Pharma Sem1 Sugge

GENERAL PHARMA
1. Pharmacokinetics
- Bioavailability and factors affecting bioavailability
- Routes of drug administration (advantages and disadvantages)
- First-pass metabolism
- Volume of distribution (Vd) and its clinical significance
- Clearance of drugs
- Half-life and its clinical significance
- Drug biotransformation (phases, reactions, enzyme induction/inhibition)
- Therapeutic drug monitoring
2. Clinical Trials and Drug Regulation

- Phases of clinical trials and their objectives
- Good Clinical Practice (GCP)
- Meta-analysis and multicentric trials
- Pharmacovigilance and reporting adverse drug reactions
- Ethical principles in medical research
- Institutional Ethics Committee
3. Rational Use of Medicines

- Factors influencing rational prescribing
- Irrational prescribing and its impact
- Essential medicines (definition, criteria for selection)
- P-drugs
- Evidence-based medicine
4. Pharmacodynamics
- Drug-receptor interactions (receptor families, agonists, antagonists)
- Drug response (graded dose-response, quantal dose-response, ED50)
- Drug antagonism (types with examples)
- Drug synergism
- Drug tolerance and dependence
5. Miscellaneous Topics
- Pharmacoeconomics and economic evaluation
- Orphan drugs
- Prodrugs (examples and clinical significance)
- Transdermal therapeutic systems
- Drug nomenclature
- Pharmacogenetics
- Diagnostic uses of drugs
- Ethical principles in clinical practice
- Counseling patients (self-medication, drugs with dependence liability)
Autacoids
1. Drugs used in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory conditions

- Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
- Methotrexate
- Mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Selective and non-selective NSAIDs
- Uses and adverse effects
- Biologics
- Management of RA and other inflammatory conditions
2. Management of Gout
- Acute gout
- Drugs used (e.g., colchicine)
- Mechanism of action and adverse effects
- Chronic gout
- Drugs used (e.g., allopurinol)
- Mechanism of action and adverse effects
3. Drugs used in Migraine

- Acute management
- Triptans (e.g., sumatriptan)
- Mechanism of action, uses, and adverse effects
- Prophylaxis
- Drugs used for prevention
4. Paracetamol
- Uses
- Paracetamol poisoning and its management
- N-acetyl cysteine
5. Antihistamines
- First-generation and second-generation antihistamines
- Uses and adverse effects
6. Other topics
- Prostaglandins and their clinical uses
- Sodium cromoglycate
- Ondansetron in nausea and vomiting
- Indomethacin in patent ductus arteriosus
- Misoprostol
- Levocetirizine
- Bioavailability
- Folinic acid in methotrexate toxicity
- Morphine in acute left ventricular failure and management of addiction
ANS
1. Organophosphorus and Carbamate Poisoning
- Diagnosis and management
- Drugs used (atropine, pralidoxime, oximes)
- Mechanism of action of antidotes
2. Glaucoma
- Drugs used for open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma (miotics, beta-blockers,
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors)
- Mechanism of action of drugs
- Rationale for topical administration
3. Myasthenia Gravis
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnostic tests (ameliorative and provocative tests)
- Drug treatment (anticholinesterases, immunosuppressants)
- Differentiation between myasthenic and cholinergic crisis
4. Anticholinergic Drugs
- Classification
- Clinical uses (preanesthetic medication, overactive bladder, parkinsonism, etc.)
- Adverse effects
- Atropine substitutes
5. Anticholinesterase Agents
- Classification
- Mechanism of action
- Therapeutic uses (myasthenia gravis, neurotoxic snake bites)
- Antidotes for anticholinesterase poisoning
6. Sympathomimetic Drugs
- Classification
- Mechanism of action of drugs acting on presynaptic adrenergic neurons
- Therapeutic uses (anaphylactic shock, epistaxis, cardiogenic shock)
7. Beta-Blockers
- Classification
- Cardiovascular uses
- Adverse effects and contraindications
- Role in thyrotoxicosis
8. Cholinergic Receptors
- Types of cholinergic receptors
- Agonists and antagonists for each receptor
9. Anaphylactic Shock
- Diagnosis
- Management (adrenaline, antihistamines)
10. Autonomic Drugs Acting on the Eye

- Mydriatics and cycloplegics (atropine)
- Miotics (pilocarpine)
11. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

- Comparison between depolarizing and non-depolarizing agents (succinylcholine and
atracurium)
12. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

- Role of alpha-blockers (tamsulosin)
CVS
1. Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) and Unstable Angina

- Drugs used in AMI and Unstable Angina (Nitrates, Aspirin, Statins, Beta-blockers,
ACE inhibitors, etc.)
- Role of Aspirin and Statins in AMI and Unstable Angina
- Management of AMI (pharmacotherapy and interventions)
2. Management of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

- Drugs used in CHF (Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, Beta-blockers, Digoxin, ARNIs)
- Role of different drug classes in CHF
- Management of Acute and Chronic CHF
3. Management of Hypertension
- Drugs used in Hypertension (Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, CCBs, Beta-blockers)
- Management of Hypertensive Emergency and Urgency
- Specific considerations for Hypertension with Diabetes Mellitus
4. Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Drugs

- Role of Low-dose Aspirin as an Antiplatelet agent
- Parenteral Anticoagulants and their uses
- Heparin Bridge with Warfarin therapy
5. Mechanism of Action of Various Cardiovascular Drugs

- Nitrates in Angina
- ACE inhibitors in CHF
- Digoxin in CHF
- Statins as Hypolipidemic agents
- Thiazide Diuretics in Hypertension
6. Beta-blockers
- Classification of Beta-blockers
- Cardioselective Beta-blockers
- Use of Beta-blockers in various cardiovascular conditions
7. Adverse Effects of Cardiovascular Drugs
- Adverse effects of ACE inhibitors
- Digoxin toxicity
- Adverse effects of Statins
- Adverse effects of Diuretics
8. Miscellaneous Topics
- Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitors (ARNIs) and their role in CHF
- Thrombolytic drugs and their uses
- Pharmacotherapy of Hypertension in Pregnancy
- Pleotropic effects of Statins
GIT
1. Drugs used in the management of Peptic Ulcer
- Classification of drugs
- Specific drugs (proton pump inhibitors, H2 blockers, antacids, sucralfate, etc.)
- Regimens for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection
2. Antiemetic drugs
- Ondansetron
- Domperidone
3. Drugs used in Hepatic Encephalopathy

- Lactulose
4. Prokinetic agents
- Cisapride (withdrawal in some countries)
- Levosulpride
- Mosapride
5. Purgatives
- Bisacodyl
6. Antiamoebic drugs
- Metronidazole (mechanism of action and uses)
- Diloxanide furoate (in combination with Metronidazole)
7. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

- Management
8. Drug-receptor families
- Specific examples (e.g., SSIR)
9. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
10. Long-term adverse effects of proton pump inhibitors
11. Incompatibility of antacids with sucralfate in the treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease

Pharma Sem1 Sugge

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Pharma Sem1 Sugge

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GENERAL PHARMA

2. Clinical Trials and Drug Regulation

3. Rational Use of Medicines

1. Drugs used in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory conditions

3. Drugs used in Migraine

10. Autonomic Drugs Acting on the Eye

11. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

12. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

1. Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) and Unstable Angina

2. Management of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

4. Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Drugs

5. Mechanism of Action of Various Cardiovascular Drugs

3. Drugs used in Hepatic Encephalopathy

7. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

10. Long-term adverse effects of proton pump inhibitors

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