A PROJECT REPORT

On

IOT BASED UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT

DETECTION
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By

J.JAMES GODSON (PA1611005010074)

J.BENYAMINPUSHPARAJ (PA1611005010076)
K.MANI VANNAN (PA1611005010083)
A.SHARMA SWARUPAN (PA1611005010084)
Under the guidance of

Mr. B.VINOTHKUMAR, M.E., (Ph.D.)

(Assistance Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur- 603 203
Kanchipuram Dist.

November 2019

1
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled “IOT BASED UNDERGROUND CABLE

FAULT DETECTION” is the bonafide work of J.JAMES GODSON (Reg.no:

PA1611005010074), J.BENYAMIN PUSHPARAJ (Reg.no: PA1611005010076), K.MANI

VANNAN (Reg.no: PA1611005010083) , A.SHARMA SWARUPAN (Reg.no:

PA1611005010084)” who carried out the project work under my supervision. Certified further,

that to the best of my knowledge the work reported here in does not form any other project report

or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on

this or any other candidate.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD

Mr. B.VINOTHKUMAR, M.E.,(Ph.D.) Dr.K.VIJAYAKUMAR, ME., Ph.D.
Assistant Professor Professor & Head Of The Department
Dept. of EEE Dept. of EEE
SRM IST SRM IST

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date : Date :

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take the opportunity to extend our hearty thanks to our DIRECTOR (E&T)
Dr. C. MUTHAMIZHCHELVAN, for his constant encouragement.
We convey our sincere thanks to our PRINCIPAL COORDINATOR
Dr.R.ANNADURAI, for his interest and support.
We convey our sincere thanks to our HOD/EEE Dr.K.VIJAYAKUMAR, for his
interest and support.
We take the privilege to extend our hearty thanks our PROJECT COORDINATOR
Dr.M.ARUN NOYAL DOSS, for his suggestions, support and encouragement towards the
completion of the project with perfection.
We thank our PROJECT INTERNAL GUIDE Mr.B.VINOTHKUMAR, for his
timely help and guidance throughout the overall process of the project.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to all of our DEPARTMENT FACULTY
MEMBERS AND NON–TEACHING STAFF MEMBERS of the Department of Electrical
and Electronics who gave many suggestions from time to time that made our project work better
and well finished.
Last but not the least we would like to thank our parents and friends for the supports,
concerns and prayers, which were a major factor in the completion of this project.

J.JAMES GODSON J.BENYAMIN PUSHPARAJ

(PA1611005010074) (PA1611005010076)

K.MANI VANNAN A.SHARMA SWARUPAN

(PA1611005010083) (PA1611005010084)

3
 ABSTRACT

Underground cables area unit at risk of a good style of faults thanks to

underground conditions, wear and tear, rodents, etc. additionally police
investigation fault supply is tough and also the entire line is to be mammary
gland so as to see the whole line and fix faults. Therefore here we tend to
propose cable fault detection over IOT that detects the precise fault position
over IoT that creates repairing work terribly straightforward. The repairmen
understand specifically that half encompasses a fault and solely that space is
to be mammary gland to observe the faulty supply.
This protects heaps of your time, cash and energy and additionally,
permits us to service underground cables quicker. We tend to use IOT
technology that permits the authorities to observe and check faults over the
web. The system detects a fault with the assistance of a possible divider
network set across the cable. Whenever a fault gets created to some extent
shorting 2 lines along, a selected voltage gets generated as per the resistors
network combination.
This voltage is detected by the microcontroller and is updated to the
user. The data sent to the user is that the distance to that voltage corresponds
to. The microcontroller retrieves the line information and shows over the
alphanumeric display, additionally, it transfers this information over the web
to show online. We tend to use ARDUINO (IDE) to develop the online web
the net system that links with the system to show the cable faults online.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO NO

1. INTRODUCTION. 8

1.1 Objectives. 9

1.2 General Introduction. 9

1.3 Previous Methodology. 10

1.4 Limitations. 11

1.5 Introduction To Embedded Systems 11

2. EMBEDDED SYSTEM 12

3. I O T. 13

3.1 Importance Of The Project 14

4. ADVANTAGES. 15

5. LITERATURE SYSTEM. 16

6. PROJECT DETAILS. 19

6.1 Online Monitoring Of Power Lines 19

6.2 Existing System. 20

6.3 Proposed System 20

7. BLOCK DIAGRAM. 21

7.1 Control Room. 21

7.2 Hardware Requirements. 22

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 7.3 Software Requirements 22

7.4 Product Perspective 22

8. HARDWARRE COMPONENTS DETAILS. 23

8.1 Node MCU ESP8266 24

9. GSM MODEM. 25

9.1 Introduction. 25

9.2 Features. 26

9.3 Hardware Description. 26

9.4 SIM Com Sim900 AGSM Module. 27

9.5 MAX 232 IC. 27

9.6 Serial Port/DB9 Connector. 28

9.7 Power Supply Socket 28

9.8 Power On/Off And GSM On Switch. 29

9.9 SIM Card Slot. 30

9.10 PXD TXD & GND Pins (JP2) 30

9.11 Inserting SIM Card Into SIM Card Slot/Holder 30

9.12 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display ) 31

9.13 Pin Diagram Of LCD 32

10. CURRE.NT SENSOR. 33

11. CONTROLLER AND SOFTWARE. 34

11.1 Arduino. 36

11.2 PIN Diagram 36

11.3 Analog Input. 39

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 11.4 Digital Input. 39

11.5 Power Supply. 40

11.6 Architecture Diagram. 40

11.7 Communication. 41

11.8 Arduino Software (IDE). 41

11.9 File. 42

11.10 Edit. 42

11.11 Sketch. 43

12. TOOLS 44

13 CONCLUSION. 45

14. REFERENCES 49

7
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

NO NO

7.1 Block Diagram 23

7.2 Control Romm 23

8.1 NodeMCU (ESP8266) Development Board 26

8.2 Esp8266 NodeMCU chip 26

9.1 Hardware Description 28

9.2 SIM900AGSM Module 28

9.3 MAX232 IC 29

9.4 Serial port / DB9 connector 30

9.5 Power Supply Socket 30

9.6 Power ON/OFF and GSM ON Switch 31

9.7 SIM Card Slot 31

9.8 RXD, TXD and GND pins 32

9.9 Inserting SIM card into SIM card Slot/Holder 32

9.10 Pin Diagram of LCD 34

10.1 Current Sensor 36

11.1 Pin Diagram of ATMEGA 328 38

11.2 Architecture Diagram 42

13.1 Project Kit 48

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objectives

Therefore, the objective of this paper is to determine the location of fault in underground
cable lines from the source station to exact location of fault in any units here in
kilometres

1.2 General Introduction

Electrical energy is generated in the generating station and then it is distributed to the
different loads at different areas for consumption through step up and step down
transformers. Distribution of the electrical energy is done via electric cables. Study of
cable failures and development of accurate fault detection and location methods has been
interesting research topics in the past and present. Fault detection entails determination of
the presence of a fault, while fault location detection includes the determination of the
physical location of the fault. However, this fault detection and fault location detection
technology for underground power distribution systems is still in developing stages.There
are many ways to find the cable fault location. This paper deals with the method to
Locate Faults in a Damaged Cable. Before fixing any fault in cables, the fault has to be
identified first. Types of common underground Cable Faults:

 Open-Circuit Faults: Open circuit fault is a kind of fault that occurs as a result of the
conductor breaking or the conductor being pulled out of its joint. In such instances, there
will be no flow of current at all as the conductor is broken (conveyor of electric current).

 Short-circuit or cross fault: This kind of fault occurs when the insulation between two
cables or between two multi-core cables gets damaged. In such instances, the current will
not flow through the main core which is connected to load but will flow directly from one
cable to another or from one core or multi-core cable to the other instead. The load will
be short circuited.

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 Ground or earth faults: This kind of faults occurs when the insulation of the cable gets
damaged. The current flowing through the faulty cable starts flowing from the core of the
cable to earth or the sheath (cable protector) of the cable. Current will not flow through
the load then.

Cable Faults

A cable fault can be defined as any defect, inconsistency, weakness or non-homogeneity

that affects the performance of a cable. All faults in underground cables are different and
the success of a cable fault location depends to a great extent on practical aspects and the
experience of the operator. To accomplish this, it is necessary to have personnel trained
to test the cables successfully and to reduce their malfunctions. The development of
refined techniques in the field of high voltage testing and diagnosis, in addition to the
variety of methods for locating power cable faults, makes it imperative that qualified and
experienced engineers and service operators be employed. In addition, it is important for
the trained personnel to be thoroughly familiar with the fundamentals of power cable
design, operation and the maintenance. The purpose of this document is therefore to be
an additional support to the user manuals of the different equipment’s concerning all
aspects of the fault location in order to make up a volume of reference which will
hopefully be useful for operators and field engineers.

1.3 Previous Methodology

Above the ground, the electromagnetic signal transmitted via the audio frequency
generator can be measured along the cable trace. Depending on the pickup coil direction,
the signal can be coupled differently.

1. Maximum method the detecting coil is horizontal to path of line. Maximum audio
signal is directly above the line. The maximum method is used for cable routing as well
for terrain examination.

2. Minimum method the detecting coil is vertical to the path of the line. The minimum
audio frequency signal is directly above line. The minimum method is used for depth
determination measurement as well for exact cable tracing and pinpointing.

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1.4 Limitations

 Cost, must consider life time costs not just initial

 Cost differential decreasing with time
 Fault location instantaneous, can have longer repair time
 Manual fault detection.
 Lack of fault detection time
 Lack of manpower
 Location find out difficult

1.5 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Microcontrollers are widely used in Embedded System products. An Embedded product

uses the microprocessor (or microcontroller) to do one task & one task only. A printer is
an example of embedded system since the processor inside it performs one task only
namely getting the data and printing it. Contrast this with Pentium based PC. A PC can
be used for any no. of applications such as word processor, print server, bank teller
terminal, video game player, network server or internet terminal. Software for variety of
applications can be loaded and run. Of course the reason a PC can perform multiple task
is that it has RAM memory and an operating system that loads the application software
into RAM & lets the CPU run it. In and Embedded system there is only one application
software that is typically burn into ROM. An x86PC Contain or its connected to various
Embedded Products such as keyboard, printer, modem, Disc controller, Sound card, CD-
Rom Driver, Mouse & so on. Each one of these peripherals as a microcontroller inside it
that performs only one task. For example inside every mouse there is microcontroller to
perform the task of finding the mouse position and sending it to PC.

Although microcontroller are preferred choice for many embedded systems, there are
times that a microcontroller is inadequate for the task. For this reason in recent years
many manufactures of general purpose microprocessors such as INTEL, Motorolla, and
AMD & Cyrix have targeted their microprocessors for the high end of embedded market.
While INTEL, AMD, Cyrix push their x86 processors for both the embedded and desktop

11
pc market, Motorolla is determined to keep the 68000 families alive by targeting it
mainly for high end of embedded system.

One of the most critical needs of the embedded system is to decrease power
consumptions and space. This can be achieved by integrating more functions into the
CPU chips. All the embedded processors based on the x86 and 680x0 have low power
consumptions in additions to some forms of I/O, Com port & ROM all on a single chip.
In higher performance Embedded system the trend is to integrate more & more function
on the CPU chip & let the designer decide which feature he/she wants to us.

12
 CHAPTER 2
EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An Embedded System employs a combination of hardware & software (a “computational

engine”) to perform a specific function; is part of a larger system that may not be a
“computer works in a reactive and time-constrained environment. Software is used for
providing features and flexibility Hardware = {Processors, ASICs, Memory...} is used for
performance (& sometimes security

An embedded system is a special purpose system in which the computer is completely

encapsulated by the device it controls. Unlike a general purpose computer, such as a PC,
an embedded system performs predefined task’s usually with very specific tasks design
engineers can optimize it reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems
are often mass produced, so the cost savings may be multiplied by millions of items.

The core of any embedded system is formed by one or several microprocessor or micro
controller programmed to perform a small number of tasks. In contrast to a general
purpose computer, which can run any software application, the user chooses, the software
on an embedded system is semi-permanent, so it is often called firmware.

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 CHAPTER 3
IOT
The reality of the Internet of Things (IOT) today presents many parallels. Technology is
being inserted into everyday physical objects, and while we can’t yet stop bullets by
concentration, we can teach objects to respond to our presence, motion, vocal commands,
eyeball tracking, and even autonomic physiological behaviors such as heart rate or sleep
patterns. IoT combines connectivity with sensors, devices and people, enabling a form of
free-flowing conversation between man and machine, software and hardware. With the
advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, these conversations can enable
devices to anticipate, react, respond and enhance the physical world in much the same
way that the internet currently uses networks and computer screens to enhance the
information world.

Today computers and the Internet are almost wholly dependent on human beings for
information. Nearly all of the roughly 50 petabyte (1 petabyte=1015 bytes) of data
available on the Internet were first captured and created by human beings by typing,
pressing a record button, taking a digital picture, or scanning a bar code. Conventional
diagrams of the Internet leave out the most numerous and important routers of all -
people. The problem is, people have limited time, attention and accuracy all of which
means they are not very good at capturing data about things in the real world. And that's a
big deal. We're physical, and so is our environment. You can't eat bits, burn them to stay
warm or put them in your gas tank. Ideas and information are important, but things matter
much more. Yet today's information technology is so dependent on data originated by
people that our computers know more about ideas than things. If we had computers that
knew everything there was to know about things using data they gathered without any
help from us we would be able to track and count everything, and greatly reduce waste,
loss and cost. We would know when things needed replacing, repairing or recalling, and
whether they were fresh or past their best. The Internet of Things has the potential to
change the world, just as the Internet did or even more.

14
3.1 Importance of the project

“Underground Cable Fault Distance Detector using ATmega328 Microcontroller” works

mainly on the principle of Ohm's Law where a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder
end through set of series resistors (which is the equivalent model of underground cable).
 Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) The TDR sends a low-energy signal through the
cable, causing no insulation degradation. A theoretically perfect cable returns that signal
in a known time and in a known profile. Impedance variations in a "real-world" cable
alter both the time and profile, which the TDR screen or printout graphically represents.
This graph (called a "trace") gives the user approximate distances to "landmarks" such as
opens, splices, Y-taps, transformers, and water ingression. One weakness of TDR is that
it does not pinpoint faults. TDR is accurate to within about 1% of testing range.
Sometimes, this information alone is sufficient. Other times, it only serves to allow more
precise thumping. Nevertheless, this increased precision can produce substantial savings
in cost and time. Another weakness of TDR is that Reflectometer cannot identify faults-
to-ground with resistances much greater than 200 ohms.
 In addition to this, it also incorporates the concept of the Millman's Theorem.
Fault location methods can be classified as:
1) Online method: This method utilize process the sampled voltages& current to
determine the fault points. Online method for underground cable are less than
overhead lines.
2) Offline method: In this method special instrument is used to test out service of
cable in the field. There are two offline methods as following
1) Tracer method: In this method fault point is detected by walking on the cable lines.
Fault point is indicated from audible signal or electromagnetic signal. It is used to
pinpoint fault location very accurately.
Example:
1) Tracing current method
2) Sheath coil method
2) Terminal method: It is a technique used to detect fault location of cable from one or
both ends without tracing. This method use to locate general area of fault,to expedite
tracing on buried cable. Example: 1) Murray loop method 2)Impulse current method.

15
 CHAPTER 4
ADVANTAGES

1) Less maintenance
2) It has higher efficiency
3) Less fault occur in underground cable
4)Underground cable fault location model are applicable to all types of cable ranging
from 1kv to 500kv&other types of cable fault such as-Short circuit fault, cable cuts,
Resistive fault, Sheath faults, Water trees, Partial discharges.
5) Improved public safety.

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 CHAPTER 5
LITERATURE SURVEY

Title: Grounding of AC and DC Low-Voltage and Medium-Voltage Drive Systems

Author: J. C. Das and Richard H. Osman

The grounding of ac and dc drive systems should detect and clear ground faults both on
the source and load side of the converters. Most drive systems are separately derived
through a step-down transformer, which serves as a drive isolation, as well as rectifier
transformer. Isolation transformers on individual or group drive systems, downstream of
main substation transformers are also common. An output isolation transformer on an ac
drive will isolate the drive electronics, step up the ac voltage from the inverter section
and also serve to control high line-to-ground voltages on the motor windings. The
grounding system has profound effect upon the continuity of operations, loading of the
solid-state devices and common-mode voltages. This paper discusses the various
possibilities of grounding of low-voltage and medium-voltage drive systems and shows
that a high-resistance grounding system can be often implemented to permit continuity of
operations, allow fault detection, and limit the transient overvoltage.

Title: Advancements in Technology Create Safer & Smarter HRG Systems

Author: Anthony S. Locker, P.E. Mark S. Scarborough, P.E

The merits of High Resistance Grounding (HRG), design considerations, and potential
safety issues, prior to its application have been well documented in past Electrical Safety
Workshops. At the 2008 IEEE Electrical Safety Workshop, a challenge was put forth to
discuss current and developing technologies that can resolve some of the potential safety
issues. A field survey was conducted and research was performed to identify these issues.
This paper discusses each potential safety issue and cross-references it with a current or
developing technology to assist the user during the design, operation, and maintenance
stages. These advancements in technologies have the ability to resolve the potential
safety issues, establishing a safer, smarter HRG system.

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Title: Considerations for Ground Fault Protection in Medium-Voltage Industrial
and Cogeneration Systems

Author: Daniel, Nasrollah

Industrial plants utilize medium-voltage systems for in-plant distribution of purchased

and cogenerated electrical energy. During the planning stage, system protection is
generally specified, including the type of source neutral grounding and ground fault
protection. Where medium voltage systems have expanded, circuit-breaker interrupting
ratings have also been increased. Accordingly, grounding consideration should be
reviewed, particularly because charging and/or ground fault current values have also
increased. The typical methods for grounding of medium-voltage neutral systems-high
resistance, low resistance, and ungrounded, as well as methods used to detect the
presence of a ground fault-are reviewed. Also, the effects of charging current and how
the ground fault protection method could affect conductor ratings are analysed.

Title: High-Resistance Grounding of Low-Voltage Systems: A Standard for the

Petroleum and Chemical Industry

Author: John P. Nelson, Pankaj K. Sen

A debate has existed in the petroleum and chemical industry for years concerning low-
voltage (480–600 V) power systems grounding. Since reliability and continuity of service
are very important, some engineers in the past preferred using an ungrounded system.
The practicality of such ungrounded system becomes questionable as the extent of
coverage increases. Few ungrounded low-voltage systems are presently being designed
due to the possible destructive nature of transient overvoltage’s resulting from an arcing
ground fault. Most systems now utilize either a solidly grounded or high-resistance
grounded source. This paper begins with a brief discussion on ungrounded, solidly
grounded, and high-resistance grounded systems. Benefits and limitations of each system
are also discussed. It is shown that the use of high-resistance grounded low-voltage
systems makes good sense in the petrochemical industry. Design, construction, operation,
and maintenance factors for such systems are discussed and analyzed together with
18
systems when three-phase four-wire loads are present. Finally, operational problems and
some appropriate solutions are discussed where significant variable-speed drive loads are
utilized. It is suggested that this should become a standard of the industry and the solidly
grounded system should be used only in applications where the high-resistance grounded
system becomes impractical.

Title: Guidelines For High Resistance Grounding of Low Voltage Common AC Bus
& Common DC BUS PWM Drive Systems

Author: Gary Skibinski, Zhijun Tim Liu, Robet Van Lieshout, Rich Lukaszewski
Mike Tuchalski

High Resistance Ground (HRG) systems have gained popularity in process applications
due to their ability to continue operation in lieu of a single line-ground fault and
improved ability to limit escalation of the single line-ground fault into a multi-phase
event. Guidelines for designing safe and reliable HRG equipment for use on grid systems
with linear loads have steadily evolved. However, literature on the characteristics and
pitfalls of HRG systems when used with nonlinear power converter systems is limited.
Part I of the companion paper set is a review of sinewave HRG systems and effect of
increased line-ground voltage stress on motor loads during fault conditions. Part II
investigates problems of HRG systems used with non-linear power converters such as
increased neutral grounding resistor power dissipation, increased motor line-ground
transient voltages on faults, susceptibility of ground fault sensing equipment to nuisance
tripping, dc bus voltage pump up on faults & nuisance tripping of Main earth leakage
breakers. Part II will conclude with a study of HRG zero sequence fault current
characteristics and paths observed under various fault locations in a common AC or
common DC bus Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) drive system.

19
 CHAPTER 6

PROJECT DETAILS

6.1 Online Monitoring of Power Lines

As more buildings and areas are being covered with power line systems, the number and
severity of power outages become more serious leading to lower system’s reliability.
Reliability is important as it causes serious negative impacts on public health and
economical systems. Integration of IoTs technology together with the power grid, aims to
improve the reliability of power grids through a continuous monitoring of transmission
lines status; in addition to environmental behaviours and consumers activities to send
periodic reports to the grid control units. The control units process and extract
information from the reported data in order to detect faults, isolate the fault, and then
resolve faults intellectually performing energy restoration in smart grid must take into the
account the location criticality of blackouts. For examples, it is critical to guarantee high
reliability for health and industrial systems. The restoration problem becomes a very
complex problem when taking into the consideration the large number of combinations of
switching operations which exponentially increases with the increase in system’s
components. Designing the smart grid in a hierarchical model divides the problem into
multiple control units in charge of restoring power within its region or scope. This
enhances the time needed to process the data and speeds up the restoration process. If
some control units fail to restore energy in some regions within their scope, they forward
the problem to upper levels for better action and handling as higher levels have a larger
system’s view.

For the real worldwide operated voltage distribution lines underground cables have been
used from many years. In order to reduce the sensitivity of distribution networks to
environmental influences underground voltage cables are highly used. Underground
cables have been widely used in power distribution networks due to the advantages of
underground connection, more enhanced security than overhead lines in adverse weather
condition, less liable to damage by storms or lightning. It is less costly for larger distance,

20
eco- friendly and low maintenance cost. But if any fault occur in cable, then it is difficult
to locate fault and its type. So this system is used to detect the location and type of fault
in digital way. The requirement of locating the faulty point in an underground cable in
order is to facilitate quicker repair, improve the system reliability and reduced outage
period.

6.2 Existing system:

 Manual fault detection.
 Lack of fault detection time
 Lack of manpower
 Location find out difficult

6.3 Proposed system:

 Automatic fault detection
 Time consumption is less
 Worldwide monitor via iot
 Easily find the locations.

This project is to determine the distance of underground cable fault from base
station in kilometres using Arduino board. The underground cable system is a common
practice followed in many urban areas. While a fault occurs for some reason, at that time
the repairing process related to that particular cable is difficult due to not knowing the
exact location of the cable fault. The proposed system is to find the exact location of the
fault.
The project uses the standard concept of Ohms law i.e., when a low DC voltage is
applied at the feeder end through a series resistor (Cable lines), then current would vary
depending upon the location of fault in the cable. In case there is a short circuit (Line to
Ground), the voltage across series resistors changes accordingly, which is then fed to
inbuilt ADC of Arduino board to develop precise digital data for display in kilometres.
The project is assembled with a set of resistors representing cable length in KM’s
and fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross check the
accuracy of the same. The fault occurring at a particular distance and the respective phase
is displayed on a LCD interfaced to the Arduino board.
21
 Further this project can be enhanced by using capacitor in an ac circuit to measure
the impedance which can even locate the open circuited cable, unlike the short-circuited
fault only using resistors in DC circuit as followed in the above proposed project.

22
 CHAPTER 7
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Under Ground Section

GSM

CURRENT
SENSOR
ARDUINO LCD
CONTROLLER
FAULT
SWITCH

IOT

Fig. 7.1 Block Diagram

7.1 Control Room:

WIFI

Fig. 7.2 Control Room

In the proposed system fault switches are employed along with the underground cable.
Whenever we press the switch, fault is created, and the arduino which is already
preprogramed senses the voltage changes and the fault distance is calculated. Arduino
coding is done by using embedded C language and Arduino software. The LCD which is
interfaced with the Arduino displays the fault occurring region and the fault distance is
sent to the respective person through mobile. Also, these data is sent to a dedicated
website by using a GSM module and IOT.

23
7.2 Hardware Requirements
 Arduino 328
 LCD
 Current sensors
 Fault Switch
 GSM
 IOT

7.3 Software Requirements

 Arduino IDE
 Embedded C
 Cloud
7.4 Product Perspective
Nowadays underground cable system is quite common in many urban areas wherein it
becomes very difficult to repair in case of any faults because finding the exact location of
the fault in such cable system is quite difficult. With the proposed system, finding the
exact location of the fault is possible. The system consists of two parts. An LCD display
and a web page. This paper uses a standard concept of Ohms law, i.e., when a low DC
voltage is applied at the feeder end through series resistor (assuming them as cable lines),
then the current would vary depending upon the location of the fault in the cable. In case
of a short circuit (line to ground), the voltage across the series resistors changes which is
then fed to an ADC, to develop a precise digital data that gets displayed on the LCD. This
project is assembled with a set of resistors representing cable length in km and fault
creation is made by a set of switches at every known km to cross check the accuracy of
the same. The fault that occurs at a particular distance is displayed on the LCD interfaced
to the microcontroller. When the switches are open, a difference in resistance occurs and
the distance is calculated. The exact distance is displayed in the LCD in unit distance.
The web page will notify the faults.

24
 CHAPTER 8

HARDWARE COMPONETS DETAILS

8.1 NodeMCU ESP8266

NodeMCU is an open source IoT stage. It incorporates firmware which keeps running on
the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Expressive Systems, and equipment which depends on the
ESP-12 module. The term NodeMCU typically refers to the firmware, whereas the board
is termed Devkit. NodeMCU Devkit 1.0 consists of associate ESP-12E on a board that
facilitates its use. It additionally contains a transformer, a USB interface. The expression
"NodeMCU" of course alludes to the firmware as opposed to the improvement units. The
firmware utilizes the Lua scripting dialect

The NodeMCU (Node Micro Controller Unit) is an open source software and hardware
development environment that is built around a very inexpensive System-on-a-Chip
(SoC) called the ESP8266. The ESP8266 is designed and manufactured by Express,
contains all crucial elements of the modern computer: CPU, RAM, networking (wi-fi),
and even a modern operating system and SDK. When purchased at bulk, the ESP8266
chip costs only $2 USD a piece. That makes it an excellent choice for this system design.
The NodeMCU aims to simplify ESP8266 development. It has two key components.

An open source ESP8266 firmware that is built on top of the chip manufacturer's
proprietary SDK. The firmware provides a simple programming environment based on
eLua (embedded Lua), which is a very simple and fast scripting language with an
established developer community. For new comers, the Lua scripting language is easy to
learn. And to add on NodeMCU can be programmed with the Android IDE too.

ii. A development kit board that incorporates the ESP8266 chip on a standard circuit
board. The board has a built-in USB port that is already wired up with the chip, a
hardware reset button, Wi-Fi antenna, LED lights, and standard-sized GPIO (General
Purpose Input Output) pins that can plug into a bread board. Figure 2 below shows the
NodeMCU development board.

25
 Fig. 8.1 NodeMCU (ESP8266) Development Board

There are various platforms for IoT system one of them is NodeMCU. It provides lower
level control on devices which is known as firmware. These control runs on ESP8266
Wi-Fi SoC, which hardware is based on ESP-12 module.Esp8266 is a Wi-Fi based
communication system’s microchip. It uses TCP/IP protocol for communicating with
internet through router. It uses 802.11b/g/n slandered technology for Wi-Fi
communication. It is a Tensilica L106 32-bit RISC instruction unite microprocessor with
32 KB instruction RAM, 32KB instruction Cache RAM, 80KB Data memory.ESP8266
(Pin) and Arduino Mega’s (Pin) common pins are GND TX (0)-3.3V, RX (0), 3.3V. For
running the ESP8266 on Arduino platform we need to install ESP8266 package in
Arduino IDE. As a board is using, we need to give the additional board manager.

Fig. 8.2 Esp8266 NodeMCU chip

As shown in Fig it has 12 GPIO pins. One ADC pin. For this project 7 GPIO pins have
been used. They are D0 to D6 which delivers digital outputs.

26
 CHAPTER 9
GSM MODEM:
9.1 Introduction:
GSM (Global System for Mobile) / GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
TTL-Modem is SIM900 Quad-band GSM /GPRS device, works on frequencies 850
MHZ, 900 MHZ, 1800 MHZ and 1900 MHZ. It is very compact in size and easy to use
as plug in GSM Modem. The Modem is designed with 3V3 and 5VDC TTL interfacing
circuitry, which allows User to directly interface with 5VMicrocontrollers (PIC, AVR,
Arduino, 8051, etc.) as well as 3V3 Microcontrollers (ARM, ARM Cortex XX, etc.). The
baud rate can be configurable from 9600-115200 bps through AT(Attention) commands.
This GSM/GPRS TTL Modem has internal TCP/IP stack to enable User to connect with
internet through GPRS feature. It is suitable for SMS as well as DATA transfer
application in mobile phone to mobile phone interface

9.2 Features
 Quad Band GSM/GPRS : 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 MHz
 Built in SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) Card holder
 Built in Network Status LED
 Inbuilt Powerful TCP/ IP(Transfer Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) stack for
internet data transfer through GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
 Audio Interface Connectors (Audio in and Audio out)
 Most Status and Controlling pins are available
 Normal Operation Temperature : -20 °C to +55 °C
 Input Voltage : 5Vto 12VDC
 LDB9 connector (Serial Port) provided for easy interfacing

27
9.3 Hardware Description:

Fig.9.1 Hardware Description

9.4 SIMCom SIM900AGSM Module:
This is actual SIM900 GSM module which is manufactured by SIMCom. Designed for
global market, SIM900 is a quad-band GSM/GPRS engine that works on frequencies
GSM 850MHz, EGSM 900MHz, DCS 1800MHz and PCS 1900MHz.

Fig. 9.2 SIM900AGSM Module

9.5 MAX232 IC:
The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to
signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits, so that devices works on
TTL logic can share the data with devices connected through Serial port (DB9
Connector).

28
 Fig. 9.3 MAX232 IC

9.6 Serial port / DB9 connector:

User just needs to attach RS232 cable here so that it can be connected to devices which
has Serial port / DB9 Connector

Fig. 9.4 Serial port / DB9 connector

9.7 Power Supply Socket:

This power supply socket which actually named as AC/DC Socket provides the
functionality to user to connect external power supply from Transformer, Battery or
Adapter through DC jack. User can provide maximum of 12VAC/DC power supply
through AC/DC socket.

29
 Fig. 9.5 Power Supply Socket

9.8 Power On/Off and GSM On Switch:

Power On/Off switch is type of push-on push-off DPDT switch which is used for only
make power supply on/off provided through AC/DC Socket indicated by ‘Power LED.
GSM On Switch is type of Push on DPST tactile switch which is used for only to make
GSM module ‘On ’indicated by ‘Module On/Off LED’ while initiating with Network
indicated by ‘Network Indication LED’

Fig. 9.6 Power ON/OFF and GSM ON Switch

9.9 SIM ( Subscribe Identity Module) Card Slot:

This onboard SIM card slot provide User functionality of insert a SIM (GSM
only) card of any service provider. Process of inserting and locking SIM card into SIM
card slot is given in this manual. While inserting in and removing out SIM card from SIM
card slot, User needs to take precaution that power supply should be OFF so that after
making Power supply ON it will be easy to reinitialize with SIM for this module.
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 Fig. 9.7 SIM Card Slot

9.1O RXD, TXD and GND pins (JP2):

These pins are used to connect devices which needs to be connected to GSM
module through USART communication. Devices may be like Desktop or Laptop
Computer System, Microcontrollers, etc. RXD (Receive Data) should be connected to
TXD (Transmit Data) of other device and viceversa, whereas GND (Ground) should be
connected to other device’s GND pin to make ground common for both system

Fig. 9.8 RXD, TXD and GND pins

9.11 Inserting SIM card into SIM card Slot/Holder:

Here is the process how to insert SIM card into SIM card slot. User just need to unlock
SIM card cover by sliding back. Then user need to open this cover and insert SIM card
according to slot. Put down cover on SIM card and then lock by sliding forward.
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 Fig. 9.9 Inserting SIM card into SIM card Slot/Holder

9.12 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

The display used is 16x2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display); which means 16 characters per line
by 2 lines. The standard is referred as HD44780U, which refers to the controller chip
which receives data from an external source (Here Atmega16) and communicates
directly with the LCD. Here 8-bit mode of LCD is used, i.e., using 8-bit data bus.

The three control lines are EN, RS, and RW.

 The EN line is called "Enable." This[5] control line is used for telling the LCD
that we are sending data. For sending data to the LCD, the program should make
sure that the line is low (0) and then set the other two control lines or put data
on the data bus. When the other lines are ready completely, bring EN high (1)
and should wait for the minimum time required by the LCD datasheet and end
by bringing it low (0) again.
 The RS line is "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is treated as a
command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When
the RS is high (1), the data sent is text data which is displayed on the screen. For
example, to display the letter "B" on the screen you would set RS high.
32
  The RW line is "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information
on the data bus is written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is
effectively questioning (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD
status") is read command. All the others are write commands--so RW will
always be low.

In case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5,
DB6, and DB7.

Fig. 9.10 Pin Diagram of LCD

33
Table of LCD pins

34
 CHAPTER 10
CURRENT SENSOR:
The name of the device indicates it work. The current sensor is used to sense the current
in the system or where we want to use the current sensors. In this system we used current
sensor at transmission cables to detect the current in transmission cables. It detect both
that is AC and DC current and generate proportional to it. Fig. CURRENT SENSOR The
generated signal could be an analog voltage or digital voltage. Then it measured the
current and utilized to display in an ammeter or it can be stored that data in system for
control purposes.

Fig. 10.1 Current Sensor

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 CHAPTER 11

CONTROLLER & SOFTWARE

11.1 ARDUINO:

Arduino ATMEGA-328 microcontroller consist of 14 input and output analog and digital
pins (from this 6 pins are considered to be a PWM pins), 6 analog inputs and remaining
digital inputs. Power jack cable is used to connect arduino board with the computer.
Externally battery is connected with the arduino microcontroller for the power supply.
Arduino is an open source microcontroller from which there is no feedback present in the
microcontroller. This arduino board consist of I2C bus that can be able to transfer the
data from arduino board to the output devices. These arduino boards are programmed
over RS232 serial interface connections with ATmega arduino microcontrollers. The
operating volt ranges from 5v. The input voltage recommended for arduino
microcontroller is from 7v and the maximum of 12v. The DC input current given to the
arduino board is in the range of 40mA.

It consists of different types of memories such as flash memory, EEPROM, SRAM. The
length of the arduino board is nearly about 68.64mm and the width of the microcontroller
is about 53.4mm. The weight of the arduino microcontroller is about 20g. We can use
various types of microcontroller such as 8 bit AVL Atmel microcontroller and 32 bit
Atmel arm microprocessor. From these different kinds of processors, we can use those
processors for various engineering projects as well as industrial applications. Some of the
examples of using the arduino in the industrial applications are controlling the actuators
and sensors. Some of the examples of arduino microcontrollers are Arduino
Duemilanove, Arduino UNO, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Mega, and Arduino MEGA
2560 R3, Arduino MEGA 2560 R3, Arduino Nano, Arduino Due, LilyPadArduino, micro
arduino. We have already mentioned, arduino has been programmed by using c and c++
programming language. These c and c++ are high level languages. Normally it has 18
number of input and output pins. Among those 6 pins are considered to be an analog
inputs.From these analog inputs, we can be able to work the arduino microcontroller
using analog inputs supply. Normally analog inputs can be in the range of 0-5V. Similar

36
to that digital inputs are present in the microcontroller which can act the use of
microcontroller using digital inputs. Digital inputs can be in the range of 5V.

11.2 PIN DIAGRAM

Fig. 11.1 Pin diagram of ATMEGA 328

ATMEGA 328 microcontroller, which acts as a processor for the arduino board. Nearly it
consists of 28 pins. From these 28 pins, the inputs can be controlled by transmitting and
receiving the inputs to the external device. It also consists of pulse width modulation
(PWM). These PWM are used to transmit the entire signal in a pulse modulation. Input
power supply such as Vcc and Gnd are used. These IC mainly consists of analog and
digital inputs. These analog and digital inputs are used for the process of certain
applications.

37
The power pins are as follows:

 VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power
source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the
power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V: The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board
regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
 3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current
draw is 50 mA.
 GND: Ground pins.

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin
can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized
functions:

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX): Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-
to-TTL Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt
on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the
attachInterrupt() function for details.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function.
 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication, which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not
currently included in the Arduino language.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
 2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire
library.
38
  AREF : Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
 Reset : Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

11.3 Analog Input:

Arduino atmega-328 microcontroller board consist of 6 analog inputs pins. These analog
inputs can be named from A0 to A5. From these 6 analog inputs pins, we can do the
process by using analog inputs. Analog inputs can be used in the operating range of 0 to
5V. Analog signal is considered as the continuous time signal, from which these analog
signal can be used for certain applications. These are also called as non-discrete time
signal. Inputs such as voltage, current etc.., are considered to beeither analog signal or
digital signal only by analysing thetime signal properties. Various applications of
arduinomicrocontroller can use only an analog input instead of digital inputs. For these
applications, analog input ports or pins can be used.

11.4 Digital Input:

Digital inputs can be defined as the non-continuous time signal with discrete input pulses.
It can be represented as 0’s and 1’s. These digital inputs can be either on state or in off
state. Arduino atmega328 microcontroller also consists of 12 digital input pins. It can be
stated as D0 to D11. Nearly 12 inputs can be used for digital input/output applications.
The working of the digital input ports is where the discrete input pulses can be triggered
and supplied to the ports. These ports receive the input and therefore the port can be used
for both input and output process. These digital pins can access only the digital inputs.

11.5 Power Jack Cable / USB PORT:

This Arduino atmega-328 microcontroller can be interfaced with the other electronic
devices such as computer by using USB port or power jack cable from these power jack
cable, we can upload the program of Arduino for their applications. At first, the program
can be initialised or can be edited by using Arduino software tools. Then these programs
can be transferred through arduino microcontroller board by using usb cable or power
jack cable.

39
11.6 Power Supply:

There is an additional power supply source present in Arduino microcontroller. Power

supply port is present at the corner of the arduino microcontroller. Either we can use this
power supply port by connecting with external power supply.(ie, ac power supply), or by
connecting an dc power supply through input pins. These power supplies produce an
active form to the arduino microcontroller. These arduino microcontrollers can accept a
range of power supply. When the power supply voltage rangeexceeds, the
microcontroller gets damaged. Hence, onlythe particular range of power supply should be
given to thearduino microcontroller.

40
11.7 Architecture Diagram:

Fig. 11.2Architecture Diagram

The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers.
All the32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing

41
two independentregisters to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock
cycle. The resultingarchitecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to
ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. The
ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P provides the following features: 4/8/16/32K bytes of
In System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 256/512/512/1K
bytes EEPROM, 512/1K/1K/2K bytes SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general
purpose working registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal
and external interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire Serial
Interface, an SPI serial port, a 6-channel 10-bit ADC (8 channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF
packages), a programmable Watchdog Timer with internal Oscillator, and five software
selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM,
Timer/Counters, USART, 2-wire Serial Interface, SPI port, and interrupt system to
continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the
Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. In
Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain
a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping. The ADC Noise Reduction mode
stops the CPU and all I/O modules except asynchronous timer and ADC, to minimize
switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the crystal/resonator
Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up
combined with low power consumption. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high
density non-volatile memory technology. The On-chip ISP Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed In-System through an SPI serial interface, by a
conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip Boot program running
on the AVR core. The Boot program can use any interface to download the application
program in the Application Flash memory. Software in the Boot Flash section
willcontinue to run while the Application Flash section is updated, providing true Read-
While-Writeoperation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with In-System Self-
Programmable Flash on amonolithic chip, the Atmel ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P is
a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to
many embedded control applications.

42
11.8 Communication:

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega8U2
on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com
port to software on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM
drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, an *.inf file is required.
The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be
sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when
data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer
(but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows for
serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins. The ATmega328 also support I2C
(TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify
use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. To use the SPI communication,
please see the ATmega328 datasheet.

11.9 Arduino Software (IDE):

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) -

contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with
buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and
Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.

11.10 Writing Sketches:

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches are
written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino. The editor has features
for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback
while saving and exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output by
the Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other information.
The bottom righthand corner of the window displays the configured board and serial port.
The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save
sketches, and open the serial monitor.

43
  NB: Versions of the Arduino Software (IDE) prior to 1.0 saved sketches with the
extension .pde. It is possible to open these files with version 1.0, you will be
prompted to save the sketch with the .ino extension on save.
 Verify: Checks your code for errors compiling it.
 Upload: Compiles your code and uploads it to the configured board. See
uploading below for details.
 Note: If you are using an external programmer with your board, you can hold
down the "shift" key on your computer when using this icon. The text will change
to "Upload using Programmer"
 New: Creates a new sketch.
 Open: Presents a menu of all the sketches in your sketchbook. Clicking one will
open it within the current window overwriting its content.
 Note: due to a bug in Java, this menu doesn’t scroll; if you need to open a sketch
late in the list, use the File | Sketchbook menu instead.
 Save: Saves your sketch.
 Serial Monitor: Opens the serial monitor.

Additional commands are found within the five menus: File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, and
Help. The menus are context sensitive, which means only those items relevant to the
work currently being carried out are available.

11.11 File:

 New: Creates a new instance of the editor, with the bare minimum structure of a
sketch already in place.
 Open: Allows to load a sketch file browsing through the computer drives and
folders.
 Open Recent: Provides a short list of the most recent sketches, ready to be
opened.
 Sketchbook: Shows the current sketches within the sketchbook folder structure;
clicking on any name opens the corresponding sketch in a new editor instance.
 Examples: Any example provided by the Arduino Software (IDE) or library
shows up in this menu item. All the examples are structured in a tree that allows
easy access by topic or library.
44
  Close: Closes the instance of the Arduino Software from which it is clicked.
 Save: Saves the sketch with the current name. If the file hasn't been named before,
a name will be provided in a "Save as.." window.
 Save as: Allows to save the current sketch with a different name.
 Page Setup: It shows the Page Setup window for printing.
 Print: Sends the current sketch to the printer according to the settings defined in
Page Setup.
 Preferences: Opens the Preferences window where some settings of the IDE may
be customized, as the language of the IDE interface.
 Quit: Closes all IDE windows. The same sketches open when Quit was chosen
will be automatically reopened the next time you start the IDE.

11.12 Edit:

 Undo/Redo: Goes back of one or more steps you did while editing; when you go
back, you may go forward with Redo.
 Cut: Removes the selected text from the editor and places it into the clipboard.
 Copy: Duplicates the selected text in the editor and places it into the clipboard.
 Copy for Forum: Copies the code of your sketch to the clipboard in a form
suitable for posting to the forum, complete with syntax coloring.
 Copy as HTML: Copies the code of your sketch to the clipboard as HTML,
suitable for embedding in web pages.
 Paste: Puts the contents of the clipboard at the cursor position, in the editor.
 Select All :Selects and highlights the whole content of the editor.
 Comment/Uncomment : Puts or removes the // comment marker at the beginning
of each selected line.
 Increase/Decrease Indent : Adds or subtracts a space at the beginning of each
selected line, moving the text one space on the right or eliminating a space at the
beginning.
 Find : Opens the Find and Replace window where you can specify text to search
inside the current sketch according to several options.
 Find Next : Highlights the next occurrence - if any - of the string specified as the
search item in the Find window, relative to the cursor position.

45
  Find Previous : Highlights the previous occurrence - if any - of the string
specified as the search item in the Find window relative to the cursor position.

11.13 Sketch

 Verify/Compile: Checks your sketch for errors compiling it; it will report
memory usage for code and variables in the console area.
 Upload: Compiles and loads the binary file onto the configured board through the
configured Port.
 Upload Using Programmer: This will overwrite the bootloader on the board; you
will need to use Tools > Burn Bootloader to restore it and be able to Upload to
USB serial port again. However, it allows you to use the full capacity of the Flash
memory for your sketch. Please note that this command will NOT burn the fuses.
To do so a Tools -> Burn Bootloader command must be executed.
 Export Compiled Binary: Saves a .hex file that may be kept as archive or sent to
the board using other tools.
 Show Sketch Folder: Opens the current sketch folder.
 Include Library: Add a library to your sketch by inserting #include statements at
the start of your code. For more details, see libraries below. Additionally, from
this menu item you can access the Library Manager and import new libraries from
.zip files.
 Add File: Adds a source file to the sketch (it will be copied from its current
location). The new file appears in a new tab in the sketch window. Files can be
removed from the sketch using the tab menu accessible clicking on the small
triangle icon below the serial monitor one on the right side o the toolbar.

46
 CHAPTER 12
Tools
 Auto Format: This formats your code nicely: i.e. indents it so that opening and
closing curly braces line up, and that the statements inside curly braces are
indented more.
 Archive Sketch: Archives a copy of the current sketch in .zip format. The archive
is placed in the same directory as the sketch.
 Fix Encoding & Reload: Fixes possible discrepancies between the editor char
map encoding and other operating systems char maps.
 Serial Monitor: Opens the serial monitor window and initiates the exchange of
data with any connected board on the currently selected Port. This usually resets
the board, if the board supports Reset over serial port opening.
 Board: Select the board that you're using. See below for descriptions of the
various boards.
 Port: This menu contains all the serial devices (real or virtual) on your machine. It
should automatically refresh every time you open the top-level tools menu.
 Programmer: For selecting a harware programmer when programming a board or
chip and not using the onboard USB-serial connection. Normally you won't need
this, but if you're burning a bootloader to a new microcontroller, you will use this.

47
 CHAPTER 13

CONCLUSION

Detecting the exact location of the fault in underground cables is a difficult task. The
exact location of the open circuit fault and short circuit faults are identified from the
proposed system. The data is sent to a dedicated website and alert the respective person
through SMS by using a GSM module and IoT. This prototype can be able to sense the
exact location of different faults like earth, short and open circuit fault in UG cables from
the feeder end. In future, this project may be intended to detect even minute faults
occurring in any region. This work can also be extended to detect faults by calculating
impedance at each phase.

Fig. 13.1 Project Kit

48
 CHAPTER 14

REFERENCES

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IEEE Power Engg. Soc. General Meeting, Apr. 10-15, 1994 , pp.376-382;J. Clerk
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CA: University Science, 1989.
2. B. Clegg, Underground Cable Fault Location. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1993

3. M.-S. Choi, D.S. Lee, and X. Yang, "A line to ground fault location algorithm for

underground cable system," KIEE Trans. Power Engg. , pp. 267-273, Jun. 2005.
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6. Darvhankar. G.S,Gharpande. A.S,Bhope. S.D,Meshram. A.S, Bobad.A ,’Study of

3-phase Underground Cable Fault Locator Using Acoustic Method’, IJAERD

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7. Manish Paul, Raj Kamal Kakoti, 'Underground Cable Fault Locator',

IARJSET,Vol. 3, Issue 9, September 2016.

8. Thomas Baldwin, Frank Renovich, “Analysis of fault locating signals for
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10. C. G. Wester, “High Impedance Fault Detection on Distribution Systems,”
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