1.

Comparison (< or >)

- This symbol is use as a mathematical language which means to examine the differences between
numbers, quantities or values to decide if it is greater than, smaller than or equal to another quantity. In
general, a comparison statement is simply a statement in which two quantities or values are being compered,
for examples: 10 > 5 “it means 10 is greater than 5”.

These are the signs to compare numbers:

When two values are equal,

= Example: 2+2 = 4
we use the "equals" sign

When one value is smaller than another,

< Example: 3 < 5
we can use a "less than" sign.

When one value is bigger than another,

> Example: 9 > 6
we can use a "greater than" sign

 Two other comparison symbols are ≥ (greater than or equal to) and ≤ (less than or equal to).

2. Set theory

-It is a branch of mathematical logic where we learn sets and their properties and a collection of objects
or groups of objects. These objects are often called elements or members of a set.  Set theory can be
represented using curly brackets. So a set containing the numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ... is: {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ... } and
can also be represented by letters, so this set might be E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ...}

3. ° Degree

-It usually denoted by ° (the degree symbol), is a measurement of a plane angle in which one full
rotation is 360 degrees.

Degrees ° are used in several different ways.

 As a measure of rotation - the angle between the sides of a shape or the rotation of a circle. A circle is
360° and a right angle is 90°.
 A measure of temperature. Degrees Celsius or Centigrade are used in most of the world (with the
exception of the USA). Water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C. In the USA Fahrenheit is used. On the
Fahrenheit scale water freezes at 32°F and boils at 212°F. 

Example:

Angle Type Angle measure

Acute angle Greater than 0 °, Less than 90°

Right angle 90°

Obtuse angle Greater than 90°, less than 180°

Straight angle 180°

4. ∠ Angle

The angle symbol ∠ is used as shorthand in geometry) for describing an angle. The figure formed by two rays,
called the sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle. Angles formed by two
rays lie in the plane that contains the rays. Angles are also formed by the intersection of two planes called
dihedral angles. Angles can be classified on the basis of their measurements as ; Acute Angles, Right Angles ,
Obtuse Angles, Straight Angles, Reflex Angles , and Complete Angles.

5. Exponentiation or n Power  
-It indicates that the base is to be raised to a certain power. x is the base and n is the exponent or
power. If x is a positive number and n is its exponent, then xn means x is multiplied by itself n times.

Examples:

                32 = 3 x 3

                35 = 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3

6. √ Square Root or the Radical Symbol

-In mathematics, the radical sign, radical symbol, root symbol, radix, or surd is a symbol for the square
root or higher-order root of a number. This symbol shows that a factor of a number that, when multiplied by
itself, gives the original number.

Example: 4 × 4 = 16, so a square root of 16 is 4.

Note that (−4) × (−4) = 16 too, so −4 is also a square root of 16.

 The symbol is √ which always means the positive square root.

Example: √36 = 6 (because 6 x 6 = 36)

7. Calculus

- It involves the study of rates of change, used in a multitude of fields that you wouldn't ordinarily think
would make use of its concepts. Among them are physics, engineering, economics, statistics, and medicine.
Calculus is also used in such disparate areas as space travel, as well as determining how medications interact
with the body, and even how to build safer structures. These are the symbols, meaning, and examples for
calculus:

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

limit limit value of a function  

represents a very small number,

ε epsilon
near zero
ε  →  0

e constant /
e Euler's number
e = 2.718281828... e = lim (1+1/x)x , x→∞

y  ' derivative derivative - Lagrange's notation (3x3)' = 9x2

 second
y  '' derivative
derivative of derivative (3x3)'' = 18x

y(n) nth derivative n times derivation (3x3)(3) = 18

derivative derivative - Leibniz's notation d(3x3)/dx = 9x2

second
derivative
derivative of derivative d2(3x3)/dx2 = 18x

nth derivative n times derivation  

derivative by time - Newton's

time derivative  
notation

time second
derivative of derivative  
derivative

Dx  y derivative derivative - Euler's notation  

second
Dx2y derivative
derivative of derivative  

partial derivative   ∂(x2+y2)/∂x = 2x

∫ integral opposite to derivation  

∬ double integral integration of function of 2 variables  

∭ triple integral integration of function of 3 variables  

closed contour /
∮ line integral
   

closed surface
∯ integral
   

closed volume
∰ integral
   

[a,b] closed interval [a,b] = {x |  a  ≤  x ≤ b}  

(a,b) open interval (a,b) = {x |  a  <  x < b}  

i imaginary unit i ≡ √-1 z = 3 + 2i

complex
z* conjugate
z = a+bi → z*=a-bi z* = 3 + 2i

complex
z conjugate
z = a+bi → z  =  a-bi z = 3 + 2i

real part of a
Re(z) complex number
z = a+bi → Re(z)=a Re(3 - 2i) = 3

imaginary part of
Im(z) a complex z = a+bi → Im(z)=b Im(3 - 2i) = -2
number
 absolute
value/magnitude
| z | of a complex
|z| = |a+bi| = √(a2+b2) |3 - 2i| = √13
number

argument of a The angle of the radius in the

arg(z) complex number complex plane
arg(3 + 2i) = 33.7°

∇ nabla / del gradient / divergence operator ∇f  (x,y,z)

vector    

unit vector    

x  *  y convolution y(t) = x(t) * h(t)  

Laplace
F(s) =  {f  (t)}  
transform

Fourier
X(ω) =  {f (t)}  
transform

δ delta function    

 
8. Linear and multilinear algebra

-Linearity is the property of a mathematical relationship (function) that can be graphically represented

as a straight line. Linear equations are equations of the first order. A linear equation can have more than one
variable. If the linear equation has two variables, then it is called linear equations in two variables and so on. 

Example: 2x – 3 = 0

2y = 8,

m + 1 = 0,

x/2 = 3,

x + y = 2,

3x – y + z = 3.

Multilinear algebra is a generalization of linear algebra since a linear function is also multilinear in one

variable.  In other words, it is a linear function of each variable k when all the other variables are assigned fixed
values. They are polynomials of order n but with a maximum order of one for each variable.

Let’s say we had the following function:

f: W1 * … * Wk → V
Where W1, …, Wk V are vector spaces over a field 𝔽.
It is a multilinear function if:

9. Decimal Separation

-A decimal separator is a symbol used to separate the integer part from the fractional part of a number
written in decimal form. The choice of symbol also affects the choice of symbol for the thousands separator
used in digit grouping. 

 Example:

In the number 36.9 the point separates the 36 (the whole number part) from the 9 (the fractional part, which
really means 9 tenths). So 36.9 is 36 and nine tenths.
10. Pecentage (%)

It is a number or ratio that can be expressed as a fraction of 100. If we have to calculate percent of a
number, divide the number by whole and multiply by 100. Hence, the percentage means, a part per hundred.
The word per cent means per 100.

Percentage can be calculated by dividing the value by the total value, and then multiplying the result by 100.
The formula used to calculate percentage is: (value/total value)×100%.

Example : 1. 25 of 200?

Solution
(25/200) × 100
Divide the numerator by denominator;
= (1/8) × 100
= (1 × 100)/8
= 100/8
= 25/2
= 12 .5 %

11. ! Factorial

-The product of all positive integers less than or equal to a given positive integer and denoted by that
integer and an exclamation point. Thus, factorial seven is written 7!, meaning 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 × 6 × 7.
Factorial zero is defined as equal to 1.

 It’s a shorthand way of writing numbers. For example, instead of writing 479001600, you could write 12!
instead (which is 12 x 11 x 10 x 9 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1).

Other Example:

 If n is 3, then 3! is 3 x 2 x 1 = 6. 
 If n is 5, then 5! is 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120.

12. ∝ Proportional

-Two varying quantities are said to be in a relation of proportionality, multiplicatively connected to a

constant; that is, when either their ratio or their product yields a constant. The value of this constant is called
the coefficient of proportionality or proportionality constant. The term proportionality describes any relationship
that is always in the same ratio.

For example, the ratio 1:2 is the same as 2:4. If you go ahead and divide both of these ratios, you'll get
the same relationship 1:2.

13. | Pipe

The vertical bar is often called a 'pipe'. It is often used in mathematics, logic and statistics. It typically is read
as 'given that'. In probability and statistics it often indicates conditional probability, but can also indicate a
conditional distribution.

Example: If a divides b, it implies that a can evenly divide bb. Therefore, when integer bb is divided by integer a,
it doesn’t leave a remainder which suggests that the remainder is zero, 0.

14. ∞ Infinity

-Is the concept of something that is unlimited, endless, without bound. Mathematical infinities occur, for
instance, as the number of points on a continuous line or as the size of the endless sequence of counting
numbers: 1, 2, 3,…. Another good example of infinity is the number π or pi. Mathematicians use a symbol for
pi because it's impossible to write the number down. Pi consists of an infinite number of digits. It's often
rounded to 3.14 or even 3.14159, yet no matter how many digits you write, it's impossible to get to the end.

For example

 there are infinitely many whole numbers {0,1,2,3,4,...}, But there are more real numbers (such as
12.308 or 1.1111115) because there are infinitely many possible variations after the decimal place as
well.
 It can also be 5.6666666666666666666666∞
15. Thousands Separator (,)

It is often called Comma, and the thousands separator used in most English-speaking countries. To separate
thousands, the proper way to write numbers with more than four figures is by separating them into groups of
three and leaving a comma between each group. Continue to place a comma after every third digit.

For example: 1000000 can be written as 1,000,000 (one million)

25000 can be 25,000

450000000 can be 450,000,000

Reference:

https://revisionmaths.com/advanced-level-maths-revision/pure-maths/algebra/set-theory

https://www.skillsyouneed.com/num/common-symbols.html

https://www.splashlearn.com/math-vocabulary/geometry/angle

https://www.mathsisfun.com/definitions/square-root.html

https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-calculus-2311607

https://www.rapidtables.com/math/symbols/Calculus_Symbols.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols

https://www.britannica.com/science/factorial

https://www.chilimath.com/lessons/introduction-to-number-theory/meaning-of-ab-or-a-pipe-b/