Thermodynamics - Chapter 2 - Lecture 1

Chapter 2
Ideal gas
&
First Law of Thermodynamics
By
Ass. Prof. Amr Hessein
❑Outlines
❑Intermolecular Forces & State of Matter
❑ Ideal Gas
❑Ideal Gas Laws
❑Universal Gas Laws
❑The First Law of Thermodynamics
❑Work in Thermodynamic processes
❑Enthalpy
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❑Intermolecular Forces & State of Matter
Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: Solid, Liquid, Gas, and Plasma.
1. Solid 2. Liquid 3. Gas
➢In a solid the particles (ions, ➢Weak Intermolecular ➢Molecular distance much
atoms or molecules) are cohesive forces force are larger than the molecular
closely packed together. present between the size.
➢The forces between molecules of the liquid. ➢the effect of
particles are strong so that the ➢The molecules move intermolecular forces is
particles cannot move freely relative to each other, and very small
but can only vibrate. the structure is mobile ➢A gas has no definite
and take the shape of shape or volume but
the container. occupies the entire
container in which it is
confined.
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❑Ideal Gas
➢ Ideal Gas = Perfect Gas
The Ideal gas is a theoretical gas which can be described as:
1- Consisting of identical particles of negligible volume.
2- The total energy of the gas is in the form of kinetic energy
( potential energy= 0).
3- The gas molecules moves in free random motion.
4- The gas molecules make perfectly elastic collisions with each other
and with the walls of the container.
➢ The Ideal gas is a good approximation of the real gases at low pressure
➢ The relation between variable states of an ideal gas (pressure, volume, temperature) can be
described by the equation of state or the ideal gas equation.
➢The ideal gas equation is based on:

1. Boyle's law
2. Charles's law
3. Gay–Lussac’s Pressure Law
4. Avogadro's law 4
❑Ideal Gas Laws
1. Boyle's law:
States that “ At constant temperature, the ideal gas pressure is inversely
proportional to its volume”.
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❑Ideal Gas Laws
2. Charles’ Law:
States that “ At constant pressure, the ideal gas volume is directly proportional to
its absolute temperature”.
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❑Ideal Gas Laws
3. Gay–Lussac’s Law (Pressure Law):
States that “ At constant volume, the ideal gas pressure is directly proportional to
its absolute temperature”.
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❑Ideal Gas Laws
➢From Boyle’s law:
➢From Charles’ law:
const.→ is a constant depends on the gas mass and the properties
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❑Ideal Gas Laws
4. Avogadro's law:
Study the relationship between the volume and the amount of the ideal gas when the
pressure and the temperature are constant.
Avogadro found that
“the volume occupied by an ideal gas is directly proportional to the number
of molecules of the gas present in the container”.
Avogadro’s Law states that

“Equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature
and pressure, contain the same number of
molecules”.
➢From Boyle’s law:
➢From Charles’ law:
➢By using Avogadro’s law:

At Standard Temperature and pressure (STP) T= 273 K (0 ᵒC) and P= 101.3 KPa, the volume one
mole of any gas is V= 22.4 Lit
➢For n moles of gas: Ideal Gas Universal Law

➢ Real gases show small deviations from the ideal behaviour, but ideal gas law is a useful
approximation for scientists. 10 10
➢ Boltzmann Constant (KB):
It is the ratio between the universal gas constant (R) and the
Avogadro's number (NA).
➢ The Ideal gas law can be expressed using Boltzmann constant as:
➢The Boltzmann constant, (KB) is a bridge between macroscopic and microscopic physics.
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❑The First Law of Thermodynamics
➢The first law of thermodynamics represents another version of the the law
of conservation of energy for thermodynamic systems.
➢The first law of thermodynamics states that:
The change in the internal energy of a closed system is equal to the amount
of heat added to the system, minus the amount of work done by the system on its
surroundings.
Not
increased changed decreased
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❑Thermodynamic Processes
1. Isothermal process
Is the process that happens at constant temperature.
➢ Since the internal energy is a function of temperature:
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1. Isothermal process
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2. Isobaric process
Is the process that occurs at constant pressure
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2. Isobaric process
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3. Isochoric process
Also called “isovolumetric process” which Is the process that happens at
constant volume.
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➢ What is the relation between the work and heat of a Cyclic process???
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Chapter 2

❑Ideal Gas Laws

❑Universal Gas Laws

❑The First Law of Thermodynamics

❑Work in Thermodynamic processes

➢The ideal gas equation is based on:

➢From Charles’ law:

const.→ is a constant depends on the gas mass and the properties

Avogadro’s Law states that

➢From Charles’ law:

➢By using Avogadro’s law:

➢For n moles of gas: Ideal Gas Universal Law

➢ Since the internal energy is a function of temperature:

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