Lec 2

SSC 365 Soil Microbiology (Lec 1 & 2)
Scope and Importance of Soil Microbiology

What is Soil Microbiology?
It is branch of science/microbiology which deals with study of soil microorganisms and their
activities in the soil.
Living organisms both plant and animal types constitute an important component of soil. Though
these organisms form only a fraction (less than one percent) of the total soil mass, but they play
important role in supporting plant communities on the earth surface. While studying the scope and
importance of soil microbiology, soil-plant-animal ecosystem as such must be taken into account.
Therefore, the scope and importance of soil microbiology, can be understood in better way by
studying aspects like
1. Soil as a living system

2. Soil microbes and plant growth
3. Soil microorganisms and soil structure
4. Organic matter decomposition
5. Humus formation
6. Biogeochemical cycling of elements
7. Soil microorganisms as bio-control agents
8. Soil microbes and seed germination
9. Biological N2 fixation
10. Degradation of pesticides in soil.
1. Soil as a living system: Soil inhabit diverse group of living organisms, both micro flora (fungi,
bacteria, algae and actinomycetes) and micro-fauna (protozoa, nematodes, earthworms, moles, ants).
The density of living organisms in soil is very high i.e. as much as billions / gm of soil, usually
density of organisms is less in cultivated soil than uncultivated / virgin land and population decreases
with soil acidity. Top soil, the surface layer contains greater number of microorganisms because it is
well supplied with Oxygen and nutrients. Lower layer / subsoil is depleted with Oxygen and
nutrients hence it contains fewer organisms. Soil ecosystem comprises of organisms which are both,
autotrophs (Algae, BOA) and heterotrophs (fungi, bacteria). Autotrophs use inorganic carbon from
CO2 and are "primary producers" of organic matter, whereas heterotrophs use organic carbon and are
decomposers/consumers.
2. Soil microbes and plant growth: Microorganisms being minute and microscopic, they are
universally present in soil, water and air. Besides supporting the growth of various biological
systems, soil and soil microbes serve as a best medium for plant growth. Soil fauna & flora convert
complex organic nutrients into simpler inorganic forms which are readily absorbed by the plant for
growth. Further, they produce variety of substances like IAA, gibberellins, antibiotics etc. which
directly or indirectly promote the plant growth
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3. Soil microbes and soil structure: Soil structure is dependent on stable aggregates of soil
particles. Soil organisms play important role in soil aggregation. Different soil microorganisms,
having soil aggregation / soil binding properties are graded in the order as fungi > actinomycetes >
gum producing bacteria > yeasts. Examples are: Fungi like Rhizopus, Mucor, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia,
Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Bacteria like Rhizobium, Bacillus and Xanthomonas.
4. Soil microbes and organic matter decomposition: The organic matter serves not only as a
source of food for microorganisms but also supplies energy for the vital processes of metabolism that
are characteristics of living beings. Microorganisms such as fungi, actinomycetes, bacteria, protozoa
etc. and macro organisms such as earthworms, termites, insects etc. plays important role in the
process of decomposition of organic matter and release of plant nutrients in soil. Thus, organic
matter added to the soil is converted by oxidative decomposition to simpler nutrients / substances for
plant growth and the residue is transformed into humus. Organic matter / substances include
cellulose, lignins and proteins (in cell wall of plants), glycogen (animal tissues), proteins and fats
(plants, animals). Cellulose is degraded by bacteria, especially those of genus Cytophaga and other
genera (Bacillus, Pseudomonas,) and fungal genera (Aspergillus, Penicilliun, Trichoderma,). Lignins
and proteins are partially digested by fungi, protozoa and nematodes. Proteins are degraded to
individual amino acids mainly by fungi like actinomycetes and Clostridium. Under unaerobic
conditions of waterlogged soils, methane are main carbon containing product which is produced by
the bacterial genera Methanococcus and Methanobacterium
5. Soil microbes and humus formation: Humus is the organic residue in the soil resulting from
decomposition of plant and animal residues in soil, or it is the highly complex organic residual
matter in soil which is readily degraded by microorganism, or it is the soft brown/dark colored
amorphous substance composed of residual organic matter along with dead microorganisms.
6. Soil microbes and cycling of elements: Life on earth is dependent on cycling of elements from
their organic / elemental state to inorganic compounds, then to organic compounds and back to their
elemental states. The biogeochemical process through which organic compounds are broken down to
inorganic compounds or their constituent elements is known “Mineralization”. Soil microbes plays
important role in the biochemical cycling of elements in the biosphere where the essential elements
(C, P, S, N & Iron etc.) undergo chemical transformations. Through the process of mineralization
organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, Sulphur, Iron etc. are made available for reuse by plants.
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7. Soil microbes and biological N2 fixation: Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and
nitrate by microorganisms is known as biological nitrogen fixation.
Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is essential because of the reasons:
1. Fixed nitrogen is lost through the process of nitrogen cycle through denitrification.
2. Demand for fixed nitrogen by the biosphere always exceeds its availability.
3. The amount of nitrogen fixed chemically and lightning process is very less (i.e. 0.5%) as
compared to biologically fixed nitrogen
4. Nitrogenous fertilizers contribute only 25% of the total world requirement while biological
nitrogen fixation contributes about 60% of the earth's fixed nitrogen
5. Manufacture of nitrogenous fertilizers by "Haber" process is costly and time consuming.
The number of soil microorganisms carry out the process of biological nitrogen fixation at normal
atmospheric pressure (1 atmosphere) and temp (around 20 °C).
8. Soil microbes as biocontrol agents: Several ecofriendly bioformulations of microbial origin are
used in agriculture for the effective management of plant diseases, insect pests, weeds etc.
eg: Trichoderma sp are used for biological control of seed and soil borne diseases. Fungal
genera Entomophthora are used in the management of insect pests. Nuclear polyhydrosis virus
(NPV) is used for the control of American boll worm. Bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis,
Pseudomonas are used in cotton against Angular leaf spot and boll worms.
9. Degradation of pesticides in soil by microorganisms: Soil receives different toxic chemicals in

various forms and causes adverse effects on beneficial soil micro flora / micro fauna. Various
microbes present in soil act as the scavengers of these harmful chemicals in soil. For example,
bacterial genera like Pseudomonas, Clostridium, Bacillus, etc. and fungal genera like Trichoderma,
Penicillium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Fusarium are playing important role in the degradation of
the toxic chemicals / pesticides in soil.
10. Biodegradation of hydrocarbons: Natural hydrocarbons in soil like waxes, paraffin’s, oils etc
are degraded by fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes. E.g. ethane (C2H6) a paraffin hydrocarbon is
metabolized and degraded by Mycobacteria, Nocardia, Streptomyces Pseudomonas,
Flavobacterium and several fungi.
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SSC 365 Soil Microbiology (Lec 1 & 2)

Scope and Importance of Soil Microbiology

1. Soil as a living system

Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is essential because of the reasons:

5. Manufacture of nitrogenous fertilizers by "Haber" process is costly and time consuming.

9. Degradation of pesticides in soil by microorganisms: Soil receives different toxic chemicals in

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