UNIT – 4 HISTORY Delhi Sultanate | Part 1 & 2

CLASS TOPIC
1 INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

2 VEDIC PERIOD

3 BUDDHISM & JAINISM

4 MAGADHAS & MAURYAS

5 GUPTA EMPIRE

6 DELHI SULTANS

7 VIJAYNAGAR & BAHMANI

8 MUGHALS

9 MARATHAS

10 SOUTH INDIAN KINGDOM 1

CLASS TOPIC

11 SOUTH INDIAN KINGDOM 2

12 SOUTH INDIAN KINGDOM 3

 Delhi Sultanate ெட#$ %#தா(ய*
• The period from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries (1200-1550 CE)

saw the arrival of Islamic institutions and Islamic culture in India.

• ப"#$#றா' ()றா*+ ,த. ப"னாறா' ()றா*+ (0.1. 1200-1550)

வைர5லான கால8". இ:"யா<. இ=லா>ய ?@வனAகB ம)@'

இ=லா>ய கலாDசார' வ:தF

The Arab Conquest of Sind
• The Arab governor of Iraq, Hajjaj Bin Yusuf, under the pretext of acting against the pirates, sent
two military expeditions against Dahar, the ruler of Sind, one by land and the other by sea. Both
were defeated and commanders killed.
• !"# $# அர' பைடெய-.' ஈரா123 அர' ஆ5ந7 ஹஜ: ;3 <=ஃ. கட@ெகாAைளயC1D
எFரான நடவI1ைக எ3ற காரணL காMI !"# அரச7 தா2ைர எF7P# தைரவQ கடR வQ என
இC தTPதT பைடகைள அU.;னா7 ஆனாR இரV- பைட.;WXக5L ேதா@றன அவ@Z3
தளபFக5L ெகாRல.பMடன7
§ Hajjaj then sent, with the Caliph’s permission, a full-fledged army, with 6000 strong

cavalry and a large camel corps carrying all war requirements under the command of his

son-in-law, a 17-year-old Muhammad Bin Qasim.

§ !ற# ஹஜ& க(பா+, அ.ம01ட, 6000 வ4வான #0ைர8பைட ேபா:

தளவாட=கைள >ம?@ வ?த ஒB ெபDய ஒFடக8 பைட ஆHயைவ அட=Hய ஒB

IJைமயான இராLவMைத 17 வய@ NரO!ய தன@ மBமக, Iகம@ !, காPO

தைலைமRS அ.8!னா:.
• The Arab conquest of Sind has been described as a “triumph without results” because

it touched but a fringe of the country, which, after Qasim’s expedition had a respite

from invasions for about three centuries.

• !VM அேர;ய ெவ@Z "\IXகA இRலாத ெவ@Z" எ3] ^வW1க.பM-Aள#, ஏெனTR அ#

நாMI3 ஒC ^aLைப ெதாMட#, இ# கா!b3 பயணPF@D. ;றD =மா7 d3]

e@றாV-கA பைடெய-.'கaR இC"# ஓgX இC"த#.

 Mahmud of Ghazni க"# $கம&
§ In 1186 Ghuri prince Muizz- ud-din Muhammad invaded Punjab and seized Lahore. The

last ruler Khurav Shah was imprisoned and murdered in 1192. With his death the

Ghaznavid house of Mahmud came to an end.

§ 1186 இS ேகாD அரச: ைமUD, Iகம@ எ,HறேகாD Iகம@ பWசா8 X@

பைடெயYM@ லாZைர ைக8ப[\னா: க]^ வOசM0, கைடP அரச: 1192 ைக@

ெச_ய8பFY ெகாSல8பFடா: அவர@ மரணM@ட, க]^ அர> Iabc# வ?த@.

 Muhammad Ghori ேகா- .கம0
§ Muhammad of the Ghori dynasty, known generally as Muhammad Ghori, invested in

territories he seized. Through the 1180s and 1190s Ghori established garrisons in the

modern provinces of Punjab, Sind, and Haryana

§ ேகாW \கம# தாL ைக.ப@Zய hல.பDFகaR \தi- ெசgதா7 11 எVப#கajL 11

ெதாVk]கajL நlன பmசா. !"# ஹWயானா மாகாணnகaR அவ7 காவலரVகைள

அைமP# ^ைர^ேலேய இ"த பைட ைமயnகaR ராoவPFR ேசர வாg.'கA

ேதI1ெகாVIC"த
§ In the First Battle of Tarain (1191) Prithviraj scored a brilliant victory in this battle but
failed to consolidate his position believing this battle to be a frontier fight, and did not
expect the Ghurids to make regular attacks
§ 1191R \தலாவ# தைரp3 #ைற hகqPFனா7 இ"த. ேபாWR ஒC \rைமயான ெவ@Zைய
;WPF^ரா: ெப@றா7 எ3TடL இைத ஒC ;ரsசைனயாக மM-ேம கCFயதாR அnேகேய தன#
hைலைய உ]F.ப-PF1 ெகாAள ^Rைல ேமjL ேகாW1ைக அuவ.ேபா# தா1DதR
நடP#வா7கA எ3]L அவ7 எF7பா71க^Rைல தைரp3 ேபாWR \கம# ேகாW காயமைட"தா7
ஒC DFைரlர3 அவைர பா#கா.பான இடPF@D1 ெகாV- ெச3றா3
§ (1192) In the Second Battle of Tarain, one of the turning points in Indian history, Prithviraj
suffered a crushing defeat and was eventually captured. Ghori restored him to his throne in
Ajmer. But on charges of treason he was later executed, and Ghori’s trusted general Qutb-
ud-din Aibak was appointed as his deputy in India.
§ (1192) \கம# ேகாW அ:$7 $# $V-L பைடெய-Pதா7 ;WPF^ரா: ேதாR^ அைட"தா7
இ]FpR !ைற ;I1க.பMடா7 இ"Fய வரலா@ZR FC.'\ைனகaR ஒ3றாக இ"த ேபா7
அைம"த# ேபாWR ெவ@Z ெப@ற vZ $V-L அ:$W3 ஆM!ைய. ;IP# ^WP# ைவPதா7 ;3ன7
ராஜ #ேராக D@றL சாMI அவைர1 ெகா3றா7 தன# நL;1ைக1DWய தளபFயாக DP'w3 ஐப1 ஐ
இ"Fய பDF1கான தன# #ைண ஆM!யராக hயbPதா7.
• Returned to Ghazni with an enormous booty. On the way while
camping on the banks of Indus, he was killed by some unidentified
assassins.
• ,கமF ேகாH ஏராளமான ெகா*+ ெச.வFட# "M'1னா. "M'N'
வO5. P:F ந"Rகைர5. தA05M:தேபாF அைடயாள'
ெதHயாதவTகளா. ெகா.லUபVடாT.
 Foundation of Delhi Sultanate
!"# $"தா'ய) ேபரர$

five distinct categories: ஐ?@ ெவeேவf அOச=கைள ேச:?தவ:கg

அSல@
1. (a) Slave Dynasty (1206-1290)
1. அaைம வOசO (1206-1290)
2. (b) Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320)
2. HS] வOசO (1290-1320)
3. (c) Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414) 3. @cளc வOசO (1320-1414)

4. (d) Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451) 4. ைசய@ வOசO (1414-1451)

5. ேலாa வOசO (1451-1526)
5. (e) Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526).
 Slave Dynasty அ2ைம வ*ச*
• The three important rulers of this dynasty are Qutb-ud-din Aibak, Iltutmish and Balban.

• The Slave dynasty is also known as the Mamluk dynasty. Mamluk means property. It is also the

term for the Arabic designation of a slave.

• இ"த வLசPF3 d3] \12யமான ஆM!யாள7கA DP'w3 ஐப1, இR#by, பாRப3.

• அIைம வLசPைத மLல1 வLசL எ3]L v]வ7 எ3பத@D உைடைம எ3ற ெபாCளாDL இ#

ஒC அIைம எ3பத@கான அர' தDF ெபயCL ஆDL.

 Qutb-ud-din Aibak (1206-1210)
'()*+ ஐப.
• Qutb-ud-din Aibak was enslaved as a boy and sold to Sultan Muhammad Ghori at Ghazni.

Impressed with his ability and loyalty the Sultan elevated him to the rank of viceroy of the

conquered provinces

• Qutb-ud-din Aibak reigned for four years (1206 to 1210 CE) and died in 1210 in Lahore in an

accident while playing chaugan.

• DP'w3 ஐப1 நா3D ஆV-கA (1206-1210)ஆM! 'W"தா7 அவ7 'PFசாz எ3]L

ேந7ைமயான h7வா2 எ3]L ெபய7 எ-Pதா7 1210R லாvWR ெசௗகா3 எUL ^ைளயாMI3

ேபா# hகq"த ஒC ^பPFR இற"தா7.

• Muhammad Bin Bhakthiyar Khalji, a Turkish general from Afghanistan assisted him in
conquering Bihar and Bengal.

• Bhakthiyar Khalji is charged with destroying the glorious Buddhist University of

Nalanda in Bihar,

• ஆ8கா^hதா^S இB?@ வ?த Iகம@ !, பc0யா: HS] எ,ற iரFPைய

தளப0c# அவBc# உத+னா:

• iகkெப[ற நாள?தா ெபௗMத8 பSகைலcகழகMைத அpMதவ: பc0யா: HS] எ,f

கBத8பYHற@.
 Iltutmish இ"#$% - (1210–1236)

• Shams-ud-din Iltutmish (1210-36) of Turkish extraction was a slave of Qutb- ud-din Aibak.

• Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, the slave and son-in-law of Qutb-ud-din Aibak, ascended the throne of

Delhi setting aside the claim of Aram Shah, the son of Qutb-ud-din Aibak.

• சL=w3 இR#b| (1210-1236)#C12ய இனPைதs சா7"த DP'w3 ஐப1 அIைம

• DP'wT3 அIைம}L மCமகUமான சL=w3 இR#by DP'w3 ஐப1 மக3 ஆரLஷா ஆM!1D

வCவைத த-P# தாேன FRzp3 ஆM!1 கMIzR அம7"தா7.

• He diplomatically saved India by refusing to support the Khwarizmi Shah Jalaluddin of

Central Asia against the Mongol ruler Chengiz Khan. Had he supported Jalaluddin, the

Mongols would have overrun India with ease

• ெச#$%கா()*+ ம-.ய ஆ1யா23 கவா 567 ஷ ஜல;<()*+ இைடேய ேபாB பைக இCDதF

இ3F767ட+ ஜலா;<G ஆதரI ேகJடாB ஆதரI ேகJடாB இ3F76 அவைர ஆத5)க மL-F

2JடாB ஜலா;<ைன அவB ஆத5-த இCDதா3 இD.ய வரலாL ெப5F+ மாN இCD.C)*+

ம#ேகாOயBகP இD.யாைவ நாச+ ெசRF இCSபாBகP

• His reign was remarkable for the completion of Qutb Minar, a colossal victory
tower of 243 feet at Delhi

• the introduction of copper and silver tanka, the two basic coins of the
Sultanate period.
• இS@qr, ஆFP 0S(RS 243 அa உயரIgள #@8qனா: எ,ற ெவ[\Msைண
கFaயத[#

• >Sதா, ஆFP காலM0S இரtY அa8பைடகளான ெச8i ெவgu த=காைவ அ\IகO

ெச_தத[#O #\8!டMத#?த@.
• The ‘slave regime’ were weak, succession to the throne was not smooth after
Iltutmish’s death. The monarch was succeeded by a son, a daughter (Sultana Razia),
another son, and a grandson, all within ten years,
• finally by his youngest son Sultan Nasir al-Din Mahmud II (1246–66).
• அIைம வLசL மர'கA பலlனமானைவ எ3பதாR இR#b| இற"த ;றD அவர# வாW=கA
ஆM!1D வCவ# எaதாக இRைல ஒC பP# ஆV-க51DA ஒC மக3 ஒC மகA (=Rதானா,
ர!யா)ம@ெறாC மக3 ஒC ேபர3 என பலCL ஆM!1D வ"தன7
• இ]FpR அவர# கைட! மக3 =Rதா3 இரVடாL அR•F3 \கLம# (1246-66)அரச7 ஆனா7
 Raziya Sultana ர7யா %#தானா
§ Raziya was daughter of Iltutmish, who ascended the throne after a lot of hurdles put up

by the Turkish nobles.

§ இவ7 ேபரரச7 இ]F b€3 மகA ர|யா அWயைண ஏ]வத@D #C12ய ;ர'1கA க-L எF7.'

ெதW^Pதன7 இவ7களாR ஏ@ப-Pத.பMட ஏராளமான தைடகைள கட"# ர|யா ேபரர!யாக பத^

ஏ@றா7
§ According to Ibn Battuta, the Moroccan traveller, ‘Raziya rode on horseback as men

ride, armed with a bow and quiver, and surrounded by courtiers. She did not

veil her face.’ Yet Raziya ruled for only three and half years.

§ ெமாேரா1ேகா நாMைடs ேச7"த பய• இ;3 ப‚தா^3 v@].பI DFைர $# ஆVகA சவாW

ெசgவ# ேபாR ைகpR ^லnDட3 அரச. பWவாரnகA ƒழ ர!1DL சவாW ெசgதா7 தன#

\கP#1D அவ7 ெதWய^Rைல இC.;UL அவ7 d3றைர ஆV-கA ஆM! 'W"தா7

 Balban பா#ப$
• Barani mentions Balban’s campaigns in the regions surrounding Delhi and in the doab.

During these campaigns forests were cleared, new roads and forts constructed.

• பாRப3 தன# ஆM! அFகாரPைத உ]F. ப-PF1ெகாAள அடnக ம]P# ஆ5ந7கA $#L

அவ7கa3 உA…7 vMடாaகa3 $#L தா1DதR ெதா-Pதா7 FRzைய =@Z}Aள

பDFகajL ேகாவாவ;jL hகq"த பாRபT3 தா1DதRகைள பார• DZ.;-2றா7 இ"தP

தா1Dதz3 ேபா# கா-கA அQ1க.பMடன 'Fய சாைலகA அைம1க.பMடன கா-

அQ1க.பM-
• The newly deforested lands given to freshly recruited Afghans and others as
rent-free lands (mafruzi) and brought under cultivation. New forts were
constructed to protect trade routes and village markets
• N"ய ?லAகB N"தாகU பW5. ேசT:த ஆPHயTகYRZU ம)றவTகYRZ'
Z8தைக5.லா ?லAகளாக (மஃUM\) வழAகUபV+ அைவ ப5HடUபVடன
பWகைள^' 0ராம ச:ைதகைள^' பாFகாRக N"ய ேகாVைடகB
கVடUபVடன.
• Balban took it as a challenge and personally undertook a campaign to destroy the

Mewatis. Meos were pursued and slaughtered mercilessly

• வடேம@2R அவைர =@Zய அட7"த காM-. பDFகaR வாq"த bேயா எ3ற ஓ7 இyலாbய

சdகL ெகாைலக5L ெகாAைளக5L ஈ-பMIC"த# இைத ஒC சவாலாக ஏ@] பாRப3 தாேம

\3T3] ேமவா7 ேச7"தவ7கA $# தா1DதR ெதா-Pதா7 அவW3 பைடlர7கA bேயா1கைளP

ேதI. ;IP#1 ெகா3றன7

• Balban was ruthless in dealing with rebellions. He appointed one of his favourite slaves,

Tughril Khan, as the Governor of Bengal. But Tughril Khan soon became rebellious.

• பாRப3 கலகnகைள ஈ^ர1கb3Z ஒ-12னா7 தன1D ;IPத ஒC அIைமயான

#1WRகா3 தnகPF3 ஆ5நராக hயbPதா7 ஆனாR ^ைர^ேலேய #1கWR கா3

ெவa.பைடயாகேவ கலகL ெசgதா7 அைத ஒ-1Dவத@D பாRப3 அU.; ைவPத அவ7 ஆ5ந7

அ$7கா3 ப•"# ;3வாn2னா7

• He was captured and beheaded. Bughra Khan, a son of Balban, was thereupon appointed

the Governor of Bengal, who carved out an independent kingdom after the death of

Balban. He did not claim the Delhi throne even in the midst of a leadership crisis and his

son Kaiqubad’s indulgence in debauchery.

• ;றD வnகPF3 ஆ5நராக பாRபT3 மக3 '1ரா கா3 hயb1க.பMடா7 பாRப3 இற"த;றD

'1ராகா3 ஒC =த"Fர அர= காM!யாக ;W"# ேபானா7

 Measures against Mongol Threats
ம"ேகா&ய அ)*+,த./கான நடவ4/ைகக6

• Hulagu Khan, the Mongol Viceroy of Iran and a grandson of Chengiz Khan. Balban

succeeded in obtaining from him the assurance that Mongols would not advance

beyond Satlej.. Halagu Khan reciprocated this gesture by sending a goodwill mission to

Delhi in 1259.

• அேத ேநரPFR ஈராT3 மnேகாzய. ஆ5நCL ெசn2yகாT3 ேபரUமான காUட3

நRjறைவ. ேபoவத@D அவ7 \ய@! ெசgதா7 சMடP#1D அ.பாR \3ேனZ வர மாMேடாL

எ3ற வா1D]Fைய மnேகாzயWடbC"# பாRக3 அவWடL இC"# ெப@றா7 இைத 1259

FRz1D ஒC நRெலVண Drைவ அU.; ைவP# ஹுj1 கா3 DZ.பாR உண7PFனா7

• Muhammad Khan, the favourite son of Balban, who was given the charge of
governor of Multan to protect the frontiers from Mongol aggression, was
killed in an encounter.

• Saddened by this tragedy, Balban fell ill and died in 1286.

• பா.ப# ஹுaRகாbட# நVNறைவ இM:தேபா"a' ஒM மAேகாdயTகB
ஏ)பVடா. ,தd. ,கமF கா# ெகா.லUபVடாT

• இதனா. மன,ைட:த பா.ப# 1286. இற:F ேபானாT

 The Khaljis – /0"க1 - (1290-1320)

• As Balban’ Grandson Kaiqubad was found unfit to rule, his three-year-old

son Kaymars was placed on the throne

• பா.பe# மக# ைகZபா8 அரசனாZ' தZ"ய)றவராக இM:தாT அவரF 3

வயF மக# ேகாமாT= அரசகVfd. அமT8தUபVடாT.

• Out of this chaos a new leader, Malik Jalal-ud-din Khalji, the commander of the army,

emerged supreme. While he ruled the kingdom for some time in the name of

Kaiqubad, he soon sent one of his officers to get Kaiqubad murdered and Jalal-ud-din
formally ascended the throne.

• இைதெயாMI ;ர'1கA சF ெசgதன7 இய1கPF3 'Fய தைலவராக பைடP தளபF மாz1

ஜலாjw3 2R‡ ேமெலrர"தா7 ைகDபாPF3 ெபயராR அரசாM! ெசgத ெசRவPF3 அவைர1

ெகாRவத@D ஒC அFகாWைய அU.;னா7 ^ைர^ேலேய ஜலாjw3 \ைற.பI அரசரானா7

 Ala-ud-din Khalji அலா:;< =#>
• Ala-ud-din, a nephew and son- in-law of Jalaluddin Khalji, who was

appointed governor of Kara, invaded Malwa and this campaign yielded a

huge booty

• காரா+, ெபாf8i ஆvநBட, ஜலா4w, HS]R, ஒB உட,!ற?தா: மக.O

ம:மமான அலாbw, இxசமயM0S மாSவா X@ பைடெயYMதா: இ?த8

பைடெயY8!S ெபBமளb ெசSவO HைடMத@

• The success of this campaign stimulated his urge to embark on a campaign to raid Devagiri,

the capital city of the Yadava kingdom in Deccan. On his return he arranged to get Jalaluddin

Khalji murdered and captured the throne.

• இDத ெவTN த)காண-.3 இCDத யாதவ அர1VG தைலநகB ேதவ$ைய உைரயாXவதTகான ஒC

உDFதைல ஜலா3 என)* அ[-தF எ\(+ இDதS பைடெயXS]3 அவB ெகா3லSபJடாB

இ^வாறாக சலாI<\G ஆL ஆ`Xகால ஆJ1 1296 இ3 abI)* வDதF.

§ Ala-ud-din spent the first year of his rule in eliminating the enemies and

strengthening his position in Delhi

§ அலாbw, எ0Dகைள அpM@ 0S(RS தம@ இடMைத பல8பYM0c ெகாgவ@ IதS

5 ஆtY IJவ@O கpMதா:

 Mongol Threats ம2ேகா5ய அ89:(&த0க1

• Mongol raids posed a serious challenge to Ala-ud-din. During the second year of his rule

(1298), when Mongols stormed Delhi, the army sent by Ala-ud-din succeeded in driving

them back.

• ம=ேகா(ய8 பைடஎY8iகg அலாbw.c# ஒB ெபBO சவாலாக அைம?தன அவர@

இரtடாவ@ ஆFP ஆtaS (1298) ம=ேகா(ய: 0S(ைய உcHரமாக தாcHனா:

அலாbw^, பைடயாS அவ:கைள எ0:M@ N[க இயல+Sைல

 Ala-ud-din’s Reforms <=வாக ?=@A(த2க1

• Ala-ud-din’s first measure was to deprive the nobles of the wealth they had accumulated. It had

provided them the leisure and means to hatch conspiracies against the Sultan. Marriage alliances

between families of noble men were permitted only with the consent of the Sultan.
• பர#த %ல' பர'(கைள ெப-றைத/ ெதாட2#3 அரைச %ைல'ப6/37 ேநா:;< =>வான %2வாக A2BC/தDகE

ேம-ெகாEள'பGடன Hர(:கE I=/3 ைவ/BC#த ெச<வ7 அவ2கJ:I ஓLைவM7 சBகE ெசLவத-கான வசB
வாL'(கைளM7 அN'பதாக அலாOPQ கCBனா2 அவ2 எ6/த Sத< நடவT:ைக அைத அவ2கNட7 இC#3

பV/3 தாQ W<தாXQ ஒ'(தேலா6 மG6ேம Hர( I67பDகJ:I இைடZ< BCமணDகE அ\மB:க'பGடன
ப>சாக மத7 சா2#த அைரIைறயாகO7 அN:க'பG6
§ He curbed the powers of the traditional village officers by depriving them of their traditional privileges.

§ Corrupt royal officials were dealt with sternly.

§ The Sultan prohibited liquor and banned the use of intoxicating drugs. Gambling was forbidden and
gamblers were driven out of the city.
§ ;ராம அ^வல2கE அ\ப=/3 வ#த மர(>ைம கைள பV/3 பர7பைர ;ராம அ^வல2 அவ2கNQ அBகாரDகைள
தைட ெசLதா2

§ வய'பGட அரW அ^வல2கைள க6ைமயாக க_T/தா2 ம3O7 ேபாைத மC#3கNQ பயQப67

தைடெசLய'பGடன
§ `தாGடS7 தைடெசLய'பGட3 `தாTகE நகர/3:I ெவNேய =ரGட'பGடன2 இC'H\7 ம3=ல:I
ெபCமள=< ஏ-பGடதா< கG6'பா6கைள தள2/த
§ Ala-ud-din collected land taxes directly from the cultivators.

§ The village headman who traditionally enjoyed the right to collect them was now deprived of it. The

tax pressure of Ala-ud-din was on the rich and not on the poor.

§ Ala-ud-din set up the postal system to keep in touch with all parts of his sprawling empire.

§ கMடாயL அவC1D ஏ@பMட# அவ7கaடbC"# அவ7கA ேநரIயாக வƒz1க.பMடன இதனாR

2ராம தைலவ7கA அைனவCL அ"த வWகைள வƒz1DL உWைம பZேபானேத அலாXw3

ைவPதவ7கA $# இC"தேத அ3Z ஏைழகA $# அRல

§ தன# ேபரர!3 அைனP# பDFக51DL ெதாட7;zC"# இC.பத@காக அலாXw3 அmசR \ைறைய

ஏ@ப-PFனா7.
 ச"ைத% &'()*த+க- Sultan’s Market Reforms

• Ala-ud-din was the first Sultan to pay his soldiers in cash rather than give them a share

of booty. As the soldiers were paid less, the prices had to be monitored and controlled.

• அலாbw, ஒB ெபDய 0றைம வா_?த பைடைய பராமDcக ேவta இB?த@

பைடyர:கvc# ெகாgைளRS ப=# தராமS பணமாக ஊ0யO ெதாட=Hய IதS

>Sதா, அலாbw, அவ: பைடyர:கvc# #ைற?த ஊ0யேம அucக8பFட@

§ Ala-ud-din set up an elaborate intelligence network to collect information on black-

marketing and hoarding. The transactions in the bazaars, the buying and selling and

the bargains made were all reported to the Sultan by his spies.

§ அPFயாவ!ய. பVடnகa3 ^ைலைய1 கM-.ப-P#L ெபாCM- கAளsச"ைத ெபாCMகA

DZPத ^வரnகA ேசகW.பத@D ;Wவான ஒ@றாடR வைல.;3னைல ஏ@ப-PFனா7 ச"ைதகaR

நட"த ெகா-1கR வாnகR வாnDவ# ^@ப# ேபரnகA என அைனP# ^வரnகைள}L ஒ@ற7கA

dலL அZ"# ெகாVடாR அPFயாவ!ய ெபாCMகa3 ^ைல DZPத ச"ேதக நப7க51DL

அZ1ைக அa1DL ஒ@ற7க5L அவ7க51D அ3றாடL அZ1ைக அaPதR ேவV-L

 Ala-ud-din’s Successors

§ Ala-ud-din nominated his eldest son Khizr Khan, ashissuccessor. However, Ala-ud-

din’s confidant at that time was Malik Kafur. So Malik Kafur himself assumed the

authority of the government

§ அலாgh# தனF $8த மக# 0சT காைன தமF வாHசாக ?ய>8தாT இMU1b'

அ:த ேநர8". அளg த#ைன ந'1 ijயவராக மாdRகkT இM:தாT எனg'

அைழRகUப+' அரசாAக அ"கார8ைத எ+8FR ெகா*டாT

§ But Kafur’s rule lasted only thirty-five days as he was assassinated by hostile nobles. Thereafter

there were a series of murders which culminated in Ghazi Malik, a veteran of several campaigns

against the Mongols, ascending the throne of Delhi in 1320 as Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq

§ ஆனாR ஆM!1D வ"த ெவ]L 35 நாMகaR ;ற.'களாR அவ7 ெகாRல.பMடா7 இத3 ;றD
வWைசயாக ெகாைலகA hகq"தன இத3 காரணமாக மnேகாzய7கA எFரான பல

பைடெய-.'கaR பnேக@ற Fறைமசாzயான காˆ மாz1 1320 2யா=w3 #1ள1 ஆM!pR

அம7"தா7
§ He murdered the incumbent Khalji ruler Khusrau and thereby prevented anyone from
Khalji dynasty claiming the throne. Thus began the rule of the Tughlaq Dynasty, which
lasted until 1414.
§ பத+RS இB?த HS] ஆFPயாள: #hெரளைவc ெகா,றத, {லO HS]
வOசM0S இB?@ எவBO அர> உDைம Zfவ@ தYMதா: இeவாறாக 1414
வைரR4O |aMத @cளc வOசM0, ஆFP ெதாட=Hய@
 Tughlaq Dynasty 0?ள? வ*ச*

§ Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq (1320–1324)

§ Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq followed a policy of reconciliation with the nobles. But in the
fifth year of his reign (1325) Ghiyas-ud- din died.

§ -யா$./ 01ள1 ( 1320-1324 )

§ Hயா>w, @cளc, !ரicகg உf8!னBட, சமரச ெகாgைகைய8 !,ப[\னா:
அவர@ 5 வ@ ஆFP ஆtaS 1325 Hயா>w, இற?தா:.
§ Jauna Khan ascended the throne and took the title Muhammad bin

Tughlaq.

§ ஜானாகா, எ,ற இய[ெபய: ெகாtட அவர@ மக, ஆFPc கFa(S ஏ\ய

ெதாY Iகம@ !, @cளc எ,.O பFடMைதx UFac ெகாtடா:

§ Muhammad was an innovator. But he, unlike Ala-ud-din, lacked the will to

execute his plans successfully.

§ ஆனா. அலாgh# ேபா. தமF "VடAகைள ெவ)jகரமாக ெசய.ப+8த மன

உ@" ,க'மFgRZ இ.ைல

Transfer of Capital
§ Muhammad Tughlaq’s attempt to shift the capital from Delhi to Devagiri in
Maharashtra, which he named Daulatabad, was a bold initiative. This was after his
realization that it was difficult to rule south India form Delhi.
தைலநக8 மா9ற;

§ ெடS(RS இB?@ ெத, இ?0யாைவ ஆgவ@ கaனO எ,f Iகம@ !, @cளc

கB0னா: எனேவ தைலநகைர ெதௗலதாபாM இ?0யா+, நY+S அைம?0BcHற
§ The plan failed, and soon Muhammad realised that it was difficult to rule
North India from Daulatabad.

§ He again ordered transfer of capital back to Delhi.

§ இ?தM 0FடO ேதாS+ைய தJ+ய@ தளM0S இB?@ வட இ?0யாைவ ஆgவ@
கaனO எ,f Iகம@ !, @cளc +ைர+ேலேய உண:?தா:

§ எனேவ XtYO தைலநக: aS(c# மா[ற உMதர+Fடா:

 Token Currency அைடயாள நாணய2க1
§ The introduction of token currency. This currency system had already been experimented in

China and Iran. For India it was much ahead of its time, given that it was a time when coins were

based on silver content. When Muhammad issued bronze coins, fake coins were minted which
could not be prevented by the government.

§ அைடயாள நாணயDகைள அVSக'ப6/Bய தா:I7 இ#த நாணய Sைற ஏ-கனேவ Aனா=^7 ஈராX^7

நைடSைறZ< இC#த3 இ#Bயா=< நாணயDகNQ மB'( அBcC#3 ெவNேய உEளட:க/ைத

அT'பைடயாக: ெகா_TC#தன ஆனா< 3:ள:;Q Sய-f கால/B-I SQ எ6/த Sய-fயா;=Gட3
ெவ_கல7 நாணயDகைள ேபாcயாக அT'ப3 எNதாக இC#த3 அரசாDக7 அைத த6:க STய=<ைல
 Token Currency அைடயாள நாணய2க1

§ In India it was much ahead of its time, given that it was a time when coins were based

on silver content. When Muhammad issued bronze coins, fake coins were minted

which could not be prevented by the government.

§ இ"Fயா^R நாணயnகa3 மF.' அFzC"# ெவaேய உAளட1கPைத அI.பைடயாக1

ெகாVIC"தன ஆனாR #1ள123 \ய@! காலPF@D \3 எ-Pத \ய@!யா2^Mட#

ெவVகலL நாணயnகைள ேபாzயாக அI.ப# எaதாக இC"த# அரசாnகL அைத த-1க

\Iய^Rைல
 3ற 50ைம நடவ;1ைகக= Other Innovative Measures

§ Muhammad Tughlaq's scheme to expand cultivation. But it also failed miserably.

It coincided with a prolonged and severe famine in the Doab. The peasants who
rebelled were harshly dealt with.
§ ேவளா%ைமைய )*வா+க எ./ற 1கம2 3. 2+ள+/. 45ட7 82ைமயான2
எ.றா:7 அ2<7 2யரமாக ேதா?ற2 சமெவBC பE4FG ஒI J%டகால கL7 பMச7
ஏ?ப5L அOத ேநரQ4G 1ய?R எL+கCப5ட2 எ4SC8 ெத*)Q2 )வசாFகT
கLைமயாக நடQதCப5டனS ெகாUரமாக த%V+கCப5டனS
§ The Sultan established a separate department (Diwan-i-Amir Kohi) to take care of

agriculture. Loans were advanced to farmers for purchase of cattle, seeds and

digging of wells but to no avail.

§ ேவளாtைமையc கவ^M@c ெகாgள ஒB த^M @ைறைய (0வா,-இ-அq: ேகா~)

>Sதா, ஏ[பYM0னா: காSநைடகைள1O +ைதகைள வா=க Hணfகg +வசாRகvc#

கட, தர8பFட@ எ,றா4O இ@ பய, தர+Sைல

• He fell ill, and died at the end of his 26th regnal year (1351).

• உட. நல' ெகV+ தனF 25வF ஆVP ஆ*f. (1351) ,f<. ,கமF 1#

FRளR இற:தாT.
 Firuz Tughlaq ஃெபேராJ &.ள.
• when Firuz was seven years old. When Ghiyas-ud-din ascended the throne

• Muhammad bin Tughlaq died without naming his successor. The claim made by Muhammad’s sister to his

son was not supported by the nobles.

• ஃெபேரா% ஷா F)ள) ஏf வயதாக இCDதேபாF. $யா%-உ--bG அ5யைண ஏNயேபாF

• aஹ+மF ]G F)ள) தனF வா51G ெபயைர) *NS]டாம3 இறDதாB.aஹ+மF2G சேகாத5 தனF

மக()* hNய hTைற ]ரi)கP ஆத5)க23ைல.

• His son, recommended by Muhammad’s friend Khan-i Jahan, was a mere

child. Under such circumstances, Firuz ascended the throne.

• ,ஹ'மF<# ந*பT கா#-இ ஜஹா# பH:Fைர8த அவரF மக# ெவ@'

Zழ:ைத.இ8தைகய op?ைல5., ஃ1q= அHயைண ஏjனாT.

• He reintroduced the system of hereditary appointments to offices, a practice which was not favoured

by Ala-ud-din Khalji.

• The Sultan increased the salaries of government officials. While toning up the revenue administration,

he reduced several taxes. He abolished many varieties of torture employed by his predecessor.

• அவ2 அ^வலகDகJ:I பர7பைர %யமன Sைறைய g_67 அVSக'ப6/Bனா2, இ#த நைடSைறைய அல-உ/-
PQ க<h ஆத>:க=<ைல.

• W<தாQ அரW அBகா>கNQ ச7பள/ைத உய2/Bன2. வCவாL %2வாக/ைத i:; யட:I7 ேபா3, அவ2 பல

வ>கைள:
§ Firuz had a genuine concern for the slaves and established a separate government

department to attend to their welfare. The slave department took care of the wellbeing

of 180,000 slaves. They were trained in handicrafts and employed in the royal workshops.

§ அaைமகg #\M@ ெபfவத[# ஒB ெம_யான அ1கைற இC"த# அவ7கள# நல3கைள

கவT.பத@காக தTேய ஒC அர=P #ைறைய ஏ@ப-PFனா71,80,000அIைமகa3 நR
வாq1ைகpR அIைமகA நலP#ைற அ1கைற ெசjPFய# ைக^ைனP ெதாQzR பp@!

அa1க.பM- அரசாnகPF3 ெதாQR vடnகaR அவ7கA ப•யம7Pத.பMடனர

§ A major military campaign of his period was against Sind (1362). He
succeeded in routing the enemies on the way.

§ ஒேர ெபHய ராsவ பைட எ+8F P:F<# tF ெதா+RகUபVடதாZ' (1362)

?"கைள வO5ேலேய ?ைலZைலய ைவ8F ெபேரா= ெவ)j ெப)றாT
§ Firuz favoured orthodox Islam. He proclaimed his state to be an Islamic state largely to
satisfy the theologians.

§ He imposed jizya, a head tax on non-Muslims, which even the Brahmins were
compelled to pay.
§ ைவ<க இjலாைம ஃெபேரா% ஆத5-தாB மத- தைலவBகைள மனkைறIடG ெசRவதTகாக தனF அரைச
இ%லா7ய அரசாக அN2-தாB மத 2ேரா.கP ெகாXைம ெசRயSபJடனB

§ இ%லா7யB அ3லாதவC)* lmயா இG(+ ஒC வ5ைய 2.-தாB ]ராமணBகn)*+ அைத ெச;-FமாL

கJடாயSபX-தSபJடனB இCS](+ i.ய இDF ேகாV3 கJXவைத தைட ெசRய23ைல
• Firuz undertook many irrigation projects. A canal he dug from Sutlej river to

Hansi and another canal in Jumna indicate his sound policy of public works

development.

• பல பாசனQ 45டWகைள ெபேராX ேம?ெகா%டாS ச5ெலY ந4FG இIO2 ஹ.R+E

ெவ5Vய காGவா\7 ய1ைனFG ெவ5Vய ம?ெறாI காGவா\7 அவர2 வ:வான

ெபா2Cப] வளS^R+ ெகாTைகைய _5V+கா5L/.றன

§ The last Tughlaq ruler was Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Shah (1394–1412)

§ whose reign witnessed the invasion of Timur from Central Asia.

§ கைடP FRளR அரசT நuMh# ,கமF ஷா (1394-1412)

§ இவரF ஆVP5# ேபாFதா# ம8"ய ஆPயா<dM:F ைத$T

பைடெய+UN ?கp:தF
§ He ransacked Delhi virtually without any opposition. On hearing the news of

arrival of Timur, Sultan Nasir-ud-din fled Delhi.

§ @BcHய: உgளபaேய எ?த எ0:8iq,\ ெடS(ைய Uைறயாaனா: ைத{: வ?@

ேச:?த ெச_0ைய ேகFட >Sதா, ந>Bw, 0S(ைய +FY த8! ஓa+Fடா:.

§ Timur also took Indian artisans such as masons, stone cutters, carpenters whom

he engaged for raising buildings in his capital Samarkhand.

§ ெகா.லTகB தDசTகB ேபா#ற இ:"ய ைக<ைனR கைலஞTகைள Pைற 1f8FD

ெச#@ ைத$T தனF தைலநகT சமTக*f. கVடடAகைள எxUNவ".

அவTகைள ஈ+ப+8"னாT
• Nasir-ud-din managed to rule up to 1412.

• Then the Sayyid and Lodi dynasties ruled the declining empire from Delhi till
1526.
• நuMh# 1412 வைர5a' சமாz8F ஆVP ெச{ய ,f:தF 1றZ <p:F
ெகா*fM:த

• ேபரரைச ைசயF ேலாf வ'சAகB 1526 வைர5a' ெட.d5dM:F

ஆ*டனT.
 Sayyid Dynasty ைசய0 வ*ச* - (1414-1451)

• Timur appointed Khizr Khan as his deputy to oversee Timurid interests in the
Punjab marches.

• Khizr Khan (1414-21) went on to seize Delhi and establish the Sayyid dynasty
(1414–51)

• ப|சU ேபாT அWவZUNகz. த# நல#கைள ேம)பாTைவ பாTUபத)Z

0சT காைன8 தனF Fைணயாக ?ய>8தாT ைத$T. 0சTகா# ?@<ய ைசயF
வ'ச8"
§ The Sayyid dynasty established by Khizr Khan had four sultans ruling up to 1451.
The early Sayyid Sultans ruled paying tribute to Timur’s son. Their rule is marked
for the composing of Tarikh-i- Mubarak Shahi by Yahiya bin Ahmad Sirhindi.
§ 1451 வைரF:7 நா.E _Gதா.கT ஆ%டனS 1?ப5ட ைசய2 _Gதா.கT ைதa*.
மகb+E 4ைர ெச:Q4 ஆ5R 8*OதனS அவSகB. ஆ5Rைய யா/யா 3. அஹமQ R*O4
ஏ?cய தா*+-இ-1பார+ -சாd EcC3L/ற2 அவSகள2 ஆ5RF. இe4FG ேபரரைச
4Gf நகரQ2+ET _IW/)5ட2.
• In the entire history of the Delhi Sultanate there was only one Sultan who voluntarily

abdicated his throne and moved to a small town away from Delhi, where he lived for

three full decades in contentment and peace. He was Alam Shah of the Sayyid dynasty. –

Abraham Eraly, The Age of Wrath.

• ெடRz =RதாTய ஆM!p3 ஒM-ெமாPத வரலா@ZR ஆM! உWைமைய தாமாகேவ ெதாட7"#

பAa1D ெவaேய ஒC !Zய நகC1DA ெச3] \rைமயாக 30 ஆV-கA மன hைறேவா-L

அைமFயாகXL வாq"த ஒேர =Rதா3 சgpP வLசPFR வ"த ஆலL ஷா Abraham eraly, the age

of wrath.
 Lodi Dynasty ேலாL வMசM - (1451-1526)

• The Lodi Dynasty was established by Bahlol Lodi

• It was his son Sikander Lodi (1489–1517) who shifted the capital from Delhi

to Agra in 1504.

• ேலாf வ'ச' பா}ேலா. ேலாfயா. ?@வUபVடF

• அவரF மக# PRக:தT ேலாf (1489-1517) தா# தைலநகைர ".d5dM:F

ஆRராgRZ 1504 இ. மா)jனாT

• The last Lodi ruler Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Babur in the First Battle of

Panipat, which resulted in the establishment of Mughal Dynasty.

• கைடP ேலாf ஆVPயாளT இUரா~' ேலாf பாeபV ,த. ேபாH. பாபரா.

ேதா)கfRகUபVடாT, இத# <ைளவாக ,கலாய வ'ச' ?@வUபVடF.

§ Paper-making technology evolved by the Chinese and learnt by the Arabs was introduced

in India during the rule of the Delhi Sultans.

§ Sericulture was established in Bengal by the fifteenth century

§ ‰ன7கA உCவா12ய கா2தL தயாW1DL ெதாQRŠMபL ம@]L அேர;ய7களாR

க@]1ெகாAள.பMட ெதாQRŠMபL ெடRz =Rதா3கa3 ஆM!p3 ேபா# இ"Fயா^R

அZ\க.ப-Pத.பMட#.

§ பFனா"தாL e@றாVIR வnகாளPFR பM- வள7.' h]வ.பMட#

• Firoz Tugluq built a large madrasa at Delhi whose splendid building still stands.

• Arch, dome, vaults and use of lime cement, the striking Saracenic features, were

introduced in India

• ;ேராy #1j1 ெடRzpR ஒC ெபWய மதரஸாைவ கMIனா7, அத3 அ@'தமான கMIடL இ3UL

உAள#.

• வைளX, D^மாடL, ெபMடகnகA ம@]L =VணாL' !ெமVM பய3பா-, ேவைலh]PதL ெசg}L

சராெசT1 அLசnகA இ"Fயா^R அZ\க.ப-Pத.

• The tomb of Balban was adorned with the first true arch

• Alai Darwaza built by Ala- ud-din Khalji as a gateway to the Quwwat-

ul-Islam Mosque is adorned with the first true dome.
• பSபா^, கSலைற IதS உtைமயான வைளவாS அல=கDcக8பFaB?த@,

• அலா-உM-w, கS] யாS #eவM-உS-இhலாO மU0R, €ைழவாRலாக கFட8பFட

அைல த:வாசா IதS உtைமயான #+மாடMதாS அல=கDcக8பFYgள@.
• Al-Beruni: Tarikh-Al-Hind - அS-ெபB^: தாDc-அS-~?M

• Minhaj us Siraj: Tabaqat-i-Nasiri - q,ஹ& உh Pரா&: தபகM-இ-நPD

• Ziauddin Barani: Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi - ]யாbM0, பார^: தாDc-இ-

ெபேராh ஷா~

• Ferishta: History of the Muslim Rule in India - ஃெபDƒடா : இ?0யா+S

இhலாqய ஆFPR, வரலாf

• Amir Khusrau : Mifta Ul Futuh (Victories of Jalal-ud-din Khalji);
Khazain Ul Futuh (Victories of Allauddin Khalji
• அ>T Z=M : >ஃUதா உ. ஃN• (ஜலாah# 0.€5# ெவ)jகB);
கைஜ#; உ. ஃN• (அலாgh# 0.€5# ெவ)jகB
• Shams-i-Siraj Afif : Tarikh i Firuz Shahi
• ச'=-இ-Pரா• அஃ1ஃU : தாHR இ ஃெபேரா• ஷா~
• Ghulam Yahya Bin Ahmad : Tarikh-i- Mubarak Shahi
• Zலா' யா}யா 1# அ}ம8 : தாHR- இ-,பாரR ஷா~