http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 1 ! Standard Integrals ! Function & Derivative ! Product Integrate by Parts ! Partial Fractions ! A, B ! A, Bx + C ! Completing the Square ! Substitution ! Normal ! Trigonometry ! T - Formula ! Reduction Formula Maths Extension 2 - Integration http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 2 INTEGRALS *c is a constant Standard Integral
a + cos 1 Integration by special properties Theorems *notes, all these are with respect to dx
a x f 0 ) ( dx =
a x a f 0 ) ( dx
a a x f ) ( dx =
a x f 0 ) ( 2 dx ___if ) (x f is an EVEN function
a a x f ) ( dx = 0 _________-__if ) (x f is an ODD function Maths Extension 2 - Integration http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 4 Trigonometric Identities sin 2 + cos 2 = 1 ! sin 2 = 1 cos 2
! cos 2 = 1 sin 2
tan 2 = sec 2 1 ! sec 2 tan 2 = 1 ! sec 2 = tan 2 + 1 1 + cot 2 = cosec 2
! 1 = cosec 2 cot 2
! cot 2 = cosec 2 1
tan cos sin
cot sin cos
cos 2 = ( ) 2 cos 1 2 1 + sin 2 = ( ) 2 cos 1 2 1
sin = 2 1 2 t t + cos = 2 2 1 1 t t +
tan = 2 1 1 t T-Formula Substitution
, _
2 tan
t 2 2 x a = Let sin a x 2 2 a x = Let sec a x 2 2 x a + = Let tan a x Trigonometric Substitution Maths Extension 2 - Integration http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 5 STANDARD INTEGRALS Basic Form
n x dx = c n x n + + + 1 1 _________ 1 n ! General Integral
5 x dx = c x + 6 6
x 1 dx or
1 x dx = c x + | | ln ! 1 st special function ( ) n b ax
+ dx = ( ) ( ) c n a b ax n + + + + 1 1 ! Linear function ( )
+ 6 3 2x dx = ( ) c x + + 14 3 2 7
) ( ) ( ' x f x f dx = c x f + | ) ( | ln ! Function and Derivative
+1 2 2 x x dx = c x + +1 ln 2 Logarithm and Exponential
x 1 dx or
1 x dx = c x + | | ln ! 1 st special function
+ b ax 1 dx = c b ax a + + ln 1
+ 2 3 1 x dx = c x + + 2 3 ln 3 1
ax e dx = c e a ax + 1
x e 3 dx = c e x + 3 3 1
x a dx = c a a x + ln
x 3 dx = c x + 3 ln 3 Maths Extension 2 - Integration http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 6 Trigonometric Functions
ax sin dx = c ax a + cos 1
x 3 sin dx = c x + 3 3 cos =
x x sin . sin 2 dx = ( )
x x sin . cos 1 2 dx =
x x x sin . cos sin
2 dx
x 3 sin dx
x sin dx = x cos
x x sin . cos 2 dx Let x u cos x dx du sin x du dx sin
= c x x + + 3 cos cos 3
ax cos dx = c ax a + sin 1
x 3 cos dx = c x + 3 3 sin =
x x cos . cos 2 dx = ( )
x x cos . sin 1 2 dx =
x x x cos . sin cos
2 dx
x 3 cos dx
x cos dx = x sin
x x cos . sin 2 Let x u sin x dx du cos x du dx cos
c x x + 3 sin sin 3 x du x u sin sin . 2
3 3 u
x du x u cos cos . 2
3 3 u
Maths Extension 2 - Integration
http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 7
ax 2 sec dx = c ax a + tan 1
x 3 sec 2 dx = c x + 3 tan 3 1
x tan dx =
x x cos sin dx _________Function and Derivative = - c x + cos ln
x 2 tan dx = ( )
1 sec 2 x dx = c x x + tan
x 3 tan dx =
x x tan . tan 2 dx = ( )
x x tan . 1 sec 2 dx =
x x x tan tan . sec
2 dx_____Let tan x = u = c x x + + cos ln 2 tan 2 Maths Extension 2 - Integration http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 8 Function and Derivative ) (x f u dx x f du ) ( ' [ ] ) ( ' . ) ( x f x f n
dx = [ ] c n x f n + + + 1 ) ( 1
) ( ) ( ' x f x f dx = c x f + ) ( ln ) ( . ) ( ' x f e x f
dx = c e x f + ) (
) ( cos ). ( ' x f x f dx = c x f + ) ( sin
x x n cos . sin dx = c n x n + + + 1 sin 1 [ ]
+ 2 ) ( 1 ) ( ' x f x f dx = c x f +
) ( tan 1
x xln 1 dx = c x + ln ln
x x 4 5 cos . sin dx x dx du sin x du dx sin
=
x x 4 4 cos . sin . sin dx = ( )
x x x 4 2 2 cos . sin . cos 1 dx = ( )
+ x x x x 4 4 2 cos . sin . cos cos 2 1 dx =
+ x x x x x x sin . cos sin . cos 2 sin . cos 8 6 4 dx = c x x x + + 9 cos 7 cos 2 5 cos 9 7 5
+ 4 2 3 2 x x x dx ! split the integral ! take out constants ! complete the square ! standard integrals = ( )
+ 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 1 x x x dx =
+
dx x x dx x x x 4 2 1 4 4 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 = ( )
+
dx x dx x x x 5 1 1 4 4 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 = ( ) c x x x x +
1 ln x x dx = c x x x + ln These integrals have only one step, other integrals have multi-step
x e x cos dx = I Let x e u x e dx du
x dx dv cos x v sin =
x e x e x x sin sin dx Let x e u x e dx du
x dx dv sin x v cos = [ ]
+ xdx e x e x e x x x cos cos sin I = + x e x e x x cos sin I 2I = x e x e x x cos sin + I = ) cos sin ( 2 1 c x e x e x x + +
x e x sin dx = I Let x e u x e dx du
x dx dv sin x v cos =
+ x e x e x x cos cos dx Let x e u x e dx du
x dx dv cos x v sin = [ ]
+ xdx e x e x e x x x sin sin cos I = + x e x e x x sin cos I 2I = x e x e x x cos sin I = ) cos sin ( 2 1 c x e x e x x + Maths Extension 2 - Integration http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 10 Partial Fractions 1. Split to Standard Integrals 2. A, B 3. A, Bx + C 4. Completing the Square
+ + 1 2 x x dx =
+ + + + 1 1 1 1 x x x dx =
+ + 1 1 1 x dx = c x x + + + 1 ln
+ ) 1 )( 2 ( 1 x x dx **************** ) 1 )( 2 ( 1 + x x **************** = 1 2 + + x B x A When: x = 1 x = 2 1 1 1 = ) 2 ( ) 1 ( + + x B x A = ___0___+__3B = __-3A =
+ + 1 2 x B x A dx =
+
1 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 x x dx = [ ] c x x + + 1 ln 2 ln 3 1 = c x x + 1 ] 1
, _
1 2 ln 3 1
) ( ) ( x Q x P ______ ) ( ) ( x Q x P
1 2 2 3 x x dx = ( )
+ + 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 2 3 x x dx =
+
1 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 x dx = c x x + + 1 2 ln 2 7 2 3
+ 2 1 2 2 x x x dx ******** LONG DIVISION ********** 3 2 1 2 2 2 + + x x x x ____ x x 4 2 2 ___ _________ 1 3 + x _________ 6 3 x _____________7 = ( )
+ 3 2x dx +
2 7 x dx = c x x x + + + 2 ln 7 3 2
+ + ) 1 )( 4 ( 4 1 2 x x x dx x 4 1+ = ) 1 ( 2 + x A + ) 4 )( ( x c Bx + 4 x 0 x 1 x __17 __1 __5 = 17A = A = 2A + 0 + C4 0 + Bx + 3 =
+ + + 1 4 2 x C Bx x A dx =
+ +
1 4 1 2 x x x dx = c x x + + + 1 ln 4 ln 2 2 1 A = 1 B = 1 C = 0 r7 Maths Extension 2 - Integration http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 11 Substitution Finding x in terms of u Let u
dx du dx ( )
+ 12 4 4 1 x x dx = ( )
+ x x u 2 4 1 2 du =
+ 2 4 1 2 u du Changing the Limits = 1 ] 1
, _
2 tan 2 1 2 1 u Let x u = , _
2 tan 1 u 12 x 4 x 3 2 u 2 u = 12 4 1 2 tan 1 1 ] 1
, _
x = 3 2 2 1 2 tan 1 ] 1
, _
u = , _
, _
2 2 tan 2 3 2 tan 1 1 = 4 3
= 4 3
= 12
Let x u x dx du 2 1
du x dx 2 2 u x = 12
+1 2 3 x x dx Let 1 2 2 + x u x dx du u 2 2 x udu dx 1 2 2 u x =
2 3 u x x udu =
2 x du = ( )
1 2 u du = c u u + 3 3 = ( ) c x x x + + + + 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 2 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION Maths Extension 2 - Integration http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 12 Trigonometry Substitution 2 2 x a 2 2 a x 2 2 x a + Let sin a x Let sec a x Let tan a x
2 4 x x dx Let sin 2 x
cos 2 d dx cos 2 dx d =
2 2 sin 4 4 sin 4 cos 2c d = ( )
2 2 sin 1 4 cos sin 8 d =
2 2 cos cos sin 4 d = ( )
2 cos 1 4 2 1 d = c + 1 ] 1
2 2 sin 2
= c x + , _
cos sin 2 2 sin 2 1 = c x x x +
, _
, _
, _
2 4 2 2 2 sin 2 2 1 = c x x x +
, _
2 4 2 sin 2 2 1 sin 2 x sin 2
x
, _
2 sin 1 x
2 x
2 4 x Trig Identity Maths Extension 2 - Integration http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 13 T-Formula ( ) 2 tan
t ________ < < 2 1 2 sin t t +
2 2 1 1 cos t t +
2 1 2 tan t t
, _
2 sec 2 1 2
d dt ( ) 2 2 sec 2
dt d ( ) 2 2 tan 1 2
dt d 2 1 2 t dt d +
+ 2 0 cos 5 3 4
d 2 1 2 t dt d +
= ( ) 2 1 1 1 2 . 5 3 4 2 2 t dt t t + +
= 2 2 2 2 1 . 1 ) 1 ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 8 t dt t t t + + + +
dt t 2 2 8 8 =
dt t 2 4 4 *** = dt t
2 4 1 4 = 4 0 2 2 ln . ) 2 ( 2 1 . 4
1 ] 1
, _
+ t t = 4 0 2 2 ln
1 ] 1
, _
+ t t = ln 3 4 = A(2 t) + B(2 + t) 2 t 4 = 0 + 4B B = 1 2 t 4 = 4A + 0 A = 1 ***By Partial Fractions =
dt t 2 4 4 =
+ + t t 2 1 2 1 = [ ] 4 0 2 ln 2 ln
t t + + = 4 0 2 2 ln
1 ] 1
, _
+ t t Maths Extension 2 - Integration http://www.geocities.com/fatmuscle/HSC/ 14 Reduction Formula I n =
2 0 cos
x n dx_______n 2 Show: I n = (n 1)I n-2 (n 1)I n I n =
x x n 1 1 cos . cos dx Let ( ) x n dx du x u n n sin . cos 1 cos 2 1
x v x dx dv sin cos
Take out constant, and
expand = [ ] ( )
x x n x x n n 2 2 0 1 sin . cos 1 cos . sin 2
dx = ( ) ( )
+
x x n n 2 2 cos 1 . cos 1 0 dx = ( )
x n n 2 cos 1 dx ( )
x n n cos 1 dx = (n 1)I n-2 (n 1)I n Find: I 6 I 6 =
2 0 6 cos
x dx I 6 = (6 1)I 6-2 (6 1)I 6 I 6 = 5I 4 5I 6 6I 6 = 5I 4 6I 6 = 5(3I 2 3I 4 ) 6I 6 = 15I 2 15I 4 I 4 = 3I 2 3I 4 4I 4 = 3I 2 I 4 = 4 3 I 2 6I 6 = 15I 2 - 15 4 3 I 2 6I 6 = 4 15 I 2 I 6 = 8 5 I 2 I 2 =
