TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENTS WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMME

(SWEP)

HELD AT THE SOFTWARE LABORATORY, DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, LADOKE AKINTOLA UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY, OGBOMOSO, NIGERIA.

BY:

GROUP 12

SUBMITTED TO:

THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, FACULTY

OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

LADOKE AKINTOLA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,

OGBOMOSO, NIGERIA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B.Tech) DEGREE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING.

APRIL, 2021
 LIST OF MEMBERS
NAMES MATRIC NUMBER

1. YUSUFF OLAMILEKAN AZEEZ 160507

2. OGUNTOYE SUNDAY IYANU 161829

3. OYELEKE BLESSING ADEBAYO 170297

4. ADEGOKE ELIJAH TOSIN 160962

5. ADEBISI ABDULAZEEZ ADEKUNLE 170499

6. AFOLABI OLAYEMI JOEL 162198

7. OJUTALAYO FOLUSO OLUKAYODE 163222

8. AJOBO AJIBOLA QUDUS 160109

9. ADEWOLE SAMSON ADENIYI 163917

10. OYESEGUN AYOMIDE PELUMI 153228

11. OJO ISRAEL OLAOLUWA 170832

12. POPOOLA EMMANUEL OLALEKAN 170832

13. OSHUNKEYE OLUWATOYOSI JOHN 161182

14. OLUWASEUN ADEBOWALE PHILLIPS 164026

15. LAWAL JAMIU EYITAYO 161999

16. OLATUNBOSUN PAMILERIN HOPE 160929

17. AJADI PREVAIL PAUL 162253

18. BAMIDELE PAUL AYOMIDE 160776

19. OLALERE SODIQ ADETUNJI 161895

20. ADEDOKUN RICHARD ADEYEMI 160035

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 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this report is a compilation of the experience gained by Group XII (Team

12) during the student work experience (SWEP) held at COMPUTER SOFTWARE

LABORATORY the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola

University of Technology, Ogbomoso from April 9th to April 28th, 2021 under the supervision of:

___________________________ ___________________________
Dr. A.S FALOHUN DATE
SUPERVISOR

___________________________ ________________________
DR. (MRS.) OKE DATE
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

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 DEDICATION

This SWEP project is dedicated to ALMIGHTY GOD, the Lecturers of Department, Computer

Science and Engineering LAUTECH, to my family and to the use of mankind.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Our profound gratitude goes to the Almighty God the source of wisdom, knowledge and

understanding for the success of the program. We are indeed grateful to our supervisor in person

of Dr. A.S Falohun for his guidance and useful input throughout the course of the programme.

We are indebted to you for your approachable and humble attitude shown to us all in the course

of this programme.

Our third appreciation goes to our lovely Parent for their financial support towards making this

programme a remarkable one.

We also appreciate the SWEP coordinator Dr. Ganiyu for the help, enlightenment, and advice

from him during the course of the programme. Furthermore, we appreciate the Head of

Department Dr. MRS. OKE, the SWEP organizing committee and all the staff members of

Computer Science and Engineering Department for organizing this knowledge and experience

gaining training programme. We are indeed grateful.

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 ABSTRACT
The purpose of this project is to design and construct a 1000Watts (1KW) 220 Volts Inverter at a

frequency of 50Hz. This device is constructed with locally sourced components and materials of

regulated standards. The basic principle of its operation is a simple conversion of 12V DC from a

battery using integrated circuits and semiconductors at a frequency of 50Hz, to a 220V AC

across the windings of a transformer. An additional power supply to the public power supply

with the same power output is thus provided at an affordable price.

Keywords: Inverter, integrated circuits, semiconductors, transformer, power supply

And also, this work presented here is to control electrical appliances through RF based remote

system. From anywhere without any line of sight, RF based wireless remote control system can

change the state of the electrical appliances either in off state or in on state. The controlling

circuit is built around RF transmitter and RF Receiver modules which are operating at certain

frequency along with a encoder and a decoder with few passive components.

The four different channels at the encoder IC are used as input switches and the four channels at

the decoder output are connected to the electrical devices through a relay. Here the transmission

technique is amplitude shift keying (ASK) and the circuit is powered with 9 Volt. The main

objective of this work is to control electrical appliances without line of sight requirement using

the RF technology.

It has many applications like we can control any independent electrical appliance such as T.V,

room light, fan just from a remote. Operating them manually is a tedious job and become hectic

sometimes. If one can control devices like fan, TV, lights and music system with a remote from a

distance place just by pressing the button, life will become simpler. This will make our life more

comfortable and easier.

Keywords—Radio Frequency, Remote Control, Amplitude Shift Keying, Increase Comfort.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

List of Members ii

Certification iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v

Abstract vi

Table of Contents vii

List of Figures viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction to SWEP 1

1.1 Aims and Objectives of SWEP 1

1.2 Brief History of the Department of

Computer Science and Engineering Introduction 2

1.3 Electric Power Generation 2

1.4 Introduction to Solar System 3

1.5 Introduction to Inverter 4

1.6 Factors Affecting the Position of a Solar Panel 5

1.7 Components Used in the Design 6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Calculation Analysis 8

2.1 Determination of Oscillating Frequency 8

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CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Design of the Inverter Circuit 9

3.1.1 The Battery 9

3.1.2 The Inverter Circuit 10

3.1.3 The AC Mains Supply 11

3.1.4 The AC Mains Sensor 11

3.1.5 The Oscillator 12

3.1.6 The Driver and the Output Amplifier 12

3.1.7 The Inverter Transformer 13

3.1.8 The Battery Charger 14

3.1.9 The Change Over 14

3.1.10 Inverter AC Output 14

3.1.11 Protections 14

3.1.12 Indicators 15

3.1.13 Switch 15

3.2 Construction 15

3.3 Casing 16

3.4 Testing 16

3.4.1 Testing of the Inverter under Load Condition 16

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 CHAPTER FOUR

Embedded System 18

4.0 RF Based Remote Control 18

4.1 Introduction 18

4.2 Circuit Implementation 19

4.3 Components and Their Description 24

4.3.1 Components Used 24

4.3.2 Brief Description 24

4.4 About 89s52 Microcontroller 25

4.5 Encoder and Decoder 26

4.6 Working 28

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Problems Encountered During the Programme 29

CHAPTER SIX

6.0 Conclusion and Recommendations 30

6.1 Conclusion 30

6.2 Recommendations 31

REFERENCES 32

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 3.1: Schematic Diagram of an Inverter 9

Fig 3.2: Basic Block Diagram of an Inverter 10

Fig 3.3: The Complete Diagram of an Inverter System 11

Fig 3.4: Basic Circuit of an Inverter Transformer 13

Fig 3.5: Inverter Casing 16

Fig.4.1: Controlling Four Appliances with RF Remote Control 19

Fig.4.2: Remote Control Transmitter at Block Level 19

Fig 4.3: Receiver Section With Load to be Controlled 20

Fig 4.4: Circuit Connection of Remote RF Transmitter 20

Fig. 4.5: Schematic Diagram of Rf Transmitter 21

Fig .4.6: Schematic Diagram of RF Receiver 22

Fig. 4.7: RF Transmitter and Receiver 24

Fig. 4.8: Pin Diagram of RF Receiver and Transmitter 25

Fig. 4.9: Pin Diagram of Relay 27

Fig. 4.10: Pin Diagram of 7805 Voltage Regulator 28

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SWEP

SWEP (Student Work Experience Program) is a curriculum developed and designed by the

Nigerian University Commission (NUC), for all Engineering students. The purpose of SWEP for

students is that it helps them bridge the gap between what is taught in classrooms and what is

actually expected of us in the industrial world.

All Engineering students are expected to get familiar with the companies, plants and industries of

their chosen profession. There, the students are expected to work for the main purpose of

acquiring practical knowledge which expands the theoretical knowledge acquired in the regular

lecture rooms into real life experiences.

As a requirement, specialized industries are bound to have more sophisticated tools, implements

and machineries than a university. If this statement is true, it would not be a crime to say a

student on SWEP program is more exposed to these equipment and definitely to the practical

world than a mere student. The exposure and experiences are really essential in engineering.

1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SWEP

Be oriented in the right direction to identify the problems peculiar to his field of learning and

finding a lasting solution to such problems.

Increase in competency in industrial based training.

Know the human, financial and labor implication of running a working industry.

Have a broader horizon about the scope of engineering.

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1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING INTRODUCTION

The department came into existence in 1990 with a view to addressing squarely two budding

computing problems in the country, namely: the shortage of skilled hardware and software

specialists who are specifically trained to use modern productivity tools; and lack of research

personal to provide indigenous computer solutions to local problems. Therefore our two

undergraduate programmes are designed to be unique in content and to differ from currently

existing computer science curriculum in the following respects: theoretical computing personal

in the country. Students are able to actually qualify as skilled software or hardware specialists

specializing in modern areas of computing and its electronic allies. The engineering and

mathematical contents of the programmes ensure that their products are able to function outside

data processing environment. Both Software Engineering and Hardware Design Laboratories are

emphasized depending on which of the two programmes a student has chosen. Consequently, the

department offers two degree programmes whose first two years are the same with respect to

course requirements.

These are: (1) B.Tech Computer Science – Specializing in both science and engineering of

Software construction and allied topics (2) B. Tech. Computer Engineering – Specializing in

computer hardware systems design, construction and maintenance.

1.3 ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

In this modern society, electricity has great control over the most daily activities for instance in

domestic and industrial utilization of electric power for operations. Electricity can be generated

from public supply to consumers in different ways including the use of water, wind or steam

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energy to drive the turbine as well as more recently the use of gas. Generators, solar energy and

nuclear energy are also source of electricity.

In Nigeria, there is inconsistence supply of electricity by the power supplying company to the

consumers. Hence the use of additional electric power source such as electric power generators

and most recently the use of semiconductor power devices such as the Bipolar Transistor,

Thyristors and particularly MOSFET to generate electric power in conjunction with a DC battery

in few kilowatts. An Inverter offers a better additional power source to Generators as well as

UPS considering its long duration, cost effectiveness and maintainability.

1.4 INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR SYSTEM

When people think about alternative or renewable energy, the first image that comes to mind is

often large blue or black solar panels on rooftops or portable highway signs that have a small

panel attached. These solar panels, also known as photovoltaic modules (or PV modules),

convert sunlight into electricity, and they have been the back renewable energy for decades. The

photovoltaic effect (how sunlight is converted into electrical energy) was discovered over a

hundred years ago, yet widespread implementation of this technology has been very gradual.

Only in very recent years has photovoltaics gained wide popularity as an alternative way to

produce electricity.

The solar panel consist of a large number of cells (typically made of crystalline silicon)

arranged in formation on a metal frame, the entirely of which is known as a module. When

exposed to sunlight these cells produce a small direct current of electricity, and when used as

masse will generate a large amount of electrical power with no moving parts, noise or emissions.

The amount of electricity generated is dependent on several factors: the size and arrangement of

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the PV system, the PV module array, and the efficiency of the electrical components used to

convert solar energy into electricity usable by your home or building (called inverters).

There are several technologies used to make solar cells, the building blocks of panels. The

main types currently on the market are:

 Monocrystalline solar panel

 Polycrystalline solar panels

 String Ribbon solar panels

 Amorphous Solar panels

There are two main types of connectors on the backs of PV modules. Solar panels rated

at less than 100 watts, or module manufactured more than ten years ago, often have open able

junction boxes. You can connect wires to the positive and negatives terminals of the panel by

passing them through knock-out holes in the sides of the junction box. The other type of

connector consists of a sealed junction box with wire leads, usually two to three feet in length.

1.5 INTRODUCTION TO INVERTER

An inverter is used to provide uninterrupted 220V AC supply to the load connected to its output

socket. It provides constant AC supply at its output socket, even when the AC mains supply is

not available.

It is a combination of inverter circuit, charger circuit and a battery. The charger circuit keeps the

battery charged when the mains supply is available and when the mains AC fails, the inverter

circuit takes the DC power stored in the battery and converts it into 220V/50Hz AC supply,

which can be used to power any common electronic equipment or computer systems. It performs

the reverse role of rectifier where the AC power is converted into DC power and functions by

chopping DC voltage through various means.

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Most of the electrical equipment works with the 220V AC supply but internally, their circuit

works on the DC supply. Hence the external AC supply is converted into DC supply by the

power supply unit on this equipment’s. Any device that works on DC supply can be used during

the mains power breakdown by connecting them to batteries. But batteries have a fixed life and

running power consuming equipment using the battery could be very expensive [9]. Hence,

rechargeable batteries can be used in this type of situation to reduce the cost. An inverter is used

to power device that does not have the facility to connect to a DC power source or device that

requires AC power source for its operation.

The use of semiconductor power devices such as bipolar transistors, thyristors for voltage

amplification, particularly the MOSFET as the power switches, makes the inverter a better

additional power supply. The inverter is less noisy, provides complete automatic switchover

function, posses no environmental threats, less bulky and less expensive to maintain.

1.6 FACTORS AFFECTING THE POSITION OF A SOLAR PANEL

 NECESSARY POWER LEVELS

Your home has a set level of electrical needs, based on its size, the number of appliances you

have, and the presence of things like insulation which can affect the size and power output of

your HVAC system. All of that needs to be factored in before you start planning. Need to start by

performing a home energy audit to determine the required output for all of your appliances and

electrical systems.

 SUNLIGHT EXPOSURE

The amount of sunlight your property gets is extremely important, for it will determine how

much power the solar panels can be expected to produce. The position of the sun changes in the

sky depending on the time of year, and you need your solar panels to catch as much sunlight as

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possible in summer and winter alike. Note any potential obstacles to sunlight exposure, and plan

the placement of your panels accordingly (as well as arranging for things like tilting panels to

catch the most amount of sunlight at any given time).

 ROOF CONDITION, MATERIAL, AND LAYOUT

One of the great things about solar panels is their durability. The roofs need to be in

excellent condition before installing panels. It can be challenging and costly to remove and

reinstall panels to make way for roof work, so repair any damage or replace the roof altogether,

if needed before installing your solar panel on it. Along with your roof condition, consider its

layout, materials, and direction.

1.7 COMPONENTS USED IN THE DESIGN

For this project to be complete, there is a need to know the components used in the design. In

electronics, the power system is designed in such a way that the equipment always has power so

that it can function effectively. These components include:

 Integrated Circuit(IC) SG 3524 PWM

 IC NE 555 Timer

 IC LM 393 (LM 324) Comparator

 Transistor

 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)

 Transformer

 Relay Switch

 Rectifier

 Capacitor

 Diode, Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

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  Resistor

 Breakers

 Opto-Isolator

 Operational Amplifier

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 CALCULATION ANALYSIS

This section deals with the actual calculation used to obtain parameter for the design. All

components used in the construction were sourced locally and adequate adjustments were made

on all available substitute components in order to achieve the best result of the device under

construction.

2.1 DETERMINATION OF OSCILATTING FREQUENCY

By supplying a constant 12Volt DC through a voltage regulator to the IC SG 3524 PWM, the

frequency of the oscillating signal was determined using a 10KΩ variable resistor connected in

series with another 56KΩ resistor and both connected in parallel with 0.22µF to form the RC

time constant network.

Frequency f = 1/(1.1*CtRt)

The variable resistor is varied until the frequency = 50Hz

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 DESIGN OF THE INVERTER CIRCUIT

This circuit uses IC SG3524 PWM which functions as oscillator together with TC 4066 BP

which functions as switch to generate the oscillating signal that controls the switching ON and

OFF of the gate of a 6-numbered MOSFETS connected in parallel to a center-tapped

transformer. This switches the 12V DC from the battery, across the windings of the transformer

to produce a 220V AC at 50Hz frequency for the use of computers and other domestic appliances

with maximum power rating of 1000watts.

LM 393 IC (a comparator) and NE555 (a timer) incorporated in the circuit function to detect

overloading and low battery in the inverter.

Generally, inverter is a combination of a battery, a charger circuit and an inverting circuit as

shown in the figure 3.1 below.

DC power from AC power supply

Inverter Circuit
the battery

Inverter
Fig 3.1 Schematic diagram of an

3.1.1 THE BATTERY

The battery is a two-terminal device that provides DC supply to the inverter section when the AC

main is not available. This DC is then converted into 220V AC supply and output at the inverter

output socket.

It is pertinent to state that lead-acid batteries used in automobiles are very good for this purpose

as they provide good quality power for a long duration and can be recharged once the power

stored in them are consumed. The backup time provided by the inverter depends on the battery

type and its current capacity.

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 3.1.2 THE INVERTER CIRCUIT

This circuit charges and discharges the battery when there is AC mains supply and when the AC

mains are not available respectively. The basic block and circuit diagram of this project is as

shown in figure 3.2 and 3.3 below.

Oscillator Driver Output Inverter

Section Section Amplifier Transformer
AC
Output

AC Mains
Sensor
Section
AC mains Relay or
supply change over
section
Battery Inverter AC
Charging + _
Output Socket
Section Battery

Fig 3.2 Basic Block Diagram of an Inverter

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 FIG 3.3: THE COMPLETE DIAGRAM OF AN INVERTER SYSTEM

3.1.3 THE AC MAINS SUPPLY

The AC input supplies a 220V AC, 50Hz from the public supply. This is connected to the

charger circuit where it is rectified to DC voltage and through the relay switch to the output of

the inverter to bypass the inverter when there is public electric power supply while the battery is

charging.

3.1.4 THE AC MAINS SENSOR

This inverter uses a 0 - 18V/1Amp triggering transformer and a regulator to sense the AC mains

supply. When the AC mains supply is available, this supply is given to the primary winding of

the triggering transformer to give 18V AC supply at the secondary winding. It is then rectified by

bridge rectifier and input to filter capacitors which convert the 18V supply to 12V DC supply.

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The 12V supply stays constant even when there is a change in the AC mains supply and the

inverter is informed about the availability of the AC mains supply whenever there is.

3.1.5 THE OSCILLATOR

This section uses a pulse width modulator PMW IC SG 3524 to generate the 50Hz frequency

required to generate AC supply by the inverter. The relationship between the frequency,

resistance and capacitance has been given before as:

Frequency, f =

1.1 CTRF

The battery supply is connected to the IC SG 3524 through the inverter ON/OFF switch. The

flip-flop converts the incoming signal into signals with changing polarity such that in a two-

signal with changing polarity, the first is positive while the second is negative and vice versa.

This process is repeated 50times per second to give an alternating signal with 50Hz frequency at

the output of SG3524. This alternating signal is known as "MOS Drive Signal ".

3.1.6 THE DRIVER AND THE OUTPUT AMPLIFIER

The MOS drive signals are given to the base of MOS driver transistor which results in the MOS

drive signal getting separated into two different channels. The transistors amplify the 50Hz MOS

drive signal at their base to a sufficient level and output them from the emitter.

The 50Hz signal from the emitter of each of the transistor is connected to the gate G of all the

MOSFETS in each of the MOSFET channel, through the appropriate resistance.

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3.1.7 THE INVERTER TRANSFORMER

The transformer used for this project has a center-tapping which divides the primary into two

equal sections. This center-tapping is connected to the positive terminal of the battery.

Two ends of the primary are connected to the negative terminal of the battery through switches

S1 and S2. These switches S1 and S2 are turned ON/OFF alternatively to generate current in the

primary coil. When the switch S1 is closed and S2 is opened, the current flows in the first part of

the primary winding and the EMF is induced in the secondary winding. When the switch S2 is

closed and S1 is opened, the current flows in the second part of the primary winding and the

EMF of opposite polarity is induced in the secondary winding. Thus, if the switches S1 and S2

are alternatively opened and closed at constant rate, then the output from the secondary winding

is a square wave of the frequency at which the switches S1 and S2 are opened and closed. In the

circuit of figure 4.5 the transformer is said to be connected in "push-pull-mode".

Battery Output

Fig 3.4 Basic Circuit of an Inverter

Transformer

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3.1.8 THE BATTERY CHARGER

When the inverter section receives AC mains supply, it stops operation but the charger section in

the inverter starts its operation. In this mode, the inverter transformer works as a step down

transformer and output 12V at its secondary winding. During the charging, MOSFET transistors

at the output section works as rectifier with the drain working as the cathode while the source

works as the anode. The center-tapping of the transformer receives positive supply and the

MOSFET source 'S' receives negative supply from the battery. The center-tapping is connected

to the positive terminal of the battery and the MOSFET source S is connected to the negative

terminal with a shunt resistance. Thus, when the inverter receives AC mains supply, inverter

transformer and MOSFET together work as a charger and charge the battery.

3.1.9 THE CHANGE OVER

This section is used to switch ON the inverter when the AC mains supply is OFF and to switch

OFF the inverter when the AC mains supply returns (ON). During changeover, when the inverter

receives AC mains supply, it stops drawing the battery supply and the AC mains supply at the

inverter input is directly sent to the inverter output socket. This is done using a one, two-pole

relay.

3.1.10 INVERTER AC OUTPUT

The AC output gives a 220V AC, 50Hz either directly from the input when the AC mains supply

is available or from the inverter circuit action on the battery when the AC mains supply is not

available. Computers and other household appliances are connected to this output.

3.1.11 PROTECTIONS

The AC input to this device was fused with a 5Amp fuse to protect the transformer as well as the

rectifying circuit in case of over voltage, and high current which could flow into the transformer.

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3.1.12 INDICATORS

Three indicators are connected to the front of the inverter; a red colour shows that the inverter is

charging as well as delivering a 220V AC from its output terminal. Green colour indicates that

the inverter is discharging from the battery and yellow indicates that it is delaying.

3.1.13 SWITCH

A switch is connected to the front of the inverter. This red switch controls the AC voltage input

and output of the inverter.

3.2 CONSTRUCTION

The step by step approach taking in the construction of this project started with the building of

the transformer from the laminating core, followed by the rectification stage, sensing and

monitoring stage, comparator and transistor switching. The tools and instruments used include:

 Lead and Soldering Iron

 Lead sucker

 Copper stripping knife

 Cutter

 Razor blade

 Plier

 Digital Multimeter

 Fero and bread board

To conform to the requirement of this project, temporary construction of the prototype was done

on bread board before finally transferring it onto the fero-board for permanent soldering. The

circuit was constructed, tested and put to use under proper load conditions. In other to achieve

accuracy in the design, some necessary adjustments were made to some of the components used.

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3.3 CASING

The complete unit was housed in a metallic red casing. Battery terminals for positive and

negative, power switch, handle and output meter were fixed in their allotted slots and connected

to their respective points on the circuit. The casing was earthed and each stage carefully arranged

inside and connected together.

22CM

28CM

35CM

Fig 3.5 Inverter Casing

3.4 TESTING

While constructing, all components used were tested to ascertain their conformity with the

required standard of the objective of this project. The output voltage of the inverter was a square

wave, filtered by a 2µF/400V capacitor connected across the output terminals to remove the

unwanted harmonics and leaving smooth sine waveform output voltage.

3.4.1 TESTING OF THE INVERTER UNDER LOAD CONDITION

The duration at which the inverter discharges under load condition depends on the total power of

load connected to its output terminal and the power rating of the battery connected to its input

terminal. Bearing in mind that total load must not exceed 1000watts.

Discharge duration

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Battery power rating = 12volts, 60Ampere per hour

When total load = 150watts

Then duration =

= 4.8hours

Battery power rating = 12volts, 60Ampere per hour

When load = 300watts

Then duration =

= 2.4hours

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 CHAPTER FOUR

EMBEDDED SYSTEM

4.0 RF BASED REMOTE CONTROL

4.1 INTRODUCTION

With the advancement in technologies, there is increase in the number of electrical equipments

and modern household appliances to make our life easier and more comfortable. Operating them

manually is a tedious job and become hectic sometimes. If one can control devices like fan, TV,

lights and music system with a remote from a distant place just by pressing the button, life will

become simpler. Home automation is becoming very common these days as advancement in

technology to reduce manual work. To switch on or off the devices one has to go to switch board

and this is very inconvenient even for an able person. If all this manual work is replaced by a

single remote control even a disable and aged person can do the task like a normal person.

Much related work has been done or reported for the same function by different groups with

different methods. Multiple devices can be controlled with a designed system using

microcontroller as part of the circuit with android based mobile phone. Here the mode of

controlling appliances is by sending command wirelessly through Bluetooth. IR remote control

has many applications in the field of electronics. Remote control based on IR for controlling

multiple home appliances with microcontroller is also reported for the same function. Another

approach is by GSM based for home automation. This is done by sending short SMS code from a

mobile handset and it has a wider coverage area. So to control any house hold appliances from a

distant place within the coverage area sending a short SMS code will either ON or OFF the

devices at home All these work is carried out for the same function but in a different way and

by using different technology. Some uses Bluetooth technology and some uses GSM technology

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or IR technology. Each technology has its own advantages and disadvantages over the others but

they all serve the common purpose to replace manual work. The main objective of this work is to

create such system which can control multiple appliances by using RF technology. One of the

main advantages of remote control based on RF is that it can operate the appliances without the

requirement of line of sight within its specified range or area efficiently. Fig 4.1 shows the basic

overall design system to control four independent home appliances like TV, fan, room light and

music system through a remote with four switches.

Fig.4.1: controlling four appliances with RF remote control

4.2 CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATION

The transmitter part is built with two basic components i.e with encoder RF transmitter module

and IC HT12E which operates at 434 MHz as shown in Figure 4.2. The encoder IC has four ports

which are used as input buttons for controlling the appliances

Fig.4.2: Remote control transmitter at block level

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And at the receiver side it consists of decoder RF receiver module and IC HT12D. The four

output port of the decoder IC is connected to the appliances through a relay as shown in Figure

4.3.

Fig 4.3: Receiver section with load to be controlled

When a button is pressed then the respective output port will be active which in turn will active

the relay and control the appliance.

Fig 4.4: Circuit connection of Remote RF transmitter

The modulation technique at the transmitter follows Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) which is

operating at 434 MHz. The input data pin at the transmitter module accepts serial data and

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transmits the serial data through Radio frequency which is again picked up by the transmitter

module placing at a distance.

Fig. 4.5: Schematic diagram of RF transmitter

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This Rx/Tx module is used with two IC’s i.e decoder and encoder each having four ports which

are configured as input channel and output channel.

Fig .4.6: Schematic diagram of RF Receiver

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The encoder IC HT12E converts the parallel data into serial data from the four input switches

and fed the data through pin 17 into the input data pin (pin 2) of the transmitter module. The

serial data signals are transmitted through the antenna of RF transmitter module. In order to

enable the transmission, pin 14 should be connected to active low state. These set of transmitted

data signal is received by the transmitter module and then fed in serially to the decoder IC HT12E

through the data input pin 14 and the decoder converts the serial data again into parallel data and

outputted at the four output port through D0 to D3. Each of the input switches is configured to

control a corresponding relay from which a load is connected as shown in Figure 4.6.

Transmission through Radio Frequency has numerous advantages over infrared transmission. RF

signal can travel a longer range hence its coverage area is larger and moreover the transmitter

and receiver need not to be in line of sight. As RF frequency signal is strong, it is more reliable

than infrared transmission. The RF modules used here comprises of transmitter and receiver

which operates at frequncy of 434 Mhz. The data transmission takes place between pin 2 serially

in each module. The system is designed and model to control any four load.

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4.3 COMPONENTS AND THEIR DESCRIPTION

4.3.1 COMPONENTS USED

RF Transmitter and Receiver

Microcontroller 89s52

Enccoder HT12 E

Decoder HT12 D

MCT 12E

Relay

Crystall Oscillator

Transformer

Capacitors, Diodes, Resistors

Voltage Regulator

4.3.2 BRIEF DESCRIPTION

RF Transmitter and Receiver

RF module operates at Radio Frequency and its corresponding frequency range varies from 30

kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF system, the digital data is given as variations in the amplitude of

carrier wave. This kind of modulation here is known as Amplitude Shift Keying

Fig. 4.7: RF transmitter and receiver

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This RF module consists of a RF Transmitter and a RF Receiver. The transmitter/receiver pair

(Tx/Rx) operates at a frequency of 434 MHz and An RF transmitter receives serial data and

transmits it to antenna connected at pin 4 wirelessly through RF. This transmission occurs at the

rate between 1Kbps and 10Kbps.The transmitted data is received by a RF receiver operating at

the same frequency as that of the transmitter

Fig. 4.8: Pin diagram of RF Receiver and transmitter

4.4 ABOUT 89S52 MICROCONTROLLER

The AT89s52 is a low-power based, high-performance 8-bit CMOS microcontroller having 8K

bytes of in system programmable Flash memory. The device is made by using Atmel’s high

density non-volatile memory technology and is fully compatible with the industry standard 80c51

pin out and instruction set. The on-chip Flash allows the device memory to be reprogrammed in-

system or by a usual non-volatile memory programmer.

By combining versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a mono-lithic chip, the

Atmel AT89s52 is a very puissant microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-

effective solution to numerous embedded control applications.

The AT89s52 gives the following standard features: 256 bytes of RAM, 8K bytes of Flash, 32

I/O lines, two data pointers, Watchdog timer, three 16-bit timer/counters, on- chip

oscillator, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, clock circuitry and a full duplex serial

port. The Idle Mode freezes the CPU while allowing the timer/counters, serial port, RAM and

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interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but

stops the oscillator and disables all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware

reset.

4.5 ENCODER AND DECODER

 HT12E Encoder

This encoder IC is integrated 2^12 series of encoders. HT12E is mainly used to interface RF

circuits and IR circuits. This IC converts 12 bit parallel to serial. These 12 bits are divided into 8

address bits and 4 data bits.

This IC has transmitter enable pin. When the trigger signal is received on this pin, data bits and

the address are transmitted together. This IC starts a 4 word transmission cycle upon the receipt

of enable. The transmission cycle is repeated unless transmitter enable is kept low.

 HT12D Decoder

This decoder IC converts the serial input data into parallel data. This IC indicates valid

transmission by high at Valid Transmission (VT) pin.

Decoder HT12E is capable of decoding 12bit data (4 data bits and 8 address bits). The output

data remains unchanged until the new data is received. It is mostly used in RF and IR circuits.

These decoders are mostly used for remote control applications such as car door alarm, burglar

alarm, security system etc.

The pair of encoder and decoder which is chosen for communication should have same number

of data and address bits.

 MCT 2E

MCT 2E mainly used as an electrical isolator as protection circuit, sometimes they're called

opto-isolators. Mostly opto-couplers are used to protect communication lines.

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For example, we can use opto-couplers to protect your Tx, and Rx lines between your PC and

RS232, from power surge that would be harmful to our RS232, PC and chip.

 RELAY

It is an electromagnetic device which is used to quarantine two circuits electrically and connect

those circuits magnetically. Relay are very useful devices and allow one circuit to switch to

another one while they are completely separate. Usually they used to interface an electronic

circuit working at low voltage to an electrical circuit which is working at very high voltage. For

example, a relay can make a circuit of 5V DC battery to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. Thus a

small sensor circuit will be able to drive a fan or an electric bulb.

A relay switch is divided into two parts: input and output. The input section has a coil which

starts generating magnetic field when a small voltage is applied to it from an electronic circuit.

This voltage is called operating voltage. Commonly used relays can be acquired in different

configuration of operating voltages like 24V, 12V, 9V, 6V etc. The output part consists of

contactors which disconnect or connect mechanically. In a basic relay they have three

contactors: normally closed (NC), normally open (NO) and common (COM). At NO input state,

the NC and COM are connected and Whenever the operating voltage is applied the coils of relay

get energized and the COM changes contact to NO state.

Fig. 4.9: Pin diagram of Relay

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  7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It’s a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage

regulator ICs. The source voltage in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not be able to

give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the constant output voltage.

The xx in 78xx specifies the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V

regulated power supply.

Fig. 4.10: Pin diagram of 7805 Voltage Regulator

4.6 WORKING

Initially in the transmitter circuit, when the switch is ON then parallel data goes from switch to

the encoder which further converts the parallel data into serial data. Then the serial data is sent to

RF transmitter further which transmits this data to the receiver circuit.

And the receiver circuit will receive this data and send it to decoder which converts the serial

input data into parallel data. Then it will send this data to the microcontroller and the

microcontroller send this data to particular relay which it is connected and from which our load

is connected.

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 CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE PROGRAMME
• High cost of installation
• Risk of falling off the roof during the installation of the solar panel
• Unavailability of some materials locally.
• High cost of transporting of materials used at the site due to the materials being heavy.
• Finding suitable location for installation of the solar panel.
• Obstruction of sunlight by trees and landmarks.

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 CHAPTER SIX

6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 CONCLUSION

The construction of this 1000Watts (1KVA), 220Volts inverter at a 50Hz frequency was a

gradual process from gathering of materials to testing of components. It is to be noted that the

efficiency of this project depends on the power rating of the battery connected to the input and

on the total power of the load connected to its output terminals. Thus, the inverter could deliver

constant power for a calculated number of hours.

In view of the inconsistence and unreliable public power supply and high cost of electric power

generators coupled with the high cost of maintenance, the inverter is found to offer a better

constant additional power supply for a sustainable duration. It is noiseless, harmless, and cost

effective. It is also a preferred power backup to a computer and other appliances because it

switches automatically to the battery when the AC mains are not available. Thus reduce system

breakdown, prevent hard disk damages and data loss. In addition, the life span of the computers

and other devices connected to either a standby or a continuous inverter is prolonged.

Today the world is changing swiftly, and there are multiple challenges faced by us. Surely it is

the knowledge through technology, which makes us to conquer them. The paper is obligatory as

per university course outline. This paper is based on work done and theory gained during

analysis of the topic.

The paper basically introduces working of project in details electrical appliances can easily be

controlled by using a remote based on radio frequency. In our homes there are many electrical

appliances and with the help of this project we can control all of them. The controlling circuit is

built from RF transmitter and RF Receiver modules which are operating at certain frequency

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along with a encoder and a decoder with few passive components. Multiple devices can be

controlled by using different receiver with different addressing modes using single remote.

6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

Although the objectives of this project have been achieved, the inverter cannot be used to power

any device of higher power rating. In addition, when the inverter is operating on mains supply,

any fluctuation of the AC input gets to the inverter output.

Therefore, for improvement on this project, further research can include:

increasing the power rating of the inverter by increasing the number of the power switching

devices and the current rating of the transformer.

Converting the inverter to acts like a UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply) through an additional

Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)

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