PROJECT ON

ALAUDDIN KHILJI AND HIS MARKET CONTROL SYSTEM

SUBMITTED TO

Mr.M.Britto Stalin

(Associate \professor in History)

Submitted by

P.Prashanna Guruparan

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 I BALLB Honrs

Reg No BA0150032

ACKNOWNLEDGMENT

At the outset, I take this opportunity to thank my Professor ​Mr. M. Britto

Stalin ​from the bottom of my heart who has been of immense help during

moments of anxiety and torpidity while the project was taking its crucial shape.

Secondly, I convey my deepest regards to the Vice Chancellor ​Arun Roy

and the administrative staff of TNNLS who held the project in high esteem by

providing reliable information in the form of library infrastructure and database

connections in times of need.

Thirdly, the contribution made by my parents and friends by foregoing

their precious time is unforgettable and highly solicited. Their valuable advice

and timely supervision paved the way for the successful completion of this

project.

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 Finally, I thank the Almighty who gave me the courage and stamina to

confront all hurdles during the making of this project. Words aren’t sufficient

to acknowledge the tremendous contributions of various people involved in this

project, as I know ‘Words are Poor Comforters’. I once again wholeheartedly

and earnestly thank all the people who were involved directly or indirectly

during this project making which helped me to come out with flying colours.

DECLARATION

I, ​P.Prashanna guruparan​ do hereby declare that the project entitled

“Alauddin Khilji and his market control system ”​ submitted to Tamil Nadu

National law school in partial fulfilment of requirement of award of degree in

undergraduate in law is a record of original work done by me under the

supervision and guidance of Professor ​Mr. M. Britto Stalin, ​department of

History, Tamil Nadu National law school and has not formed basis for award of

any degree or diploma or fellowship or any other title to any other candidate of

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any university.

P.Prashanna guruparan

B.A., LL.B (Hons)

Research Methodology

The research methodology used in this project is analytical and

descriptive. Data has been collected from various books, materials, papers and

web sources. This project is based upon non-doctrinal method of research. This

project has been done after a thorough research based upon intrinsic and

extrinsic aspects of the project.

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 INDEX

S.No Topic Pg.No

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 Organisation 9
4
Administrative policies of Alauddin Khilji 10
5
Economic Reforms of Khilji 12
6
Achievments 16
7
End of Khilji Rule 18
8
Bibliography 19
9

History of Alauddin Khilji

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Alauddin Khilji, earlier known as Juna Khan Khilji, was a champion amongst the best Sultan

of Delhi Sultanates. He fit in with the Khilji Tradition. He got the throne in 1296 A.D. He got

to be popular as a coordinator of genuine intentional kingdom.

Early life and expansion: Alauddin Khilji was the nephew of Sultan Jalal-ud-din- Khilji. His

uncle was exceptionally delicate to him. In the midst of the rule of Sultan Jalal-ud-din Khilji,

he was named as delegated legislative head of Kara (in Allahabad region). He was also to

lead a campaign into Malwa.

Nevertheless, Alauddin surpassed his power and proceeded towards the Deccan. He desolated

Berar and Khandesh and got Ellichpur. He collected gigantic loots and returned to Kara.

After some time, he killed his uncle and transformed into the accompanying Sultan of Delhi.

Betrayal's personification:

Sultan Jalal-ud-din Khilji would have never thought even in his dreams that the son whom he

brought up would be a python that would wrap his own legs. This miserable incident

happened on the banks of river Ganges when the Sultan was present there to welcome his

victorious commander in chief without taking the advice of witty minister Mulik Ahmed

habeeb. Many a times he advised the great Sultan not to believe his nephew Alauddin Khilji

blindfold. He also pointed out the invasions made by Alauddin Khiljiin in the southern region

without permission of the Sultan and the priceless loots gained from the invasions may be a

mean for making himself stronger and the better decision will be blocking Alauddin than

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welcoming him. But affection towards his nephew made his brain blunder with a belief that

Alauddin will never betray him. But the scene planned by fate was a bit different. As the

sultan came running to welcome his victorious commander cunning Alauddin in order to

show his respect and gratitude towards his uncle bowed towards his feet. At the same time he

never forgot to alert his bodyguard Salim. Salim neared the sultan with a dagger aiming

sultan's back and at that time sultan moved and the dagger landed on his shoulder. And

Alauddin issued orders to kill his own uncle. This time sultan's head did not escape from the

sharp sword of bodygaurd yakthiyaruthin. Alauddin declared himself sultan and ascended

throne. Historians describe this assassination as one of the disgusting assassinations in the

history. There are description that god didn't spare the traitors as Salim didn't survive more

than one year. He suffered from

and YakthiYaruthin got mentally retarded and ran through streets crying that someone's

coming to kill him.

Early Mangol attacks:

Ala-ud-commotion expected to face Mangol ambush from the time he expected the power of

the Sultanate. From the year 1296 A.D. to 1308 A.D. reliably Mongals assaulted Delhi. The

Mangols ambushed Delhi again and again. The presence of Sultan Shahi got the opportunity .

In any case, Alauddin checked each one of the attacks with courage and determination.

Meanwhile, he made the security of the northwest region strong and firm.

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Expansion of the kingdom:

From the season of Alauddin Khilji, Muslim government in India began. Not long after his

establishment on the throne he set out upon vocation of triumphs. He did these etries in

Northern India and furthermore Southern India. His military attempt to North India kept

running from 1297 A.D. to 1305 A.D. He assaulted South India from 1306 A.D. to 1312 A.D.

The nature and inspiration driving his intrutions to North and South India were particular. He

vanquished the North Indian kingdoms and took them into the prompt fold of Sultan Shahi

rule. Regardless, by overcoming South Indian kingdoms, he plundered rich wealth. He

similarly compelled the pioneer of vanquished kingdoms to pay yearly appraisal.

Triumphs of North India:​ The Sultan had perspective of political control and furthermore

money related reason for the assault of Northern India. He first sent his armed forces to

Gujarat. By then his armed forces attacked Ranthambhor and got it. Rana Hamirdeva died in

the battle. By then Ala-ud-clamor proceeded against Mewar (1303 A.D.). After long battle

Chittor post went under his control. By then he got Malab, Marwar, Jaloree, Chanderi, etc.

Triumphs of South India: ​Before expecting throne Alaundin Khilji once assaulted Devagiri.

As demonstrated by the understanding the master of Devagiri was to pay money as cost. Be

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that as it may, he fail to pay. Alauddin ambushed Devagiri yet again. After that he assaulted

Kakatiya kingdom (1308 A.D.), Hoisal kingdom (1310 A.D.) and Pandya kingdom (1311

A.D.) of Telengana in an enduring movement. He assaulted Devagiri for lie third time and

obliged them to recognize his power and pay force routinely.

ORGANISATION:

Alauddin figured out how to make organisation rigid and sound. He banned the intruding

Ulemas and different religious pioneers in the association. He proclaimed that the Sultan's

will is the law. To check the bold relatives and privileged people he made couple of basic

steps. For example:

1. He banned drinking of alcohol in open in his kingdom.

2. He made it mandatory to take Sultan's approval before setting up relationship amongst

blue-bloods.

3. He asked for the seizure of gifts and free permits of region made by the state.

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4. To help him in organization he designated few extremely co-operative and skillful

staffs. He contributed forces to accumulate charges, keep up peace and to care for armed

force, to officers known as Iktadar or Makti, in remote extents. The territories along these

lines surveyed were known as `Ikta'.

5. To check corruption in the armed force he exhibited dag (stamp a stallion) and chehra

(the physical depiction of armed power men).

Money related Changes: Ala-ud-din's purpose of salary structure was to sponsor the regal

treasury and to spare poor villagers from the hands of centre workers. Most likely he was the

primary master to make review of zone to choose land income. Khut, Mukaddam,

Chowdhury, thus on were made powerless and charges began to be accumulated particularly

from the subjects. Other than area wage, he introduced charge for cows nibbling, charges for

structures and so forth. The rate of income was half of the yields made.

Level of his domain:

The prominent record of wars and triumphs demonstrates the limits of the Alauddin's area.

On the north-western side, both Punjab and Sindh were under his control and the Indus

encircled the breaking point of his perpetual domain. By far most of the regions over Gujarat,

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Uttar Pradesh, Malwa, and Rajputana were under his power. In the south, the state of

Narbada were held by tributary vassal boss.The triumphs of Alauddin Khilji were especially

successful and he called himself a second Alexander.

Administrative policies of Alauddin Khilji

Alauddin Khilji as a stern tyrant. He administered over a boundless space. He joined

efficiency with sternness. He smothered uprisings with a strong hand. To balance future

disadvantages he endorsed diverse laws by which he put a confinement on the usage of wine,

denied gatherings, and even precluded between marriage among them without his

extraordinary assent. He used incalculable who kept him taught of the doings of his subjects.

As necessities be he stacked his subjects with considerable costs. As the Hindus confined the

wealthier class, really they transformed into the most exceedingly awful losses of the Sultan's

plan.

The Sultan, regardless, comprehended the need of keeping a successful armed force. This

must be done at overwhelming expenses. To decrease overwhelming military utilization the

Sultan settled an expense of every article and tried to make merchandise available in modest

rates.

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In one gratefulness, nevertheless, the administrative course of action of Alauddin Khilji

differed from that of his predecessors. The earlier Muslim rulers carried on their organisation

according to the Koranic norms and the Ulemas or Muslim divines had a broad say in the

plan of strategies. In any case, Alauddin did not allow the Ulemas to set out the standards of

organisation. As he used to say, "I don't understand what is lawful and what is unlawful;

whatever I consider to be for the benefit of my kingdom I do." These words total up his

perspective towards government and its things.

Ibn Batuta depicts Alauddin Khalji as one of the best Sultans. This recognition, in any case, is

not legitimized either by the path in which he came to control or by the course in which he

carried on the administration. Regardless, when the giganticness of his triumphs is

considered, then quite possibly the remark that he was an exceptional Sultan can be protected.

The Economic Reforms of Alauddin Khilji

Alauddin Khilji introduced various economic changes in his rule. Alauddin expected to keep

up a tremendous armed force becauseof lots of Mongal assaults and inside uprisings. He had,

in addition, the desire of vanquishing the whole of India. Regardless, such a armed force

couldn't be for record-breaking kept up without straining the benefits of the State. Along

these lines Alauddin modified the pay rates of his enormous armed forces at a low level. In

like way the Sultan's principle concern was to enable the warrior to live on his pay. To this

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end he made arrangements to control the expenses of necessaries. He came up with the

concept of Market Control system

Market control methodology:

The most uncommon financial change of Alauddin was his market control or esteem control

approach. Alauddin adjusted expenses, and additionally ensured their typical supply by

prohibiting meagre storing. Starting from clothing, nourishment grains to dairy cattle even

slaves, he constrained quality control subsequent to everything. For that he developed few

markets in and around Delhi, as for nourishment grain, articles of clothing, arrangement,

natural items, sugar and so on. Cost of the extensive number of things were settled by the

organisation. Any agents, if found giving in order to take higher expenses or cheating the

buyer material in less weight had been managed steadily.

Alauddin settled the expenses of nourishment grains, material and different things, and had

them maintained altogether. Everything was set down in duty; vegetables, normal items,

sugar, old, steeds, tops, shoes, brushes, and needles." Nobody was permitted to purchase

grain from the cultivators particularly. Simply the approved vendors could do that. All

merchants in Delhi were required to enroll themselves. "To the merchants he gave wealth,

and set before them products in wealth". Hence they expected to offer all products at the

adjusted rates.

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Alauddin's financial measures had moreover another key edge and that related to his territory

income arrangement. In this the Sultan had twin expectations. In any case, he expected to

develop direct association between the States and the tillers of the soil. Meanwhile he

expected to raise the pay from the territory. The Sultan furthermore put a conclusion to the

uncommon benefits of the Chaudhuris (headmen of the parganas), Khuts (zamindars), and

Muquddams (headmen of the towns). They were not allowed to ride on horseback, to find

weapons to get the materials. Other than the State got pay in kind from the Khalisa lands. The

Sultan exhibited two new evaluations—a stallion charge and a cost on all milk dairy animals.

Alauddin economic measures and more especially his business sector regulations have been

seen by understudies of history as marvels of 'medieval statesmanship'. Regardless, the

money related soundness of those measures is not above open deliberation. To ensure these

measures were restricted to Delhi and its rustic zones. Furthermore, it has been said that the

Sultan changed the expenses of nourishment grains, fabric, and so forth far underneath the

standard business segment rate; subsequently he couldn't have watched over the cost of

creation, his sole manner of thinking being to engage his troopers to live in comfort even on

respectably low compensation.

Ala-ud-din Khilji got a couple of financial agreements to keep up a persisting business part

structure. Regardless of the way that the treasury of the Sultan was full anyway it was

important to coordinate the expenses of the stock for the premiums of the subjects.

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Ala-ud-din Khilji kept an enormous standing armed force at within and paid it in genuine

cash. Thusly, his expenses on the armed forces were massive. Ala-ud-Khilji had appropriated

wealth extravagantly among his subjects which diminished the estimation of the cash in the

business part. Thusly, it got the opportunity to be vital for Ala-ud-Khilji to decrease the pay

of his warriors moreover to reduce the cost of the articles in the business area. Ala - ud -

Khilji's expectation was to check the increasing costs which were a direct result of control of

the business group and not to decrease the expenses to a lower level than the average. The

need of his business segment approach developed also because of the need of keeping a

gigantic standing armed force and paying it in real cash.

A couple history specialists have pointed out that the explanation behind this money related

plan was caring. Ala-ud-din Khilji craved for that each one of his subjects should get

essential articles in sufficient sum and at proper expenses. While as demonstrated by various

scientists, the vital object of Ala-ud-Khilji in executing these measures was basically

political. He kept a constant standing armed force at within and paid it in real cash however

longed for that the warriors stay okay with sensible measure of pay. Consequently, he

endeavoured to check the inflationary expenses, and the misuse of merchants to raise the

costs untrustworthily and, as needs be, was constrained to settle the expenses of articles and

drive them sternly.

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Ala-ud-Khilji repaired the expenses of about all articles. The expenses were modified not

simply of all combinations of grain, , fabric, slaves, cows and stallions just yet even those of

principal articles of reliably use as that of meat, fish, dry natural items, sugarcane, vegetable,

needles, tones, betel-leaves et cetera. Separate markets were established for different articles.

Ala-ud-din Khilji set up go downs where grain was secured accessible for later to be released

in times of lack. In times of need everything was distributed i.e. everybody was allowed to

purchase only that much which was adequate for his need. In this way, approaches were

made to the point that the overall public won't not feel lack of anything at whatever point.

That is the reason wage was assembled in kind both from Khalisa land and the landscapes of

feudatory supervisor. Simply those dealers who were enrolled with the state were allowed to

purchase grain from the workers. All merchants were required to enroll themselves at the

work environment of Shahna-i-mandi. All traders were compelled to bring at any rate some

altered least amount of various articles to capital so that there was no lack of anything.

Everything was sold at settled rates and even the most hoisted officer of the Sultan was not

allowed to change the rate or cost of any article without previous assent of the Sultan.

Nobody could set out to offer any thing underweight as the same aggregate tissue was cut off

from his body. No worker or broker could store any product. Hypothesis and dim promoting

was totally stopped. Each one of these regulations were totally approved and the obligated

ones were fiercely repelled. The money related technique of Ala-ud-din Khilji was

maintained just in Delhi and its near to areas.

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Ala-ud-din Khilji was successful in fulfilling his thing in the midst of his lifetime. He

expected to keep a colossal enduring standing armed force at the centre and therefore he

settled the expenses for goodness' sake. He succeeded in his effort. He kept up a strong

equipped power at the center which successfully stunned assaults of the Mangols and

adequately vanquished in every way that really matters the whole of India for him and his

usage of worth fixation for goodness' sake was in like manner totally productive.

Achievements

The introductory two years of tenet of Alauddin Khilji were spent in the camouflage of the

uprisings headed by his foe inquirers to the throne. The progressives were covered

persistently.

Other than these inward uprisings, Sultan Allauddin had moreover deal with the danger of

Mangol interruption from outside. Alauddin sustained the assurances and kept the interlopers

at a protected division from his unsettled areas.

Alauddin Khilji had a limitless yearning of triumph and gained ground at wars. His ideal was

Alexander the impressive whose specimen he expected to mimic. His standard is surely

understood for a movement of wonderful triumphs provoking the augmentation of Muslim

arms to South India. Alauddin Khilji was fortunate to have accessible to him presumably the

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most breathtaking officers of his time. His first attempt was facilitated against Gujarat. The

ruler, not ready to meet his forces, submitted to the trespasser. In 1299, Sultan Alauddin

assaulted the surely understood Rajput fortress of Ranthambhor. The primary try failed

however the second one showed a win. Hammira Deo combat valiantly however fell fighting.

The furnished power of Alauddin Khilji entered the city and the intense Rajput women,

slanting toward death to dis​grace, seethed themselves to death (1301 A.D.).

Sultan Alauddin's third undertaking was composed against Chitor (1303 A.D.) The Rajputs

offered daring resistance, however the predominant number of the equipped power of

Alauddin Khilji helped them to win triumph. As demonstrated by standard records the

dazzling Padmini, Ruler or Rana Ratan Singh, blasted herself in an entombment

administration fire roused by a suspicious apprehension of falling under the control of the

Sultan.

In 1305, Malwa was vanquished, which is another achievement of Alauddin Khilji. This

completed the progression of his triumphs in North India.

In 1307, Alauddin Khilji, helped by Malik Kafur, meandered into the most outstanding event

of his guideline, viz., the achievement of South India. The first of the Deccan ruler to

recognize defeat at his hands was the Yadava, master of Deogiri. His example was taken after

before long by the leader of Warrangal, the Hoysala ruler of Dorasamudra, and the master of

Pandyas. In 1310 the fruitful Kafur appeared on the most remote purpose of constrainment of

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South India as an indication of his triumph achieved a mosque to be worked there. Alauddin's

Realm therefore connected from the Himalayas in the north to Adam's Extension in the south.

The achievements of Alauddin Khilji can in like manner been found in his association.

Remarkable as a victor, Alauddin Khilji was pretty much as amazing as a head. The game

plan of association as set up by him was thorough and compelling. Sultan Alauddin kept up

peace and demand all through the limitless domain. He used a significant number of spies and

they kept him instructed of the activities of the all inclusive community and their reactions to

the measures of the Administration. He settled the expense of things at a low level and his

regulation of the business division is one of the miracles of medieval statesmanship. He was

in like manner a promoter of building and expressions. He realized another town to be

worked close Delhi. He similarly built up a truly broad number of schools, motels, and

mosques in different parts of his Realm. Amir Khasru, the famous craftsman, was one of the

various academic masters who benefitting as much as possible from his backing.

Ibn Batuta, has depicted Alauddin Khalji as one of the best Sultans. Current understudies of

history don't offer this supposition. The path in which he usurped power and the course in

which he controlled with boundless force don't substantiate the exactness of Ibn Batuta's

viewpoint about Sultan. Alauddin Khilji has been depicted as merciless and grave by various

understudies of history. Alauddin Khilji was also incredibly merciless towards the people

from the special. He blocked open get-togethers and get-together at private homes. Towards

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the end of his tenet he found all classes of his kinfolk in a state of huge discontent. There was

trap and rebellion on all sides in the midst of which the developed Sultan Alauddin Khilji

died in 1316.

End of Khilji Ru​le​:

Inside of four years of Alauddin's death, the standard of the Khiljis achieved an end.

Ala-ud-din's more energetic kid Shahabuddin was removed by his third kid Mubarak Shah,

who ruled from 1316 to 1320 A.D. He again was executed by a plan by Nasir-ud-noise

(1320); finally he was expelled and killed in a battle by one Ghazi Malik, the legislative

leader of Punjab.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Books referred:

● A Political and Cultural history of India (Vol II) R.Sathianadhan

Sites Referred:

1. http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/history/the-impact-of-the-market-refor
ms-of-alauddin-khilji-on-contemporary-economy-and-society/4479/
2. http://www.importantindia.com/2972/the-economic-reforms-of-alauddin-
khilji/

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3. http://hssthistory.blogspot.in/2012/01/market-regulations-of-alauddin-kha
lji.html
4. http://www.shareyouressays.com/114655/market-regulation-and-price-co
ntrol-policy-of-alauddin-khilji
5. http://www.indianetzone.com/46/economic_policy_ala_ud_din_khilji.htm

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