5. States of Matter

THE GASEOUS STATE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASES

GAS LAWS
1) Boyle’s Law (PRESSURE – VOLUME RELATIONSHIP)
At constant temperature, the pressure of a

fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional
to its volume.
Mathematically in can be written as
isotherms
2) Charles’ Law (TEMPERATURE – VOLUME RELATIONSHIP)
For each degree rise in temperature, volume of a gas

increases by of the original volume of the gas at 0o
C. Thus if volumes of the gas at 0o C and at to C are Vo
and Vt resepectively, then

T = 273.15 + t
T0 = 273.15
Kelvin scale of
temperature /
Absolute scale of
tempereture
Charles’ Law states that , pressure remaining constant, the
volume of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to
its absolute temperature.
isobars
3) Gay Lussac’s Law (Pressure – Temperature Relationship)
It states at constant volume, pressure of a fixed

amount of a gas varies directly with the
temperature.
Mathematically,
isochores
2) Charles’ Law (TEMPERATURE – VOLUME RELATIONSHIP)
For each degree rise in temperature, volume of a gas

increases by of the original volume of the gas at 0o
C. Thus if volumes of the gas at 0o C and at to C are Vo
and Vt resepectively, then

T = 273.15 + t
T0 = 273.15
Kelvin scale of
temperature /
Absolute scale of
tempereture
Charles’ Law states that , pressure remaining constant, the
volume of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to
its absolute temperature.
isobars
3) Gay Lussac’s Law (Pressure – Temperature Relationship)
It states at constant volume, pressure of a fixed

amount of a gas varies directly with the
temperature.
Mathematically,
isochores
It states that the total pressure exerted by the
mixture of non-reactive gases is equal to the sum
of the partial pressures of individual gases
4) Avogadro Law (Volume –Amount Relationship)
It states that equal volumes of all gases under the same

conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number
of molecules
Mathematically,
d = density
Ideal gas:
A gas that follows Boyle’s law,
Charles’ law and Avogadro law
strictly is called an ideal gas. Such a
gas is hypothetical.
It is assumed that intermolecular

forces are not present between the
molecules of an ideal gas.
Real gas:
Real gas follows these laws only

under certain specific conditions
when forces of interaction are
practically negligible.
In all other situations these deviate

from ideal behaviour.
Ideal gas equation:
The three laws which we have
learnt till now can be combined
together in a single equation which
is known as ideal gas equation.
Where R is
proportionality constant
It is same for all gases. Therefore it is
also called Universal Gas Constant.
Equation pV = nRT is called ideal gas

equation.
If temperature, volume and pressure of a fixed
amount of gas vary from T1, V1 and p1 to T2,
V2 and p2 then we can write
This equation is also known as Combined gas law.

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

In a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by

the individual gas is called partial pressure.
Mathematically,
Aqueous tension
Pressure exerted by saturated water vapour is
called aqueous tension
pdry gas = pTotal – Aqueous tension

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

In a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by

the individual gas is called partial pressure.
Mathematically,
Aqueous tension
Pressure exerted by saturated water vapour is
called aqueous tension
pdry gas = pTotal – Aqueous tension

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES-
POSTULATES:
1) Gases consist of large number of
identical particles (atoms or molecules)
that are so small and so far apart on the
average that the actual volume of the
molecules is negligible in comparison to
the empty space between them. They are
considered as point masses. This
assumption explains the great
compressibility of gases.
2) There is no force of attraction
between the particles of a gas at
ordinary temperature and
pressure. The support for this
assumption comes from the fact
that gases expand and occupy all
the space available to them.
3) Particles of a gas are always in
constant and random motion. If
the particles were at rest and
occupied fixed positions, then a gas
would have had a fixed shape
which is not observed
5) Collisions of gas molecules are
perfectly elastic. This means that
total energy of molecules before
and after the collision remains
same. There may be exchange of
energy between colliding molecules,
their individual energies may
change, but the sum of their
energies remains constant. If there
were loss of kinetic energy, the
motion of molecules will stop and
gases will settle down. This is
contrary to what is actually
observed.
6) At any particular time, different
particles in the gas have different
speeds and hence different kinetic
energies. This assumption is reasonable
because as the particles collide, we
expect their speed to change. Even if
initial speed of all the particles was
same, the molecular collisions will
disrupt this uniformity.
Consequently the particles must have
different speeds, which go on changing
constantly. It is possible to show that
though the individual speeds are
changing, the distribution of speeds
remains constant at a particular
temperature
7) If a molecule has variable speed,
then it must have a variable kinetic
energy. Under these circumstances,
we can talk only about average
kinetic energy. In kinetic theory it is
assumed that average kinetic energy
of the gas molecules is directly
proportional to the absolute
temperature. It is seen that on
heating a
gas at constant volume, the pressure
increases. On heating the gas, kinetic
energy of the particles increases and
these strike the walls of the
container more frequently thus
exerting more pressure.
It is found that real gases do not follow
Boyle’s Charles law and Avogadro law perfectly
under all conditions. Now two questions arise.
(i) Why do gases deviate from the

ideal behaviour?
(ii) What are the conditions under
which gases deviate from ideality?
We find that two assumptions of the kinetic
theory do not hold good. These are
(a) There is no force of attraction between

the molecules of a gas.
(b) Volume of the molecules of a gas is

negligibly small in comparison to the
space occupied by the gas.
BEHAVIOUR OF REAL GASES:
DEVIATION FROM IDEAL GAS BEHAVIOUR
The deviation from ideal behaviour can be
measured in terms of compressibility factor Z,
which is the ratio of product pV and nRT.
Mathematically
pV
Z
nRT
Thus gases show ideal behaviour when
the volume occupied is large so that the
volume of the molecules can be neglected
in comparison to it.
Boyle temperature or Boyle point.
The temperature at which a real gas

obeys ideal gas law over an appreciable
range of pressure is called Boyle
temperature or Boyle point.
LIQUIFACTION OF GASES
Critical Temperature: The temperature above which a
gas cannot be liquefied however high the pressure may
be
It is denoted by Tc
The critical temperature of CO2 = 30.98o C
Volume of one mole of the gas at critical

temperature is called critical volume (VC)
and pressure at this temperature is called
critical pressure (pC).
LIQUID STATE
Vapour Pressure:
pressure exerted by vapours on the
walls of the container is called
vapour pressure
Saturated Vapour Pressure: The pressure exerted by the

vapour of the liquid when it is in equilibrium with the liquid
is called saturated vapour pressure/equilibrium vapour
pressure
Boiling point: The temperature at which the vapour pressure of
liquid is equal to the external pressure is called boiling
temperature at that pressure.
At 1 atm pressure boiling

temperature is called normal
boiling point.
If pressure is 1 bar then the boiling

point is called standard boiling
point of the liquid.
The normal boiling point of water

is 100 °C (373 K), its standard
boiling point is 99.6 °C (372.6 K).
Surface Tension
Surface tension is defined as the force acting per unit
length perpendicular to the line drawn on the surface
of liquid. It is denoted by Greek letter γ (Gamma).
Viscosity is a measure of resistance
Viscosity: to flow which arises due to the internal
friction between layers of fluid.
When a liquid flows over a fixed surface, the layer of molecules in
the immediate contact of surface is stationary. The velocity of
upper layers increases as the distance of layers from the fixed layer
increases.
This type of flow in which

there is a regular
gradation of velocity in
passing from one layer to
the next is called laminar
flow.

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THE GASEOUS STATE

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASES

At constant temperature, the pressure of a

For each degree rise in temperature, volume of a gas

and Vt resepectively, then

It states at constant volume, pressure of a fixed

For each degree rise in temperature, volume of a gas

and Vt resepectively, then

It states at constant volume, pressure of a fixed

It states that equal volumes of all gases under the same

It is assumed that intermolecular

Real gas follows these laws only

In all other situations these deviate

Equation pV = nRT is called ideal gas

This equation is also known as Combined gas law.

It states that the total pressure exerted by the

In a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by

pdry gas = pTotal – Aqueous tension

It states that the total pressure exerted by the

In a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by

pdry gas = pTotal – Aqueous tension

(i) Why do gases deviate from the

(a) There is no force of attraction between

(b) Volume of the molecules of a gas is

Boyle temperature or Boyle point.

The temperature at which a real gas

The critical temperature of CO2 = 30.98o C

Volume of one mole of the gas at critical

Saturated Vapour Pressure: The pressure exerted by the

At 1 atm pressure boiling

If pressure is 1 bar then the boiling

The normal boiling point of water

This type of flow in which

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