability:** China experienced a series of civil wars and political
upheavals in the early 20th century, which disrupted social and economic life and contributed to
premature deaths.

***Opium addiction:** Opium addiction was widespread in China, leading to health problems and
premature deaths.

Itis important to note that life expectancy in China has improved significantly since 1929.By 2023,
the life expectancy at birth in China had reached 78.2years, thanks to improvements in healthcare,
nutrition, sanitation, and living standards.

Shigeyoki et al .

This means that there is a significant disparity in life expectancy between Japan and Western
countries compared to the rest of the world. People in Japan and the West tend to live longer on
average than people in other parts of the world. This gap in life expectancy ga highlights sa
disparities in healthcare, socioeconomic factors, and quality of life between different regions. Mao
na ang pasabot ni shigeyoki

The reversal in global population shares during the 20th century occurred because regions like Africa,
Asia, Latin America, and Oceania experienced high levels of population growth rates. This growth
was fueled by factors such as improved healthcare, sanitation, and food production, leading to
increased life expectancy and reduced mortality rates. As a result, these regions saw their
populations grow at a faster rate compared to regions like Europe and North America, causing a shift
in global population distribution.

The paragraph from Shigeyoki et al discusses the shift in population growth patterns between 1820
and 1920 compared to between 1950 and 2000. During the earlier period, a significant portion
(69.3%) of the world’s population growth occurred in Europe and Western countries, indicating that
these regions were experiencing rapid population increases. However, the later period saw a
substantial decrease in population growth in Europe and Western countries, with only 11.7% of the
growth occurring in these regions. This shift suggests a change in demographic trends, with other
regions of the world, likely developing countries, experiencing higher rates of population growth
during the later period. This shift could be attributed to factors such as improvements in healthcare,
education, and economic development in these regions leading to lower birth rates and slower
population growth in Europe and the Western offshoots.

The United Nations projects that population growth will shift towards Africa in the future. By 2150, it
is estimated that Africa’s share of the world’s population will be almost 20%, which is a significantly
larger share compared to 1820 (7%) and the 1900s (6%). This suggests that Africa will play a more
significant role in global population trends in the coming decades.

Additionally, by 2150, there is a projected increase of 2 billion people if we combine the populations
of Africa, Latin America, and Oceania. This indicates that these regions will experience significant
population growth, further emphasizing the shift in population trends towards developing countries.

Overall, these projections suggest that Africa, along with other developing regions, will see
substantial population increases in the future, indicating the importance of addressing issues such as
healthcare, education, and sustainable development to support the growing populations in these
regions.

The dependency ratio? Is a measure of the number of dependents aged zero to 14 and over the age
of 65, compared with the total population aged 15 to 64.
In 1900, developing countries like India and the Philippines had higher dependency ratios compared
to the West for several reasons. One primary factor was the difference in birth rates and life
expectancies between these regions.

1. **High Birth Rates:** Developing countries typically had higher birth rates due to factors
such as limited access to contraception, cultural norms promoting larger families, and lack of
awareness about family planning. This led to larger numbers of children relative to the
working-age population, increasing the dependency ratio.

2. **High Infant Mortality Rates:** In developing countries, especially in 1900, infant mortality
rates were higher due to poor healthcare infrastructure, lack of sanitation, and limited
access to clean water. This meant that more children were born to compensate for the
higher likelihood of infant deaths, further increasing the dependency ratio.

3. **Lower Life Expectancy:** Life expectancy in developing countries like India and the
Philippines was generally lower in 1900 compared to Western countries. This was due to
factors such as limited access to healthcare, higher prevalence of diseases, malnutrition, and
poor living conditions. A lower life expectancy meant that older individuals made up a
smaller proportion of the population, increasing the dependency ratio.

4. **Limited Social Welfare Programs:** Unlike many Western countries that had established
social welfare programs to support the elderly and vulnerable populations, developing
countries often lacked such support systems. This meant that families in these regions had
to rely more on their children for support in old age, contributing to a higher dependency
ratio.

The aging of a population refers to a situation where the proportion of elderly people (usually
defined as individuals aged 65 and over) increases in relation to the working-age population. The
dependency ratio is a measure that compares the size of the dependent population (children and
elderly) to the working-age population (typically defined as individuals aged 15 to 64).

As the population ages, there are typically fewer people of working age who can support and care
for the growing number of elderly individuals. This leads to an increase in the dependency ratio
because there are more people who are dependent on the working-age population for support and
services, such as healthcare and pensions.
The rise in the dependency ratio can put pressure on the economy and social welfare systems as
there is a smaller proportion of the population contributing to the workforce and tax base, while a
larger proportion requires support and services. This can lead to challenges such as increased
healthcare costs, pension liabilities, and a shrinking labor force, which can impact economic growth
and sustainability.

That’s all my part, thankyou for your time.