Integration E.G.
Integration E.G.
Integration E.G.
I = x a2 x2dx let u= a2 x2
du
du
du
= 2x dx =
, then I = x u
dx
2x
2x
3
3
1 21
1 u2
1 3
1
= u du=
+ c = u2 + c = (a2 x2)2 + c
2
2 3
3
3
2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x2
du
du
x2 du
I=
dx let u= a2 + x3 = 3x2 dx = 2 , then I =
2
dx
3x
u 3x
a2 + x3
21
1
1 u
2 21
2 2 3 21
= u du=
+ c = u + c = (a + x ) + c
3
3 1
3
3
2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------du
dv
I = sin2 xcosxdx let u= sin2 x = 2cosxsinx &
= cosx v = sinx, then
dx
dx
sin3 x
3
2
3
3
I = sin x 2 sin xcosxdx = sin x 2I 3I = sin x I =
+c
3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x3
x3
1
, then this
I=
dx, by algebraic long division
= x2 x+ 1
x+ 1
x+ 1
x+ 1
1
x2 x3
implies that I = 1dx xdx+ x2dx
dx = x + ln(x+ 1) + c
x+ 1
2 3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------f'(x)
sec2
1 3sec2
1
dx = ln(f(x)) + c
I=
d =
d = ln(1+ 3tan) + c , since
f(x)
1+ 3tan
3 1+ 3tan
3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------secx(secx+ tanx)
sec2 x+ secxtanx
I = secxdx =
dx =
dx = ln(secx+ tanx) + c
secx+ tanx
secx+ tanx
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
2
1
x
1+ t2 dt
I
=
dt
I=
dx let t = tan dx =
,
then
1 t2
1+ t2
1+ cosx
2
1+
1+ t2
2
2
1
x
x
=
dt = dt = 1dt = t + c = tan + c = tanx 1 tan2 + c, from
2
2
1+ t + 1 t
2
2
2
2
1
2
x
sin2
1
2tanA
2 + c = 1tanx 1 1 cosx + c
tan2A =
, I = tan 1
, from
2
2
2
1+ cosx
1 tan A
2 x
cos 2
2
2
cos2A = 2cos A 1= 1 2sin A , so now we have
1
1+ cosx 1 cosx
I = tanx
+c
2
1+ cosx 1+ cosx
1
sinx cosx
sinx
2cosx
cosx
= tanx
+c
+ c = tanx
+ c=
+ c=
2
cosx 1+ cosx
1+ cosx
1+ cosx
1+ cosx
sinx(1 cosx)
sinx sinxcosx
sinx(1 cosx)
1 cosx
=
+ c=
+ c=
+ c=
+ c,
2
2
(1+ cosx)(1 cosx)
1 cos x
sin x
sinx
1 cosx
+ c = cotx+ cosecx+ c
therefore we finally have, I =
sinx sinx
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
asec2
I = 2 2 dx let x = atan dx = asec2 d , then I = 2 2
d
x +a
a tan + a2
asec2
1 sec2
1
1
1
x
= 2 2
d =
d = 1d = + c = tan1 + c
2
a (tan + 1)
a sec
a
a
a
a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
acos
I=
dx let x = asin dx = acosd , then I =
d
a2 x2
a2 a2 sin2
acos
cos
cos
x
=
d =
d =
d = 1d = + c = sin1 + c
cos
a
a 1 sin2
cos2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
asec tan
I = 2 2 dx let x = asec dx = asec tand , then I = 2 2
d
x a
a sec a2
asec tan
1 sec tan
1 sec
1 1
= 2
d =
d =
d =
d let t = tan
2
2
a (sec 1)
a tan
a tan
a sin
2
1 1
2
1 1
1
1
2
I=
dt = dt = lnt + c = ln tan + c
2
d =
dt
, so
a 2t 1+ t
a t
a
a 2
1+ t2
2
1+ t
sin2
1 1
1 1
2 + c
= ln tan 1 tan2 + c = ln tan 1
a 2
a 2
cos2
2
1 1
1 1
1 cos
1+ cos 1 cos
= ln tan 1
+ c = tan
+ c
a 2
a 2
1+ cos
1+ cos 1+ cos
1 1
1
1 sin cos
2cos
cos
= ln tan
+ c = ln tan
+ c = ln
+c
a 2
a
a cos 1+ cos
1+ cos
1+ cos
1 sin
1 tan cos
1 sec2 1 cos
= ln
+c
+ c = ln
+ c = ln
a 1+ cos
a 1+ cos
a
1+ cos
{(
1 sec2 1
1
= ln
+ c = ln sec2 1 ln( sec + 1) + c
a sec + 1
a
1 1
1 1
1 x x
1
x
= ln 1 + 1 2ln + 1 + c =
ln( ( x a) ( x+ a) ) 2ln( x+ a) + c
2a a a
2a
a
1 ( x a) ( x+ a)
1 x a
+ c , we finally have I = ln
= ln
+c
2
2a ( x+ a)
2a x+ a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
asec2
I=
dx let x = atan dx = asec2 d , then I =
d
x2 + a2
a2 tan2 + a2
asec2
sec2
=
d =
d = secd = ln( tan + sec ) + c
sec
a tan2 + 1
x
x2
= ln tan + tan2 + 1 + c = ln + 2 + 1 + c = ln x+ x2 + a2 + c
a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
I=
dx let x = asec dx= asec tan d , then
x2 a2
asec tan
I=
d
a2 sec2 a2
asec tan
sec tan
=
d =
d = secd = ln( sec + tan ) + c
2
a sec 1
tan2
x
x2
= ln sec + sec2 1 + c = ln + 2 1 + c = ln x+ x2 a2 + c
a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
I= 2
dx completing the square,
x + 2x+ 5
1
1
x+ 1
I=
dx = tan1
+c
2
(x+ 1) + 4
2
2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I=
2+ x x2
1
I=
x2 x 2
dx
1
1
2 + c = sin1 2x 1 + c
dx = sin1
2
3
3
9
1
x
2
4
2
dx =
2
1 9
x
2 4
sin
1 sin
dx
I=
d let 2cos = x d = 1 , then I =
2
2
2 9 x sin
2sin
9 4cos
1
dx
1
1
x
2cos
=
= sin1 + c = sin1
+c
2
2 9 x
2
2
3
3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I = sin2 xcos5 xdx = sin2 xcos2 xcos2 xcosxdx = sin2 x 1 sin2 x cosxdx
= sin2 x 1 2sin2 x+ sin4 x cosxdx = sin2 x 2sin4 x+ sin6 x cosxdx let u= sinx
du
du
du
= cosx dx =
= u2 2u4 + u6 du,
, then I = u2 2u4 + u6 cosx
dx
cosx
cosx
so by normal power integration,
u3 2u5 u7
sin3 x 2sin5 x sin7 x
I=
+ + c=
+
+c
3 5 7
3
5
7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------du
I = cos3 xdx = cos2 xcosxdx = 1 sin2 x cosxdx , let u= sinx dx =
, then
cosx
du
u3
sin3 x
I = 1 u2 cosx
= 1 u2 du= u + c = sinx
+c
cosx
3
3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I = sin2 xcos2 xdx = sin2 x 1 sin2 x dx = sin2 x sin4 x dx , to integrate sin4 x we
need a formula with this included, so consider
cos4x = cos( 2x+ 2x) = cos2xcos2x sin2xsin2x
)(
1
1
x sin4x
1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
x 1
( cos2x+ 1) dx = + sin2x+ c
2
2 4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I = cos2 xdx, ( cos2x = 2cos2 x 1) therefore, I =
a2 sin2
a2
a2 x
a2 x
x2
x
x
= 1 sin2 + sin1 + c = 1 2 + sin1 + c
2a
2 a
a
a
a
a2 x 1
x 2 2 a2 1 x
x
= a2 x2 + sin1 + c =
a x + sin + c
2a a
2
2
a
a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
acos
I=
dx
I=
d
3
3
let x = asin dx= acos d , then
2
2 2
2
2
2
a x
a a sin 2
2
=
=
1
a2
cos
( 1 sin )
2
3
2
d =
1
a2
cos
( cos )
2
sin
x
+ c=
+ c=
a cos
a3 1 sin2
3
2
d =
x
1
1
1
tan
d = 2 sec2 = 2 + c
2
2
a cos
a
a
+ c=
+c
2
2
2
2
x
a
a
x
a3 1 2
a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
sec2
I=
dx let x = tan dx = sec2 d , then I =
d
x x2 + 1
tan tan2 + 1
2
sec2
sec
1
dt , then
=
d =
d =
d let t = tan d =
1+ t2
2
tan sec
tan
sin
1
2
2
1
I=
dt = dt = dt = lnt + c = ln tan + c
2
, now from double
2t 1+ t
2t
t
2
2
1+ t
sin2
1
2
2 + c
angle formulae I = ln tan 1 tan + c = ln tan 1
2
cos2
2
1
1
1 cos
2cos
cos
= ln tan 1
+ c = ln tan
+ c = ln tan
+ c
1+ cos
1+ cos
1+ cos
2
2
x x + 1 1
tan
x
tan
= ln
+ c = ln 2
+ c = ln
+c
+ c = ln
2
2
sec + 1
x + 1+ 1
tan + 1+ 1
x2 + 1 1
x x2 + 1 1
2
+ c = ln x + 1 1 + c
= ln
x
x
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2x+ 3
I= 3 2
dx now if f(x) = x3 + x2 2x, then f(1) = 0 (x 1) is a
x + x 2x
factor, so by long division x3 + x2 2x = (x)(x2 + 2x) = (x 1)x(x+ 2) , by
partial fractions we have that
5 1
3 1
1 1
3
5
1
I=
dx dx+
dx = lnx+ ln(x 1) + ln(x+ 2) + c
3 x 1
2 x
6 x+ 2
2
3
6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1
1
x2 + 1
dx+ 2
dx+
dx,
I=
dx by partial fractions I = 2
3
2
3
(x 1)
(x 1)
x 1
(x 1)
2
2
1
2
2
1
+ ln(x 1) + c
then I = (x 1) (x 1) + ln(x 1) + c =
2
2
1
(x 1) x 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x
I=
dx by partial fractions
(x+ 1)(x2 + 4)
1 1
1
x
4
1
I=
dx+ 2
dx+ 2
dx
5 x+ 1
5 x +4
5 x +4
1 1
1 2x
4
1
1
1
2
x
=
dx+ 2
dx+ 2
dx = ln(x+ 1) + ln(x2 + 4) + tan1 + c
5 x+ 1
10 x + 4
5 x +4
5
10
5
2
1
2
1 x2 + 4 2 1 x
x
=
ln(x2 + 4) 2ln(x+ 1) + tan1 + c = ln
+ tan + c
10
5
10 (x+ 1)2 5
2
2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2x3 + x+ 3
2x
3 x
I=
dx
dx
2
by partial fractions I = 2 + 2
x +1 x +12
x2 + 1
2x
1
x
dx+ 3
dx
dx , now take each integrand
2
2
x +1
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
2
2x
separately so 2 dx = ln x2 + 1 ,
x +1
) ( x + 1)
2
dx let u= x2 + 1 dx = du ,
2x
1
1 u1
1
1 1
3
dx let
=
=
then 2 du
,
2
2
2
1
2 x +1
x +1
2 u
=
3
d = 3
d = 3 cos2 d = (cos2 + 1)d
2
4
2
sec
sec
2
tan2 + 1
3 sin2
3
3 tan
3
=
+ = (sin cos + ) = (tan cos2 + ) =
+
2
2 2
2
2 sec
2
3 x
1
2
1
3 x
+c
= 2 + tan1 x , I = ln x + 1 + 2 + tan x +
2
2 x + 1
2 x +1
2 x + 1
= ln x2 + 1 +
3x
1
3
1+ 3x
3
+
+ tan1 x+ c = ln x2 + 1 +
+ tan1 x+ c
2
2
2
2 x +1 2 x +1 2
2 x +1 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1+ sinx
2
x
I=
dx let t = tan x = 2tan1 t dx =
dt , then
sinx(1+ cosx)
1+ t2
2
2t
2t
1+
1+
2
2
2
1+ t2 + 2t
1
+
t
1
+
t
I=
dt =
2tdt =
2dt
2
2t(1 t2)
2t(1+ t2) + 2t(1 t2)
2t 1 t2 1+ t
2t +
1+
1+ t2
1+ t2 1+ t2
=
t2 + 2t + 1
t2 + 2t + 1
t2 + 2t + 1
t2
2t
1
2dt
=
2dt
=
dt
=
dt + dt + dt
2
2
4t
2t
2t
2t
2t
2t 1+ t + 1 t
1
1 1
1 t2
1
1
x
x 1 x
tdt
+
1
dt
+
dt
=
+ t + lnt + c = tan2 + tan + ln tan + c
2
2 t
2 2
2
4
2
2 2 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
2
2
I=
dt
1
x
2
t
=
tan
dx
=
dt
I=
dx let
3(1 t ) 1+ t2
, then
2
5
1+ t
5 3cosx
2
1+ t2
2
2
2
1
1
1
=
dt =
dt = 2 dt = 2 dt =
dt
2
2
2
2
5(1+ t ) 3(1 t )
5+ 5t 3+ 3t
8t + 2
4t + 1
4 t2 + 1
4
1 1 1 t
1
1
x
=
tan
+ c = tan1(2t) + c = tan1 2tan + c
1
1
4
2
2
2
2
2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1
1
1
1
dt
3
I=
dx
I
=
dt
=
dt
t
=
x
dx
=
let
,
then
3 x3 a3 + t
3 t a3 + t
x a3 + x3
3x2
=
1 1
1
1
1 x3
, by partial fractions I = 3 dt 3 3 dt = 3 ln 3 3 + c
3a t
3a a + t
3a a + x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
du 1
dv 2
x3
= &
= x v = , then by the parts
dx x
dx
3
3
3
3
x lnx 1 2
x lnx 1 x
x3
1
x dx =
+ c = lnx + c
formula we have I =
3
3
3
3 3
3
3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------du
1
dv
x2
I = xarctanxdx let u= arctanx =
=
x
v
=
&
, then by the
dx 1+ x2
dx
2
x2 arctanx 1 x2
x2 arctanx 1 1+ x2
1
I
=
dx
=
dx
dx
parts formula
2
2
2
2
2 1+ x
2
2 1+ x
1+ x
I = x2 lnxdx let u= lnx
2
x2 arctanx 1
1
x arctanx 1
=
1dx
dx =
( x arctanx)
2
2
1+ x2
2
2
x2 1 x x + 1
x2 arctanx x 1
x
=
+ arctanx = arctanx + =
arctanx + c
2
2 2
2
2
2 2 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
du
dv
cos2x
I = xsinxcosxdx = xsin2xdx let u= x = 1 &
= sin2x = v =
,
2
dx
dx
2
1 x
1
x
1
then I = cos2x+ cos2xdx = sin2x cos2x+ c
2 2
2
4
8
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------du 1
I = ln2 xdx = lnx lnxdx let u= lnx = &
dx x
dv
= lnx v = xlnx x = x(lnx 1), then
dx
I = lnx(xlnx x) (lnx 1)dx = xln2 x 2xlnx+ 2x+ c = x ln2 x 2lnx+ 2 + c
2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------du
dv x
ax
xax
ax
I = xaxdx let u= x = 1 &
= a v=
dx
, then I =
dx
dx
lna
lna
lna
xax 1 ax
ax
1
=
+ c=
x
+c
lna lna lna
lna
lna
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16
I=
x4
1
2
1+ x
2
t
t4
t4
1
3
I=
4t
dt
=
4
dt
by long division
=
+ t2 1, then we
2
2
2
2
1+ t
1+ t
1+ t 1+ t
0
0
0
4t3
1
2
1
+
t
1
dt
=
4tan
t
+
4t 7.1
have I = 4
2
1+ t
3
0
0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1
1
I=
dx let t x = 1+ x+ x2 2 dt 1= 1( 2x+ 1) 1+ x+ x2 2
1+ x+ x2
dx
2
2
dt
2x+ 1
2x+ 1+ 2 1+ x+ x2 2x+ 1+ 2(t x)
2(t x)
=
+ 1=
=
dx =
dt ,
2
2
dx 2 1+ x+ x
2(t x)
2x+ 1+ 2(t x)
2 1+ x+ x
2
2
dt =
dt = ln( 2t + 1) + c = ln 2x+ 1+ 2 1+ x+ x2 + c
then I =
2x+ 1+ 2t 2x
2t + 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1
dt
1
a2 x2
2
t
=
x
=
let
I=
dx
2
2
4
x
t
dx
x
x
1
t2 dt = t a2t2 1 dt let u= a2t2 1 dt = du , therefore
that I =
1
2a2t
t2
3
3
3
2
2
1
1 u2
1 22
1
a
I = 2 u du= 2 + c = 2 a t 1 2 + c = 2 2 1 + c , now we
2a
2a 3
3a
3a x
2
a2
a2 x2
3
2
+c
3a x
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
dt
1 dt
1
I = 2x
dx let t = ex :lnt = x dx = x , then I = 2
= 3
dt
x
e 2e
e
t 2t t
t 2t2
1
= 2
dt now by the partial fraction theorem we have,
t (t 2)
1 1
1 t+ 2
I=
dt 2 dt
4 t 2
4 t
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1 x 1
=
dt dt 2 dt = ln( t 2) lnt + + c = x + ln ex 2 + c
4 t 2
4 t
2 t
4
4
2t
2e 4 4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 2
e2x
I=
( e + 1)
x
dx
1
4
e2x dt
ex
t 1
dt
I
=
=
dt = 1 dt
let t = e + 1 dx = x , then
1
1
x
e
e
t4
t4
t4
x
3
34
4 74 4 34
4
4
x
x
= t dt t dt = t t + c = ( 3t 7) t + c =
3e 4 e + 1 4 + c
7
3
21
21
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
4
I=
1
4
)(
ln5
ex ex 1
2t
2
x
0 ex + 3 dx t = e 1 dx = ex dt , x = 0 t = 0, x = ln5 t = 2, then
2
t2
4tan2 2sec2
I = 2 2
dt let t = 2tan dt = 2sec2 d , then I = 2
d
t +4
4tan2 + 4
0
0
2
t
8tan2 sec2
2
t
= 2
d = 4 tan2 d = 4[ tan ] 0 = 4 tan1 = 4
2
4sec
2 0
2
0
0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ln2
dt
I = ex 1 dx let t = ex 1 dx = x , x = 0 t = 0, x = ln2 t = 1, then
e
0
1
t
t
I = x dt =
dt let t = tan2 dt = 2sec2 tand , then
e
t
+
1
0
0
1
tan2 sec2
d
2
tan
+
1
0
I = 2
1
4
= 2 1 = 2 =
0
2
2
4
0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1+ lnx
I=
dx let t = 1+ lnx dx= xdt , then
x
3
2 32
2
I = t dt = t + c = ( 1+ lnx) 2 + c
3
3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
= 2 tan2 d = 2[ tan ] 0 = 2 t tan1
I=
( sin + cos ) d
3+ sin2
dt
, = t = 0,
sin + cos
4
dt
, now consider the following
3+ sin2
1
= 0 t = 1, then I =
t2 = ( sin cos )
( t)
dt
dt
=
, so
2
4 t2
1 3+ 1 t
1
1 2+ t
1
ln3
1 1 1
therefore we have that I = ln
= ln1 ln = ln =
4
3 4 3
4 2 t 1 4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------sinx
sinx
1
I = tanxdx =
dx =
dx = ln( cosx) + c = ln ( cosx) + c = ln( secx) + c
cosx
cosx
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------